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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Minneapolis</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Minneapolis" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Minneapolis" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Minneapolis" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Minneapolis&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minneapolis,_Minnesota&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Minnesota. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minneapolis (disambiguation)">Minneapolis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Twin Cities region, see <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mpls." redirects here. For other topics, see <a href="/wiki/Mpls_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mpls (disambiguation)">mpls (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Minneapolis<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> is a city in <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin County, Minnesota</a>, United States, and its <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GNIS-4">[4]</a> With a population of 429,954 as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, it is the state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">most populous city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census-2020-Profile-7">[7]</a> Located in the state's center near the eastern border, it occupies both banks of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a> and adjoins <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, the state capital of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and the surrounding area are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Twin Cities</a>, a metropolitan area with 3.69 million residents.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Minneapolis is built on an artesian aquifer on flat terrain and is known for cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. Nicknamed the "City of Lakes",<a href="#cite_note-Sturdevant-16">[15]</a> Minneapolis is abundant in water, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Minneapolis" title="List of lakes in Minneapolis">thirteen lakes</a>, wetlands, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, creeks, and waterfalls. The city's public park system is connected by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rounds_National_Scenic_Byway" title="Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway">Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Minneapolis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Minnesota)">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Downtown Minneapolis (from the Mississippi River)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg/268px-Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg/402px-Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg/536px-Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4828" data-file-height="2672"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Minneapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Minneapolis">Downtown Minneapolis</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Calhoun_Summer_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bde Maka Ska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Lake_Calhoun_Summer_-_panoramio.jpg/129px-Lake_Calhoun_Summer_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Lake_Calhoun_Summer_-_panoramio.jpg/194px-Lake_Calhoun_Summer_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Lake_Calhoun_Summer_-_panoramio.jpg/258px-Lake_Calhoun_Summer_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bde_Maka_Ska" title="Bde Maka Ska">Bde Maka Ska</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Washburn_A_Mill_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mill City Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Washburn_A_Mill_2014.jpg/135px-Washburn_A_Mill_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Washburn_A_Mill_2014.jpg/203px-Washburn_A_Mill_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Washburn_A_Mill_2014.jpg/270px-Washburn_A_Mill_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1472"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mill_City_Museum" title="Mill City Museum">Mill City Museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:71px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstAvenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First Avenue, a nightclub" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FirstAvenue.jpg/145px-FirstAvenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FirstAvenue.jpg/218px-FirstAvenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FirstAvenue.jpg/290px-FirstAvenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3244" data-file-height="1600"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/First_Avenue_(nightclub)" title="First Avenue (nightclub)">First Avenue</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div style="height:71px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnehaha_Falls,_Minneapolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Minnehaha Falls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minnehaha_Falls%2C_Minneapolis.jpg/119px-Minnehaha_Falls%2C_Minneapolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minnehaha_Falls%2C_Minneapolis.jpg/179px-Minnehaha_Falls%2C_Minneapolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Minnehaha_Falls%2C_Minneapolis.jpg/238px-Minnehaha_Falls%2C_Minneapolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="961"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Minnehaha_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnehaha Falls">Minnehaha Falls</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Minneapolis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Minneapolis"><img alt="Flag of Minneapolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Minneapolis.svg/100px-Flag_of_Minneapolis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Minneapolis.svg/150px-Flag_of_Minneapolis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Minneapolis.svg/200px-Flag_of_Minneapolis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="200"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Minneapolis" title="Flag of Minneapolis">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Minneapolis"><img alt="Official seal of Minneapolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Minneapolis_seal.svg/100px-Minneapolis_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Minneapolis_seal.svg/150px-Minneapolis_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Minneapolis_seal.svg/200px-Minneapolis_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Minneapolis_logo,_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Minneapolis"><img alt="Official logo of Minneapolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/City_of_Minneapolis_logo%2C_2023.svg/200px-City_of_Minneapolis_logo%2C_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/City_of_Minneapolis_logo%2C_2023.svg/300px-City_of_Minneapolis_logo%2C_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/City_of_Minneapolis_logo%2C_2023.svg/400px-City_of_Minneapolis_logo%2C_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="158"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a> mni 'water' with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> polis 'city'</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"City of Lakes",<a href="#cite_note-StPaul-1">[1]</a> "Mill City",<a href="#cite_note-StPaul-1">[1]</a> "Twin Cities"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>), "Mini Apple"<a href="#cite_note-StPaul-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">En Avant (French: 'Forward')<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222442370">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="270" data-zoom="10" data-lat="44.9819" data-lon="-93.2692" data-overlays='["_eba061e3ab775504f4ce5c9dfc0b4b3ce81d42ba"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/44.9819/-93.2692/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,44.9819,-93.2692,270x270.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_eba061e3ab775504f4ce5c9dfc0b4b3ce81d42ba" width="270" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,44.9819,-93.2692,270x270@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_eba061e3ab775504f4ce5c9dfc0b4b3ce81d42ba 2x" alt="Map"></a>Show Minneapolis</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="270" data-zoom="9" data-lat="44.998611111111" data-lon="-93.485833333333" data-overlays='["_620b20e8409cc1cc5992f6ccac9ec10060c2a1a1"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/44.998611111111/-93.485833333333/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,44.998611111111,-93.485833333333,270x270.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_620b20e8409cc1cc5992f6ccac9ec10060c2a1a1" width="270" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,44.998611111111,-93.485833333333,270x270@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_620b20e8409cc1cc5992f6ccac9ec10060c2a1a1 2x" alt="Map"></a>Show Hennepin County</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="270" data-zoom="5" data-lat="46" data-lon="-94" data-overlays='["_37ffc48d6224d24290132cf6f2b4293f7126ed76"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/46/-94/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,46,-94,270x270.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_37ffc48d6224d24290132cf6f2b4293f7126ed76" width="270" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,46,-94,270x270@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_37ffc48d6224d24290132cf6f2b4293f7126ed76 2x" alt="Map"></a>Show Minnesota</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="270" data-zoom="3" data-lat="39.828175" data-lon="-98.5795" data-overlays='["_caaf2005d114ef89e67971bc7d18da0cac97f7c4"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/39.828175/-98.5795/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,39.828175,-98.5795,270x270.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_caaf2005d114ef89e67971bc7d18da0cac97f7c4" width="270" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,39.828175,-98.5795,270x270@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minneapolis&revid=1276771344&groups=_caaf2005d114ef89e67971bc7d18da0cac97f7c4 2x" alt="Map"></a>Show the United States</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minneapolis&params=44_58_55_N_93_16_09_W_region:US-MN_type:city(429954)">44°58′55″N 93°16′09″W / 44.98194°N 93.26917°W / 44.98194; -93.26917</a><a href="#cite_note-GNIS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Minnesota" title="List of counties in Minnesota">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Steele" title="Franklin Steele">Franklin Steele</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_H._Stevens" title="John H. Stevens">John H. Stevens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government#Strong-mayor_government_form" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a> (strong mayor)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council" title="Minneapolis City Council">Minneapolis City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Minneapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Minneapolis">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Frey" title="Jacob Frey">Jacob Frey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">DFL</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Minnesota)">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">57.51 sq mi (148.94 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">54.00 sq mi (139.86 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">3.51 sq mi (9.08 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-GNIS-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">830 ft (250 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Census-2020-Profile-7">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Minnesota)">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">429,954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)<a href="#cite_note-2023quickfacts-8">[8]</a></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">425,115</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>46th (US)</li> <li>1st (Minnesota)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,962.11/sq mi (3,074.21/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-9">[9]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,914,866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,872.4/sq mi (1,109/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-10">[10]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,693,729</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Minneapolitan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-BEA-GDP-11">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • MSA</th><td class="infobox-data">$323.9 billion (2022) ($348 billion in 2024)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%936" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC–6">UTC–6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%935" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC–5">UTC–5</a> (CDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">55401-55419, 55423, 55429-55430, 55450, 55454-55455, 55484-55488</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_612" title="Area code 612">612</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27-43000<a href="#cite_note-GNIS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">655030<a href="#cite_note-GNIS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolismn.gov/">minneapolismn.