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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Opponents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opponents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opponents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel_and_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_and_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Israel and United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_and_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 ISIS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Relationships with other countries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_other_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationships with other countries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Relations with Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Relations with Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Axis of Resistance</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilvennote_van_Weerstand" title="Spilvennote van Weerstand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spilvennote van Weerstand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="محور المقاومة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محور المقاومة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCqavim%C9%99t_Oxu" title="Müqavimət Oxu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqavimət Oxu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Вось супраціву – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вось супраціву" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osa_odporu" title="Osa odporu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osa odporu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achse_des_Widerstands" title="Achse des Widerstands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Achse des Widerstands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Άξονας της Αντίστασης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άξονας της Αντίστασης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eje_de_la_Resistencia" title="Eje de la Resistencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eje de la Resistencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="محور مقاومت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محور مقاومت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe_de_la_r%C3%A9sistance" title="Axe de la résistance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Axe de la résistance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%B6%95" title="저항의 축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저항의 축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asse_della_Resistenza" title="Asse della Resistenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asse della Resistenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ציר ההתנגדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציר ההתנגדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksena_Berxwedan%C3%AA" title="Eksena Berxwedanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Eksena Berxwedanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E3%81%AE%E6%9E%A2%E8%BB%B8" title="抵抗の枢軸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="抵抗の枢軸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AA" title="محور مزاحمت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محور مزاحمت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eixo_da_Resist%C3%AAncia" title="Eixo da Resistência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eixo da Resistência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ось сопротивления – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ось сопротивления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Axis of Resistance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تەوەری بەرگری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەوەری بەرگری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastarinnan_akseli" title="Vastarinnan akseli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vastarinnan akseli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direni%C5%9F_Ekseni" title="Direniş Ekseni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Direniş Ekseni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AA" title="محور مزاحمت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محور مزاحمت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83" title="抵抗軸心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抵抗軸心" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Informal Iranian-led military coalition in West Asia</div> This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Axis of Resistance</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_of_Resistance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Axis_of_Resistance.svg/300px-Axis_of_Resistance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Axis_of_Resistance.svg/450px-Axis_of_Resistance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Axis_of_Resistance.svg/600px-Axis_of_Resistance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Main components of the Axis of Resistance before the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah"><img alt="Hezbollah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Naim Qassem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_Hezbollah" title="Secretary-General of Hezbollah">Secretary-General of Hezbollah</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/16px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/25px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/32px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="213" /> <a href="/wiki/Falih_Al-Fayyadh" title="Falih Al-Fayyadh">Falih Al-Fayyadh</a> (Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization</a> Committee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement"><img alt="Houthi movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/10px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/16px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/21px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1668" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a> (Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas"><img alt="Hamas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/23px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/35px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/46px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamas_temporary_committee" title="Hamas temporary committee">Hamas temporary committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Hamas" title="List of leaders of Hamas">Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Primary <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1041" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Artesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1041" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_the_Quds_Force.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Quds_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_the_Quds_Force.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Quds_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_the_Quds_Force.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Quds_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1026" /> <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Basij.svg/21px-Flag_of_Basij.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Basij.svg/32px-Flag_of_Basij.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Basij.svg/41px-Flag_of_Basij.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1026" /> <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran-backed Shia militant groups: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zainebiyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_Movement_of_Azerbaijan" title="Islamic Resistance Movement of Azerbaijan">Hüseynçilər</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Resistance_Brigades" title="Lebanese Resistance Brigades">Lebanese Resistance Brigades</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/SSNP" class="mw-redirect" title="SSNP">SSNP</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> In <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/16px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/25px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg/32px-Al_hashd_al_shaabi_379865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="213" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-isw1018-2">[2]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Resistance in Iraq">Islamic Resistance in Iraq</a>: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG/23px-Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG/35px-Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG/46px-Kata%27ib_Hezbollah_sans_logo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="385" /> <a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_al-Imam_Ali" title="Kata'ib al-Imam Ali">Kata'ib al-Imam Ali</a><a href="#cite_note-isw1018-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashab_al-Kahf_(militant_group)" title="Ashab al-Kahf (militant group)">Ashab al-Kahf</a><a href="#cite_note-isw1018-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a><a href="#cite_note-isw1018-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-who-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a><a href="#cite_note-isw1018-2">[2]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Islamic_Dawa_Party_Flag.svg/23px-Islamic_Dawa_Party_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Islamic_Dawa_Party_Flag.svg/35px-Islamic_Dawa_Party_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Islamic_Dawa_Party_Flag.svg/45px-Islamic_Dawa_Party_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> In <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/10px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/16px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/21px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1668" /> <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthis</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Afghan_Hezbollah.png/23px-Flag_of_Afghan_Hezbollah.