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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Syllable formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typographic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typographic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Typographic forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typographic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Letters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Letters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Basic letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Additional letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menggu_Ziyun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menggu_Ziyun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Menggu Ziyun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menggu_Ziyun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shilin_Guangji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shilin_Guangji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Shilin Guangji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shilin_Guangji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ʼPhags-pa script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagspa" title="Phagspa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Phagspa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_phags-pa" title="Alfabet phags-pa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet phags-pa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagpa" title="Phagpa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phagpa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagpa-Schrift" title="Phagpa-Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phagpa-Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%27Phags-pa" title="Alfabeto 'Phags-pa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto 'Phags-pa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89criture_phagpa" title="Écriture phagpa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écriture phagpa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Дөрвөлҗин бичиг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Дөрвөлҗин бичиг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="파스파 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파스파 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="फाग्सपा लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फाग्सपा लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Phagspa" title="Aksara Phagspa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Phagspa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D2%A3%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Тибет-моңғол жазуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тибет-моңғол жазуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagspos_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Phagspos raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Phagspos raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Пагспа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пагспа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Phagspa" title="Tulisan Phagspa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Phagspa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Дөрвөлжин бичиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дөрвөлжин бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagspa-schrift" title="Phagspa-schrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phagspa-schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="パスパ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パスパ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Phags-pa-skrift" title="’Phags-pa-skrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="’Phags-pa-skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_phags-pa" title="Pismo phags-pa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo phags-pa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_%27phags-pa" title="Escrita 'phags-pa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita 'phags-pa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Монгольское квадратное письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монгольское квадратное письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Phags-pa" title="'Phags-pa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="'Phags-pa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_%27Phags-pa" title="Sulat 'Phags-pa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat 'Phags-pa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2" title="อักษรพักปา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรพักปา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagspa_yaz%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Phagspa yazısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Phagspa yazısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%87" title="八思巴文 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="八思巴文" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%B4%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="八思巴字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="八思巴字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q822836#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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style="display:none">Mongolian writing system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ʼPhags-pa" redirects here. For the inventor of this script, see <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="Special:EditPage/ʼPhags-pa script">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%CA%BCPhags-pa+script%22">"ʼPhags-pa script"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%CA%BCPhags-pa+script%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%CA%BCPhags-pa+script%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%CA%BCPhags-pa+script%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%CA%BCPhags-pa+script%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%CA%BCPhags-pa+script%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">ʼPhags-pa<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡏꡡꡃ</span><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡣꡡꡙ</span><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡐꡜꡞ</span><br />ḥPʻags-pa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg/250px-Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg/375px-Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg/500px-Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1843" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Christian tombstone from <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> dated 1314, with inscription in the ʼPhags-pa script <i>ꞏung shė yang shi mu taw</i> 'tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe'</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1269 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Vertical left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822836?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>ʼPhags-pa</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar's square</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Phag</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(331)</span>, Phags-pa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Phags-pa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA840.pdf">U+A840–U+A87F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Mandarin">Modern Standard Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling conventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Mandarin_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Mandarin transcription systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Late imperial Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morrison_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morrison romanization (page does not exist)">Morrison romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese dialect">Sichuanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Pinyin" title="Sichuanese Pinyin">Sichuanese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuanxua_Ladinxua_Xin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz">Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">General Wu</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization of Wu Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese_romanisation" title="Wenzhounese romanisation">Wenzhounese romanization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(romanisation)" title="S. L. Wong (romanisation)">S. L. Wong (romanization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Cantonese_romanization_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Cantonese romanization systems"> <i>Comparison chart</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">Modern Literal Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" title="Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Fuzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Shaowu" title="Romanized Shaowu">Romanized Shaowu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang-Du</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagfa_Pinyim" title="Hagfa Pinyim">Hagfa Pinyim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Yi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang–Yi dialects">Chang–Yi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Diasystem" title="Diasystem">Polylectal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">General Chinese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Romanized_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Romanized General Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other transliterations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Character-based_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Character-based General Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By place</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Romanization in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Romanization in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Romanization in Taiwan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template talk:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Phagspa</b>, <b> ʼPhags-pa</b> or <b>ḥPʻags-pa script</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> designed by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> monk and State Preceptor (later <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a>) <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a> (1235–1280) for <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1264–1294</span>), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368) in China, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mote1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mote1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The script was used to write and transcribe <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, probably <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other neighboring languages<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The previously cited sources do not mention other languages. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> during the Yuan era. For <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguists</a>, its use provides clues about changes in these languages. </p><p>Its descendant systems include <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_square_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal square script">Horizontal square script</a>, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. During the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a> the script even made numerous appearances in <a href="/wiki/Mongol_elements_in_Western_medieval_art" title="Mongol elements in Western medieval art">Western medieval art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_61_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack_61-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʼPhags-pa script: <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; height:40px" title="mongxol tshi">ꡏꡡꡃ ꡣꡡꡙ ꡐꡜꡞ</span> <span title="Classical Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="xct-Latn">mongxol tshi</i></span>, "Mongolian script"; </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">дөрвөлжин үсэг</span> <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">dörvöljin üseg</i></span>, "square script"; <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">дөрвөлжин бичиг</span></span> <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">dörvöljin bichig</i></span>, "square writing" </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>hor yig gsar pa</i> "new Mongolian script"; </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">蒙古新字</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">měnggǔ xīnzì</span></i> "new Mongolian script"; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">國字</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>guózì</i> "national script"; </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">八思巴文</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bāsībā wén</span></i> "ʼPhags-pa script"; <span lang="zh-Hant">帕克斯巴</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pàkèsībā</span></i> </p><p>In English, it is also written as ḥPʻags-pa, Phaspa, Paspa, Baschpah, and Pa-sse-pa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, the Mongol rulers wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Uyghur</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabets">Mongolian alphabet</a> is not a perfect fit for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongol language</a>, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monk <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">ʼPhags-pa</a> to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. ʼPhags-pa extended his native <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains Mandarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script", based on their shape, but today, are primarily known as the ʼPhags-pa alphabet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Descending from <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a>, it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic family of scripts</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and scripts used throughout <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written from top to bottom,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like how classical Chinese used to be written; and like the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a> or later <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabet">Mongolian alphabet</a> is still written. </p><p>It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a> started. After this, it was mainly used as a phonetic <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> for Mongols learning <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. In the 20th century, it was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency, as a script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century, and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syllable_formation">Syllable formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syllable formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Although it is an alphabet, phagspa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or '<a href="/wiki/Ligature_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (language)">ligated</a>' together.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phagspa_imperial_edict_dragon_year.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Phagspa_imperial_edict_dragon_year.jpg/300px-Phagspa_imperial_edict_dragon_year.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Phagspa_imperial_edict_dragon_year.jpg/450px-Phagspa_imperial_edict_dragon_year.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Phagspa_imperial_edict_dragon_year.jpg/600px-Phagspa_imperial_edict_dragon_year.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An imperial edict in ʼPhags-pa</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phagspa_styles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Phagspa_styles.png/300px-Phagspa_styles.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Phagspa_styles.png/450px-Phagspa_styles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Phagspa_styles.png/600px-Phagspa_styles.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The ʼPhags-pa script, with consonants arranged according to Chinese phonology. At the far left are vowels and medial consonants.<br /> <p><b>Top</b>: Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.) <br /> <b>Second</b>: Standard letter forms. <br /> <b>Third</b>: <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.) <br /> </p> <b>Bottom</b>: The "Tibetan" forms. (Several letters have alternate forms, separated here by a • bullet.)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg/300px-Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg/450px-Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg/600px-Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Example of the Chinese poem <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames" title="Hundred Family Surnames">Hundred Family Surnames</a> written in Phagspa script, from <a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuanjing" title="Chen Yuanjing">Chen Yuanjing</a> in the Yuan dynasty</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all ʼPhags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the order <i>C–V</i> for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making ʼPhags-pa transitional between an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, and a full alphabet. The letters of a ʼPhags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typographic_forms">Typographic forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Typographic forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʼPhags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "<a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a>" form (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">蒙古篆字</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">měnggǔ zhuànzì</span></i>; "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, with <a href="/wiki/Nine-fold_seal_script" title="Nine-fold seal script">squared sinusoidal lines and spirals</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This ʼPhags-pa script is different from the ʼPhags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign of <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</a>. According to Professor <a href="/wiki/Junast" title="Junast">Junast</a> 照那斯图 of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a>, the later ʼPhags-pa script is actually a seal script of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Korean records state that <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be ʼPhags-pa and a reference to its Chinese name <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">蒙古篆字</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">měnggǔ zhuànzì</span></i> (see <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Hangul" title="Origin of Hangul">origin of Hangul</a>). However, it is the simpler standard form of ʼPhags-pa that is the closer graphic match to Hangul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_letters">Basic letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basic letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following 41 are the basic ʼPhags-pa letters. </p><p>Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁ</span> <i><span title="Tibetan-script transliteration"><span>kha</span></span></i>, but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ྭ</span> <i><span title="Tibetan-script transliteration"><span>wa</span></span></i> (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁྭ</span> <i><span title="Tibetan-script transliteration"><span>khwa</span></span></i>). </p><p>As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letter <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡀ</span> with no attached vowel represents the syllable <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ka</span></span></i>, but with an appended vowel <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡞ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>i</span></span></i> represents the syllable <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡀꡞ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ki</span></span></i>). </p><p>Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan vowel sign <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཻ</span> <i><span title="Tibetan-script transliteration"><span>ai</span></span></i>. </p><p>Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the ʼPhags-pa script initial vowels other than <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡝ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>a</span></span></i> may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g. <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ue</span></span></i>) or a digraph (e.g. <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>eeu</span></span></i> and <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>eeo</span></span></i>). Thus in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>u</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吾</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wú</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>on</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刓</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wán</i></span> and <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>o</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">訛</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">é</i></span> occur, and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ong qo chas</span></span></i> "boats", <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>u su nu</span></span></i> (gen.) "water", <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>e du -ee</span></span></i> "now" and <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>i hee -een</span></span></i> "protection" occur. These are all examples of where <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'o</span></span></i>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'u</span></span></i>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'e</span></span></i>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'i</span></span></i> etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'er di nis</span></span></i> "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letter <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡦ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ee</span></span></i> is never found in an initial position in any language written in the ʼPhags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur <span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><span title="Old Uighur-language text"><span lang="oui-Ougr">𐽰</span></span></span> <i><span title="Old Uyghur-script transliteration"><span>e</span></span></i> with the ʼPhags-pa letter <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡦ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ee</span></span></i>, except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the ʼPhags-pa letter <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡠ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>e</span></span></i> instead). </p><p>However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'wen</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yuán</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'ue</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">危</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wēi</i></span> and <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'eeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魚</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yú</i></span> occur; and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'eeu lu</span></span></i> "not" and <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'eeog bee.e</span></span></i> "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowel <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>a</span></span></i>, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with an <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>a</span></span></i> vowel must also use the null base consonant letter <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡝ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'a</span></span></i> (e.g. Mongolian <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'a mi than</span></span></i> "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡖ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-a</span></span></i> may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>ʼPhags-pa<br />letter </th> <th>Tibetan derivation </th> <th>Transcription </th> <th>Mongolian Examples </th> <th>Chinese Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡀ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཀ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>k</span></span> </td> <td>Only used for words of foreign origin, such as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kal bu dun</span></span></i> (gen. pl.) from Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kalpa</i></span> "aeon" [cf. Mongolian <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>galab</span></span></i>], with the single exception of the common Mongolian word <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ye kee</span></span></i> "large, great" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠶᠡᠬᠡ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>yeke</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kiw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">裘</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qiú</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kue</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夔</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">kuí</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡁ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kh</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kheen</span></span></i> "who" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠡᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>ken</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>khang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">康</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">kāng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kheeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">屈</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qū</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡂ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ག</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>g</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>bi chig</span></span></i> "written document, book" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>bičig</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ging</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荊</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jīng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">古</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gǔ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡃ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ང</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ng</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>deng ri</span></span></i> "heaven" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>tengri</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ngiw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">牛</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">niú</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ngem</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嚴</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yán</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ding</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丁</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dīng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡄ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཅ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>c</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>cay</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">柴</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chái</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ci</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">池</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chí</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡅ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཆ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ch</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>cha q-an</span></span></i> "white" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>čaɣan</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>chang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昌</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chāng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>cheeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">褚</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chǔ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡆ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཇ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>j</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>jil</span></span></i> "year" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠵᠢᠯ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>ǰil</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>jim</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">針</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhēn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡇ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ny</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>nyiw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鈕</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">niǔ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡈ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཏ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>t</span></span> </td> <td>Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'er ti nis</span></span></i> (also <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'er di nis</span></span></i>) "jewels" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>erdenis</span></span></i>] and <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ta layi</span></span></i> "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>dalai</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ten</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">田</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tián</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tung</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">童</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tóng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡉ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཐ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>th</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>thu thum</span></span></i> "each, all" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>tutum</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>thang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">湯</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tāng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>thung</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">通</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tōng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡊ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ད</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>d</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>u ri da nu</span></span></i> (gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>urida</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dung</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">東</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dōng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>du</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">都</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dū</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡋ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ན</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>n</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ma nu</span></span></i> "our" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮᠠᠨᠤ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>manu</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>nee</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">聶</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">niè</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>nung</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">農</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nóng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gon</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">管</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">guǎn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡌ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">པ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>p</span></span> </td> <td>Only used in words of foreign origin, such as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>pur xan</span></span></i> "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>burqan</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>pang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龐</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">páng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>pay</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bái</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡍ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཕ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ph</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>phon</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">潘</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">pān</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>phu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">浦</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">pǔ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡎ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>b</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ba sa</span></span></i> "then, still, also" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠠᠰᠠ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>basa</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ban</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">班</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bān</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>been</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邊</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">biān</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡏ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>m</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'a