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a> originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> and settlement began north of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> along <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a>—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-NPSfalls-17">[16]</a> Location near the fort and the falls' power—with its potential for industrial activity—fostered the city's early growth. For a time in the 19th century, Minneapolis was the lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis</a>, it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pillsbury_(brand)" title="Pillsbury (brand)">Pillsbury</a> brand, <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermo_King" title="Thermo King">Thermo King</a> mobile refrigeration. The city's major arts institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_Theater" title="Guthrie Theater">Guthrie Theater</a>. Four professional sports teams play downtown. <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> is survived by his favorite venue, the <a href="/wiki/First_Avenue_(nightclub)" title="First Avenue (nightclub)">First Avenue nightclub</a>. Minneapolis is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>'s main campus. The city's public transport is provided by <a href="/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)" title="Metro Transit (Minnesota)">Metro Transit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport">the international airport</a>, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits. Residents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its well-regarded quality of life,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Minneapolis has stark disparities among its residents—arguably the most critical issue confronting the city in the 21st century.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber20224"The_overarching_goal_is_to_take_what_may_be_the_most_significant_issue_facing_contemporary_Minneapolis—the_crippling_disparities_among_its_people,_exposed_to_the_world_in_2020,_after_the_murder_of_George_Floyd—and_present_a_history_that_examines_why_those_disparities_exist,_even_as_the_city_makes_a_legitimate_argument_for_itself_as_a_must-see_or_must-live_kind_of_place."_19-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber20224%22The_overarching_goal_is_to_take_what_may_be_the_most_significant_issue_facing_contemporary_Minneapolis%E2%80%94the_crippling_disparities_among_its_people,_exposed_to_the_world_in_2020,_after_the_murder_of_George_Floyd%E2%80%94and_present_a_history_that_examines_why_those_disparities_exist,_even_as_the_city_makes_a_legitimate_argument_for_itself_as_a_must-see_or_must-live_kind_of_place.%22-19">[18]</a> Governed by a mayor-council system, Minneapolis has a political landscape dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a> (DFL), with <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Frey" title="Jacob Frey">Jacob Frey</a> serving as mayor since 2018. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Dakota_homeland">1.1 Dakota homeland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Industries_develop">1.2 Industries develop</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Social_tensions">1.3 Social tensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Cityscape">2.1 Cityscape</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Neighborhoods">2.2 Neighborhoods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Climate">2.3 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Census_and_estimates">3.1 Census and estimates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Structural_racism">3.2 Structural racism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Religion">3.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Arts_and_culture">5 Arts and culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Visual_arts">5.1 Visual arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Theater_and_performing_arts">5.2 Theater and performing arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Music">5.3 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Historical_museums">5.4 Historical museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Libraries_and_literary_arts">5.5 Libraries and literary arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cuisine">5.6 Cuisine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sports">6 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Parks_and_recreation">7 Parks and recreation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Government">8 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary">9.1 Primary and secondary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities">9.2 Colleges and universities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Media">10 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Infrastructure">11 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Transportation">11.1 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Services_and_utilities">11.2 Services and utilities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Health_care">11.3 Health care</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notable_people">12 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Sister_cities">13 Sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Works_cited">17 Works cited</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Books">17.