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Afghan_Hezbollah.png/35px-Flag_of_Afghan_Hezbollah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Afghan_Hezbollah.png/45px-Flag_of_Afghan_Hezbollah.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_Afghanistan" title="Hezbollah Afghanistan">Hezbollah Afghanistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/23px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/35px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png/45px-Liwa_Fatemiyoun_infobox_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> In <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Joint_Operations_Room" title="Palestinian Joint Operations Room">Palestinian Joint Operations Room</a>:<a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup20100802-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/23px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/35px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/46px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/23px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/35px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/InfoboxPIJ.svg/45px-InfoboxPIJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine"><img alt="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg/23px-Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg/35px-Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg/45px-Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="447" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine"><img alt="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees"><img alt="Popular Resistance Committees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="656" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">PRC</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Infobox_al-Aqsa.png/11px-Infobox_al-Aqsa.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Infobox_al-Aqsa.png 1.5x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="19" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Mujahideen_Movement" title="Palestinian Mujahideen Movement">Palestinian Mujahideen Movement</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/23px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/35px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/46px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Freedom_Movement" title="Palestinian Freedom Movement">Palestinian Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command"><img alt="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PFLP-GC_Flag.svg/23px-PFLP-GC_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PFLP-GC_Flag.svg/35px-PFLP-GC_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PFLP-GC_Flag.svg/46px-PFLP-GC_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP–GC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabireen_Movement" title="Sabireen Movement">Sabireen Movement</a> (until 2019)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> In <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar_Brigades" title="Al-Mukhtar Brigades">Al-Mukhtar Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waad_Allah_Brigades" title="Waad Allah Brigades">Waad Allah Brigades</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div> Former <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> (1979–<a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">2024</a>)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">SAAF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/22px-InfoboxNDF.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/33px-InfoboxNDF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/43px-InfoboxNDF.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">NDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baqir_Brigade" title="Baqir Brigade">Baqir Brigade</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_%28Ceremonial%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_%28Ceremonial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_%28Ceremonial%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_%28Ceremonial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_%28Ceremonial%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas_%28Ceremonial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas" title="Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas">Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas</a><a href="#cite_note-isw1018-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">Currently: <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> Formerly: <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Shia Islamism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Anti-Sunnism</a> (denied)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Big tent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active unofficial <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Allies</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Opponents</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> Non-state opponents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-bi1-21">[21]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a> (MEK)<a href="#cite_note-MEK-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-MEK-24">[24]</a> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Former opponents</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> (until 2003) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (2011–2013)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (until 2017)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-Saudi-28">[28]</a> (until 2023)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (until 2018)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition_to_Bashar_al-Assad" title="Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad">Syrian Opposition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">2011</a>–<a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">2024</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)">Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Axis of Resistance<a href="#cite_note-32">[a]</a> is an informal coalition of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>-supported militias and political organizations across the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a> Formed by Iran, it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a> It most notably includes the Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Resistance in Iraq">Islamic Resistance in Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syrian government</a>, and the Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[b]</a> It sometimes<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[c]</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">other Palestinian militant groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup20100802-8">[8]</a> The various actions of members of this axis reflect their domestic interests while serving the broader goal of complicating Israel's attacks and imposing a cost on the United States to support Israel.<a href="#cite_note-soufancenter-40">[37]</a> The United States designates most of these groups as <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a> The coalition is also opposed to Sunni <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafist</a> armed groups such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Master_of_Iran's-41">[38]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> in 2024,<a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a> Syria has been the only state member beside Iran,<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a> hosting fighters trained and recruited by Iran.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes20241001-43">[40]</a> The coalition has also conducted attacks on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="United States Forces – Iraq">US forces in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes20241001-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Master_of_Iran's-41">[38]</a> Through its <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>, Iran has provided extensive military and logistical support, with an estimated $700 million spent annually on these groups before <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iran" title="International sanctions against Iran">sanctions</a> affected its resources in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist20231115-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist20231115-44">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)">conflicts engulfing the Middle East in 2023–2025</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>, have weakened the Axis of Resistance and the strategy behind it, according to an analysis by Associated Press.<a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a> The network has suffered blows in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a><a href="#cite_note-cfr20241208-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-assad-fall-46">[43]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cfr20241208-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a> Additionally, Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>'s fall further disrupted the network.