CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tense–aspect–mood - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a0887308-e732-411b-9cda-fca78fcf07c0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tense–aspect–mood","wgTitle":"Tense–aspect–mood","wgCurRevisionId":1274699966,"wgRevisionId":1274699966,"wgArticleId":28717995,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Hawai'i Creole English-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Hindi-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text", "Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Danish-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing Icelandic-language text","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Hawaiian-language text","Grammatical moods","Grammatical aspects","Grammatical tenses","Time in linguistics","Formal semantics (natural language)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tense–aspect–mood","wgRelevantArticleId":28717995,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2751097","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tense–aspect–mood - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tense–aspect–mood rootpage-Tense–aspect–mood skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tense-mood-aspect_conflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense-mood-aspect_conflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tense-mood-aspect conflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-mood-aspect_conflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Creoles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creoles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Creoles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawaiian_Creole_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian_Creole_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hawaiian Creole English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian_Creole_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Aryan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Aryan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indo-Aryan languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indo-Aryan_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indo-Aryan languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indo-Aryan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindustani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindustani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hindustani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindustani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Slavic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slavic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Romance languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Germanic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germanic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Germanic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Danish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Dutch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icelandic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icelandic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Icelandic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icelandic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_unmarked_verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_unmarked_verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>The unmarked verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_unmarked_verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphological_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphological_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Morphological changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphological_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjugated_compound_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugated_compound_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.3</span> <span>Conjugated compound verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugated_compound_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invariant_auxiliaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invariant_auxiliaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.4</span> <span>Invariant auxiliaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invariant_auxiliaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Basque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Hawaiian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tense–aspect–mood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_verbal" title="Temps verbal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temps verbal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempus-Aspekt-Modus-Morphem_(TAM)" title="Tempus-Aspekt-Modus-Morphem (TAM) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tempus-Aspekt-Modus-Morphem (TAM)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo_verbal" title="Tiempo verbal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiempo verbal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbotempo" title="Verbotempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Verbotempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiroir_verbal" title="Tiroir verbal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tiroir verbal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_verbal" title="Tempo verbal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tempo verbal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tins_d%27_codjowaedje" title="Tins d' codjowaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tins d' codjowaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E4%BD%93" title="时体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="时体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%AB%94%E6%B0%A3" title="時體氣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="時體氣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2751097#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&oldid=1274699966" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&id=1274699966&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTense%25E2%2580%2593aspect%25E2%2580%2593mood"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTense%25E2%2580%2593aspect%25E2%2580%2593mood"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/English_Tense_and_Aspects" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2751097" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical system of a language that covers the expression of tense, aspect, and mood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tense–aspect–mood</b> (commonly abbreviated <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">tam</span></b> in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>) or <b>tense–modality–aspect</b> (abbreviated as <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">tma</span></b>) is an important group of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical categories</a>, which are marked in different ways by different <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TAM covers the expression of three major components of words which lead to or assist in the correct understanding of the speaker's meaning:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense"><b>T</b>ense</a>—the position of the state or action in time, that is, whether it is in the past, present or future.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect"><b>A</b>spect</a>—the extension of the state or action in time, that is, whether it is unitary (perfective), continuous (imperfective) or repeated (habitual).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood"><b>M</b>ood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">modality</a>—the reality of the state or action, that is, whether it is actual (realis), a possibility or a necessity (irrealis).</li></ul> <p>For example, in English the word "walk" would be used in different ways for the different combinations of TAM: </p> <ul><li>Tense: He walk<b>ed</b> (past), He walk<b>s</b> (present), He <b>will</b> walk (future).</li> <li>Aspect: He walk<b>ed</b> (unitary), He <b>was</b> walk<b>ing</b> (continuous), He <b>used to</b> walk (habitual).</li> <li>Mood: I <b>can</b> walk (possibility), Walk faster! (necessity).</li></ul> <p>In the last example, there is no difference in the articulation of the word, although it is being used in a different way, one for conveying information, the other for instructing. </p><p>In some languages, <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> (whether evidence exists for the statement, and if so what kind) and <a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">mirativity</a> (surprise) may also be included. Therefore, some authors extend this term as <b>tense–aspect–mood–evidentiality</b> (<b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">tame</span></b> in short).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tense-mood-aspect_conflation">Tense-mood-aspect conflation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tense-mood-aspect conflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often difficult to untangle these features of a language. Several features (or categories) may be conveyed by a single grammatical construction (for instance, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-s#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:-s">-s</a> is used for the third person singular present). However, this system may not be complete in that not all possible combinations may have an available construction. On the other hand, the same category may be expressed with multiple constructions. In other cases, there may not be delineated categories of tense and mood, or aspect and mood. </p><p>For instance, many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> do not clearly distinguish tense from aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comrie_tense_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie_tense-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comrie_aspect_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie_aspect-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, the imperfective aspect is fused with the past tense in a form traditionally called the <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>. Other languages with distinct past imperfectives include <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. </p><p>In the traditional grammatical description of some languages, including English, many <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, and Greek and Latin, "tense" or the equivalent term in that language refers to a set of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> or <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> verb forms that express a combination of tense, aspect, and mood. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the simple conditional (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">condicional simple</i>) is classified as one of the simple tenses (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">tiempos simples</i>), but is named for the mood (conditional) that it expresses. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, the perfect tense (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">χρόνος παρακείμενος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">khrónos parakeímenos</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a set of forms that express both present tense and perfect aspect (finite forms), or simply perfect aspect (non-finite forms). </p><p>However, not all languages conflate tense, aspect and mood. Some <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Language_bioprogram_theory#Verbal_system" title="Language bioprogram theory">Creole languages</a> have separate grammatical markers for tense, aspect, and/or mood, which comes close to the theoretical distinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creoles">Creoles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a>, both Atlantic and non-Atlantic, tend to share a large number of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> features, including the avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">bound morphemes</a>. Tense, aspect, and mood are usually indicated with separate invariant pre-verbal <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliaries</a>. Typically the unmarked verb is used for either the timeless habitual or the <a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">stative</a> aspect or the past <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> tense–aspect combination. In general creoles tend to put less emphasis on marking tense than on marking aspect. Typically aspectually unmarked stative verbs can be marked with the anterior tense, and non-statives, with or without the anterior marker, can optionally be marked for the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a>, or completive aspect or for the <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">irrealis mood</a>. In some creoles the anterior can be used to mark the counterfactual. When any of tense, aspect, and modality are specified, they are typically indicated separately with the invariant pre-verbal <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">markers</a> in the sequence anterior <a href="/wiki/Relative_and_absolute_tense" title="Relative and absolute tense">relative tense</a> (prior to the time focused on), irrealis mode (conditional or future), non-punctual aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-Holm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 176–9, p. 191,">: pp. 176–9, p. 191,  </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaiian_Creole_English">Hawaiian Creole English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hawaiian Creole English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin#Grammatical_features" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin § Grammatical features</a></div> <p>Hawaiian Creole English (HCE), or Hawaiian Pidgin, is a creole language with most of its vocabulary drawn from its <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">superstrate</a> English, but as with all creoles its grammar is very different from that of its superstrate. HCE verbs<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have only two morphologically distinct forms: the unmarked form (e.g. <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">teik</i></span> "take") and the progressive form with the suffix <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">-in</i></span> appended to the unmarked form (<span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">teikin</i></span> "taking"). The past tense is indicated either by the unmarked form or by the preverbal auxiliary <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">wen</i></span> (<span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Ai wen see om</i></span> "I saw him") or <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">bin</i></span> (especially among older speakers) or <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">haed</i></span> (especially on Kauai). However, for "to say" the marked past tense has the obligatory irregular form <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">sed</i></span> "said", and there are optional irregular past tense forms <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">sin</i></span> or <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">saw</i></span> = <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">wen si</i></span> "saw", <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">keim</i></span> = <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">wen kam</i></span> "came", and <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">tol</i></span> = <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">wen tel</i></span> "told". The past is indicated only once in a sentence since it is a relative tense. </p><p>The future marker is the preverbal auxiliary <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">gon</i></span> or <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">goin</i></span> "am/is/are going to": <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">gon bai</i></span> "is going to buy". The future of the past tense/aspect uses the future form since the use of the past tense form to mark the time of perspective retains its influence throughout the rest of the sentence: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Da gai sed hi gon fiks mi ap</i></span> ("The guy said he [was] gonna fix me up"). </p><p>There are various preverbal modal auxiliaries: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">kaen</i></span> "can", <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">laik</i></span> "want to", <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">gata</i></span> "have got to", <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">haeftu</i></span> "have to", <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">baeta</i></span> "had better", <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">sapostu</i></span> "am/is/are supposed to". Tense markers are used infrequently before modals: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">gon kaen kam</i></span> "is going to be able to come". <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Waz</i></span> "was" can indicate past tense before the future marker <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">gon</i></span> and the modal <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">sapostu</i></span>: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Ai waz gon lift weits</i></span> "I was gonna lift weights"; <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Ai waz sapostu go</i></span> "I was supposed to go". </p><p>There is a preverbal auxiliary <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">yustu</i></span> for past tense habitual aspect: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">yustu tink so</i></span> ("used to think so"). The progressive aspect can be marked with the auxiliary <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">ste</i></span> in place of or in addition to the verbal suffix <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">-in</i></span>: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Wat yu ste it?</i></span> = <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Wat yu itin?</i></span> ("What are you eating?"); <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Wi ste mekin da plaen</i></span> ("We're making the plan"). The latter, double-marked, form tends to imply a transitory nature of the action. Without the suffix, <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">ste</i></span> can alternatively indicate perfective aspect: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Ai ste kuk da stu awredi</i></span> ("I cooked the stew already"); this is true, for instance, after a modal: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">yu sapostu ste mek da rais awredi</i></span> ("You're supposed to have made the rice already"). <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">Stat</i></span> is an auxiliary for <a href="/wiki/Inchoative_aspect" title="Inchoative aspect">inchoative aspect</a> when combined with the verbal suffix <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">-in</i></span>: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">gon stat plein</i></span> ("gonna start playing"). The auxiliary <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">pau</i></span> without the verbal suffix indicates completion: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">pau tich</i></span> "finish(ed) teaching". Aspect auxiliaries can co-occur with tense markers: <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">gon ste plei</i></span> ("gonna be playing"); <span title="Hawai'i Creole English-language text"><i lang="hwc">wen ste it</i></span> ("was eating"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Greek">Modern Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar#Verbs" title="Modern Greek grammar">Modern Greek grammar § Verbs</a></div> <p>Modern Greek<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 50–76">: pp. 50–76 </span></sup> distinguishes the perfective and imperfective aspects by the use of two different verb stems. For the imperfective aspect, suffixes are used to indicate the past tense indicative mood, the non-past indicative mood, and the subjunctive and imperative moods. For the perfective aspect, suffixes are used to indicate the past tense indicative mood, the subjunctive mood, and the imperative mood. The perfective subjunctive is twice as common as the imperfective subjunctive. The subjunctive mood form is used in dependent clauses and in situations where English would use an infinitive (which is absent in Greek). </p><p>There is a perfect form in both tenses, which is expressed by an inflected form of the imperfective auxiliary verb <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">έχω</span></span> "have" and an invariant verb form derived from the perfective stem of the main verb. The perfect form is much rarer than in English. The non-past perfect form is a true perfect aspect as in English. </p><p>In addition, all the basic forms (past and non-past, imperfective and perfective) can be combined with a particle indicating future tense/conditional mood. Combined with the non-past forms, this expresses an imperfective future and a perfective future. Combined with the imperfective past it is used to indicate the conditional, and with the perfective past to indicate the inferential. If the future particle precedes the present perfect form, a future perfect form results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-Aryan_languages">Indo-Aryan languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indo-Aryan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_verbs#Copulas_&_Subaspects" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi verbs">Hindi verbs § Copulas & Subaspects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindustani">Hindustani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hindustani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, grammatical aspects are overtly marked. There are four aspects in Hindustani: <i>Simple Aspect</i>, <i>Habitual Aspect</i>, <i>Perfective Aspect</i> and <i>Progressive Aspect</i>. <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">Periphrastic</a> Hindustani verb forms consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the tense-mood marker.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three aspects are formed from their participle forms being used with the copula verb of Hindustani. However, the aspectual participles can also have the verbs <b><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">rêhnā</i></span></b> (to stay/remain), <b><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ānā</i></span></b> (to come) & <b><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">jānā</i></span></b> (to go) as their copula which themselves can be conjugated into any of the three grammatical aspects hence forming sub-aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each copula besides <b><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">honā</i></span></b> (to be) gives a different nuance to the aspect. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Simple<br />Aspect </th> <th colspan="5">Perfective<br />Aspect </th> <th colspan="4">Habitual<br />Aspect </th> <th colspan="2">Progressive<br />Aspect </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huā jānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huā ānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huā karnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā jānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā ānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ho rahā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ho rahā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td>to happen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">karnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kiyā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kiyā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kiyā jānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kiyā ānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kiyā karnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kartā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kartā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kartā jānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kartā ānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kar rahā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kar rahā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td>to do </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">marnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">marā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">marā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">marā jānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">marā ānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">marā karnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">martā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">martā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">martā jānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">martā ānā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">mar rahā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">mar rahā rêhnā</i></span> </td> <td>to die </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The habitual aspect infinitives when formed using the copula <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">rêhnā</i></span> (to stay, remain) the following sub-aspectual forms are formed: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Habitual<br />Aspect </th></tr> <tr> <th>Habitual<br />Subaspect </th> <th>Perfective<br />Subaspect </th> <th>Progressive<br />Subaspect </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā rêhtā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā rahā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā rêh rahā honā</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kartā rêhtā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kartā rahā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">kartā rêh rahā honā</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">martā rêhtā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">martā rahā honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">martā rêh rahā honā</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">honā</i></span> (to be) in its conjugated form is shown in the table below. These conjugated forms are used to assign a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical mood</a> to the aspectual forms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugations of the tense/mood marker copula - <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">honā</i></span> (to be) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> </th> <th>1P </th> <th>2P </th> <th>3P, 2P </th> <th>3P, 2P, 1P </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ma͠i</i></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">tum</i></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ye/vo, tū</i></span> </th> <th><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ye/vo, āp, ham</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">plurality</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Singular_(grammatical_number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular (grammatical number)">singular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Plural_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural (grammar)">plural</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Singular_(grammatical_number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular (grammatical number)">singular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural (grammar)">plural</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">indicative</a> </th> <th colspan="2">present </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hū̃</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hai</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ha͠i</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">perfect </th> <th>♂ </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hue</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hue</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>♀ </th> <td colspan="3"><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huī</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">huī̃</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">imperfect </th> <th>♂ </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">thā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">the</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">thā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">the</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>♀ </th> <td colspan="3"><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">thī</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">thī̃</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">future </th> <th>♂ </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoū̃gā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hooge</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoegā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoẽge</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>♀ </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoū̃gī</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoogī</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoegī</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoẽgī</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">presumptive</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">present,<br />past,<br />future </th> <th>♂ </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hū̃gā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoge</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hogā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">honge</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>♀ </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hū̃gī</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hogī</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hongī</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> </th> <th colspan="2">present </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hū̃</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hõ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">future </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoū̃</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoẽ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">contrafactual</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">past </th> <th>♂ </th> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hote</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hote</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>♀ </th> <td colspan="3"><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotī</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hotī̃</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> </th> <th>present </th> <th>♂ </th> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">ho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoiye</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>future </th> <th>♀ </th> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">honā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoiyo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hoiyegā</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavic_languages">Slavic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Slavic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all Slavic languages, most verbs come in pairs with one member indicating an imperfective aspect and the other indicating a perfective one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian">Russian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar#Verbs" title="Russian grammar">Russian grammar § Verbs</a></div> <p>Most Russian verbs<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 53–85">: pp. 53–85 </span></sup> come in pairs, one with imperfective aspect and the other with perfective aspect, the latter usually formed from the former with a prefix but occasionally with a stem change or using a different root. Perfective verbs, whether derived or basic, can be made imperfective with a suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p84">: p84 </span></sup> Each aspect has a past form and a non-past form. The non-past verb forms are conjugated by person/number, while the past verb forms are conjugated by gender/number. The present tense is indicated with the non-past imperfective form. The future in the perfective aspect is expressed by applying the conjugation of the present form to the perfective version of the verb. There is also a compound future imperfective form consisting of the future of "to be" plus the infinitive of the imperfective verb. </p><p>The conditional mood is expressed by a particle (=English "would") after the past tense form. There are conjugated modal verbs, followed by the infinitive, for obligation, necessity, and possibility/permission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romance_verbs" title="Romance verbs">Romance verbs</a></div> <p>Romance languages have from five to eight simple inflected forms capturing tense–aspect–mood, as well as corresponding compound structures combining the simple forms of "to have" or "to be" with a past participle. There is a <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a> distinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_verbs" title="French verbs">French verbs</a></div> <p>French has inflectionally distinct imperative, subjunctive, indicative and conditional mood forms. As in English, the conditional mood form can also be used to indicate a future-as-viewed-from-the-past tense–aspect combination in the indicative mood. The subjunctive mood form is used frequently to express doubt, desire, request, etc. in dependent clauses. There are indicative mood forms for, in addition to the future-as-viewed-from-the-past usage of the conditional mood form, the following combinations: future; an imperfective past tense–aspect combination whose form can also be used in contrary-to-fact "if" clauses with present reference; a perfective past tense–aspect combination whose form is only used for literary purposes; and a catch-all formulation known as the "present" form, which can be used to express the present, past historical events, or the <a href="/wiki/Near-future_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-future tense">near-future</a>. All synthetic forms are also marked for person and number. </p><p>Additionally, the indicative mood has five compound (two-word) verb forms, each of which results from using one of the above simple forms of "to have" (or of "to be" for intransitive verbs of motion) plus a past participle. These forms are used to shift back the time of an event relative to the time from which the event is viewed. This perfect form as applied to the present tense does not represent the perfect tense/aspect (past event with continuation to or relevance for the present), but rather represents a perfective past tense–aspect combination (a past action viewed in its entirety).<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 144, 171">: pp. 144, 171 </span></sup> </p><p>Unlike Italian or Spanish, French does not mark for a continuous aspect. Thus, "I am doing it" and "I do it" both translate to the same sentence in French: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je le fais</i></span>. However, this information is often clear from context, and when not, it can be conveyed using periphrasis: for example, the expression <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">être en train de [faire quelque chose]</i></span> ("to be in the middle of [doing something]") is often used to convey the sense of a continuous aspect; the addition of adverbs like <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">encore</i></span> ("still") may also convey the continuous, repetitive or frequent aspects. The use of the participle mood (at present tense, inherited from the Latin gerundive) has almost completely fallen out of use in modern French for denoting the continuous aspect of verbs, but remains used for other aspects like simultaneity or causality, and this participle mood also competes with the infinitive mood (seen as a form of nominalisation of the verb) for other aspects marked by nominal prepositions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian verbs">Italian verbs</a></div> <p>Italian has synthetic forms for the indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive moods. The conditional mood form can also be used for hearsay: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Secondo lui, sarebbe tempo di andare</i></span> "According to him, it would be [is] time to go".