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Journal_articles">17.2 Journal articles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Further_reading">18 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">19 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Minneapolis" title="History of Minneapolis">History of Minneapolis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dakota_homeland">Dakota homeland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bd%C3%B3te" title="Bdóte">Bdóte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Dakota_War_of_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="US–Dakota War of 1862">US–Dakota War of 1862</a></div> Two Indigenous nations inhabited the area now called Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass200040-20">[19]</a> Archaeologists have evidence that since 1000 A.D.,<a href="#cite_note-RFurst-21">[20]</a> they were the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> (one half of the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> nation),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010365n-22">[21]</a> and, after the 1700s,<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConvellRhodesGüldemann2020560,_564"Finally_in_this_time_frame_other_groups_of_Ojibwes_began_pushing_to_the_west_and_southwest,_at_the_expense_of_the_Dakota_groups"_23-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConvellRhodesG%C3%BCldemann2020560,_564%22Finally_in_this_time_frame_other_groups_of_Ojibwes_began_pushing_to_the_west_and_southwest,_at_the_expense_of_the_Dakota_groups%22-23">[22]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (also known as Chippewa, members of the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> nations).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreuer20103-24">[23]</a> Dakota people have different stories to explain their creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite201215-25">[24]</a> One widely accepted story says the Dakota emerged from <a href="/wiki/Bd%C3%B3te" title="Bdóte">Bdóte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite201215-25">[24]</a> the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi rivers</a>. Dakota are the only inhabitants of the Minneapolis area who claimed no other land;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber20226-26">[25]</a> they have no traditions of having immigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20123–4"William_H._Keating,_a_geologist_who_came_to_the_Minnesota_area_on_an_exploratory_expedition_in_1823,_observed,_'The_Dacotas_have_no_tradition_of_having_ever_emigrated,_from_any_other_place,_to_the_spot_on_which_they_now_reside...'_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20123%E2%80%934%22William_H._Keating,_a_geologist_who_came_to_the_Minnesota_area_on_an_exploratory_expedition_in_1823,_observed,_'The_Dacotas_have_no_tradition_of_having_ever_emigrated,_from_any_other_place,_to_the_spot_on_which_they_now_reside...'-27">[26]</a> In 1680, cleric <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Louis Hennepin</a>, who was probably the first European to see the Minneapolis waterfall the Dakota people call <a href="/wiki/Ow%C3%A1mniyomni" class="mw-redirect" title="Owámniyomni">Owámniyomni</a>, renamed it the Falls of St. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a> for his patron saint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCarlo202015-28">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Island covered with hundreds of teepees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg/220px-Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="802"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg/220px-Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg" data-alt="Island covered with hundreds of teepees" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg/330px-Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg/440px-Dakota-Interment-Pike_Island.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dakota non-combatants living in a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> during the winter of 1862<a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Historical_Society_2015_w866-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012194-30">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> In the space of sixty years, the US seized all of the Dakota land and forced them out of their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012134,_136Page_136:_"Treaties_played_a_crucial_role_in_the_increasing_separation_of_the_Dakota_from_their_homeland_in_the_years_between_1805_and_1858,_leading_up_to_their_ultimate_expulsion_by_military_force_in_1863–64."_and_page_134:_"For_the_Dakota_the_word_''cessions''_might_well_be_replaced_with_''seizures''..."_and_"Collectively_these_treaties_included_three_great_cessions,_comprising_the_Treaties_of_1825,_1837,_and_1851"_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012134,_136Page_136:_%22Treaties_played_a_crucial_role_in_the_increasing_separation_of_the_Dakota_from_their_homeland_in_the_years_between_1805_and_1858,_leading_up_to_their_ultimate_expulsion_by_military_force_in_1863%E2%80%9364.%22_and_page_134:_%22For_the_Dakota_the_word_''cessions''_might_well_be_replaced_with_''seizures''...%22_and_%22Collectively_these_treaties_included_three_great_cessions,_comprising_the_Treaties_of_1825,_1837,_and_1851%22-31">[30]</a> Purchasing most of modern-day Minneapolis, <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> made the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Peters#1805_Treaty_of_St._Peters" title="Treaty of St. Peters">1805 Treaty of St. Peter</a> with the Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-35">[b]</a> Pike bought a 9-square-mile (23 km2) strip of land—coinciding with the sacred place of Dakota origin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite201215-25">[24]</a>—on the Mississippi south of Saint Anthony Falls,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich19824-36">[34]</a> with the agreement the US would build a military fort and trading post there and the Dakota would retain their <a href="/wiki/Usufructuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Usufructuary">usufructuary</a> rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd201077-37">[35]</a> In 1819, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders and to deter war between the Dakota and Ojibwe in northern Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd201082-39">[37]</a> Under pressure from US officials<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20124%22government_officials_put_great_pressure_on_Dakota_leaders_to_be_quick_about_signing_a_treaty...%22-40">[38]</a> in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land first to the east and then to the west of the Mississippi, the river that runs through Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-MNtreaties-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[c]</a> Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the previous one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010187,_193-54">[51]</a> In the decades following these treaty signings, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal US government</a> rarely honored their terms.