mi than</span></span></i> "living beings" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>amitan</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>min</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">閔</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǐn</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>mew</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苗</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">miáo</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gim</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jīn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡐ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཙ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ts</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tsaw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">曹</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cáo</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tsin</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qín</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡑ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཚ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tsh</span></span> </td> <td>Only used in words of foreign origin, such as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sha tshin</span></span></i> "religion" </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tshay</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蔡</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cài</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tshiw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秋</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qiū</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡒ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཛ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dz</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dzam</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昝</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zǎn</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dzew</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">焦</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiāo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡓ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཝ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>w</span></span> </td> <td>Only used in words of foreign origin, such as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>wa chi ra ba ni</span></span></i> "Vajrapāṇi" </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>wan</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">萬</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wàn</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>wu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wǔ</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>xiw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侯</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hóu</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gaw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gāo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡔ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཞ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>zh</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>zheeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">茹</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">rú</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>zhew</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">饒</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ráo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡕ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>z</span></span> </td> <td>Only found in the single word <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>za ra</span></span></i> "month" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠰᠠᠷᠠ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>sara</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>zin</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陳</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chén</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>zeeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徐</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xú</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>zi</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">席</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xí</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡖ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">འ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-</span></span> </td> <td>This letter is found rarely initially, e.g. <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-ir gee nee</span></span></i> (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>irgen</span></span></i>], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g. <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>er khee -ud</span></span></i> "Christians" and <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>q-an</span></span></i> "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>qaɣan</span></span></i>] (where <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>q-an</span></span></i> is a contraction for the hypothetical <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>qa -an</span></span></i>) </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-an</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ān</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-ing</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">應</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yīng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-eeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郁</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yù</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡗ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཡ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>y</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>na yan</span></span></i> "eighty" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>nayan</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>yi</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">伊</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yī</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>yang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">羊</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yáng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>day</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">戴</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dài</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>hyay</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">解</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiè</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡘ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ར</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>r</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>chee rig</span></span></i> "army" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>čerig</span></span></i>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡙ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>l</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>al ba</span></span></i> "tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠠᠯᠪᠠ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>alba</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>leeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">呂</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lǚ</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>lim</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">林</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lín</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡚ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཤ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sh</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>shi nee</span></span></i> "new" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠱᠢᠨᠡ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>šine</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>shi</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">石</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shí</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>shwang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雙</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shuāng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡛ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ས</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>s</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>hee chus</span></span></i> "end, goal" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡᠴᠦᠰ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>ečüs</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>su</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蘇</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">sū</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>syang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">相</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiàng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡜ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཧ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>h</span></span> </td> <td>Initially in words that now have null initials, such as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>har ban</span></span></i> "ten" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>arban</span></span></i>], and medially only in the single word <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-i hee -een</span></span></i> (or <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-i h-een</span></span></i>) "protector, guardian" </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>hwa</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">花</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huā</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sh.hi</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shǐ</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>l.hing</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">冷</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lěng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>j.hang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">莊</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhuāng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡝ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཨ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'eeu lu</span></span></i> "not" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠦᠯᠦ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>ülü</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'wang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wáng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'eeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">虞</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yú</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡞ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ི</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>i</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-i hee -een</span></span></i> (or <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-i