<sup id="cite_ref-Ragusa_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragusa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.76">: p.76 </span></sup> The indicative mood has simple forms (one word, but conjugated by person and number) for the present tense, the imperfective aspect in the past tense, the perfective aspect in the past, and the future (and the future form can also be used to express present probability, as in the English "It will be raining now").<sup id="cite_ref-Ragusa_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragusa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.75">: p.75 </span></sup> As with other Romance languages, compound verbs shifting the action to the past from the point in time from which it is perceived can be formed by preceding a past participle by a conjugated simple form of "to have", or "to be" in the case of intransitive verbs. As with French, this form when applied to the present tense of "to have" or "to be" does not convey <a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect aspect</a> but rather the perfective aspect in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Ragusa_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragusa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.62">: p.62 </span></sup> In the compound pluperfect, the helping verb is in the past imperfective form in a main clause but in the past perfective form in a dependent clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Ragusa_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragusa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.71">: p.71 </span></sup> </p><p>Unlike French, Italian has a form to express progressive aspect: in either the present or the past imperfective, the verb <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">stare</i></span> ("to stand", "to be temporarily") conjugated for person and number is followed by a present gerund (indicated by the suffix <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">-ando</i></span> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">-endo</i></span> ("-ing")).<sup id="cite_ref-Ragusa_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragusa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.59">: p.59 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese verb conjugation">Portuguese verb conjugation</a></div> <p>Portuguese has synthetic forms for the indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive moods. The conditional mood form can also express past probability:<sup id="cite_ref-Prista_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prista-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.62">: p.62 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Seria</p><p style="margin: 0px;">it would be</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ele</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">que</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">falava</p><p style="margin: 0px;">was speaking</p></div><p style="display: none;">Seria ele que falava</p><p style="display: none;">{it would be} he that {was speaking}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The subjunctive form seldom appears outside dependent clauses. In the indicative, there are five one-word forms conjugated for person and number: one for the present tense (which can indicate progressive or non-progressive aspect); one for the perfective aspect of the past; one for the imperfective aspect of the past; a form for the pluperfect aspect that is only used in formal writing;<sup id="cite_ref-Prista_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prista-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 57–58, 85">: pp. 57–58, 85 </span></sup> and a future tense form that, as in Italian, can also indicate present tense combined with probabilistic modality. </p><p>As with other Romance languages, compound verbs shifting the time of action to the past relative to the time from which it is perceived can be formed by preceding a past participle by a conjugated simple form of "to have". Using the past tense of the helping verb gives the pluperfect form that is used in conversation. Using the present tense form of the helping verb gives a true perfect aspect, though one whose scope is narrower than that in English: It refers to events occurring in the past and extending to the present, as in <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Tem feito muito frio este inverno</i></span> ("It's been very cold this winter (and still is)").<sup id="cite_ref-Prista_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prista-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.84">: p.84 </span></sup> </p><p>Portuguese expresses progressive aspect in any tense by using conjugated <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">estar</i></span> ("to stand", "to be temporarily"), plus the present participle ending in <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">-ando</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">-endo</i></span>, or <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">indo</i></span>: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estou escrevendo uma carta</i></span> ("I am writing a letter").<sup id="cite_ref-Prista_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prista-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.52">: p.52 </span></sup> </p><p>Futurity can be expressed in three ways other than the simple future form:<sup id="cite_ref-Prista_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prista-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 61–62">: pp. 61–62 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>present tense form of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">ir</i></span> "to go"</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Vou</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ver</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">João</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">esta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tarde</p><p style="margin: 0px;">afternoon</p></div><p style="display: none;">Vou ver João esta tarde</p><p style="display: none;">{I go} {to see} John this afternoon</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>present tense form of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">ter</i></span> "to have"</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Temos</p><p style="margin: 0px;">we have</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">que</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ver</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">João</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoje</p><p style="margin: 0px;">today</p></div><p style="display: none;">Temos que ver João hoje</p><p style="display: none;">{we have} that {to see} John today</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>present tense form of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">haver</i></span>, also "to have"</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I have</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p><p style="margin: 0px;">of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ver</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">João</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="pt" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amanhã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tomorrow</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hei de ver João amanhã</p><p style="display: none;">{I have} of {to see} John tomorrow</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_verbs" title="Spanish verbs">Spanish verbs</a></div> <p>Spanish morphologically distinguishes the indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and conditional moods. In the indicative mood, there are synthetic (one-word, conjugated for person/number) forms for the present tense, the past tense in the imperfective aspect, the past tense in the perfective aspect, and the future tense. The past can be viewed from any given time perspective by using conjugated "to have" in any of its synthetic forms plus the past participle. When this compound form is used with the present tense form of "to have", perfect tense/aspect (past action with present continuation or relevance) is conveyed (as in Portuguese but unlike in Italian or French). </p><p>Spanish expresses the progressive similarly to English, Italian, and Portuguese, using the verb "to be" plus the present participle: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">estoy leyendo</i></span> "I_am reading". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germanic_languages">Germanic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germanic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages#Morphology" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages § Morphology</a></div> <p>Germanic languages tend to have two morphologically distinct simple forms, for past and non-past, as well as a compound construction for the past or for the perfect, and they use modal auxiliary verbs. The simple forms, the first part of the non-modal compound form, and possibly the modal auxiliaries, are usually conjugated for person and/or number. A subjunctive mood form is sometimes present. English also has a compound construction for continuous aspect. Unlike some Indo-European languages such as the Romance and Slavic languages, Germanic languages have no perfective/imperfective dichotomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 167">: p. 167 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_verbs" title="German verbs">German verbs</a></div> <p>The most common past tense construction in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">haben</i></span> ("to have") plus past participle (or for intransitive verbs of motion, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sein</i></span> ("to be") plus past participle) form, which is a pure past construction rather than conveying <a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect aspect</a>. The past <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive</a> is conveyed by the simple past form. The <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> can be conveyed by the auxiliary <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">werden</i></span>, which is conjugated for person and number; but often the simple non-past form is used to convey the future (in fact, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">werden</i></span> is also used to mark an <a href="/wiki/Assumptive_mood" title="Assumptive mood">assumptive</a> similar to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dürfte</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">müsste</i></span> 'should' and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wohl</i></span> 'arguably', such as when it is combined with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">jetzt</i></span> 'now', and this may be considered its primary function, from which future marking is derived). Modality is conveyed via conjugated pre-verbal modals: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">müssen</i></span> "to have to", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wollen</i></span> "to want to", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">können</i></span> "to be able to"; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">würden</i></span> "would" (conditional), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sollten</i></span> "should" (the subjunctive form of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sollen</i></span>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sollen</i></span> "to be supposed to", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mögen</i></span> "to like", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dürfen</i></span> "to be allowed to".