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> At the beginning of the American Civil War, annuity payments owed in June 1862 to the Dakota by treaty were late, causing acute hunger among the Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen1975265%E2%80%93267-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[d]</a> Facing starvation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019p._55:_%22...they_had_to_beg_for_food_from_the_settlers_or_starve%22-59">[55]</a> a faction of the Dakota declared <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">war</a> in August and killed settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010307The_uprising_involved_at_most_1,000_of_the_Dakota_population_of_more_than_7,000-60">[56]</a> Serving without any prior military experience, US commander <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry Sibley</a> commanded raw recruits,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010309-61">[57]</a> volunteer mounted troops from Minneapolis and Saint Paul with no military experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010309,_314-62">[58]</a> The war went on for six weeks in the Minnesota River valley.<a href="#cite_note-MNHSwar-63">[59]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010313%22what_could_only_be_termed_a_kangaroo_court...%22-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[e]</a> 38 Dakota men were hanged.<a href="#cite_note-MNHSwar-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[f]</a> The army force-marched 1,700 non-hostile Dakota men, women, children, and elders 150 miles (240 km) to a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Historical_Society_2015_w866-29">[28]</a><sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012194"The_remaining_seventeen_hundred_women,_children,_and_elderly,_including_hundreds_of_noncomabatants,_some_of_whom_had_protected_white_settler_refugees_from_the_war,_were_rounded_up_and_force-marched_to_a_concentration_camp_beneath_the_bluffs_of_Fort_Snelling...."_83-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012194%22The_remaining_seventeen_hundred_women,_children,_and_elderly,_including_hundreds_of_noncomabatants,_some_of_whom_had_protected_white_settler_refugees_from_the_war,_were_rounded_up_and_force-marched_to_a_concentration_camp_beneath_the_bluffs_of_Fort_Snelling....%22-83">[77]</a> Minneapolitans reportedly threatened more than once to attack the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010320-84">[78]</a> In 1863, the US "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2013540-85">[79]</a> With Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> calling for their extermination,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019188-86">[80]</a> most Dakota were exiled from Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> While the Dakota were being expelled, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Steele" title="Franklin Steele">Franklin Steele</a> laid claim to the east bank of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_H._Stevens" title="John H. Stevens">John H. Stevens</a> built a home on the west bank.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota language</a>, the city's name is Bde Óta Othúŋwe ('Many Lakes Town').<a href="#cite_note-92">[g]</a> Residents had divergent ideas on names for their community. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hoag" title="Charles Hoag">Charles Hoag</a> proposed combining the Dakota word for 'water' (mni <a href="#cite_note-97">[h]</a>) with the Greek word for 'city' (polis), yielding Minneapolis. In 1851, after a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territorial_Legislature" title="Minnesota Territorial Legislature">Minnesota Territorial Legislature</a>, leaders of east bank St. Anthony lost their bid to move the capital from Saint Paul, but they eventually won the state university.<a href="#cite_note-McKinney-98">[90]</a> In 1856, the territorial legislature authorized Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1893a39-93">[86]</a> Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867, and in 1872, it merged with St. Anthony.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industries_develop">Industries develop</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_(cropped,_grayscale,_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Waterfall surrounded by mills and scaffolding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg/180px-Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg/180px-Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg" data-alt="Waterfall surrounded by mills and scaffolding" data-width="180" data-height="152" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg/270px-Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg/360px-Mid_1850s_Daguerreotype_of_St._Anthony_Falls_%28cropped%2C_grayscale%2C_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two men loaded flour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg/170px-Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9557" data-file-height="12789"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg/170px-Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg" data-alt="Two men loaded flour" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg/255px-Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg/340px-Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Loading flour, <a href="/wiki/Pillsbury_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillsbury Company">Pillsbury</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> Minneapolis originated around a source of energy: Saint Anthony Falls, the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-NPSfalls-17">[16]</a> Each of the city's two founding industries—flour and lumber milling—developed in the 19th century nearly concurrently, and each came to prominence for about fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[j]</a> In 1884, the value of Minneapolis flour milling was the world's highest.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> In 1899, Minneapolis outsold every other lumber market in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200325%E2%80%9326-107">[97]</a> Through its expanding mill industries, Minneapolis earned the nickname "Mill City".