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Our hypothesis was that" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/2305002/730275/906725/s200_markus.kneer.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/45077358/Playing_the_Blame_Game_with_Robots" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Playing the Blame Game with Robots" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Recent research shows-somewhat astonishingly-that people are willing to ascribe moral blame to AI-driven systems when they cause harm [1]-[4]. In this paper, we explore the moral-psychological underpinnings of these findings. Our hypothesis was that" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uzh.academia.edu/MarkusKneer" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://york.academia.edu/MichaelStuart" /> <meta name="description" content="Recent research shows-somewhat astonishingly-that people are willing to ascribe moral blame to AI-driven systems when they cause harm [1]-[4]. In this paper, we explore the moral-psychological underpinnings of these findings. Our hypothesis was that" /> <title>(PDF) Playing the Blame Game with Robots | Markus Kneer and Michael T Stuart - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/45077358/Playing_the_Blame_Game_with_Robots" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732435237000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732435237000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Recent research shows-somewhat astonishingly-that people are willing to ascribe moral blame to AI-driven systems when they cause harm [1]-[4]. In this paper, we explore the moral-psychological underpinnings of these findings. Our hypothesis was that the reason why people ascribe moral blame to AI systems is that they consider them capable of entertaining inculpating mental states (what is called mens rea in the law). To explore this hypothesis, we created a scenario in which an AI system runs a risk of poisoning people by using a novel type of fertilizer. Manipulating the computational (or quasi-cognitive) abilities of the AI system in a between-subjects design, we tested whether people\u0026amp;#39;s willingness to ascribe knowledge of a substantial risk of harm (i.e., recklessness) and blame to the AI system. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ascription of recklessness and blame to the AI system would influence the perceived blameworthiness of the system\u0026amp;#39;s user (or owner). In an experiment with 347 participants, we found (i) that people are willing to ascribe blame to AI systems in contexts of recklessness, (ii) that blame ascriptions depend strongly on the willingness to attribute recklessness and (iii) that the latter, in turn, depends on the perceived \u0026amp;quot;cognitive\u0026amp;quot; capacities of the system. Furthermore, our results suggest (iv) that the higher the computational sophistication of the AI system, the more blame is shifted from the human user to the AI system.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Markus Kneer"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Michael T Stuart"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Michael T Stuart"}],"dateCreated":"2021-02-08","dateModified":"2021-02-08","datePublished":"2021-01-01","headline":"Playing the Blame Game with Robots","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Robotics","Artificial Intelligence","Ethics","Corporate Social Responsibility","Theory of Mind","Responsabilidad Social"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Companion of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI’21 Companion), March 8-11, 2021, Boulder, CO, USA. 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false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":45077358,"created_at":"2021-02-08T04:31:55.212-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-03-07T18:20:34.482-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1145/3434074.3447202","abstract":"Recent research shows-somewhat astonishingly-that people are willing to ascribe moral blame to AI-driven systems when they cause harm [1]-[4]. In this paper, we explore the moral-psychological underpinnings of these findings. Our hypothesis was that the reason why people ascribe moral blame to AI systems is that they consider them capable of entertaining inculpating mental states (what is called mens rea in the law). To explore this hypothesis, we created a scenario in which an AI system runs a risk of poisoning people by using a novel type of fertilizer. Manipulating the computational (or quasi-cognitive) abilities of the AI system in a between-subjects design, we tested whether people's willingness to ascribe knowledge of a substantial risk of harm (i.e., recklessness) and blame to the AI system. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ascription of recklessness and blame to the AI system would influence the perceived blameworthiness of the system's user (or owner). In an experiment with 347 participants, we found (i) that people are willing to ascribe blame to AI systems in contexts of recklessness, (ii) that blame ascriptions depend strongly on the willingness to attribute recklessness and (iii) that the latter, in turn, depends on the perceived \"cognitive\" capacities of the system. Furthermore, our results suggest (iv) that the higher the computational sophistication of the AI system, the more blame is shifted from the human user to the AI system.","publication_date":"2021,,","publication_name":"Companion of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI’21 Companion), March 8-11, 2021, Boulder, CO, USA. 