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onwards)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status_(1950_onwards)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1953_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1953_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>1953 regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1953_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1957_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1957_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>1957 regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1957_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>1965 regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>1970 regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Title inflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_grandmasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_grandmasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honorary grandmasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_grandmasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grandmaster (chess)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC)" title="أستاذ كبير (شطرنج) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أستاذ كبير (شطرنج)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="গ্ৰেণ্ডমাষ্টাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্ৰেণ্ডমাষ্টাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Maestru_Internacional" title="Gran Maestru Internacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Maestru Internacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrosmeyster" title="Qrosmeyster – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrosmeyster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE)" title="গ্র্যান্ডমাস্টার (দাবা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্র্যান্ডমাস্টার (দাবা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гросмайстар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гросмайстар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C)" title="ग्रैंडमास्टर (शतरंज) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रैंडमास्टर (शतरंज)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гросмайстор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гросмайстор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velemajstor_(%C5%A1ah)" title="Velemajstor (šah) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velemajstor (šah)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Mestre_Internacional" title="Gran Mestre Internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Mestre Internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0achov%C3%BD_velmistr" title="Šachový velmistr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šachový velmistr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwchfeistr_(gwyddbwyll)" title="Uwchfeistr (gwyddbwyll) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uwchfeistr (gwyddbwyll)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skakstormester" title="Skakstormester – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skakstormester" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fmeister_(Schach)" title="Großmeister (Schach) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großmeister (Schach)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurmeister_(male)" title="Suurmeister (male) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurmeister (male)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%81" title="Διεθνής γκρανμαίτρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής γκρανμαίτρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_maestro_internacional" title="Gran maestro internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran maestro internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmajstro" title="Grandmajstro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grandmajstro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="استادبزرگ شطرنج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استادبزرگ شطرنج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_ma%C3%AEtre_international" title="Grand maître international – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand maître international" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutmaster_(skaken)" title="Grutmaster (skaken) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grutmaster (skaken)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Mestre_(xadrez)" title="Gran Mestre (xadrez) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Mestre (xadrez)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_(%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4)" title="그랜드마스터 (체스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그랜드마스터 (체스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գրոսմայստեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոսմայստեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रांडमास्टर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रांडमास्टर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahovski_velemajstor" title="Šahovski velemajstor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šahovski velemajstor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(catur)" title="Grandmaster (catur) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grandmaster (catur)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rmeistari_(sk%C3%A1k)" title="Stórmeistari (skák) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórmeistari (skák)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_maestro_internazionale" title="Grande maestro internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande maestro internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="רב-אמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב-אמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98)" title="დიდოსტატი (ჭადრაკი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდოსტატი (ჭადრაკი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Гроссмейстер (шахмат) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гроссмейстер (шахмат)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Porta_eruditionis/Scriptorium/Magnus_Magister_(scacci)" title="Vicipaedia:Porta eruditionis/Scriptorium/Magnus Magister (scacci) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vicipaedia:Porta eruditionis/Scriptorium/Magnus Magister (scacci)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielmeistars_(%C5%A1ahs)" title="Lielmeistars (šahs) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielmeistars (šahs)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didmeistris" title="Didmeistris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didmeistris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagymester_(sakk)" title="Nagymester (sakk) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagymester (sakk)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Велемајстор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велемајстор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="ഗ്രാൻഡ് മാസ്റ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രാൻഡ് മാസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B3)" title="ग्रँडमास्टर (बुद्धिबळ) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रँडमास्टर (बुद्धिबळ)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шатрын их мастер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шатрын их мастер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootmeester_(schaken)" title="Grootmeester (schaken) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grootmeester (schaken)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="グランドマスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グランドマスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormester_i_sjakk" title="Stormester i sjakk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stormester i sjakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormeister_i_sjakk" title="Stormeister i sjakk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stormeister i sjakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0_(%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8)" title="ଗ୍ରାଣ୍ଡମାଷ୍ଟର (ଚେସ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗ୍ରାଣ୍ଡମାଷ୍ଟର (ଚେସ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmeyster" title="Grossmeyster – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grossmeyster" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootmeester_(Schach)" title="Grootmeester (Schach) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grootmeester (Schach)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcymistrz" title="Arcymistrz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arcymistrz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Mestre_de_Xadrez" title="Grande Mestre de Xadrez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Mestre de Xadrez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_maestru_la_%C8%99ah" title="Mare maestru la șah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mare maestru la șah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гроссмейстер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гроссмейстер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjesht%C3%ABr_i_madh_(shah)" title="Mjeshtër i madh (shah) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjeshtër i madh (shah)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEmajster_(%C5%A1ach)" title="Veľmajster (šach) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľmajster (šach)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7_(%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC)" title="گەورەمامۆستا (شەتڕەنج) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەورەمامۆستا (شەتڕەنج)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85)" title="Велемајстор (шах) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велемајстор (шах)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurmestari_(shakki)" title="Suurmestari (shakki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suurmestari (shakki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="கிராண்ட்மாஸ்டர் (சதுரங்கம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிராண்ட்மாஸ்டர் (சதுரங்கம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82)" title="గ్రాండ్ మాస్టర్ (చదరంగం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రాండ్ మాస్టర్ (చదరంగం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7" title="Устодбузурги шатранҷ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Устодбузурги шатранҷ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkusta_(satran%C3%A7)" title="Büyükusta (satranç) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyükusta (satranç)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гросмейстер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гросмейстер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_ki%E1%BB%87n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng_(c%E1%BB%9D_vua)" title="Đại kiện tướng (cờ vua) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại kiện tướng (cờ vua)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B1%A1%E6%A3%8B%E7%89%B9%E7%B4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%AB" title="國際象棋特級大師 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際象棋特級大師" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B1%A1%E6%A3%8B%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%88" title="国际象棋特级大师 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际象棋特级大师" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title in chess awarded by FIDE</div> <p><b>Grandmaster</b> (<b>GM</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">title</a> awarded to <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> players by the world chess organization <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>. Apart from <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Champion</a>, Grandmaster is the highest title a <a href="/wiki/Chess_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess player">chess player</a> can attain. Once achieved, the title is held for life, though exceptionally the title can be revoked for <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">cheating</a>. </p><p>The title of Grandmaster, along with the lesser FIDE titles of <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles#International_Master_(IM)" title="FIDE titles">International Master (IM)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles#FIDE_Master_(FM)" title="FIDE titles">FIDE Master (FM)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles#Candidate_Master_(CM)" title="FIDE titles">Candidate Master (CM)</a>, is open to all players regardless of gender. The great majority of grandmasters are men, but 42 women have been awarded the GM title as of 2024, out of a total of about 2000 grandmasters.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles#Woman_Grandmaster_(WGM)" title="FIDE titles">Woman Grandmaster</a> title with lower requirements awarded only to women. </p><p>There are also Grandmaster titles for composers and solvers of <a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">chess problems</a>, awarded by the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_for_Chess_Composition" title="World Federation for Chess Composition">World Federation for Chess Composition</a> (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_grandmasters_for_chess_composition" title="List of grandmasters for chess composition">List of grandmasters for chess composition</a>). The <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a> (ICCF) awards the title of <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Grandmaster" title="International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster">International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster</a>. Both of these bodies are now independent of <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>, but work in cooperation with it. </p><p>"Super grandmaster" is an informal term to refer to the world's elite players. In the past this would refer to players with an <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo rating</a> of over 2600, but as the average Elo rating of the top players has increased, it has typically come to refer to players with an Elo rating of over 2700. Super GMs have some name recognition and are typically the highest earners in chess.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedel_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedel_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FIDE titles are awarded at the quarterly FIDE Council meetings. Players who have qualified for the GM title but have not yet been awarded it are informally referred to as "GM-elect".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usage of <i>grandmaster</i> for an expert in some field is recorded from 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known use of the term <i>grandmaster</i> in connection with chess was in the 18 February 1838 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_Life_in_London" title="Bell's Life in London">Bell's Life</a></i>, in which a correspondent referred to <a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(chess_player)" title="William Lewis (chess player)">William Lewis</a> as "our past grandmaster".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(chess_player)" title="George Walker (chess player)">George Walker</a> and others referred to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">Philidor</a> as a grandmaster, and the term was also applied to a few other players.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_tournament_use">Early tournament use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early tournament use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarrasch_72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tarrasch_72.jpg/200px-Tarrasch_72.