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnesota_Historical_Society20031-108">[98]</a> Due to the occupational hazards of milling, six companies manufactured artificial limbs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> Disasters struck in the late 19th century: the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_tunnel" title="Eastman tunnel">Eastman tunnel</a> under the river leaked in 1869; twice, fire destroyed the entire row of sawmills on the east bank;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane198781,_122-110">[100]</a> an explosion of flour dust at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mill_Disaster" title="Great Mill Disaster">Washburn A mill</a> killed eighteen people<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison1966181-111">[101]</a> and demolished about half the city's milling capacity;<a href="#cite_note-deBeaulieu-112">[102]</a> and in 1893, fire spread from Nicollet Island to Boom Island to northeast Minneapolis, destroyed twenty blocks, and killed two people.<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> The lumber industry was built around forests in northern Minnesota, largely by lumbermen emigrating from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>'s depleting forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen1975320-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200715-115">[105]</a> The region's waterways were used to transport logs well after railroads developed; the Mississippi River carried logs to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> until the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000173%E2%80%93174-116">[106]</a> In 1871, of the thirteen mills sawing lumber in St. Anthony, eight ran on water power, and five ran on steam power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2007146-117">[107]</a> Auxiliary businesses on the river's west bank included woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and wood-planing.<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> Minneapolis supplied the materials for farmsteads and settlement of rapidly expanding cities on the <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> that lacked wood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson20077,_29-119">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="White pine">White pine</a> milled in Minneapolis built <a href="/wiki/Miles_City,_Montana" title="Miles City, Montana">Miles City, Montana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck, North Dakota</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls, South Dakota</a>; <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000173-120">[110]</a> Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from dependence on the falls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1987108%22Another_factor_which_contributed_to_the_decline_of_sawmilling_at_the_falls_was_steam_power%22-121">[111]</a> Lumbering's decline began around the turn of the century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000180-122">[112]</a> and sawmills in the city including the <a href="/wiki/Weyerhauser" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyerhauser">Weyerhauser</a> mill closed by 1919.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> After depleting Minnesota's white pine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERisjord2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailspopularhistoryof0000risjpage130mode2up_131%5D%22By_then,_however,_the_pine_woods_were_virtually_exhausted%22-124">[114]</a> some lumbermen moved on to <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000180Here,_Lass_calls_the_lumbermen's_actions_as_cutting_at_a_"rapacious_rate",_and_calls_out_a_"rapacious_assault_on_the_coniferous_forests"_on_page_196_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000180Here,_Lass_calls_the_lumbermen's_actions_as_cutting_at_a_%22rapacious_rate%22,_and_calls_out_a_%22rapacious_assault_on_the_coniferous_forests%22_on_page_196-125">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Large computer terminal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg/220px-Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg/220px-Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg" data-alt="Large computer terminal" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg/330px-Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg/440px-Control_Data_6600_Victor_Ruiz-grayscale.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a> and colleagues began work on the <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> (pictured) in downtown Minneapolis and completed the project in <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Falls,_Wisconsin" title="Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin">Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin</a>, in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200536-126">[116]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1877, <a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_C._Washburn" title="Cadwallader C. Washburn">Cadwallader C. Washburn</a> co-founded Washburn-Crosby,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray195432-127">[117]</a> the company that became <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003283-128">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[k]</a> Washburn and partner <a href="/wiki/John_Crosby_(General_Mills)" title="John Crosby (General Mills)">John Crosby</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000162-130">[119]</a> sent Austrian civil engineer <a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Barre" title="William de la Barre">William de la Barre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> where he acquired innovations through <a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">industrial espionage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277-131">[120]</a> De la Barre calculated and managed the power at the falls and encouraged steam for auxiliary power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1987118-132">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alfred_Pillsbury" title="Charles Alfred Pillsbury">Charles Alfred Pillsbury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pillsbury_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillsbury Company">C. A. Pillsbury Company</a> across the river hired Washburn-Crosby employees and began using the new methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277-131">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States#Classification_and_uses" title="Wheat production in the United States">hard red spring wheat</a> grown in Minnesota became valuable, and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best bread flour in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277-131">[120]</a> In 1900, fourteen percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277-131">[120]</a> and about one third of that was shipped overseas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray195441-133">[122]</a> Overall production peaked at 18.5 million barrels in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison1966180-134">[123]</a> Decades of <a href="/wiki/Soil_exhaustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil exhaustion">soil exhaustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stem_rust" title="Stem rust">stem rust</a>, and changes in freight tariffs combined to quash the city's flour industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000238-135">[124]</a> In the 1920s, Washburn-Crosby and Pillsbury developed new milling centers in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, while maintaining their headquarters in Minneapolis.