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish">Danish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Danish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar#Verbs" title="Danish grammar">Danish grammar § Verbs</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> has the usual Germanic simple past and non-past tense forms and the compound construction using "to have" (or for intransitive verbs of motion, "to be"), the compound construction indicating past tense rather than perfect aspect. Futurity is usually expressed with the simple non-past form, but the auxiliary modals <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">vil</i></span> ("want") and <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">skal</i></span> ("must"—obligation) are sometimes used (see <a href="/wiki/Future_tense#Danish" title="Future tense">Future tense#Danish</a>). Other modals include <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">kan</i></span> ("can"), <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">kan gerne</i></span> ("may"—permission), <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">må</i></span> ("must"), and <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">må gerne</i></span> ("may—permission). Progressivity can be expressed periphrastically as in: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ved</p><p style="margin: 0px;">in process</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">at</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">læse</p><p style="margin: 0px;">read</p></div><p style="display: none;">er ved at læse</p><p style="display: none;">is {in process} to read</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">færd</p><p style="margin: 0px;">process</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">med</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">at</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vaske</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wash</p></div><p style="display: none;">er i færd med at vaske</p><p style="display: none;">is in process with to wash</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sidder</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sits</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">og</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">læser</p><p style="margin: 0px;">reads</p></div><p style="display: none;">sidder og læser</p><p style="display: none;">sits and reads</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">står</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stands</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">og</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="da" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">taler</p><p style="margin: 0px;">talks</p></div><p style="display: none;">står og taler</p><p style="display: none;">stands and talks</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The subjunctive mood form has disappeared except for a few stock phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch">Dutch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dutch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch verbs">Dutch verbs</a></div> <p>The simple non-past form can convey the progressive, which can also be expressed by the infinitive preceded by <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">liggen</i></span> "lie", <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">lopen</i></span> "walk, run", <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">staan</i></span> "stand", or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zitten</i></span> "sit" plus <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">te</i></span>. The compound "have" (or "be" before intransitive verbs of motion toward a specific destination) plus past participle is synonymous with, and more frequently used than, the simple past form, which is used especially for narrating a past sequence of events. The past perfect construction is analogous to that in English. </p><p>Futurity is often expressed with the simple non-past form, but can also be expressed using the infinitive preceded by the conjugated present tense of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zullen</i></span>; the latter form can also be used for probabilistic modality in the present. Futurity can also be expressed with "go" plus the infinitive: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hij</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gaat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">goes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">een</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">brief</p><p style="margin: 0px;">letter</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">schrijven</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to write</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hij gaat een brief schrijven</p><p style="display: none;">he goes a letter {to write}</p><p style="clear: left;">"He is going to write a letter."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The future perfect tense/aspect combination is formed by conjugated <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zullen</i></span> + <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hebben</i></span> ("to have") (or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zijn</i></span> ("to be")) + past participle: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zij zullen naar Breda gegaan zijn</i></span> ("They will have gone to Breda"). </p><p>The conditional mood construction uses the conjugated past tense of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zullen</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hij</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zou</p><p style="margin: 0px;">would</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">graag</p><p style="margin: 0px;">gladly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">thuis</p><p style="margin: 0px;">home</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">blijven</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to stay</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hij zou graag thuis blijven</p><p style="display: none;">he would gladly home {to stay}</p><p style="clear: left;">"He would gladly stay home."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The past tense/conditional mood combination is formed using the auxiliary "to have" or "to be": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hij</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zou</p><p style="margin: 0px;">would</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">graag</p><p style="margin: 0px;">gladly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">thuis</p><p style="margin: 0px;">home</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gebleven</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stayed</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zijn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to be</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hij zou graag thuis gebleven zijn</p><p style="display: none;">he would gladly home stayed {to be}</p><p style="clear: left;">"He would gladly have stayed home."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In contemporary use the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_in_Dutch" title="Subjunctive in Dutch">subjunctive</a> form is mostly, but not completely, confined to set phrases and semi-fixed expressions, though in older Dutch texts the use of the subjunctive form can be encountered frequently. </p><p>There are various conjugated modal auxiliaries: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">kunnen</i></span> "to be able", <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">moeten</i></span> "to have to", <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">mogen</i></span> "to be possible" or "to have permission", <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">willen</i></span> "to want to", <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">laten</i></span> "to allow" or "to cause". Unlike in English, these modals can be combined with the future tense form: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hij</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">will</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ons</p><p style="margin: 0px;">us</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">niet</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunnen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to be able</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nl" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">helpen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to help</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hij zal ons niet kunnen helpen</p><p style="display: none;">he will us not {to be able} {to help}</p><p style="clear: left;">"He will not be able to help us".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 45–65">: pp. 45–65 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icelandic">Icelandic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Icelandic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar#Verbs" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic grammar § Verbs</a></div> <p>As with other Germanic languages, Icelandic<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 135–164">: pp. 135–164 </span></sup> has two simple verb forms: past and non-past. Compound constructions that look to the past from a given time perspective use conjugated "to have" (or "to be" for intransitive verbs of motion) plus past participle. In each voice there are forms for the indicative mood and the subjunctive mood for each of the simple past, the simple non-past, the perfect, the past perfect, the future, and the future perfect, and there are a non-past conditional mood form and a past conditional mood form, as well as an imperative mood. The perfect form is used for a past event with reference to the present or stretching to the present, or for a past event about which there is doubt, so the perfect form represents aspect or modality and not tense. The future tense form is seldom used. The non-past subjunctive form expresses a wish or command; the past subjunctive form expresses possibility. The indicative mood form is used in both clauses of "if [possible situation]...then..." sentences, although "if" can be replaced by the use of the subjunctive mood form. The subjunctive form is used in both clauses of "if [imaginary situation]...then..." sentences, and is often used in subordinate clauses. There are various modal auxiliary verbs. There is a progressive construction using "to be" which is used only for abstract concepts like "learn" and not for activities like "sit": <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">ég er að læra</i></span> "I am [at] learning". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English verbs</a></div> <p>The English language allows a wide variety of expressions of combinations of tense, aspect, and mood, with a variety of grammatical constructions. These constructions involve pure <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> changes (suffixes and internal sound changes of the verb), conjugated <a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">compound verbs</a>, and invariant auxiliaries. For English <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">tam</span> from the perspective of modality, see Palmer;<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nielsen<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for English <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">tam</span> from the perspective of tense, see Comrie<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie_tense_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie_tense-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fleischman;<sup id="cite_ref-Fleischman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for English <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">tam</span> from the perspective of aspect, see Comrie.