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tarrasch_72.jpg/300px-Tarrasch_72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tarrasch_72.jpg/400px-Tarrasch_72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a> (1862–1934)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ostend_1907_chess_tournament" title="Ostend 1907 chess tournament">Ostend tournament of 1907</a> was divided into two sections: the Championship Tournament and the Masters' Tournament. The Championship section was for players who had previously won an international tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-fqmpqc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fqmpqc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a> won the Championship section, over <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schlechter" title="Carl Schlechter">Carl Schlechter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawid_Janowski" title="Dawid Janowski">Dawid Janowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(chess_player)" title="Frank Marshall (chess player)">Frank Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Burn" title="Amos Burn">Amos Burn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a>. These players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_chess_tournament" title="San Sebastián chess tournament">San Sebastián 1912 tournament</a> won by <a href="/wiki/Akiba_Rubinstein" title="Akiba Rubinstein">Akiba Rubinstein</a> was a designated grandmaster event.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubinstein won with 12½ points out of 19. Tied for second with 12 points were <a href="/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch" title="Aron Nimzowitsch">Aron Nimzowitsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Spielmann" title="Rudolf Spielmann">Rudolf Spielmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By some accounts, in the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_1914_chess_tournament" title="St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament">St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament</a>, the title Grandmaster was formally conferred by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Tsar Nicholas II">Russian Tsar Nicholas II</a>, who had partially funded the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-fqmpqc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fqmpqc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar reportedly awarded the title to the five finalists: <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(chess_player)" title="Frank Marshall (chess player)">Frank Marshall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Chess historian Edward Winter</a> has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources that support this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940, issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> and Marshall's autobiography <i>My 50 Years of Chess</i> (1942).<sup id="cite_ref-KCAK_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCAK-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chess_Omnibus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chess_Omnibus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_and_Soviet_usage_before_1950">Informal and Soviet usage before 1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Informal and Soviet usage before 1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1950, the term grandmaster was sometimes informally applied to world class players. The <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">Fédération Internationale des Échecs</a> (FIDE, or International Chess Federation) was formed in Paris in 1924, but at that time did not award formal titles. </p><p>In 1927, the Soviet Union's Chess Federation established the title of Grandmaster of the Soviet Union, in the form of the German loan word "Großmeister". At the time Soviet players were not competing outside their own country. This title was abolished in 1931, after having been awarded to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Verlinsky" title="Boris Verlinsky">Boris Verlinsky</a>, who won the 1929 <a href="/wiki/USSR_Chess_Championship" title="USSR Chess Championship">Soviet Championship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soviet_Championships_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soviet_Championships-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title was brought back in 1935, and awarded to <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>, who thus became the first "official" Grandmaster of the USSR. Verlinsky did not get his title back.<sup id="cite_ref-Soviet_Championships_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soviet_Championships-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status_(1950_onwards)"><span id="Official_status_.281950_onwards.29"></span>Official status (1950 onwards)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official status (1950 onwards)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akiba-RubinsteinC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Akiba-RubinsteinC.jpg/200px-Akiba-RubinsteinC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Akiba-RubinsteinC.jpg/300px-Akiba-RubinsteinC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Akiba-RubinsteinC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akiba_Rubinstein" title="Akiba Rubinstein">Akiba Rubinstein</a> (1880–1961)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1950 <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> created the titles of Grandmaster (GM), International Master (IM) and Woman Master (WM, later known as Woman International Master or WIM). The grandmaster title is sometimes called "International Grandmaster" (IGM), possibly to distinguish it from similar national titles, but the shortened form is far more common today. </p><p>Titles were awarded by a resolution of the FIDE General Assembly and the Qualification Committee, with no formal written criteria. FIDE first awarded the Grandmaster title in 1950 to 27 players. These players were: </p> <ul><li>The top players of the day: world champion <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>, and those who had qualified for (or been seeded into) the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a> in 1950: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Boleslavsky" title="Isaac Boleslavsky">Isaac Boleslavsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Bondarevsky" title="Igor Bondarevsky">Igor Bondarevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kotov" title="Alexander Kotov">Alexander Kotov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andor_Lilienthal" title="Andor Lilienthal">Andor Lilienthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf" title="Miguel Najdorf">Miguel Najdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Gideon Ståhlberg">Gideon Ståhlberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Szab%C3%B3_(chess_player)" title="László Szabó (chess player)">László Szabó</a>.</li> <li>Players still living who, though past their best in 1950, were recognised as having been world class when at their peak: <a href="/wiki/Ossip_Bernstein" title="Ossip Bernstein">Ossip Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old%C5%99ich_Duras" title="Oldřich Duras">Oldřich Duras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gr%C3%BCnfeld" title="Ernst Grünfeld">Ernst Grünfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kosti%C4%87" title="Boris Kostić">Boris Kostić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Levenfish" title="Grigory Levenfish">Grigory Levenfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy" title="Géza Maróczy">Géza Maróczy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mieses" title="Jacques Mieses">Jacques Mieses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Ragozin" title="Viacheslav Ragozin">Viacheslav Ragozin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akiba_Rubinstein" title="Akiba Rubinstein">Akiba Rubinstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_S%C3%A4misch" title="Friedrich Sämisch">Friedrich Sämisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savielly_Tartakower" title="Savielly Tartakower">Savielly Tartakower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Vidmar" title="Milan Vidmar">Milan Vidmar</a>.</li></ul> <p>Since FIDE did not award the Grandmaster title posthumously, world-class players who died prior to 1950, including World Champions <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Steinitz</a>, Lasker, Capablanca, and Alekhine, never received the title.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few strong still living players such as British India's <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sultan_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Sultan Khan">Mir Sultan Khan</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lipke" title="Paul Lipke">Paul Lipke</a> and France's <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Znosko-Borovsky" title="Eugene Znosko-Borovsky">Eugene Znosko-Borovsky</a> were not awarded titles. Sultan Khan was awarded the GM title posthumously in 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1953_regulations">1953 regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1953 regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Mieses_(monochrome).