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ACM, New York, NY, USA</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Recent research shows-somewhat astonishingly-that people are willing to ascribe moral blame to AI-driven systems when they cause harm [1]-[4]. In this paper, we explore the moral-psychological underpinnings of these findings. Our hypothesis was that the reason why people ascribe moral blame to AI systems is that they consider them capable of entertaining inculpating mental states (what is called mens rea in the law). To explore this hypothesis, we created a scenario in which an AI system runs a risk of poisoning people by using a novel type of fertilizer. Manipulating the computational (or quasi-cognitive) abilities of the AI system in a between-subjects design, we tested whether people's willingness to ascribe knowledge of a substantial risk of harm (i.e., recklessness) and blame to the AI system. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ascription of recklessness and blame to the AI system would influence the perceived blameworthiness of the system's user (or owner). In an experiment with 347 participants, we found (i) that people are willing to ascribe blame to AI systems in contexts of recklessness, (ii) that blame ascriptions depend strongly on the willingness to attribute recklessness and (iii) that the latter, in turn, depends on the perceived "cognitive" capacities of the system. Furthermore, our results suggest (iv) that the higher the computational sophistication of the AI system, the more blame is shifted from the human user to the AI system.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":65635188,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/45077358/Playing_the_Blame_Game_with_Robots"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":65635188,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/45077358/Playing_the_Blame_Game_with_Robots"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="65635188" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/45077358/Playing_the_Blame_Game_with_Robots" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="54519308" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54519308/Guilty_Artificial_Minds_Folk_Attributions_of_Mens_Rea_and_Culpability_to_Artificially_Intelligent_Agents">Guilty Artificial Minds: Folk Attributions of Mens Rea and Culpability to Artificially Intelligent Agents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88719" href="https://york.academia.edu/MichaelStuart">Michael T Stuart</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the ACM, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">While philosophers hold that it is patently absurd to blame robots or hold them morally responsible, a series of recent empirical studies suggest that people do ascribe blame to AI systems and robots in certain contexts. This is disconcerting: Blame might be shifted from the owners, users or designers of AI systems to the systems themselves, leading to the diminished accountability of the responsible human agents. In this paper, we explore one of the potential underlying reasons for robot blame, namely the folk's willingness to ascribe inculpating mental states or "mens rea" to robots. In a vignette-based experiment (N=513), we presented participants with a situation in which an agent knowingly runs the risk of bringing about substantial harm. We manipulated agent type (human v. group agent v. AI-driven robot) and outcome (neutral v. bad), and measured both moral judgment (wrongness of the action and blameworthiness of the agent) and mental states attributed to the agent (recklessness and the desire to inflict harm). We found that (i) judgments of wrongness and blame were relatively similar across agent types, possibly because (ii) attributions of mental states were, as suspected, similar across agent types. This raised the question-also explored in the experiment-whether people attribute knowledge and desire to robots in a merely metaphorical way (e.g., the robot "knew" rather than really knew). However, (iii), according to our data people were unwilling to downgrade to mens rea in a merely metaphorical sense when given the chance. Finally, (iv), we report a surprising and novel finding, which we call the inverse outcome effect on robot blame: People were less willing to blame artificial agents for bad outcomes than for neutral outcomes. This suggests that they are implicitly aware of the dangers of overattributing blame to robots when harm comes to pass, such as inappropriately letting the responsible human agent off the moral hook.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Guilty Artificial Minds: Folk Attributions of Mens Rea and Culpability to Artificially Intelligent Agents","attachmentId":70844541,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54519308/Guilty_Artificial_Minds_Folk_Attributions_of_Mens_Rea_and_Culpability_to_Artificially_Intelligent_Agents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54519308/Guilty_Artificial_Minds_Folk_Attributions_of_Mens_Rea_and_Culpability_to_Artificially_Intelligent_Agents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="110213013" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110213013/When_are_artificial_intelligence_versus_human_agents_faulted_for_wrongdoing_Moral_attributions_after_individual_and_joint_decisions">When are artificial intelligence versus human agents faulted for wrongdoing? Moral attributions after individual and joint decisions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1952752" href="https://mst.academia.edu/DanielShank">Daniel B Shank</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Information, Communication & Society, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"When are artificial intelligence versus human agents faulted for wrongdoing? Moral attributions after individual and joint