<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie_aspect_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie_aspect-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_unmarked_verb">The unmarked verb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The unmarked verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> verb form (as in <i>run</i>, <i>feel</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> with the particle <i>to</i> omitted. It indicates <a href="/wiki/Nonpast_tense" title="Nonpast tense">nonpast tense</a> with no modal implication. In an inherently stative verb such as <i>feel</i>, it can indicate present time (<i>I feel well</i>) or future in <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">dependent clauses</a> (<i>I'll come tomorrow if I feel better</i>). In an inherently non-stative verb such as <i>run</i>, the unmarked form can indicate <a href="/wiki/Gnomic_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnomic tense">gnomic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a> situations (<i>birds fly; I run every day</i>) or scheduled futurity, often with a habitual reading (<i>tomorrow I run the 100 metre race at 5:00; next month I run the 100 metre race every day</i>). Non-stative verbs in unmarked form appearing in dependent clauses can indicate even unscheduled futurity (<i>I'll feel better after I run tomorrow; I'll feel better if I run every day next month</i>). </p><p>The unmarked verb is <a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">negated</a> by preceding it with <i>do/does not</i> (<i>I do not feel well</i>, <i>He does not run every day</i>). Here <i>do</i> has no implication of emphasis, unlike the affirmative (<i>I do feel better</i>, <i>I do run every day</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morphological_changes">Morphological changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Morphological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aspectually and modally unmarked past tense is usually marked for tense by the suffix -<i>ed</i>, pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əd/</span> depending on the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> context. However, over 400 verbs (including over 200 with distinct roots – short verbs for features of everyday life, of Germanic origin) are <a href="/wiki/English_irregular_verbs" title="English irregular verbs">irregular</a> and their morphological changes are internal (as in <i>I take, I took</i>). (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_irregular_verbs" title="List of English irregular verbs">List of English irregular verbs</a>.) This aspectually unmarked past tense form appears in innately stative verbs ("I felt bad.") and in non-stative verbs, in which case the aspect could be habitual ("I took one brownie every day last week.") or perfective ("I took a brownie yesterday."), but not progressive. </p><p>This form is negated with an invariant <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language#Analytic_languages" title="Isolating language">analytical</a> construction using the morphologically unmarked verb (<i>I / he did not feel bad</i>, <i>I did not take a brownie</i>). As with <i>do</i> and <i>do not</i>, no emphasis is imparted by the use of <i>did</i> in combination with the negative <i>not</i> (compare the affirmative <i>I / he did take the brownie</i>, in which <i>did</i> conveys emphasis). </p><p>For the morphological changes associated with the subjunctive mood, see <a href="/wiki/English_subjunctive" title="English subjunctive">English subjunctive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjugated_compound_verbs">Conjugated compound verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conjugated compound verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of conjugated compound verbs in English, which can be combined. </p> <ul><li>The construction "have/has" + morphologically altered verb (usually with the suffix -"ed") indicates a combination of tense and aspect: For example, "have taken'" indicates a present viewing of a past or past and present event, so the continuing relevance of the event is an aspectual feature of the construction. The event in the past could be either stative, habitual, or perfective aspect, but not progressive.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Furthermore, the time of viewing itself can be placed in the past, by replacing <i>have/has</i> with <i>had</i>: <i>had taken</i> indicates a past viewing of an event prior to the viewing.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The <i>have/has/had</i> + verb + -<i>ed</i> construction is negated by inserting <i>not</i> between the two words of the affirmative (<i>have/has/had not taken</i>).</dd></dl> <ul><li>The construction "am/is/are" + verb + -"ing" indicates present tense combined with progressive aspect if the verb is innately non-stative, as in "I am taking it," or combined with innate stative aspect, as in "I am feeling better." For some stative verbs such as <i>feel</i>, the innate stative nature can be unmarked, so the simple verb form is used (<i>I feel better</i>), or it can be marked (as in <i>I am feeling better</i>) with no difference in meaning. For some other statives, however, either the unmarked form must be used (<i>I know French</i>, but not *<i>I am knowing French</i>) or the marked form must be used (<i>I am experiencing boredom</i>, <i>I am basking in glory</i>, but not <i>I experience boredom</i> or <i>I bask in glory</i>, which would imply a non-stative (specifically habitual) use of the verb).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>The <i>am/is/are</i> + verb + <i>ing</i> construction is negated by inserting <i>not</i> between the two words of the affirmative (<i>am/is/are not taking</i>).</dd></dl> <ul><li>The above two forms can be combined, to indicate a present or past view of a prior (or prior and current) event that occurred with stative or progressive aspect ("I have/had been feeling well," "I have/had been taking classes"); here the construction is "have/has/had" + "been" + main verb + -"ing". There is a subtle difference in usage between the case where the viewpoint is from the present and the case where it is from a point in the past: <i>have been taking classes</i> implies that the action is not only of present relevance but is continuing to occur; in contrast, <i>had been taking classes</i> indicates relevance at the reference time, and allows but does not require the action to still be occurring (<i>I had been taking classes but was not still doing so</i>; <i>I had been taking classes and still was</i>).</li></ul> <dl><dd>This combined form is negated by inserting <i>not</i> after <i>have/has/had</i> (<i>I have not been taking classes</i>).</dd></dl> <p>Both of these morphological changes can be combined with the compound verbal constructions given below involving invariant auxiliaries, to form verb phrases such as <i>will have been taking</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invariant_auxiliaries">Invariant auxiliaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Invariant auxiliaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from the above-mentioned auxiliary verbs, English has fourteen invariant auxiliaries (often called <i><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal verbs</a></i>), which are used before the morphologically unmarked verb to indicate mood, aspect, tense, or some combination thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these have more than one modal interpretation, the choice between which must be based on context; in these cases, the equivalent past tense construction may apply to one but not the other of the modal interpretations. For more details see <a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">English modal verbs</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>used to</i> indicates both past tense and habitual aspect ("I used to run every day.") or occasionally stative aspect ("The sun used to shine more brightly"). It cannot be used with the very recent past (*<i>I used to run every day last week</i> is not acceptable, but <i>I used to run every day last summer</i> is acceptable though usually no lexical time marker like <i>last summer</i> is included). The form that negates the main verb is <i>used not to</i> + verb (or <i>used to not</i> + verb); the form that negates habituality is <i>did not use to</i> + verb.</li> <li><i>would</i> has three alternative uses:<sup id="cite_ref-Fleischman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 27–28, 60–65">: pp. 27–28, 60–65 </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>past tense combined with habitual aspect ("Last summer I would run every day.")</li> <li>conditional mood for a present or future action (<i>If I could, I would do it now / next week</i>). In the first person, intentional modality may also be present.</li> <li>past tense, prospective aspect for an action occurring after the past-tense viewpoint ("After I graduated in 1990, I would work in industry for the next ten years.")</li></ul></dd> <dd>The negative form <i>would not</i> + verb negates the main verb, but in the conditional and intentional mood in the first person the intentional modality may also be negated to indicate negative intention.</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>will</i> has a number of different uses involving tense, aspect, and modality:<sup id="cite_ref-Comrie_tense_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comrie_tense-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 21, 47–48">: pp. 21, 47–48 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fleischman_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 86–97,">: pp. 86–97,  </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>It can express aspect alone, without implying futurity: In "He will make mistakes, won't he?", the reference is to a tendency in the past, present, and future and as such expresses habitual aspect.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>It can express either of two types of modality alone, again without implying futurity: In "That will be John at the door", there is an implication of present time and probabilistic mode, while "You will do it right now" implies obligatory mode.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>It can express both intentional modality and futurity, as in "I will do it."</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>It can express futurity without modality: "The sun will die in a few billion years."</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>As with <i>would</i>, the negative form <i>will not</i> negates the main verb but in the intentional mode may also indicate negative intentionality.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>In each case the time of viewpoint can be placed in the past by replacing <i>will</i> with <i>would</i>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>shall</i> indicates futurity or intention in the first person (<i>I shall go</i>); for the other persons, it indicates obligation, often negative as in <i>you shall not lie</i>, but this usage is old-fashioned.</li> <li><i>must</i> can be used either for near-certainty mode (<i>He must understand it by now</i>) or for obligatory mode (<i>You must do that</i>). The past tense form <i>must have understood</i> applies only to the near-certainty mode; expressing obligation in the past requires the lexical construction <i>had to</i> + verb.</li> <li><i>had better</i> and <i>had best</i> both indicate obligatory mode (<i>He had better do that soon</i>). Often <i>had</i> is omitted (<i>He best be gone soon</i>). There is no corresponding past tense form.</li> <li><i>should</i> has several uses:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>present or future tense combined with possibility mode: <i>If he should be here already, ...</i>; <i>If he should arrive tomorrow, ...</i></li> <li>mild obligatory mode in the present or future tense: <i>He should do that now / next week</i>. The past tense can be substituted by using the form <i>He should have done that</i>, with a morphological change to the main verb.</li> <li>probabilistic mode in the present or future tense: <i>This approach should work</i>. The corresponding past tense form <i>should have worked</i> implies impersonal obligation rather than probability.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>ought to</i> + verb can mean the same thing as either of the last two mentioned uses of <i>should</i>: mild obligatory mode in present or future (<i>He ought to do that now / next week</i>) or probabilistic mode in the present or future (<i>This approach ought to work</i>). The past tense form <i>ought to have done that</i>, <i>ought to have worked</i>, with a morphological change to the main verb, conveys the same information as the corresponding <i>should have</i> form in both cases.</li> <li><i>may</i> can indicate either the mode of possibility or that of permission:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>possibility in the present or future: <i>He may be there already</i>, <i>He may arrive tomorrow</i>. The form "He may have arrived," with a morphological change to the main verb, indicates not just the mode of possibility but also the aspectual feature of viewing a past event from a present viewpoint. This form applies only to this possibility usage.