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jacques_Mieses_%28monochrome%29.jpg/200px-Jacques_Mieses_%28monochrome%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Jacques_Mieses_%28monochrome%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mieses" title="Jacques Mieses">Jacques Mieses</a> (1865–1954), one of the first <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> Grandmasters</figcaption></figure> <p>Title awards under the original regulations were subject to political concerns. <a href="/wiki/Efim_Bogoljubow" title="Efim Bogoljubow">Efim Bogoljubow</a>, who had emigrated from the Soviet Union to Germany, was not entered in the first class of Grandmasters, even though he had played two matches for the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Championship</a> with Alekhine. He received the title in 1951, by a vote of thirteen to eight with five abstentions. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> supported his application, but all other <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> countries opposed it. In 1953, FIDE abolished the old regulations, although a provision was maintained that allowed older masters who had been overlooked to be awarded titles. The new regulations awarded the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE to players meeting any of the following criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-Harkness1956_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkness1956-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The world champion.</li> <li>Masters who have the absolute right to play in the World Championship <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a>, or any player who replaces an absent contestant and earns at least a 50 percent score.</li> <li>The winner of an international tournament meeting specified standards, and any player placing second in two such tournaments within a span of four years. The tournament must be at least eleven rounds with seven or more players, 80 percent or more being International Grandmasters or <a href="/wiki/International_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="International Master">International Masters</a>. Additionally, 30 percent of the players must be Grandmasters who have the absolute right to play in the next World Championship Candidates Tournament, or who have played in such a tournament in the previous ten years.</li> <li>A player who demonstrates ability manifestly equal to that of (3) above in an international tournament or match. Such titles must be approved by the Qualification Committee with the support of at least five members.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1957_regulations">1957 regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1957 regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After FIDE issued the 1953 title regulations, it was recognized that they were somewhat haphazard, and work began to revise the regulations. The FIDE Congress in Vienna in 1957 adopted new regulations, called the FAV system, in recognition of the work done by <a href="/wiki/International_Arbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="International Arbiter">International Judge</a> Giovanni Ferrantes (Italy), Alexander (probably <a href="/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander" title="Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander">Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander</a>), and Giancarlo Dal Verme (Italy). Under the 1957 regulations, the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE was automatically awarded to: </p> <ol><li>The world champion.</li> <li>Any player qualifying from the <a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a> tournament to play in the Candidates Tournament, even if he did not play in the Candidates for any reason.</li> <li>Any player who would qualify from the Interzonal to play in the Candidates but who was excluded because of a limitation on the number of participants from his Federation.</li> <li>Any player who actually plays in a Candidates Tournament and scores at least 33⅓ percent.</li></ol> <p>The regulations also allowed titles to be awarded by a FIDE Congress on recommendation by the Qualification Committee. Recommendations were based on performance in qualifying tournaments, with the required score depending on the percentage of Grandmasters and International Masters in the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkness1967_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkness1967-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1965_regulations">1965 regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1965 regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerns were raised that the 1957 regulations were too lax. At the FIDE Congress in 1961, GM <a href="/wiki/Milan_Vidmar" title="Milan Vidmar">Milan Vidmar</a> said that the regulations "made it possible to award international titles to players without sufficient merit". At the 1964 Congress in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, a subcommittee was formed to propose changes to the regulations. The subcommittee recommended that the automatic award of titles be abolished, criticized the methods used for awarding titles based on qualifying performances, and called for a change in the makeup of the Qualification Committee. Several delegates supported the subcommittee recommendations, including GM <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf" title="Miguel Najdorf">Miguel Najdorf</a> who felt that existing regulations were leading to an inflation of international titles.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkness1967_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkness1967-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1965 Congress in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> FIDE raised the standards required for international titles. The International Grandmaster title regulations were: </p> <ul><li>1. Any World Champion is automatically awarded the GM title</li> <li>2a. Anyone who scores at least 40 percent in a quarter-final match in the Candidates Tournament</li> <li>2b. Scores at least the number of points in a tournament corresponding to the total of a 55 percent score against Grandmasters plus 75 percent against <a href="/wiki/International_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="International Masters">International Masters</a> (IM) plus 85 percent against other players (a GM "<a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norm</a>").</li></ul> <p>To fulfill requirement 2b, the candidate must score one GM norm in a category 1a tournament or two norms within a three-year period in two Category 1b tournaments, or one Category 2a tournament and one Category 1b tournament. </p><p>The categories of tournaments are: </p> <ul><li>1a—at least sixteen players, at least 50 percent are GMs and 70 percent at least IMs</li> <li>1b—at least twelve players, at least 33⅓ percent GMs and 70 percent IMs</li> <li>2a—at least fifteen players, at least 50 percent IMs</li> <li>2b—ten to fourteen players, at least 50 percent IMs.</li></ul> <p>Since FIDE titles are for life, a GM or IM does not count for the purposes of this requirement if he had not had a GM or IM result in the five years prior to the tournament. </p><p>In addition, no more than 50 percent plus one of the players can be from the same country for tournaments of 10 to 12 players, or no more than 50 percent plus two for larger tournaments. </p><p>Seventy-four GM titles were awarded in 1951 through 1968. During that period, ten GM titles were awarded in 1965, but only one in 1966 and in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970_regulations">1970 regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1970 regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern system for awarding <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> titles evolved from the "Dorazil" proposals, presented to the <a href="/wiki/19th_Chess_Olympiad" title="19th Chess Olympiad">1970 Siegen Chess Olympiad</a> FIDE Congress. The proposals were put together by Wilfried Dorazil (then FIDE Vice-President) and fellow Committee members Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Gligori%C4%87" title="Svetozar Gligorić">Svetozar Gligorić</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Arpad Elo</a>. The recommendations of the Committee report were adopted in full.