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000238"The_anticipated_decline_came_rather_abruptly_during_the_1920s._By_the_end_of_that_decade_the_Mill_City_produced_only_slightly_more_than_half_as_much_flour_as_it_had_at_its_zenith,_and_ranked_third_after_Buffalo_and_Kansas_City,_Missouri."_136-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000238%22The_anticipated_decline_came_rather_abruptly_during_the_1920s._By_the_end_of_that_decade_the_Mill_City_produced_only_slightly_more_than_half_as_much_flour_as_it_had_at_its_zenith,_and_ranked_third_after_Buffalo_and_Kansas_City,_Missouri.%22-136">[125]</a> The falls became a <a href="/wiki/List_of_contributing_properties_in_the_St._Anthony_Falls_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contributing properties in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District">national historic district</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1987186-137">[126]</a> and the upper St. Anthony <a href="/wiki/Lock_and_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock and dam">lock and dam</a> is permanently closed.<a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> Columnist Don Morrison says that after the milling era waned a "modern, major city" emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison196629-139">[128]</a> Around 1900, Minneapolis attracted skilled workers<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982104"Thus_while_Minneapolis_began_to_lose_jobs_in_the_mills,_it_began_to_acquire_other_jobs_in_management,_financial_administration,_advertising,_market_research,_product_research_and_design,_and_other_mid-level_management_and_administrative_positions._The_effect_was_to_upgrade_the_workforce..."_140-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982104%22Thus_while_Minneapolis_began_to_lose_jobs_in_the_mills,_it_began_to_acquire_other_jobs_in_management,_financial_administration,_advertising,_market_research,_product_research_and_design,_and_other_mid-level_management_and_administrative_positions._The_effect_was_to_upgrade_the_workforce...%22-140">[129]</a> who leveraged expertise from the University of Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982111"The_university's_role_grew_more_and_more_important_as_the_20th_century_rolled_along,_for_basic_research_and_experimentation_grew_more_complex_and_costly_and_as_time_went_by."_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982111%22The_university's_role_grew_more_and_more_important_as_the_20th_century_rolled_along,_for_basic_research_and_experimentation_grew_more_complex_and_costly_and_as_time_went_by.%22-141">[130]</a> In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Munsingwear" title="Munsingwear">Munsingwear</a> was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202274-142">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_McKinley_Jones" title="Frederick McKinley Jones">Frederick McKinley Jones</a> invented mobile <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> in Minneapolis, and with his associate founded <a href="/wiki/Thermo_King" title="Thermo King">Thermo King</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-143">[132]</a> In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Medtronic" title="Medtronic">Medtronic</a> was founded in a Minneapolis garage.<a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis-Honeywell" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-Honeywell">Minneapolis-Honeywell</a> built a south Minneapolis campus where their experience regulating <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a> earned them military contracts for the <a href="/wiki/Norden_bombsight" title="Norden bombsight">Norden bombsight</a> and the C-1 <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BabbageHoneywell-145">[134]</a> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Data">Control Data</a> began in downtown Minneapolis,<a href="#cite_note-BabbageCDC-146">[135]</a> where in the <a href="/wiki/CDC_1604" title="CDC 1604">CDC 1604</a> computer they replaced <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[136]</a> A highly successful business until disbanded in 1990, Control Data opened a facility in economically depressed north Minneapolis, bringing jobs and good publicity.<a href="#cite_note-BabbageCDC-146">[135]</a> A <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> computing group released <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a> in 1991; three years later, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> superseded Gopher traffic.<a href="#cite_note-148">[137]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1010px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center-left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge."><noscript><img alt="panoramic view of Saint Anthony Falls and the Mississippi riverfront in 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg/1000px-Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4069" data-file-height="638"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg/1000px-Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg" data-alt="panoramic view of Saint Anthony Falls and the Mississippi riverfront in 1915" data-width="1000" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg/1500px-Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg/2000px-Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg" title="File:Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> riverfront and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a> in 1915. At left, <a href="/wiki/Pillsbury_%22A%22_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title='Pillsbury "A" Mill'>Pillsbury</a>, power plants and