h-een</span></span></i>) "protection" </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>li</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lǐ</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>n.hing</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">能</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">néng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>heei</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">奚</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xī</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡟ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ུ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>u</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>u su nu</span></span></i> (gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠤᠰᠤᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>usun</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>u</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吳</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wú</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>mue</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梅</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">méi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡠ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ེ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>e</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>e du -ee</span></span></i> "now" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>edüge</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ze</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">謝</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiè</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>jem</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">詹</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhān</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gue</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">國</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">guó</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡡ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ོ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>o</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ong qo chas</span></span></i> "boats" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>ongɣočas</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>no</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">那</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nā</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>mon</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">滿</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǎn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡢ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>q</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>qa muq</span></span></i> "all" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>qamuɣ</span></span></i>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡣ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁྭ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>x</span></span> </td> <td>Only used in words of foreign origin, such as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>pur xan</span></span></i> "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>burqan</span></span></i>] </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>xu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">胡</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hú</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>xong</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黃</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huáng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡤ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཧྭ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>f</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>fang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fāng</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>fi</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">費</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fèi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡥ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ག</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡦ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཻ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ee</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>el deeb</span></span></i> "various" [cf. Mongolian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; ; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ</span> <i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>eldeb</span></span></i>] (Poppe reads this word as <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>eel deeb</span></span></i>, as the only example of an initial <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡦ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ee</span></span></i>) </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>chee</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">車</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chē</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>seeu</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">胥</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xū</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>geeing</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">經</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jīng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡧ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ྭ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>w</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>xway</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">懷</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huái</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>jwaw</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">卓</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhuō</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gwang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廣</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">guǎng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡨ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ྱ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>y</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>hya</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夏</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xià</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gya</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">家</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiā</i></span>, <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dzyang</span></span></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蔣</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiǎng</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_letters">Additional letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>ʼPhags-pa<br />letter </th> <th>Tibetan derivation </th> <th>Transcription </th> <th>Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡩ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཊ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tt</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sha tt-a pa ... i ta</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṣaṭ pāramitā</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 6] </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡪ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཋ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tth</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>pra tish tthi te</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pratiṣṭhite</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 8] <small>(TTHA plus unreversed I)</small> <p><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dhish tthi te</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dhiṣṭhite</i></span>) [<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī</i></span> Line 16] <small>(TTHA plus reversed I)</small> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>nish tthe</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">niṣṭhe</i></span>) [<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī</i></span> Line 10] <small>(TTHA plus reversed E)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡫ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཌ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dd</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dann dde</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">daṇḍaya</i></span>) [<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī</i></span> Line 14] <p><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'-a kad ddha ya</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ākaḍḍhaya</i></span>) [Ill.4 Line 7] <small>(DDA plus reversed HA)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡬ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཎ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>nn</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sb-a ra nna</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">spharaṇa</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 3] <p><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ush nni ...</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">uṣṇīṣa</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 6] <small>(NNA plus reversed I)</small> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kshu nnu</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣuṇu</i></span>) [<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī</i></span> Line 2] <small>(NNA plus reversed U)</small> </p><p><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ha ra nne</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">haraṇe</i></span>) [Ill.4 Line 5] <small>(NNA plus reversed E)</small> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>pu nn.ya</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">puṇya</i></span>) [<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī</i></span> Line 13] <small>(NNA plus reversed subjoined Y)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ྲ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>r</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>bh-ru^</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhrūṁ</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 2] <p><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>mu dre</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mudre</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 9] <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ba dzra</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vajra</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 9] </p><p><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>bkra shis</span></span></i> (Tibetan <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">bkra-shis</i></span> "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡲ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ར</span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sangs rgyas</span></span></i> (Tibetan <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">sangs-rgyas</i></span> "Buddha") [Ill.6] </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡳ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ྃ</span> </td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>^</span></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>o^ bh-ru^ bh-ru^</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">oṁ bhrūṁ bhrūṁ</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 2] <p><i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sa^ ha ...