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegen_Chess_Olympiad_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegen_Chess_Olympiad-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In essence, the proposals built on the work done by Professor Elo in devising his <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo rating</a> system. The establishment of an updated list of players and their Elo rating enabled significantly strong international chess tournaments to be allocated a <i>Category</i>, based on the average rating of the contestants. For instance, it was decided that 'Category 1' status would apply to tournaments with an average Elo rating of participants falling within the range 2251–2275; similarly Category 2 would apply to the range 2276–2300 etc. The higher the tournament Category, the stronger the tournament. </p><p>Another vital component involved the setting of meritorious <a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a> for each Category of tournament. Players must meet or surpass the relevant score to demonstrate that they had performed at Grandmaster (GM) or International Master (IM) level. Scores were expressed as percentages of a perfect maximum score and decreased as the tournament Category increased, thereby reflecting the strength of a player's opposition and the relative difficulty of the task. </p><p>Tournament organisers could then apply the percentages to their own tournament format and declare in advance the actual score that participants must achieve to attain a GM or IM result (nowadays referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_norm" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster norm">norm</a>). </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cat.</th> <th>Avg. Elo</th> <th>Score (GM)</th> <th>Score (IM) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2251–2275</td> <td>85%</td> <td>76% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>2276–2300</td> <td>83%</td> <td>73% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>2301–2325</td> <td>81%</td> <td>70% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>2326–2350</td> <td>78%</td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>2351–2375</td> <td>76%</td> <td>64% </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td valign="top"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cat.</th> <th>Avg. Elo</th> <th>Score (GM)</th> <th>Score (IM) </th></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>2376–2400</td> <td>73%</td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>2401–2425</td> <td>70%</td> <td>57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>2426–2450</td> <td>67%</td> <td>53% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>2451–2475</td> <td>64%</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>2476–2500</td> <td>60%</td> <td>47% </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td valign="top"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cat.</th> <th>Avg. Elo</th> <th>Score (GM)</th> <th>Score (IM) </th></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>2501–2525</td> <td>57%</td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>2526–2550</td> <td>53%</td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>2551–2575</td> <td>50%</td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>2576–2600</td> <td>47%</td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>2601–2625</td> <td>43%</td> <td>30% </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To qualify for the Grandmaster title, a player needed to achieve three such GM results within a rolling period of three years. Exceptionally, if a player's contributory games totalled 30 or more, then the title could be awarded on the basis of two such results. There were also circumstances where the system could be adapted to fit team events and other competitions. </p><p>The full proposals included many other rules and regulations, covering such topics as: </p> <ul><li>Eligible tournament formats</li> <li>Eligible participants</li> <li>Unrated participants</li> <li>Registration of tournaments with FIDE</li> <li>Calculations, including the handling of fractions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_regulations">Current regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To become a grandmaster, a player must achieve both of the following: </p> <ul><li>Favorable results (called <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_norm" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster norm">norms</a>) from a total of at least 27 games in tournaments. With some exceptions, to receive a norm in a tournament: <ul><li>The player's <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system#Performance_rating" title="Elo rating system">performance rating </a> at the end of the tournament must be at least 2600. (Tournaments are no longer classified in categories.)</li> <li>At least 33% of the player's opponents must be Grandmasters.</li> <li>At least 50% of the player's opponents must hold a <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles" title="FIDE titles">FIDE title</a> other than <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles#Candidate_Master_(CM)" title="FIDE titles">Candidate Master</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles#Woman_Candidate_Master_(WCM)" title="FIDE titles">Woman Candidate Master</a>.</li> <li>The player's opponents must have an average rating of at least 2380.</li> <li>The player's opponents must come from at least 3 different chess federations, which can include the player's own federation. <ul><li>A maximum of 60% of a player's opponents can come from the player's own federation.</li> <li>A maximum of 66% of a player's opponents can come from a single federation.</li></ul></li> <li>At least one norm must be scored at a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss tournament">Swiss tournament</a> with at least 40 participants of average rating of 2000 and above.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating</a> of at least 2500 at any point (although they need not maintain this level to obtain or keep the title). <ul><li>The rating requirement can be fulfilled even if the player starts a tournament rated below 2500 and then reaches or exceeds a 2500 rating during the tournament but eventually concludes the tournament with a rating lower than 2500.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Grandmaster title is also automatically conferred, without needing to fulfill the above criteria, when reaching the final 16 in the <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">World Cup</a>, winning the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_World_Cup" title="Women's Chess World Cup">Women's World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">World Junior Championship</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">World Senior Championship</a>, or a Continental Chess Championship,<sup id="cite_ref-directTitlesTable_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directTitlesTable-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given that the player's peak FIDE rating is at least 2300. Current regulations can be found in the FIDE Handbook.<sup id="cite_ref-titleregs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleregs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FIDE titles including the grandmaster title are valid for life, but FIDE regulations allow a title to be revoked for "use of a FIDE title or rating to subvert the ethical principles of the title or rating system" or if a player is found to have violated the <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">anti-cheating regulations</a> in a tournament on which the title application was based.