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>permission in the present or future: <i>You may go now / next week</i>. There is no corresponding way to indicate the presence of permission in the past.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>can</i> has several uses:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>present ability: <i>I can swim</i>. The past tense is expressed by <i>I could swim</i>.</li> <li>present permission (in informal speech): <i>You can go now</i>. In the past tense one can use <i>could</i> (<i>When I was a child, according to my parents' rules I could swim once a week</i>).</li> <li>present moderate probability (seldom used): <i>That can be true</i>. There is no past form, since the more common <i>that could be true</i> conveys the same (present) tense.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>might</i> conveys slight likelihood in the present or future (<i>He might be there already</i>, <i>he might arrive tomorrow</i>). It can also convey slight advisability (<i>You might try that</i>). The past can be substituted using the form <i>might have</i> + morphologically altered main verb.</li> <li><i>could</i> is used in several ways:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>mild permission or advisability in the present: <i>You could do that</i>. The equivalent past form is <i>could have</i> + morphologically altered main verb (<i>you could have done that</i>).</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>permission in the past: <i>She said I could graduate in one more year</i>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>ability in the past: <i>I could swim when I was five years old</i>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>slight probability in the present: <i>That could be Mary at the door</i>. The past tense equivalent is <i>That could have been Mary at the door yesterday</i>, with a morphologically altered main verb.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>conditional ability: <i>I could do that if I knew how to swim</i>. In the past one can say <i>I could have done that if I had known how to swim</i>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>slight intention in the present: <i>I could do that for you (and maybe I will)</i>. There is no past equivalent.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>need</i>: <i>Need</i> can be used as a present tense modal auxiliary, indicating necessity, that is invariant for person/number in questions and negatives only: <i>Need he go?</i>, <i>He need not go</i>. The corresponding past tense constructions are <i>Need he have gone?</i>, <i>He need not have gone</i>.</li> <li><i>dare</i>: <i>Dare</i> can be used as a present tense modal auxiliary that is invariant for person/number in questions and negatives only: <i>Dare he go?</i>, <i>He dare not go</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basque">Basque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Basque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basque_verbs" title="Basque verbs">Basque verbs</a></div> <p>Although several verbal categories are expressed purely morphologically in Basque,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> periphrastic verbal formations predominate. For the few verbs that have synthetic conjugations, Basque has forms for past tense continuous aspect (state or ongoing action) and present tense continuous aspect, as well as imperative mood. </p><p>In the compound verbal constructions, there are forms for the indicative mood, the conditional mood, a mood for conditional possibility ("would be able to"), an imperative mood, a mood of ability or possibility, a mood for hypothetical "if" clauses in the present or future time, a counterfactual mood in the past tense, and a subjunctive mood (used mostly in literary style in complement clauses and purpose/wish clauses). Within the indicative mood, there is a present tense habitual aspect form (which can also be used with stative verbs), a past tense habitual aspect form (which also can be used with stative verbs), a near past tense form, a remote past tense form (which can also be used to convey past perspective on an immediately prior situation or event), a future-in-the-past form (which can also be used modally for a conjecture about the past or as a conditional result of a counterfactual premise), and a future tense form (which can also be used for the modality of present conjecture, especially with a lexically stative verb, or of determination/intention). </p><p>There are also some constructions showing an even greater degree of periphrasis: one for progressive aspect and ones for the modalities of volition ("want to"), necessity/obligation ("have to", "need to"), and ability ("be able to"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hawaiian">Hawaiian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hawaiian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian grammar</a></div> <p>Hawaiian<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch.6,">: ch.6,  </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a>, so its verbal grammar exclusively relies on unconjugated auxiliary verbs. It has indicative and imperative mood forms, the imperative indicated by <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">e</i></span> + verb (or in the negative by <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">mai</i></span> + verb). In the indicative its tense/aspect forms are: unmarked (used generically and for the habitual aspect as well as the perfective aspect for past time), <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">ua</i></span> + verb (perfective aspect, but frequently replaced by the unmarked form), <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">ke</i></span> + verb + <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">nei</i></span> (present tense progressive aspect; very frequently used), and <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">e</i></span> + verb + <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">ana</i></span> (imperfective aspect, especially for non-present time). </p><p>Modality is expressed with different verbal auxuliaries. <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Pono</i></span> conveys obligation/necessity as in <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">He pono i na kamali'i a pau e maka'ala</i></span> 'Children should beware'; ability is conveyed by <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">hiki</i></span> as in <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Ua hiki i keia kamali'i ke heluhelu</i></span> 'This child can read'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_TAM" title="Nominal TAM">Nominal TAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">Screeve</a>, a similar concept in Kartvelian languages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225135447/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bdcd/c7811c93290619318d3dcf41f6af3d5109e6.pdf">Disambiguating Tense, Aspect and Modality Markers for Correcting Machine Translation Error</a> Anil Kumar et al. (No date given) Language Technology Research Center, <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Hyderabad" title="International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad">International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad</a>, India. (<a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a> website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bybee" title="Joan Bybee">Bybee, Joan L.</a>, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca (1994) <i>The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World</i>. University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sten_Dahl" title="Östen Dahl">Dahl, Östen</a>. (2013). Tense-aspect-mood-evidentiality (TAME) and the organization of Human Memory. In K. V. Molsing & A. M. T. Ibaños (Eds.), Time and TAME in Language (pp. 22-52). Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sten_Dahl" title="Östen Dahl">Dahl, Östen</a>, <i>Tense and Aspect Systems</i>, Blackwell, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comrie_tense-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie_tense_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie_tense_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie_tense_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a>, <i>Tense</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comrie_aspect-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie_aspect_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comrie_aspect_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a>, <i>Aspect</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer" title="Frank R. Palmer">Palmer, F. R.</a>, <i>Mood and Modality</i>, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Hopper, Paul J., ed. (1982) <i>Tense–Aspect: Between Semantics and Pragmatics</i>, Benjamins.</li> <li>Tedeschi, Philip, and Anne Zaenen, eds. (1981) <i>Tense and Aspect (Syntax and Semantics 14)</i>, Academic Press.</li> <li>de Saussure, Louis (Editor), Jacques Moeschler (Editor), Genoveva Puskas (Editor), <i>Tense, Mood and Aspect: Theoretical and Descriptive Issues</i>, Rodopi, 2007.</li> <li>Bhat, D. N. S., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cFHAAAAQBAJ">The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood</a> (Studies in Language Companion Series)</i>, John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1999.</li> <li>Wiklund, Anna-Lena, <i>The Syntax of Tenselessness: Tense/Mood/Aspect-agreeing Infinitivals (Studies in Generative Grammar 92)</i>, Mouton de Gruyter, 2007.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=para/keimai"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παράκειμαι</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holm-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holm_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Holm" title="John A. Holm">Holm, John</a> (2000) <i>An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Velupillai, Viveka, <i>Hawai'i Creole English: A Typological Analysis of the Tense–Mood–Aspect System</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.</li> <li>Singler, John Victor, <i>Pidgin and Creole Tense–Mood–Aspect Systems (Creole Language Library)</i>, John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1990.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakoda, Kent, and Jeff Siegel, <i>Pidgin Grammar</i>, Bess Press, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Douglas Q., <i>Essential Modern Greek Grammar</i>, Dover Publ., 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVAN_OLPHEN1975" class="citation journal cs1">VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488">"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb"</a>. <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">284–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000075791615397">10.1163/000000075791615397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7246">0019-7246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488">24651488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161530848">161530848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Aspect%2C+Tense%2C+and+Mood+in+the+Hindi+Verb&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0019-7246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161530848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24651488%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000075791615397&rft.aulast=VAN+OLPHEN&rft.aufirst=HERMAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24651488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1989" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). <i>A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">216–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0475-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0475-9"><bdi>81-208-0475-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Modern+Standard+Hindi&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=81-208-0475-9&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1995" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, George L. (1995). <i>Compendium of the World's Languages</i>. Great Britain: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11392-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11392-X"><bdi>0-415-11392-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-11392-X&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemple, Brian, <i>Essential