</span></span></i> (Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṁhatana</i></span>) [Ill.3 Line 9] </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menggu_Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Menggu Ziyun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following are the initials of the ʼPhags-pa script as presented in <i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i>. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>36 initials in <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒙古字韵</span></span> <i>Menggu Ziyun</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Phonetic<br />value</th> <th>ʼPhags-pa<br />letter</th> <th>ʼPhags-pa<br />Initial</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:見">見</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiàn</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ga">ꡂ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>g-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:溪">溪</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qī</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="kha">ꡁ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>kh-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:群">群</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qún</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ka">ꡀ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>k-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%96%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:疑">疑</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yí</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="nga">ꡃ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ng-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AB%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:端">端</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">duān</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="da">ꡊ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>d-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:透">透</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tòu</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="tha">ꡉ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>th-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:定">定</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dìng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ta">ꡈ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>t-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:泥">泥</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ní</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="na">ꡋ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>n-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:知">知</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhī</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ja">ꡆ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>j-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:徹">徹</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chè</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="cha">ꡅ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ch-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BE%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:澄">澄</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chéng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ca">ꡄ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>c-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A8%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:娘">娘</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">niáng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="nya">ꡇ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ny-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:幫">幫</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bāng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ba">ꡎ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>b-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:滂">滂</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">pāng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="pha">ꡍ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ph-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:並">並</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bìng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="pa">ꡌ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>p-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:明">明</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">míng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ma">ꡏ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>m-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:非">非</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fēi</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="fa">ꡤ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>f-</span></span></td> <td>Normal form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>fa</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%95%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:敷">敷</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fū</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">p̪ʰ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="fa¹">ꡰ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>f¹-</span></span></td> <td>Variant form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>fa</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:奉">奉</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fèng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="fa">ꡤ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>f-</span></span></td> <td>Normal form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>fa</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:微">微</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wēi</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="wa">ꡓ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>w-</span></span></td> <td>Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:精">精</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jīng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="dza">ꡒ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dz-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:清">清</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qīng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="tsha">ꡑ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>tsh-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:從">從</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cóng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="tsa">ꡐ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ts-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:心">心</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xīn</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="sa">ꡛ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>s-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:邪">邪</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xié</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="za">ꡕ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>z-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:照">照</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhào</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ja">ꡆ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>j-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:穿">穿</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chuān</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="cha">ꡅ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ch-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:床">床</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chuáng</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ca">ꡄ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>c-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:審">審</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shěn</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="sha¹">ꡮ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sh¹-</span></span></td> <td>Variant form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sha</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:禪">禪</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chán</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="sha">ꡚ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sh-</span></span></td> <td>Normal form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sha</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:曉">曉</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiǎo</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ha">ꡜ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>h-</span></span></td> <td>Normal form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ha</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">32</td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8C%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:匣">匣</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiá</i></span></td> <td rowspan="2">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="xa">ꡣ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>x-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ha¹">ꡯ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>h¹-</span></span></td> <td>Variant form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ha</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">33</td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:影">影</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yǐng</i></span></td> <td rowspan="2">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼa">ꡖ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ʼ-</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="'a">ꡗ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>y-</span></span></td> <td>Normal form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ya</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">34</td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:喻">喻</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yù</i></span></td> <td rowspan="2">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="a">ꡝ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>-</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zero_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero onset">null initial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="a">ꡭ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>y¹-</span></span></td> <td>Variant form of the letter <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>ya</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:來">來</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lái</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="la">ꡙ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>l-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:日">日</a></span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">rì</i></span></td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</span></td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="zha">ꡔ</span></td> <td><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>zh-</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shilin_Guangji">Shilin Guangji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shilin Guangji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a> used Phagspa to annotate Chinese text, serving as a precursor to modern <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>. The following are the Phagspa transcriptions of a section of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames" title="Hundred Family Surnames">Hundred Family Surnames</a> in the Shilin Guangji. For example, the name Jin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金</span></span>), meaning gold, is written as <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡂꡞꡏ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>gim</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames" title="Hundred