decisions","attachmentId":108099214,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110213013/When_are_artificial_intelligence_versus_human_agents_faulted_for_wrongdoing_Moral_attributions_after_individual_and_joint_decisions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110213013/When_are_artificial_intelligence_versus_human_agents_faulted_for_wrongdoing_Moral_attributions_after_individual_and_joint_decisions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="38235301" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38235301/An_Explorative_Comparison_of_Blame_Attributions_to_Companion_Robots_Across_Various_Moral_Dilemmas">An Explorative Comparison of Blame Attributions to Companion Robots Across Various Moral Dilemmas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="298153" href="https://neural.academia.edu/FelixLindner">Felix Lindner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Human-Agent Interaction (HAI 2018), 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Explorative Comparison of Blame Attributions to\r\nCompanion Robots Across Various Moral Dilemmas","attachmentId":58276429,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38235301/An_Explorative_Comparison_of_Blame_Attributions_to_Companion_Robots_Across_Various_Moral_Dilemmas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38235301/An_Explorative_Comparison_of_Blame_Attributions_to_Companion_Robots_Across_Various_Moral_Dilemmas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="27751683" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27751683/Moral_judgments_of_human_vs_robot_agents_2016_">Moral judgments of human vs. robot agents (2016)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138929" href="https://brown.academia.edu/BertramMalle">Bertram Malle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Moral judgments of human vs. robot agents (2016)","attachmentId":48027480,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27751683/Moral_judgments_of_human_vs_robot_agents_2016_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27751683/Moral_judgments_of_human_vs_robot_agents_2016_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="78442326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78442326/How_do_People_Judge_the_Immorality_of_Artificial_Intelligence_versus_Humans_Committing_Moral_Wrongs_in_Real_World_Situations">How do People Judge the Immorality of Artificial Intelligence versus Humans Committing Moral Wrongs in Real-World Situations?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1952752" href="https://mst.academia.edu/DanielShank">Daniel B Shank</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In general, people will judge a morally wrong behavior when perpetrated by an artificial intelligence (AI) as still being wrong. But moral judgements are complex, and therefore we explore how moral judgements made about AIs differ from those made about humans in real- world situations. In contrast to much of the current research on the morality of AIs, we examine real-world encounters where an AI commits a moral wrong as reported by participants in previous research. We adapt these to create nearly identical scenarios with human perpetrators. In Study 1, across scenarios, humans are perceived as more wrong, intentional, and to blame compared to AIs. In Study 2, we replicate those results and find that by showing the participants the contrasting scenario – showing the AI scenario when one is rating the human scenario or vice versa – does not have a significant effect on moral judgements. An exploratory word-frequency analysis and illustrative quotes from participants’ open-ended expl...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How do People Judge the Immorality of Artificial Intelligence versus Humans Committing Moral Wrongs in Real-World Situations?","attachmentId":85488385,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78442326/How_do_People_Judge_the_Immorality_of_Artificial_Intelligence_versus_Humans_Committing_Moral_Wrongs_in_Real_World_Situations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78442326/How_do_People_Judge_the_Immorality_of_Artificial_Intelligence_versus_Humans_Committing_Moral_Wrongs_in_Real_World_Situations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="73024754" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73024754/Moral_judgments_of_human_vs_robot_agents">Moral judgments of human vs. robot agents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138929" href="https://brown.academia.edu/BertramMalle">Bertram Malle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Moral judgments of human vs. robot agents","attachmentId":81711280,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73024754/Moral_judgments_of_human_vs_robot_agents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73024754/Moral_judgments_of_human_vs_robot_agents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="93225171" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93225171/The_Punishment_Gap_The_Infeasible_Public_Attribution_of_Punishment_to_AI_and_Robots">The Punishment Gap: The Infeasible Public Attribution of Punishment to AI and Robots</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58671616" href="https://kaist-kr.academia.edu/ChihyungJeon">Chihyung Jeon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper revisits the debate around the legal personhood of AI and robots, which has been highly sensitive yet important in the face of broad adoption of autonomous and self-learning systems. We conducted a survey (N=3,315) to understand lay people&#39;s perceptions of this topic and analyzed how they would assign responsibility, awareness, and punishment to AI, robots, humans, and various entities that could be held liable under existing doctrines. Even though people did not recognize any mental state for automated agents, they still attributed punishment and responsibility to these entities. While the participants mostly agreed AI systems could be reformed given punishment, they did not believe