<a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-assad-fall-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-48">[45]</a> The Houthis and militias in Iraq remain intact as of December 2024.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-assad-fall-46">[43]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The term "Axis of Resistance" was first used by the Libyan daily newspaper Al-Zahf Al-Akhdar in response to American president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s claim that <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> formed an <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>. Its 2002 article, "Axis of evil or axis of resistance", said "the only common denominator among Iran, Iraq, and North Korea is their resistance to US hegemony".<a href="#cite_note-def&foraffairs-49">[46]</a> The Iranian newspaper Jomhuri-ye Eslami subsequently adopted the language in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_spring_fighting_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq spring fighting of 2004">Shia insurgency in Iraq</a>, writing in 2004: "If the line of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'is</a> needs to be linked, united, and consolidated, this unity should be realized on the axis of resistance and struggle against the occupiers."<a href="#cite_note-jomhuri-50">[47]</a> In 2006, the Palestinian minister of the interior, Said Saim, used the term during an interview at <a href="/wiki/Al-Alam_News_Network" title="Al-Alam News Network">Al-Alam television</a> to refer to common political goals among Arabs in opposition to those of Israel or the United States. Noting the large number of Palestinian refugees in Syria, Saim stated, "Syria is also an Islamic Arab country and is also targeted by the Americans and the Zionists. Hence, we see in Syria, Iran, Hezbollah, and Hamas an axis of resistance in front of these pressures."<a href="#cite_note-fednews-51">[48]</a> The term "axis of resistance" was used as early as August 2010.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> After two years, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati" title="Ali Akbar Velayati">Ali Akbar Velayati</a>, senior advisor for foreign affairs to Iran's supreme leader, used the term and said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The chain of resistance against Israel by Iran, Syria, Hezbollah, the new Iraqi government, and Hamas passes through the Syrian highway. ... Syria is the golden ring of the chain of resistance against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Goodarzi-53">[50]</a></blockquote> The phrase was used again in August 2012 during a meeting between Syrian president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and the secretary of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Jalili" title="Saeed Jalili">Saeed Jalili</a>, regarding the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-54">[51]</a> Velayati said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What is happening in Syria is not an internal issue, but a conflict between the axis of resistance and its enemies in the region and the world. Iran will not tolerate, in any form, the breaking of the axis of resistance, of which Syria is an intrinsic part.<a href="#cite_note-Goodarzi-53">[50]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3></div> In the wake of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, some of the most radical founders of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Montazeri" title="Mohammad Montazeri">Mohammad Montazeri</a> (who had been trained by the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> in Southern Lebanon and maintained close relations with <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a>'s Libya) and <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Chamran" title="Mostafa Chamran">Mostafa Chamran</a> (who had visited <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and was influenced by revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>) strove to create what is often called an "Islamic Internationale",<a href="#cite_note-Alf2013-55">[52]</a> drawing upon <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>'s notions of the "solidarity of the oppressed".<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Montazeri and Chamran, along with <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Mohtashamipur" title="Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur">Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur</a>, Iran's ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from 1982, created the Department for Islamic Liberation Movements, as part of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Organization_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran">People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, whose aim was to bring together the activities of the outlawed Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a> with those of the Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> The Department for Islamic Liberation Movements is thought to have been the starting point of Iranian attempts of forging what was later to become known as the Axis of Resistance.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, 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You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axis_of_Resistance&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axis_of_Resistance&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAxis_of_Resistance&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+17+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Axis+of+Resistance">making an edit request</a>. 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class="thumbcaption">Current leaders: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Naim Qassem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Hamas_temporary_committee" title="Hamas temporary committee">hamas temporary committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Hayya" title="Khalil al-Hayya">Khalil al-Hayya</a>)</div></div></div></div> At first, the alliance consisted of the Syrian government and Lebanese Hezbollah. Years later, Iran, already closely aligned with Syria and Hezbollah, would form stronger relations between the three, creating the axis. Iraqi and Yemeni militants coordinating with Iran came in as the newest members of this alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Syria-59">[56]</a> After the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war</a>, a slew of posters showing images of Nasrallah, Assad, Iranian Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, have appeared with an Arabic caption meaning "men who bow to no one but God". The posters suggest another emerging regional Axis of Resistance, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. This coalition has been described as "deeply polarising" for its sectarian targeting of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Putinhullin-60">[57]</a> Hezbollah's actions have also arisen denunciation in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, most notably from <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">Lebanese President</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Suleiman" title="Michel Suleiman">Michel Suleiman</a>, who demanded an end to unilateral armed maneuvers by Hezbollah. Grievance is also widespread amongst Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> minority, who charge Hezbollah with engaging in sectarian violence against other <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and of forfeiting its <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a> stance.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Syria-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Syria-59">[56]</a>: <span title="Page: 25
Quotation: "Opposition is greatest with Lebanon's Sunni community, which view Hezbollah as choosing sides in sectarian conflict, killing fellow Muslims, and losing sight of its resistance to Israel. End quote."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">25  With Hezbollah's intensifying participation in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> following the years after 2013, the coalition has become explicitly <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">anti-Sunni</a>; with the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a> becoming beholden and subservient to Iran and its proxies for continued existence. Alienated by sectarian policies, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islamism">Sunni Islamists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> began publicly opposing Iran and Hezbollah and have aligned closely with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, countries which are engaged in geo-political competition with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023–2024">2023–2024</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)">conflicts engulfing the Middle East in 2023–2024</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>, have weakened the Axis of Resistance and the strategy behind it, according to an analysis by Associated Press.