Russian Grammar</i>, Dover Publ., 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragusa-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ragusa_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragusa_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragusa_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragusa_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragusa_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragusa, Olga, <i>Essential Italian Grammar</i>, Dover Publ., 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prista-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prista_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prista_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prista_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prista_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prista_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prista, Alexander da R., <i>Essential Portuguese Grammar</i>, Dover Publ., 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern, Guy, and Everett F. Bleiler, <i>Essential German Grammar</i>, Dover Publ., 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bredsdorff, Elias, <i>Danish: An Elementary Grammar and Reader</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern, Henry R., <i>Essential Dutch Grammar</i>, Dover Publ. co., 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einarsson, Stefán, <i>Icelandic</i>, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nielsen, Niels-Davidsen, <i>Tense and Mood in English: A Comparison With Danish (Topics in English Linguistics)</i>, de Gruyter Mouton, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleischman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleischman_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleischman_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleischman_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleischman, Suzanne, <i>The Future in Thought and Action</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mufwene, Salikoko S., <i>Stativity and the Progressive</i>, Indiana Univ. Linguistics Club, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Alan R., <i>The Basque language: A practical introduction</i>, University of Nevada Press, 1994: pp. 362ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87417-155-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87417-155-5">0-87417-155-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Samuel H. Elbert, <i>New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary</i>, U. of Hawaii Press, 1992: grammar section, pp. 225–243.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Formal_semantics" title="Template talk:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">Denotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entailment_(linguistics)" title="Entailment (linguistics)">Entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(semantics)" title="Extension (semantics)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Generalized quantifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form_(linguistics)" title="Logical form (linguistics)">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(formal_semantics)" title="Scope (formal semantics)">Scope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-conditional_semantics" title="Truth-conditional semantics">Truth conditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_(linguistics)" title="Binding (linguistics)">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunction">Disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">Indexicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional attitudes">Propositional attitudes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">Quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagueness" title="Vagueness">Vagueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion" title="Antecedent-contained deletion">Antecedent-contained deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_(linguistics)" title="Coercion (linguistics)">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservativity" title="Conservativity">Conservativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">Counterfactuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_effects" title="Crossover effects">Crossover effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulativity_(linguistics)" title="Cumulativity (linguistics)">Cumulativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_dicto_and_de_re" title="De dicto and de re">De dicto and de re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_se" title="De se">De se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">Deontic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_relation" title="Discourse relation">Discourse relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_anaphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey anaphora">Donkey anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustivity" title="Exhaustivity">Exhaustivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faultless_disagreement" title="Faultless disagreement">Faultless disagreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givenness" title="Givenness">Givenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneity (linguistics)">Homogeneity (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurford_disjunction" title="Hurford disjunction">Hurford disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logophoricity" title="Logophoricity">Logophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_subordination" title="Modal subordination">Modal subordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_context" title="Opaque context">Opaque contexts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_utterance" title="Performative utterance">Performatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantificational_variability_effect" title="Quantificational variability effect">Quantificational variability effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_predicate" title="Responsive predicate">Responsive predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_declarative" title="Rising declarative">Rising declaratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_implicature" title="Scalar implicature">Scalar implicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloppy_identity" title="Sloppy identity">Sloppy identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtrigging" title="Subtrigging">Subtrigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_semantics" title="Alternative semantics">Alternative semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatory_categorial_grammar" title="Combinatory categorial grammar">Combinatory categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_representation_theory" title="Discourse representation theory">Discourse representation theory (DRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_semantics" title="Glue semantics">Glue semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">Intensional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">Lambda calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_grammar" title="Montague grammar">Montague grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_discourse_representation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented discourse representation theory">Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervaluationism" title="Supervaluationism">Supervaluationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory_with_records" title="Type theory with records">TTR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Context set">Context set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation" title="Continuation">Continuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_scoreboard" title="Conversational scoreboard">Conversational scoreboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_entailing" title="Downward entailing">Downward entailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_closure" title="Existential closure">Existential closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_application" title="Function application">Function application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_postulate" title="Meaning postulate">Meaning postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">Monads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_quantification" title="Plural quantification">Plural quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier raising">Quantifier raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(linguistics)" title="Quantization (linguistics)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_under_discussion" title="Question under discussion">Question under discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiggle_operator" title="Squiggle operator">Squiggle operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawson_entailment" title="Strawson entailment">Strawson entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_conditional" title="Strict conditional">Strict conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_shifter" title="Type shifter">Type shifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semantics" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferentialism">Inferentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_translation" title="Logic translation">Logic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">Linguistics wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics of logic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tense–aspect–mood&oldid=1274699966">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tense–aspect–mood&oldid=1274699966</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_moods" title="Category:Grammatical moods">Grammatical moods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_aspects" title="Category:Grammatical aspects">Grammatical aspects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_tenses" title="Category:Grammatical tenses">Grammatical tenses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_linguistics" title="Category:Time in linguistics">Time in linguistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Category:Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hawai%27i_Creole_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hawai'i Creole English-language text">Articles containing Hawai'i Creole English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Icelandic-language text">Articles containing Icelandic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hawaiian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hawaiian-language text">Articles containing Hawaiian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 19:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tense–aspect–mood</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>9 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f54dd9999-nxdzk","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.871","walltime":"0.979","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10818,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":162885,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5508,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":63891,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 837.168 1 -total"," 25.49% 213.432 224 Template:Lang"," 12.88% 107.791 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.64% 105.840 22 Template:Rp"," 11.80% 98.824 22 Template:R/superscript"," 10.83% 90.630 3 Template:Langx"," 9.47% 79.303 1 Template:Grammatical_categories"," 9.27% 77.638 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.88% 66.008 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.01% 58.670 12 Template:Interlinear"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.526","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15166098,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5558bc8b6-frtbt","timestamp":"20250210200451","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tense\u2013aspect\u2013mood","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2751097","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2751097","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-09-05T20:30:38Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T19:54:14Z","headline":"grammatical system of a language that covers the expression of tense, aspect, and mood"}</script> </body> </html>