<sup id="cite_ref-titleregs_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleregs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exact regulations can be found in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B012024">FIDE Handbook</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title_inflation">Title inflation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Title inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number-of-fide-grandmaster-titles-awarded-by-year-v0-u8yqdkkpknkd1.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Number-of-fide-grandmaster-titles-awarded-by-year-v0-u8yqdkkpknkd1.webp/300px-Number-of-fide-grandmaster-titles-awarded-by-year-v0-u8yqdkkpknkd1.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Number-of-fide-grandmaster-titles-awarded-by-year-v0-u8yqdkkpknkd1.webp/450px-Number-of-fide-grandmaster-titles-awarded-by-year-v0-u8yqdkkpknkd1.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Number-of-fide-grandmaster-titles-awarded-by-year-v0-u8yqdkkpknkd1.webp/600px-Number-of-fide-grandmaster-titles-awarded-by-year-v0-u8yqdkkpknkd1.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Number of new grandmasters per year</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anzahl_Schach-Gro%C3%9Fmeister.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anzahl_Schach-Gro%C3%9Fmeister.svg/300px-Anzahl_Schach-Gro%C3%9Fmeister.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anzahl_Schach-Gro%C3%9Fmeister.svg/450px-Anzahl_Schach-Gro%C3%9Fmeister.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anzahl_Schach-Gro%C3%9Fmeister.svg/600px-Anzahl_Schach-Gro%C3%9Fmeister.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the number of grandmasters</figcaption></figure> <p>A report prepared by <a href="/wiki/Bart%C5%82omiej_Macieja" title="Bartłomiej Macieja">Bartłomiej Macieja</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Chess_Professionals" title="Association of Chess Professionals">Association of Chess Professionals</a> mentions discussion at the FIDE congress of 2008 regarding a perceived decrease in value of the grandmaster title.<sup id="cite_ref-ACP_Report_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACP_Report-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of grandmasters had increased greatly between 1972 and 2008, but according to Macieja,<sup id="cite_ref-ACP_Report_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACP_Report-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number of registered players rated over 2200 had increased even faster. Since that FIDE congress, discussion of the value of the grandmaster title has occasionally continued.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_grandmasters">Honorary grandmasters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honorary grandmasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting from 1977, FIDE awarded honorary Grandmaster titles to 32 players based on their past performances or other contributions to chess. The following players have been awarded honorary Grandmaster titles. Marić and Honfi were awarded the title posthumously in the year of their death, and Sultan Khan 58 years later. </p> <ul><li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/Julio_Bolboch%C3%A1n" title="Julio Bolbochán">Julio Bolbochán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Canal" title="Esteban Canal">Esteban Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borislav_Mili%C4%87" title="Borislav Milić">Borislav Milić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Torre_Repetto" title="Carlos Torre Repetto">Carlos Torre Repetto</a></li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Denker" title="Arnold Denker">Arnold Denker</a></li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Prins" title="Lodewijk Prins">Lodewijk Prins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Sanguineti" title="Raúl Sanguineti">Raúl Sanguineti</a></li> <li>1983 – <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Alatortsev" title="Vladimir Alatortsev">Vladimir Alatortsev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konstantinopolsky" title="Alexander Konstantinopolsky">Alexander Konstantinopolsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lundin" title="Erik Lundin">Erik Lundin</a></li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/Eero_B%C3%B6%C3%B6k" title="Eero Böök">Eero Böök</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stojan_Puc" title="Stojan Puc">Stojan Puc</a></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Harry_Golombek" title="Harry Golombek">Harry Golombek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monticelli" title="Mario Monticelli">Mario Monticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_%C5%A0ajtar" title="Jaroslav Šajtar">Jaroslav Šajtar</a></li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dake" title="Arthur Dake">Arthur Dake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Ghi%C8%9Bescu" title="Theodor Ghițescu">Theodor Ghițescu</a></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Makogonov" title="Vladimir Makogonov">Vladimir Makogonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladas_Mik%C4%97nas" title="Vladas Mikėnas">Vladas Mikėnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_%C5%9Aliwa" title="Bogdan Śliwa">Bogdan Śliwa</a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/George_Koltanowski" title="George Koltanowski">George Koltanowski</a></li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Fuderer" title="Andrija Fuderer">Andrija Fuderer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mari%C4%87" title="Rudolf Marić">Rudolf Marić</a> (posthumously)</li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_Mini%C4%87" title="Dragoljub Minić">Dragoljub Minić</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Lehmann_(chess_player)" title="Heinz Lehmann (chess player)">Heinz Lehmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Teschner" title="Rudolf Teschner">Rudolf Teschner</a></li> <li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose" title="Jonathan Penrose">Jonathan Penrose</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Honfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Károly Honfi">Károly Honfi</a> (posthumously), <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Paoli" title="Enrico Paoli">Enrico Paoli</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Dely" title="Péter Dely">Péter Dely</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Elm%C4%81rs_Zemgalis" title="Elmārs Zemgalis">Elmārs Zemgalis</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Khan_(chess_player)" title="Sultan Khan (chess player)">Sultan Khan</a> (posthumously), <a href="/wiki/Andreas_D%C3%BCckstein" title="Andreas Dückstein">Andreas Dückstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iivo_Nei" title="Iivo Nei">Iivo Nei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">List of chess grandmasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_grandmasters" title="List of female chess grandmasters">List of female chess grandmasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players_by_peak_FIDE_rating" title="List of chess players by peak FIDE rating">List of chess players by peak FIDE rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_grandmasters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of youngest grandmasters">List of youngest grandmasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Comparison of top chess players throughout history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.fide.com/top_lists.phtml">"FIDE Ratings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201124056/https://ratings.fide.com/top_lists.phtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+Ratings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Ftop_lists.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedel_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedel_2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedel2020" class="citation web cs1">Friedel, Frederic (2020-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/thirteen-super-grandmasters">"Thirteen Super Grandmasters!"