<a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a> The network has suffered major blows, in <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a><a href="#cite_note-cfr20241208-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-assad-fall-46">[43]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cfr20241208-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a> Additionally, Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>'s fall, marked by rebel forces <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)" title="Fall of Damascus (2024)">capturing Damascus</a> and ending over five decades of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Assad family rule</a>, further disrupted the network.<a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-assad-fall-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-48">[45]</a> The Houthis and militias in Iraq remain intact as of December 2024.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-assad-fall-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forum_for_Resistance_in_Lebanon,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Forum_for_Resistance_in_Lebanon%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Forum_for_Resistance_in_Lebanon%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Forum_for_Resistance_in_Lebanon%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Forum_for_Resistance_in_Lebanon%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Forum_for_Resistance_in_Lebanon%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Forum_for_Resistance_in_Lebanon%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Forum for Resistance meeting in Lebanon, 2009</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, a Shi'ite Islamist group founded to fight <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-hi-me-63">[60]</a> is the network's most prominent member.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a> Other significant participants include <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2024-64">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a> the Yemenite <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2024-64">[61]</a> and several Shi'ite militias in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2024-64">[61]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> in 2024,<a href="#cite_note-apnews-collapse-syria-42">[39]</a> Syria has been the only state member beside Iran,<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a> hosting fighters trained and recruited by Iran.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes20241001-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, who has served as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> since 1989, has repeatedly defined the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Islamic Republic government</a> as a "resistance government" (i.e., against Western and Israeli influence).<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> played an important role in Iran's battle with ISIS in Iraq. He has been described as the focal point for bringing together Kurdish and Shia forces for the war against ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Soleimani's achievements led to the creation of an axis of Shia influence throughout the Middle East centered on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Master_of_Iran's-41">[38]</a> During a meeting with Cuban president <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> in December 2023, Khamenei said that the political and economic potentials of Iran and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> should be used to form a coalition against the "bullying" of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and its Western allies, in order to adopt a "common and effective position" on important global issues such as the Palestinian issue.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> was founded by Lebanese clerics to fight <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-hi-me-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2024-64">[61]</a> The group is an influential political actor in Lebanon, shares the <a href="/wiki/Shiite_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite Islam">Shiite Islam</a> ideology of Iran. It has increased its attacks on Israeli targets on the Lebanon-Israel border almost daily since the start of <a href="/wiki/Israel-Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war</a> on October 7, 2023, in order to stop Israel from attacking Gaza, sparking the heaviest exchange of fire between the adversaries since full-scale war in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2024-64">[61]</a> Iran was Hezbollah's chief supplier of arms. In a direct reference to the axis of resistance, Hezbollah leader, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Naim_Qassem" title="Naim Qassem">Naim Qassem</a>, said in December 2024 that since the fall of the Assad regime, "Hezbollah has lost the military supply route through Syria at this stage, but this loss is a detail in the resistance's work."<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_groups">Iraqi groups</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Resistance in Iraq">Islamic Resistance in Iraq</a></div> Armed militias emerged in Iraq after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">US invasion of the country</a> in 2003. These groups became exponentially stronger when they organized as a collective front to counter the terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-what-is-axis-of-resistance-69">[66]</a> Iranian officials claimed on 30 October 2023 that attacks against U.S. forces in Iraq and other parts of the region were the consequence of "wrong American policies", which included Washington's backing of Israel during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemeni_Houthis">Yemeni Houthis</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, declared on 10 October 2023 that the organisation would retaliate by using missiles and drones in addition to other military measures if the United States got involved in the Gaza conflict.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> On 19 October 2023, Yemen begun their missile and drone campaign against Israel in which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Carney" title="USS Carney">USS Carney</a> shot down three <a href="/wiki/Land-attack_cruise_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-attack cruise missile">land-attack cruise missiles</a> and several drones heading toward Israel. This was the first action by the Houthis in Yemen on Israel. It was later reported that the ship shot down four cruise missiles and 15 drones.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Another missile was reportedly intercepted by Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> More were intercepted by Israel's <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(missile_family)" title="Arrow (missile family)">Arrow anti-ballistic missiles</a>; others fell short of their targets or were intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthis</a> then <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">launched attacks on ships</a> they claim are linked to Israel in a self-proclaimed bid to end the war, prompting a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">military response</a> from a number of countries led by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-will-not-stop-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_groups">Palestinian groups</h3></div> Despite the Axis of Resistance being composed of primarily Shia Islamist factions, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, a secular <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> formation, is generally considered part of the Axis of Resistance, and receives support from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> movement <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> has also at times been considered part of the axis due to its opposition to Israel and the United States. As of March 2012, the group has since pulled its headquarters out of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and thrown its support behind the anti-Assad <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In October 2022, Hamas restored ties with Syria after reconciliation with the support of mediation by Iran.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_members">Former members</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></h4></div> According to Jubin Goodarzi, an assistant professor and researcher at <a href="/wiki/Webster_University" title="Webster University">Webster University</a>, the Iranian–Syrian alliance that was formed in 1979 is of great importance to the emergence and continuity of the axis of resistance. Both countries are in key locations of the Middle East, and they have been affecting Middle Eastern politics during the past three decades.<a href="#cite_note-Goodarzi-53">[50]</a> Also, the alliance is considered to be an enduring one, lasting 34 years "in spite of the many challenges that it has faced and periodic strains in the relationship". The axis has been described as altering "the strategic balance in the Middle East" by assisting Syrian leader <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> to remain in power and backing his <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in Syria">war-crimes</a> against Syrian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> According to Marisa Sullivan, the programme and aims of the Axis have three main pillars; shared regional objective in preserving the Assad regime, maintaining access to supplies of weapons and money from Iran, and stopping a Sunni-majority government from ever coming to power in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Syria-59">[56]</a>: <span title="Page: 5