such punishment would achieve its retributive and deterrence functions. Moreover, participants were also unwilling to grant automated agents essential punishment preconditions, namely physical independence or assets. We term this contradiction the punishment gap. We also observe the same ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Punishment Gap: The Infeasible Public Attribution of Punishment to AI and Robots","attachmentId":96020778,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93225171/The_Punishment_Gap_The_Infeasible_Public_Attribution_of_Punishment_to_AI_and_Robots","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93225171/The_Punishment_Gap_The_Infeasible_Public_Attribution_of_Punishment_to_AI_and_Robots"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="79656106" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79656106/People_May_Punish_Not_Blame_Robots">People May Punish, Not Blame, Robots</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60943403" href="https://independent.academia.edu/minhalee7">minha lee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As robots may take a greater part in our moral decision-making processes, whether people hold them accountable for moral harm becomes critical to explore. Blame and punishment signify moral accountability, often involving emotions. We quantitatively looked into people’s willingness to blame or punish an emotional vs. nonemotional robot that admits to its wrongdoing. Studies 1 and 2 (online video interaction) showed that people may punish a robot due to its lack of perceived emotional capacity than its perceived agency. Study 3 (in the lab) demonstrated that people were neither willing to blame nor punish the robot. Punishing non-emotional robots seems more likely than blaming them, yet punishment towards robots is more likely to arise online than offline. We reflect on if and why victimized humans (and those who care for them) may seek out retributive justice against robot scapegoats when there are no humans to hold accountable for moral harm.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"People May Punish, Not Blame, Robots","attachmentId":86296597,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79656106/People_May_Punish_Not_Blame_Robots","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79656106/People_May_Punish_Not_Blame_Robots"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="110213023" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110213023/Attributions_of_morality_and_mind_to_artificial_intelligence_after_real_world_moral_violations">Attributions of morality and mind to artificial intelligence after real-world moral violations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1952752" href="https://mst.academia.edu/DanielShank">Daniel B Shank</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Computers in Human Behavior, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="62686396" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62686396/People_May_Punish_But_Not_Blame_Robots">People May Punish, But Not Blame Robots</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44307142" href="https://amersfoort.academia.edu/LilyFrank">Lily Frank</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"People May Punish, But Not Blame Robots","attachmentId":75367243,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62686396/People_May_Punish_But_Not_Blame_Robots","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62686396/People_May_Punish_But_Not_Blame_Robots"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2664250" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2664250/Just_an_Artifact_Why_Machines_Are_Perceived_as_Moral_Agents">Just an Artifact: Why Machines Are Perceived as Moral Agents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16552" href="https://hertie-school.academia.edu/JoannaBryson">Joanna Bryson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Just an Artifact: Why Machines Are Perceived as Moral Agents","attachmentId":30662649,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2664250/Just_an_Artifact_Why_Machines_Are_Perceived_as_Moral_Agents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2664250/Just_an_Artifact_Why_Machines_Are_Perceived_as_Moral_Agents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="97739350" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97739350/Should_Robots_Kill_Moral_Judgments_for_Actions_of_Artificial_Cognitive_Agents">Should Robots Kill? Moral Judgments for Actions of Artificial Cognitive Agents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38013342" href="https://newbulgarian.academia.edu/MGrinberg">Maurice Grinberg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Should Robots Kill? 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="864591" href="https://fz-juelich.academia.edu/JanHendrikHeinrichs">Jan-Hendrik Heinrichs</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AI and Ethics</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Responsibility assignment won’t solve the moral issues of artificial intelligence","attachmentId":83032781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75146460/Responsibility_assignment_won_t_solve_the_moral_issues_of_artificial_intelligence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75146460/Responsibility_assignment_won_t_solve_the_moral_issues_of_artificial_intelligence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="70188599" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70188599/Explaining_the_Punishment_Gap_of_AI_and_Robots">Explaining the Punishment Gap of AI and Robots</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58671616" href="https://kaist-kr.academia.edu/ChihyungJeon">Chihyung Jeon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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