Family Surnames">Hundred Family Surnames</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">百家姓蒙古文</span></span> <br /> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Bǎi Jiā Xìng Měng Gǔ Wén</i></span> <br /> <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡎꡗ</span> <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡂꡨ</span> <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡛꡞꡃ</span> <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡏꡟꡃ</span> <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡂꡟ</span> <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡓꡟꡋ</span> <br /> Bay Gya Sing Mung Gu Wun </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th>ʼPhags-pa Spelling </th> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡄꡠꡓ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>cew</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡒꡠꡋ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>dzen</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡛꡟꡋ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>sun</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡙꡞ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>li</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡆꡞꡓ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>jiw</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡟ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>u</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡄꡞꡃ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>cing</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡝꡧꡃ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>'wang</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡤꡟꡃ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>fung</span></span></i> </td> <td><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text">ꡄꡞꡋ</span> <i><span title="Phags-pa-script transliteration"><span>cin</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chinese Character </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錢</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qián</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孫</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">sūn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lǐ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhōu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吳</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wú</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鄭</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhèng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wáng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">馮</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">féng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陳</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chén</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phags-pa_(Unicode_block)" title="Phags-pa (Unicode block)">Phags-pa (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>ʼPhags-pa script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for ʼPhags-pa is U+A840–U+A877:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Phags-pa_(Unicode_block)" title="Phags-pa (Unicode block)">Phags-pa</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UA840_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UA840_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UA840_grey"><a href="#endnote_UA840_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA840.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A84x </td> <td title="U+A840: PHAGS-PA LETTER KA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡀ</span> </td> <td title="U+A841: PHAGS-PA LETTER KHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡁ</span> </td> <td title="U+A842: PHAGS-PA LETTER GA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡂ</span> </td> <td title="U+A843: PHAGS-PA LETTER NGA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡃ</span> </td> <td title="U+A844: PHAGS-PA LETTER CA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡄ</span> </td> <td title="U+A845: PHAGS-PA LETTER CHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡅ</span> </td> <td title="U+A846: PHAGS-PA LETTER JA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡆ</span> </td> <td title="U+A847: PHAGS-PA LETTER NYA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡇ</span> </td> <td title="U+A848: PHAGS-PA LETTER TA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡈ</span> </td> <td title="U+A849: PHAGS-PA LETTER THA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡉ</span> </td> <td title="U+A84A: PHAGS-PA LETTER DA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡊ</span> </td> <td title="U+A84B: PHAGS-PA LETTER NA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡋ</span> </td> <td title="U+A84C: PHAGS-PA LETTER PA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡌ</span> </td> <td title="U+A84D: PHAGS-PA LETTER PHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡍ</span> </td> <td title="U+A84E: PHAGS-PA LETTER BA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡎ</span> </td> <td title="U+A84F: PHAGS-PA LETTER MA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A85x </td> <td title="U+A850: PHAGS-PA LETTER TSA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡐ</span> </td> <td title="U+A851: PHAGS-PA LETTER TSHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡑ</span> </td> <td title="U+A852: PHAGS-PA LETTER DZA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡒ</span> </td> <td title="U+A853: PHAGS-PA LETTER WA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡓ</span> </td> <td title="U+A854: PHAGS-PA LETTER ZHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡔ</span> </td> <td title="U+A855: PHAGS-PA LETTER ZA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡕ</span> </td> <td title="U+A856: PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡖ</span> </td> <td title="U+A857: PHAGS-PA LETTER YA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡗ</span> </td> <td title="U+A858: PHAGS-PA LETTER RA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡘ</span> </td> <td title="U+A859: PHAGS-PA LETTER LA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡙ</span> </td> <td title="U+A85A: PHAGS-PA LETTER SHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡚ</span> </td> <td title="U+A85B: PHAGS-PA LETTER SA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡛ</span> </td> <td title="U+A85C: PHAGS-PA LETTER HA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡜ</span> </td> <td title="U+A85D: PHAGS-PA LETTER A"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡝ</span> </td> <td title="U+A85E: PHAGS-PA LETTER I"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡞ</span> </td> <td title="U+A85F: PHAGS-PA LETTER U"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A86x </td> <td title="U+A860: PHAGS-PA LETTER E"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡠ</span> </td> <td title="U+A861: PHAGS-PA LETTER O"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡡ</span> </td> <td title="U+A862: PHAGS-PA LETTER QA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡢ</span> </td> <td title="U+A863: PHAGS-PA LETTER XA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡣ</span> </td> <td title="U+A864: PHAGS-PA LETTER FA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡤ</span> </td> <td title="U+A865: PHAGS-PA LETTER GGA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡥ</span> </td> <td title="U+A866: PHAGS-PA LETTER EE"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡦ</span> </td> <td title="U+A867: PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER WA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡧ</span> </td> <td title="U+A868: PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER YA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡨ</span> </td> <td title="U+A869: PHAGS-PA LETTER TTA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡩ</span> </td> <td title="U+A86A: PHAGS-PA LETTER TTHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡪ</span> </td> <td title="U+A86B: PHAGS-PA LETTER DDA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡫ</span> </td> <td title="U+A86C: PHAGS-PA LETTER NNA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡬ</span> </td> <td title="U+A86D: PHAGS-PA LETTER ALTERNATE YA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡭ</span> </td> <td title="U+A86E: PHAGS-PA LETTER VOICELESS SHA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡮ</span> </td> <td title="U+A86F: PHAGS-PA LETTER VOICED HA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡯ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A87x </td> <td title="U+A870: PHAGS-PA LETTER ASPIRATED FA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡰ</span> </td> <td title="U+A871: PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER RA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡱ</span> </td> <td title="U+A872: PHAGS-PA SUPERFIXED LETTER RA"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡲ</span> </td> <td title="U+A873: PHAGS-PA LETTER CANDRABINDU"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡳ</span> </td> <td title="U+A874: PHAGS-PA SINGLE HEAD MARK"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡴</span> </td> <td title="U+A875: PHAGS-PA DOUBLE HEAD MARK"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡵</span> </td> <td title="U+A876: PHAGS-PA MARK SHAD"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡶</span> </td> <td title="U+A877: PHAGS-PA MARK DOUBLE SHAD"><span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 20px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼPhags-pa text"> ꡷</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA840_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UA840_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA840_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UA840_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>U+A856 <span style="display:inline-block; font-family:'BabelStone Phags-pa Book', 'Microsoft PhagsPa', 'Noto Sans Phags Pa'; font-size: 12px; line-height:1.5em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;" title="ʼa">ꡖ</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A</span> is transliterated using <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A78F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꞏ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT</span> from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-D" title="Latin Extended-D">Latin Extended-D</a> Unicode block.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabets">Mongolian alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_hangul" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of hangul">Origin of hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_elements_in_Western_medieval_art" title="Mongol elements in Western medieval art">Mongol elements in Western medieval art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a> (Yuan dynasty ʼPhags-pa—Chinese rhyming dictionary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Poppe1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Poppe" title="Nicholas Poppe">Nicholas Poppe</a> (1974). <i>Grammar of Written Mongolian</i> (3rd ed.). p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+Written+Mongolian&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Nicholas+Poppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mote1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mote1999_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1999" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Frederick W. 