</a>. <i>Chess News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216182345/https://en.chessbase.com/post/thirteen-super-grandmasters">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+News&rft.atitle=Thirteen+Super+Grandmasters%21&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.aulast=Friedel&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fthirteen-super-grandmasters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2008_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/crosswords/chess/20chess.html">"Title Inflation Waters Down the Meaning of Grandmaster"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 2008-04-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215224421/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/crosswords/chess/20chess.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Title+Inflation+Waters+Down+the+Meaning+of+Grandmaster&rft.date=2008-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F20%2Fcrosswords%2Fchess%2F20chess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.uschess.org/news/christopher-yoo-breaks-2500-fide-becomes-gm-elect">"Christopher Yoo Breaks 2500 FIDE; Becomes GM-Elect"</a>. <i>US Chess.org</i>. 2021-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Chess.org&rft.atitle=Christopher+Yoo+Breaks+2500+FIDE%3B+Becomes+GM-Elect&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.uschess.org%2Fnews%2Fchristopher-yoo-breaks-2500-fide-becomes-gm-elect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/USChess/status/1471602075792551936">"Congratulations to GM-elect Christopher Yoo, who has broken (subject to FIDE confirmation) the 2500 barrier to become a grandmaster at 14 years and 51 weeks!"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Congratulations+to+GM-elect+Christopher+Yoo%2C+who+has+broken+%28subject+to+FIDE+confirmation%29+the+2500+barrier+to+become+a+grandmaster+at+14+years+and+51+weeks%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FUSChess%2Fstatus%2F1471602075792551936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen_(NathanielGreen)2022" class="citation web cs1">Green (NathanielGreen), Nathaniel (2022-10-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/news/view/minh-le-firouzja-win-titled-tuesday-october-18-2022">"World's Top Teenager Makes Triumphant Return"</a>. <i>Chess.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=World%27s+Top+Teenager+Makes+Triumphant+Return&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft.aulast=Green+%28NathanielGreen%29&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2Fminh-le-firouzja-win-titled-tuesday-october-18-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">grand master, n. : Oxford English Dictionary (oed.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a></i> (2 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 156, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280049-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280049-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280049-7&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fqmpqc-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fqmpqc_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fqmpqc_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSunnucks1970">Sunnucks 1970</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nimzowitsch.com/Tourn_and_Match/sanseb12.htm">"nimzowitsch.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703201159/http://nimzowitsch.com/Tourn_and_Match/sanseb12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=nimzowitsch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnimzowitsch.com%2FTourn_and_Match%2Fsanseb12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCAK-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KCAK_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinter1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Winter, Edward</a> (1999), <i>Kings, Commoners and Knaves: Further Chess Explorations</i> (1 ed.), Russell Enterprises, Inc., pp. <span class="nowrap">315–</span>316, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888690-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888690-04-0"><bdi>978-1-888690-04-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Commoners+and+Knaves%3A+Further+Chess+Explorations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Russell+Enterprises%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-888690-04-0&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chess_Omnibus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chess_Omnibus_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinter2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winter_(chess_historian)" title="Edward Winter (chess historian)">Winter, Edward</a> (2003), <i>A Chess Omnibus</i> (1 ed.), Russell Enterprises, Inc., pp. <span class="nowrap">177–</span>178, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888690-17-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888690-17-0"><bdi>978-1-888690-17-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chess+Omnibus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Russell+Enterprises%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-888690-17-0&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter38.html">"Chess Notes by Edward Winter"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328070143/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter38.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Notes+by+Edward+Winter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter38.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet_Championships-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_Championships_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_Championships_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaffertyTaimanov1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cafferty" title="Bernard Cafferty">Cafferty, Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Taimanov, Mark</a> (1998), <i>The Soviet Championships</i> (1 ed.), Cadogan Books, pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-201-4"><bdi>978-1-85744-201-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Championships&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cadogan+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-201-4&rft.aulast=Cafferty&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Taimanov%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElo1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Elo, Arpad</a> (1978), <i>The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present</i>, Arco, p. 66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-668-04721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-668-04721-0"><bdi>978-0-668-04721-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rating+of+Chessplayers%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Arco&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-668-04721-0&rft.aulast=Elo&rft.aufirst=Arpad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harkness1956-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harkness1956_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarkness1956" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Harkness" title="Kenneth Harkness">Harkness, Kenneth</a> (1956), <i>The Official Blue Book and Encyclopedia of Chess</i>, David McKay Company, pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>336, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/56014153">56014153</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1578704">1578704</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Blue+Book+and+Encyclopedia+of+Chess&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.pub=David+McKay+Company&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1578704&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F56014153&rft.aulast=Harkness&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harkness1967-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harkness1967_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harkness1967_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarkness1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Harkness" title="Kenneth Harkness">Harkness, Kenneth</a> (1967), <i>Official Chess Handbook</i>, David McKay