Quotation: "Quote on page 5: Hezbollah's support for Assad seeks to achieve three broad objectives. First, Hezbollah seeks to preserve the Axis of Resistance by shoring up the military capabilities of the Assad regime. Second, Hezbollah also seeks to retain access to Iranian and Syrian material support by securing the lines of communication that run from Damascus to Lebanon from any rebel interference....Third, the group also seeks to prevent the emergence of a Sunni-dominated regime in Syria."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">5  The current ruling <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Ba%27ath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Ba'ath Party">Syrian Ba'ath party</a> elites are primarily made up of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, who are an offshoot sect of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiism</a>, which is also the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">majority sect</a> of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> This common background has made them strategic allies on various issues, including defense.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The Syrian state-run news agency, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">SANA</a>, has stated that the two governments discussed their "strategic cooperation relationship" and "attempts by some Western countries and their allies to strike at the axis of resistance by targeting Syria and supporting terrorism there".<a href="#cite_note-cbs-54">[51]</a> The alliance has been described as an "Axis of Terror" by the prime minister and ambassadors of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> in 2024 was described by several Western media as a crippling blow to the Axis of Resistance: the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist government in Syria</a> undermining Iran's ability to supply <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-assad-fall-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> This was denied by Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, who reiterated that the Axis will continue.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opponents">Opponents</h2></div> Despite the alliance members' differing ideologies and domestic interests,<a href="#cite_note-soufancenter-40">[37]</a> they serve the broader goal of complicating Israel's attacks and imposing a cost on the United States to support Israel.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Syria-59">[56]</a>: 5  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel_and_United_States">Israel and United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></div> The axis claims to be against Israel in order to shore up popular support across the Islamic world, according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallha_Abdulrazaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallha Abdulrazaq (page does not exist)">Tallha Abdulrazaq</a>, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a>, and it took a severe blow after the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">Israeli Mazraat Amal air strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Three days before that airstrike against the Hezbollah convoy, Hezbollah leader, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> said: "We consider that any strike against Syria is a strike against the whole of the resistance axis, not just against Syria."<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> pointed out that it "is a network of autonomous militant Islamist groups through which Iran can project power, determine the course of events and deter attack by Israel or the US".<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> As a result of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> on 7 October 2023, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> of Lebanon, the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Yemeni Houthis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Resistance in Iraq">Islamic Resistance in Iraq</a>, and other factions in Syria have launched <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war">drone and missile attacks</a> on Israel. Hezbollah launched its <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">operations against Israel</a> on 8 October 2023, whereas Yemen began launching <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">its operations</a> on 19 October 2023, and the Islamic Resistance of Iraq began launching its operations on 2 November 2023. In April 2024, Iran launched a <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">missile and drone attack against Israel</a> with its supporting factions in response to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">United States has given Israel extensive military aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">vetoed</a> multiple <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> ceasefire resolutions, concerning Israel–Hamas war.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Groups of the Axis of Resistance have <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">attacked American military bases in the Middle East</a>. Additionally, the Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">attacks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> on commercial vessels allegedly linked to Israel, incurring a US-led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">military response</a>.<a href="#cite_note-will-not-stop-74">[71]</a> The United States designates most of the members of the axis of resistance as <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-2024-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISIS">ISIS</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against ISIL">International military intervention against ISIL</a></div> This axis became the main fighters against <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> after the group took over almost a third of Iraq in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Master_of_Iran's-41">[38]</a> According to the Los Angeles Times <a href="/wiki/Amirli" title="Amirli">Amirli</a> was the first city to successfully resist an ISIS offensive and was secured thanks to an unusual cooperation between Iraqi and Kurdish troops, Iranian-backed Shia militias and US warplanes.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> In 2012, Hezbollah <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">deployed troops</a> to support Syrian government forces against the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">FSA</a> rebels, al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. In 2013, Iran began <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">deploying troops</a> to support the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a> against the rebels and other factions. In both instances, the Iraqi government provided support, even having volunteers joining the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces#Engagement_in_Syria" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">battlefields in Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a>, which was established in 2014, became the main force in the fight against ISIS in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-what-is-axis-of-resistance-69">[66]</a> In 2014, Hezbollah rejected the idea of Lebanon helping in the <a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">US-led intervention in Iraq</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> arguing that it may lead to the U.S. domination in the region or "substituting terrorism with flagrant US occupation".<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> During the war against ISIS in Iraq and Syria, the Axis of Resistance became more united, forming the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">4+1 coalition</a> which was a joint military cooperation coalition with Iran, Iraq, Syria, Russia and Hezbollah of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The coalition supported one another in many battles in the Syrian civil war, such as in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Hama Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Idlib Governorate</a>. The Russian Air Force has used Iranian airbases for refueling namely the <a href="/wiki/Hamadan_Airbase" title="Hamadan Airbase">Hamadan Airbase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> The IRGC Quds Force leader claimed: "the resistance of the Iraqi and Syrian governments and the perseverance of the armies and young men of these two countries ... played an important role in overturning this dangerous event … [I can announce] the termination of the rule of this vicious cursed entity, following <a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">the liberation operation of Abu Kamal</a>, as the last fort of ISIS, bringing down the flag of this US-Zionist made terrorist group and raising the flag of Syria".