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Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%2C+900-1800&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01212-7&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2008" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Dinesh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFGhwZxeG5kC"><i>Indo-Tibet-China conflict</i></a>. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178357140" title="Special:BookSources/9788178357140"><bdi>9788178357140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Tibet-China+conflict&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788178357140&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Dinesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFGhwZxeG5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921200651/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-viii">"CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS viii. Persian Lang. – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-viii">the original</a> on 2022-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=CHINESE-IRANIAN+RELATIONS+viii.+Persian+Lang.+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fchinese-iranian-viii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127071037/https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Description.html">"BabelStone : ʼPhags-pa Script : Description"</a>. <i>www.babelstone.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Description.html">the original</a> on 2022-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.babelstone.co.uk&rft.atitle=BabelStone+%3A+%26%23x02BC%3BPhags-pa+Script+%3A+Description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelstone.co.uk%2FPhags-pa%2FDescription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828025716/https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Overview.html">"BabelStone : Phags-pa Script : Overview"</a>. <i>www.babelstone.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Overview.html">the original</a> on 2022-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.babelstone.co.uk&rft.atitle=BabelStone+%3A+Phags-pa+Script+%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelstone.co.uk%2FPhags-pa%2FOverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack_61-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mack_61_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack2002" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Rosamond E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09sA4SNG2dYC&pg=PA61"><i>Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22131-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22131-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22131-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bazaar+to+Piazza%3A+Islamic+Trade+and+Italian+Art%2C+1300-1600&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22131-4&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Rosamond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09sA4SNG2dYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1871" class="citation journal cs1">Wylie, Alexander (1 January 1871). "On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-yung kwan, in North China". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=On+an+Ancient+Buddhist+Inscription+at+Keu-yung+kwan%2C+in+North+China&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1871-01-01&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoblin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Weldon_South_Coblin" class="mw-redirect" title="Weldon South Coblin">Coblin, W. South</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516155409/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/publ_o_d_en.asp-aid=4.htm">"Reflections on the Study of Post-Medieval Chinese Historical Phonology"</a>. In 何大安 (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/publ_o_d_en.asp-aid=4.htm"><i>第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組. 南北是非 : 漢語方言的差異與變化</i></a> [<i>Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section. Dialect Variations in Chinese</i>]. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 23–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-671-936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-671-936-3"><bdi>978-957-671-936-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/o0004_02_5568.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Study+of+Post-Medieval+Chinese+Historical+Phonology&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%86%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%3A+%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%B5%84.+%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%98%AF%E9%9D%9E+%3A+%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0%E8%88%87%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=23-50&rft.pub=Institute+of+Linguistics%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-957-671-936-3&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.aufirst=W.+South&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2Fo0004_02_5568.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span> p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangenamesofgo00kims">Kim, Sangkeun (2006): Strange names of God. The missionary translation of the divine name and the Chinese responses to Matteo Ricci’s Shangti in Late Ming China</a>, 1583–1644. By Sangkeun Kim (Studies in Biblical Literature, 70.) New York: Peter Lang, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-7130-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-7130-5">0-8204-7130-5</a>; p.139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunast_照那斯图2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Junast" title="Junast">Junast</a> 照那斯图 (April 2003). "一种从八思巴字脱胎而来的文字 (in Chinese)". <i>Minority Languages of China 民族语文</i>. <b>2002</b> (3): 56–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minority+Languages+of+China+%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E4%BB%8E%E5%85%AB%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%B4%E5%AD%97%E8%84%B1%E8%83%8E%E8%80%8C%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97+%28in+Chinese%29&rft.volume=2002&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=56-58&rft.date=2003-04&rft.au=Junast+%E7%85%A7%E9%82%A3%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen_Yuanjing" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuanjing" title="Chen Yuanjing">Chen Yuanjing</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shilin+Guangji&rft.place=Yuan+dynasty%2C+Mongol+Empire&rft.au=Chen+Yuanjing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation web cs1">West, Andrew (2009-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09031r-n3567r.pdf">"L2/09-031R: Proposal to encode a Middle Dot letter for Phags-pa transliteration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F09-031R%3A+Proposal+to+encode+a+Middle+Dot+letter+for+Phags-pa+transliteration&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2009%2F09031r-n3567r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoblin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Weldon_South_Coblin" class="mw-redirect" title="Weldon South Coblin">Coblin, W. South</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3q6nja-Ii8gC"><i>A Handbook of ʼPhags-pa Chinese</i></a>. ABC Dictionary Series. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3000-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-3000-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+%26%23x02BC%3BPhags-pa+Chinese&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=ABC+Dictionary+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3000-7&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.aufirst=W.+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3q6nja-Ii8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenlinger1963" class="citation book cs1">Denlinger, Paul. B. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mHKuAAACAAJ"><i>Chinese in Hp'ags-pa Script</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+in+Hp%27ags-pa+Script&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Denlinger&rft.aufirst=Paul.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mHKuAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverding2006" class="citation book cs1">Everding, Karl-Heinz (2006). <i>Herrscherurkunden aus der Zeit des mongolischen Großreiches für tibetische Adelshäuser, Geistliche und Klöster. Teil 1: Diplomata Mongolica. Mittelmongolische Urkunden in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift. Eidtion, Übersetzung, Analyse</i>. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88280-074-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88280-074-6"><bdi>978-3-88280-074-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herrscherurkunden+aus+der+Zeit+des+mongolischen+Gro%C3%9Freiches+f%C3%BCr+tibetische+Adelsh%C3%A4user%2C+Geistliche+und+Kl%C3%B6ster.+Teil+1%3A+Diplomata+Mongolica.+Mittelmongolische+Urkunden+in+%26%23x02BC%3BPhags-pa-Schrift.+Eidtion%2C+%C3%9Cbersetzung%2C+Analyse&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Tibetan+and+Buddhist+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-88280-074-6&rft.aulast=Everding&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoppe1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Poppe" title="Nicholas Poppe">Poppe, Nicholas</a> (1957). <i>The Mongolian Monuments in hP´ags-pa Script</i> (Second ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolian+Monuments+in+hP%C2%B4ags-pa+Script&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Poppe&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Sampson" title="Geoffrey Sampson">Sampson, Geoffrey</a> (1985). <i>Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction</i>. Great Britain: Anchor Brenton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-156980-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-156980-8"><bdi>978-0-09-156980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Anchor+Brenton+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-09-156980-8&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuh1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Schuh" title="Dieter Schuh">Schuh, Dieter</a> (1981). <i>Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde. Eine Untersuchung über tibetische Siegelaufschriften in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift</i>. Sankt Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88280-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88280-011-1"><bdi>978-3-88280-011-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundlagen+tibetischer+Siegelkunde.+Eine+Untersuchung+%C3%BCber+tibetische+Siegelaufschriften+in+%26%23x02BC%3BPhags-pa-Schrift&rft.place=Sankt+Augustin&rft.pub=VGH+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-88280-011-1&rft.aulast=Schuh&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCPhags-pa+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCPhags-pa_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phagspa_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phagspa script">Phagspa script</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/index.html">BabelStone: ʼPhags-pa Script</a> (with free fonts)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/phagspa.htm">Omniglot: ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/hphagspa.html">Ancientscripts: hPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018190435/http://kr.geocities.com/tomchiukc/Language/Mongolian/MidMongolian.html">Mongolian characters after Kublai Khan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Nong Shu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">Jin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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