Company, pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>214, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66013085">66013085</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/728637">728637</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Chess+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=David+McKay+Company&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F728637&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66013085&rft.aulast=Harkness&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSunnucks1970">Sunnucks 1970</a>, pp. 224–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegen_Chess_Olympiad-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegen_Chess_Olympiad_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeeneLevy1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Keene" title="Raymond Keene">Keene, Raymond</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Levy_(chess_player)" title="David Levy (chess player)">Levy, David</a> (1970), <i>Siegen Chess Olympiad</i> (1 ed.), Chess Ltd, Sutton Coldfield, pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>240</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siegen+Chess+Olympiad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Chess+Ltd%2C+Sutton+Coldfield&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Levy%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFcbird2021" class="citation web cs1">cbird (2021-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.uschess.org/news/changes-fide-rating-and-title-regulations-effective-january-1-2022">"Changes to FIDE Rating and Title Regulations, Effective January 1, 2022"</a>. <i>US Chess.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010922/https://new.uschess.org/news/changes-fide-rating-and-title-regulations-effective-january-1-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Chess.org&rft.atitle=Changes+to+FIDE+Rating+and+Title+Regulations%2C+Effective+January+1%2C+2022&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.au=cbird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.uschess.org%2Fnews%2Fchanges-fide-rating-and-title-regulations-effective-january-1-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-directTitlesTable-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-directTitlesTable_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01DirectTitles2024">"B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / Table for Direct Titles effective from 1 January 2024 / FIDE Handbook"</a>. <i>International Chess Federation (FIDE)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105194231/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01DirectTitles2024">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Chess+Federation+%28FIDE%29&rft.atitle=B.+Permanent+Commissions+%2F+01.+International+Title+Regulations+%28Qualification+Commission%29+%2F+Table+for+Direct+Titles+effective+from+1+January+2024+%2F+FIDE+Handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FB01DirectTitles2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titleregs-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titleregs_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titleregs_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B012024">"FIDE Handbook - FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 January 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217203011/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B012024">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+Handbook+-+FIDE+Title+Regulations+effective+from+1+January+2024&rft.pub=FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FB012024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACP_Report-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACP_Report_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACP_Report_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacieja2008" class="citation cs2">Macieja, Bartlomiej (December 17, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305014540/https://www.fide.com/fide/fide-commissions/3616-acp-report-by-gm-bartlmiej-macieja"><i>ACP Report by GM Bartlmiej Macieja</i></a>, FIDE, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/fide/fide-commissions/3616-acp-report-by-gm-bartlmiej-macieja">the original</a> on 2009-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ACP+Report+by+GM+Bartlmiej+Macieja&rft.pub=FIDE&rft.date=2008-12-17&rft.aulast=Macieja&rft.aufirst=Bartlomiej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Ffide%2Ffide-commissions%2F3616-acp-report-by-gm-bartlmiej-macieja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaulks2008" class="citation web cs1">Faulks, Nick (2008-12-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/acp-carlsen-on-the-fide-grand-prix-problems">"Remarks on the ACP's FIDE Congress report"</a>. <i>ChessBase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202071918/https://en.chessbase.com/post/acp-carlsen-on-the-fide-grand-prix-problems">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChessBase&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+ACP%27s+FIDE+Congress+report&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft.aulast=Faulks&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Facp-carlsen-on-the-fide-grand-prix-problems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilver2013" class="citation cs2">Silver, Albert (June 26, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/a-gm-is-a-gm-fide-title-devaluation-270613">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A GM is a GM'? – FIDE title devaluation"</a>, <i>Chessbase.com</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204003938/https://en.chessbase.com/post/a-gm-is-a-gm-fide-title-devaluation-270613">archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chessbase.com&rft.atitle=%27A+GM+is+a+GM%27%3F+%E2%80%93+FIDE+title+devaluation&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.chessbase.com%2Fpost%2Fa-gm-is-a-gm-fide-title-devaluation-270613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=400360">"FIDE Chess Profile – Jonathan Penrose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019223636/https://ratings.fide.com/profile/400360">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+Chess+Profile+%E2%80%93+Jonathan+Penrose&rft.pub=FIDE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Fcard.phtml%3Fevent%3D400360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunnucks1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sunnucks" title="Anne Sunnucks">Sunnucks, Anne</a> (1970), <i>The Encyclopaedia of Chess</i>, St. Martins Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-4697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-4697-1"><bdi>978-0-7091-4697-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Chess&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7091-4697-1&rft.aulast=Sunnucks&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandmaster+%28chess%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandmaster_(chess)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div 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to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chess_grandmasters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chess grandmasters">Chess grandmasters</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=58&view=article">"Requirements for FIDE Titles"</a> from the FIDE Handbook</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml">"World Top Chess players"</a> FIDE</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/grandmasters.html">"Chess Grandmasters" by Edward Winter</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Chess" title="Template:Chess"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess" title="Template talk:Chess"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_internet_chess_platforms" title="List of internet chess platforms">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_chess" title="Transgender people in chess">Transgender people in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a>]]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs. king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs. queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs. pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs. rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs. rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs. rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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