<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_other_countries">Relationships with other countries</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Russia">Relations with Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran–Russia relations</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Axis of Upheaval</a></div> Russia's effort to expand its role in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> is entwined with its relations with the Iranian-led Axis of Resistance. It is not a meaningful strategic alliance, but Russia and Iran share a common interest in preserving the government of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-Dacey-103">[100]</a> where Russia has military bases (e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_Air_Base" title="Khmeimim Air Base">Latakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_naval_facility_in_Tartus" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian naval facility in Tartus">Tartus</a>). Both countries seek to block US influence and regime change in Syria, which they believe would challenge their own power in the region and potentially lead to regime change in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-Dacey-103">[100]</a> Since 2015, there has been <a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a> in support of the Assad government. It was allegedly prompted by a visit to Moscow by Iran's <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, where he asked Moscow to directly support the regime against the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> forces. Russia has provided air support to the regime and to Iranian-backed forces in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-Dacey-103">[100]</a> However, despite cooperation with Iran in Syria, Russia has maintained close ties with Israel and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab Gulf states</a> and has been pursuing normalisation of ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Russia has allowed repeated Israeli airstrikes inside Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-Dacey-103">[100]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, Russia condemned both the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">Israel's response</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> but Russia's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> said that Israel's goals in Gaza were similar to Russia's goals in its <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Afghanistan">Relations with Afghanistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Afghanistan–Iran relations</a></div> Iran was accused of supporting the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> during the war in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati" title="Ali Akbar Velayati">Ali Akbar Velayati</a><a href="#cite_note-rferl20211227-110">[107]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Kazemi_Qomi" title="Hassan Kazemi Qomi">Hassan Kazemi Qomi</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> claim that the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is also part of Iran's Axis of Resistance. However, commander of the Quds Force <a href="/wiki/Esmail_Qaani" title="Esmail Qaani">Esmail Qaani</a> believes the Taliban government was "no friend of Iran".<a href="#cite_note-rferl20211227-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Axis of Upheaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a>, another military alliance that involves Iran and Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia crescent">Shia crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: محور مقاومت, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Mehvar-e Moqâvemat;<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محور المقاومة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Miḥwar al-Muqāwamah </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Officially the Ansarullah movement, de facto government in Northwestern Yemen since 28 July 2016 under the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Political_Council" title="Supreme Political Council">Supreme Political Council</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Islamic Resistance Movement, de facto government of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> since 2006. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211009-the-huseynyun-irans-new-irgc-backed-movement-in-azerbaijan/">"The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan"</a>. Middle East Monitor. October 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009084709/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211009-the-huseynyun-irans-new-irgc-backed-movement-in-azerbaijan/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Huseynyun%3A+Iran%27s+new+IRGC-backed+movement+in+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.date=2021-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20211009-the-huseynyun-irans-new-irgc-backed-movement-in-azerbaijan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isw1018-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isw1018_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isw1018_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isw1018_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isw1018_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isw1018_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isw1018_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-18-2023">"Iran Update, October 18, 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War" title="Institute for the Study of War">Institute for the Study of War</a>. 2023-10-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214041945/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-18-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-14. 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May 14, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230515192424/https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/the-nujaba-movement-the-movement-of-the-noble-ones-one-of-the-dominant-pro-iranian-militias-in-iraq/">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nujaba+Movement+%E2%80%93+the+Movement+of+the+Noble+Ones%3A+One+of+the+dominant+pro-Iranian+militias+in+Iraq&rft.pub=The+Meir+Amit+Intelligence+and+Terrorism+Information+Center&rft.date=2023-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorism-info.org.il%2Fen%2Fthe-nujaba-movement-the-movement-of-the-noble-ones-one-of-the-dominant-pro-iranian-militias-in-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-4"><a href="#cite_ref-who_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana_Taib_MenmyOliver_Mizzi2023" class="citation web cs1">Dana Taib Menmy; Oliver Mizzi (8 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/news/who-islamic-resistance-iraq">"Who is the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the mysterious group attacking US and Israeli targets over Gaza?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Arab" title="The New Arab">The New Arab</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110175532/https://www.newarab.com/news/who-islamic-resistance-iraq">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+Islamic+Resistance+in+Iraq%2C+the+mysterious+group+attacking+US+and+Israeli+targets+over+Gaza%3F&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft.au=Dana+Taib+Menmy&rft.au=Oliver+Mizzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Fwho-islamic-resistance-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305124833/http://sumer.news/ar/news/24393/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A">"سياسة - همام حمودي لوكالة ايرانية: المجلس الأعلى عاد إلى الإمام الخميني - سومر نيوز"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumer.news/ar/news/24393/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A">the original</a> on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2022-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+-+%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A+-+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumer.news%2Far%2Fnews%2F24393%2F%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A-%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afaq.tv/articles/view/details?id=1617">"ظهرت الاحجام السياسية. الان بدأت معركة الأغلبية المطلقة. تشكيل الحكومة أم المعارك || قاسم متيرك"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195209/https://afaq.tv/articles/view/details?id=1617">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9.+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9.+%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83+%26%23124%3B%26%23124%3B+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafaq.tv%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fdetails%3Fid%3D1617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independentpersian.com/node/262106/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%9B-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8">"شورش مهدی بلخابی؛ نبرد علیه طالب به رهبری طالب"</a>. ایندیپندنت فارسی. 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4+%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%9B+%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independentpersian.com%2Fnode%2F262106%2F%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25DB%258C%2F%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4-%25D9%2585%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%259B-%25D9%2586%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crisisgroup20100802-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crisisgroup20100802_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crisisgroup20100802_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111425/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Lebanon/97%20Drums%20of%20War%20-%20Israel%20and%20the%20Axis%20of%20Resistance.pdf">Drums Of War: Israel And The "AXIS OF RESISTANCE"</a> (PDF), International Crisis Group, 2 August 2010, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Lebanon/97%20Drums%20of%20War%20-%20Israel%20and%20the%20Axis%20of%20Resistance.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-04</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drums+Of+War%3A+Israel+And+The+%22AXIS+OF+RESISTANCE%22&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FMiddle%2520East%2520North%2520Africa%2FIraq%2520Syria%2520Lebanon%2FLebanon%2F97%2520Drums%2520of%2520War%2520-%2520Israel%2520and%2520the%2520Axis%2520of%2520Resistance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlKassab-2023-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlKassab-2023_9-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Kassab2023" class="citation news cs1">Al-Kassab, Fatima (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel">"What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029183838/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27axis+of+resistance%27+of+Iran-backed+groups+in+the+Middle+East%3F&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Al-Kassab&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F10%2F26%2F1208456496%2Firan-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein_Abou_Saleh2023" class="citation web cs1">Hussein Abou Saleh (2 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/irans-axis-of-resistance-how-hamas-and-tehran-are-attempting-to-galvanise-their-allies-against-israel-216670">"Iran's 'axis of resistance': how Hamas and Tehran are attempting to galvanise their allies against Israel"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130073714/https://theconversation.com/irans-axis-of-resistance-how-hamas-and-tehran-are-attempting-to-galvanise-their-allies-against-israel-216670">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+%27axis+of+resistance%27%3A+how+Hamas+and+Tehran+are+attempting+to+galvanise+their+allies+against+Israel&rft.pub=The+Conversation&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft.au=Hussein+Abou+Saleh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Firans-axis-of-resistance-how-hamas-and-tehran-are-attempting-to-galvanise-their-allies-against-israel-216670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabian2023" class="citation web cs1">Fabian, Emanuel (19 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-killed-head-of-military-wing-of-gazas-popular-resistance-committees/">"IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019051338/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-killed-head-of-military-wing-of-gazas-popular-resistance-committees/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=IDF+says+it+killed+head+of+military+wing+of+Gaza%27s+Popular+Resistance+Committees&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft.aulast=Fabian&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Fidf-says-it-killed-head-of-military-wing-of-gazas-popular-resistance-committees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/03/gaza-hamas-bans-sabireen-movement-shiite-iran.html">"Hamas quashes armed Shiite movement Sabireen in Gaza"</a>. Al-Monitor. 21 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224042509/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/03/gaza-hamas-bans-sabireen-movement-shiite-iran.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Hamas+quashes+armed+Shiite+movement+Sabireen+in+Gaza&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2019%2F03%2Fgaza-hamas-bans-sabireen-movement-shiite-iran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/assads-fall-another-blow-to-irans-axis-of-resistance/">"Assad's Fall: Another Blow to Iran's Axis of Resistance"</a>. geopoliticalmonitor.com. 2024-12-10. Retrieved 2024-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geopoliticalmonitor.com&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+Fall%3A+Another+Blow+to+Iran%27s+Axis+of+Resistance&rft.date=2024-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopoliticalmonitor.com%2Fassads-fall-another-blow-to-irans-axis-of-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/the-reshaping-of-irans-axis-of-resistance">"The Reshaping of Iran's Axis of Resistance"</a>. criticalthreats.org. 2024-12-10. 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ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Fall+of+Assad+%27another+nail+in+the+coffin%27+for+Iran%27s+Axis+of+Resistance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-12-11%2Fassad-fall-syria-axis-of-resistance-future-iran-hezbollah-hamas%2F104706528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Solomon2017" class="citation web cs1">Jay Solomon (2017-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/high-level-contacts-between-north-korea-and-iran-hint-deeper-military-cooperation">"High-Level Contacts Between North Korea and Iran Hint at Deeper Military Cooperation"</a>. 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Oxford University Press,(1992) pp. 146-151 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Independent, 23 October 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Roger Faligot and Remi Kauffer, Les Maitres Espions, (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1994) pp. 412–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hezbollah_in_Syria-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hezbollah_in_Syria_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hezbollah_in_Syria_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hezbollah_in_Syria_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hezbollah_in_Syria_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hezbollah_in_Syria_59-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2014" class="citation cs2">Sullivan, Marisa (April 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Hezbollah_Sullivan_FINAL.pdf">Hezbollah in Syria</a> (PDF), Institute for the Study of War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104081130/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Hezbollah_Sullivan_FINAL.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-04, retrieved 2015-06-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah+in+Syria&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.date=2014-04&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FHezbollah_Sullivan_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> Quote on page 25: Opposition is greatest with Lebanon's Sunni community, which view Hezbollah as choosing sides in sectarian conflict, killing fellow Muslims, and losing sight of its resistance to Israel. Quote on page 5: Hezbollah's support for Assad seeks to achieve three broad objectives. First, Hezbollah seeks to preserve the Axis of Resistance by shoring up the military capabilities of the Assad regime. Second, Hezbollah also seeks to retain access to Iranian and Syrian material support by securing the lines of communication that run from Damascus to Lebanon from any rebel interference....Third, the group also seeks to prevent the emergence of a Sunni-dominated regime in Syria. </li> <li id="cite_note-Putinhullin-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Putinhullin_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenker2015" class="citation news cs1">Schenker, David (7 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/defense/256164-putin-and-the-shiite-axis-of-resistance/">"Putin and the Shiite 'Axis of Resistance'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031075742/https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/defense/256164-putin-and-the-shiite-axis-of-resistance/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2016. <q>Assad, backed by Hezbollah and Iran, began his campaign to eradicate Sunni regime opponents...this new axis — which targets Syrian Sunnis instead of Israel — is deeply polarizing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Putin+and+the+Shiite+%27Axis+of+Resistance%27&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fpundits-blog%2Fdefense%2F256164-putin-and-the-shiite-axis-of-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieland2016" class="citation book cs1">Wieland, Carsten (2016). "10: Syrian-Lebanese relations". In Felsch, Maximilian; Wahlisch, Martin (eds.). 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Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+says+strikes+on+US+troops+are+due+to+its+support+for+Israel%2C+presence+in+region&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Firan-says-strikes-on-us-troops-a-result-of-support-for-israel-presence-in-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/yemens-houthis-warn-they-will-fire-missiles-drones-if-us-intervenes-gaza-2023-10-10/">"Yemen's Houthis warn they will fire missiles, drones if US intervenes in Gaza conflict"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+Revokes+Russia%27s+Use+of+Air+Base%2C+Saying+Moscow+%27Betrayed+Trust%27&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft.au=Anne+Barnard&rft.au=Andrew+E.+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan-russia-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim" class="citation web cs1">Tim, Anderson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.khamenei.ir/news/5290/End-of-ISIS-a-tremendous-Axis-of-Resistance-victory-is-unfolding">"End of ISIS: a tremendous Axis of Resistance victory is unfolding"</a>. 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Retrieved 2017-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=End+of+ISIS%3A+a+tremendous+Axis+of+Resistance+victory+is+unfolding&rft.pub=Khamenei.ir&rft.aulast=Tim&rft.aufirst=Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.khamenei.ir%2Fnews%2F5290%2FEnd-of-ISIS-a-tremendous-Axis-of-Resistance-victory-is-unfolding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-Dacey-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes-Dacey_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes-Dacey_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes-Dacey_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes-Dacey_103-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes-Dacey2018" class="citation book cs1">Barnes-Dacey, Julien (1 Jul 2018). "Russia and the 'resistance axis'". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep21138.11">Russia's Return to the Middle East</a>. European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). pp. 65–70. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep21138.11">resrep21138.11</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430144134/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep21138.11">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. 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Journal of Crises and Political Research. 6 (1): 41–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503223323/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2188654">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03 – via dergipark.org. <q>the most obvious thing is the unprecedented development in Russia's relations with the Arab Gulf states, especially Saudi Arabia, in the context of Russia's pursuit of a strategic partnership in the energy field, with the GCC countries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Crises+and+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Russian+foreign+policy+towards+the+GCC&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Al+Qedra&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F2188654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-middle-east-after-ukraine">"Russia in the Middle East After Ukraine"</a>. 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For the Saudis or the Emiratis, it's more alignment in global oil markets or expanded business ties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+%26+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Russia+in+the+Middle+East+After+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Frussia-middle-east-after-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChulov2022" class="citation news cs1">Chulov, Martin (5 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008173319/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/05/putin-mohammed-bin-salman-russia-saudi-arabia-deepen-ties">"Putin and the prince: fears in west as Russia and Saudi Arabia deepen ties"</a>. The Guardian. 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Radio Free Europe. 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe&rft.atitle=Iranian+Envoy+To+Kabul+Sees+Afghanistan+As+Part+Of+Tehran%27s+%27Axis+Of+Resistance%27&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Firan-aghanistan-envoy-qomi-axix-resistance-israel-gaza%2F32809698.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxis+of+Resistance" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Russia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Russia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Russia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Russia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran–Russia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Moscow" title="Embassy of Iran, Moscow">Embassy of Iran, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Russia, Tehran">Embassy of Russia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to Iran">Ambassadors of Russia to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Russia,_Isfahan" title="Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan">Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kurakchay" title="Treaty of Kurakchay">Treaty of Kurakchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1723)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Security_Belt" title="Marine Security Belt">Marine Security Belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">1651–1653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">1722–1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">1804–1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826–1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasabad_(fortress)" title="Abbasabad (fortress)">Abbasabad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Iranian famine of 1942–1943">Iranian famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1903_Isfahan_anti-Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_riots" title="1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots">1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tabriz_(1908%E2%80%931909)" title="Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909)">Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Pessian" title="Mohammad Taqi Pessian">Mohammad Taqi Pessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Khan_Qajar" title="Shafi Khan Qajar">Shafi Khan Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qulu_Mirza_Qajar" title="Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar">Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kazim_Mirza_Qajar" title="Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar">Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axis of Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funding_of_the_Axis_of_Resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funding of the Axis of Resistance (page does not exist)">Funding of the Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Axis of Upheaval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Russia relations">Category:Iran–Russia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axis of Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funding_of_the_Axis_of_Resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funding of the Axis of Resistance (page does not exist)">Funding of the Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">First Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axis of Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funding_of_the_Axis_of_Resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funding of the Axis of Resistance (page does not exist)">Funding of the Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_arrest_of_Iranian_Jews" title="1999 arrest of Iranian Jews">1999 arrest of Iranian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" title="Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes on Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">intelligence leak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing" title="1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing">1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" title="2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" title="2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop_Affair" title="Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" title="January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Shield" title="Operation Northern Shield">Operation Northern Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" title="2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_shellings" title="2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings">2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%932024)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Killing of Fuad Shukr">Killing of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">20 September 2024 Beirut attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Assassination of Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Affair" title="Victoria Affair">Victoria Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klos_C_cargo_ship_seizure" title="Klos C cargo ship seizure">Klos C cargo ship seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a> (2023-) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">September 2018 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">August 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">November 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">January 2021 Syria airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">2023 Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" title="2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Military_Industrial_Complex" title="Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" title="2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_terror_plot" title="2022 Istanbul terror plot">2022 Istanbul terror plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" title="Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Ali-Mohammadi" title="Massoud Ali-Mohammadi">Massoud Ali-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" title="Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" title="Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" title="Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fakhrizadeh" title="Mohsen Fakhrizadeh">Mohsen Fakhrizadeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_infiltration_of_Iranian_nuclear_archive" title="Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive">Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_Kaneh_explosion" title="Bid Kaneh explosion">Bid Kaneh explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks" title="2023 Iran drone attacks">2023 Iran drone attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia–Hamas relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_military_action_against_Iran" title="Views on military action against Iran">Views on military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian support for Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_X2" title="Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_(TV_series)" title="Tehran (TV series)">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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