the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Arch_Bridge_(Minneapolis)" title="Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis)">Stone Arch Bridge</a>. Today the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>'s Mill City Museum is in the <a href="/wiki/Washburn_%22A%22_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title='Washburn "A" Mill'>Washburn "A" Mill</a>, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center-left are <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Consolidated_Milling_Company" title="Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company">Northwestern Consolidated</a> mills. The tall building is <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Hall" title="Minneapolis City Hall">Minneapolis City Hall</a>. In the right foreground are <a href="/wiki/Nicollet_Island" title="Nicollet Island">Nicollet Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_Avenue_Bridge" title="Hennepin Avenue Bridge">Hennepin Avenue Bridge</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_tensions">Social tensions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_racial_unrest" title="2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest">2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis,_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Group confronting police" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg/220px-Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2371"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg/220px-Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg" data-alt="Group confronting police" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg/330px-Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg/440px-Open_battle_between_striking_teamsters_armed_with_pipes_and_the_police_in_the_streets_of_Minneapolis%2C_06-1934_-_NARA_-_541925.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934" title="Minneapolis general strike of 1934">Battle between striking teamsters and police</a>, 1934. The May (pictured) and subsequent July battles killed four men, two on each side.<a href="#cite_note-149">[138]</a></figcaption></figure> In many ways, the 20th century in Minneapolis was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202271-150">[139]</a> Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor <a href="/wiki/A._A._Ames" title="A. A. Ames">Doc Ames</a> made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2010%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsminneapolisintwe0000nathpage40mode2up_41%E2%80%9347%5D-151">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> was a force in the city from 1921<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatleVaillancourt2009%E2%80%932010362-152">[141]</a> until 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers1987%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshoodedamericanis00chalpage149_149%5D-153">[142]</a> The gangster <a href="/wiki/Kid_Cann" title="Kid Cann">Kid Cann</a> engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2010%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsminneapolisintwe0000nathpage58mode2up_58%5D-154">[143]</a> After Minnesota passed a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> law in 1925, the proprietors of <a href="/wiki/Eitel_Hospital" title="Eitel Hospital">Eitel Hospital</a> <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilized</a> people at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faribault_State_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faribault State Hospital (page does not exist)">Faribault State Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadd-Taylor2005242"[[George_G._Eitel|Eitel]],_the_founder_of_the_private_Eitel_Hospital_and_a_vice-president_of_Dight's_eugenics_society,_performed_the_first_150_surgeries;_his_nephew_George_D._Eitel_took_over_the_work_after_the_old_man_died_in_1928"_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadd-Taylor2005242%22%5B%5BGeorge_G._Eitel%7CEitel%5D%5D,_the_founder_of_the_private_Eitel_Hospital_and_a_vice-president_of_Dight's_eugenics_society,_performed_the_first_150_surgeries;_his_nephew_George_D._Eitel_took_over_the_work_after_the_old_man_died_in_1928%22-155">[144]</a> During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Alliance" title="Citizens' Alliance">Citizens' Alliance</a>, an association of employers, refused to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters" title="International Brotherhood of Teamsters">teamsters</a>. The truck drivers <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> executed <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_general_strike_of_1934" title="Minneapolis general strike of 1934">strikes</a> in May and July–August.<a href="#cite_note-156">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rumford_Walker" title="Charles Rumford Walker">Charles Rumford Walker</a> said that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker193798%E2%80%9399-157">[146]</a> The union victory ultimately led to <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">1935</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938" title="Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938">1938</a> federal laws protecting workers' rights.<a href="#cite_note-158">[147]</a> From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> was commonplace in Minneapolis—<a href="/wiki/Carey_McWilliams_(journalist)" title="Carey McWilliams (journalist)">Carey McWilliams</a> called the city the antisemitic capital of the US.<a href="#cite_note-159">[148]</a> Starting in 1936, a fascist <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate group</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a> held meetings in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199188%E2%80%9389-160">[149]</a> In the 1940s, mayor <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> worked to rescue the city's reputation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2002440,_454-161">[150]</a> and helped the city establish the country's first municipal <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practices_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Employment Practices Commission">fair employment practices</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrettson199385"On_the_second_try,_the_Fair_Employment_Practices_Commission_(FEPC)_bill_passed_in_1948._It_was_the_'first_municipal_FEPC_bill_in_America'"_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrettson199385%22On_the_second_try,_the_Fair_Employment_Practices_Commission_(FEPC)_bill_passed_in_1948._It_was_the_'first_municipal_FEPC_bill_in_America'%22-162">[151]</a> and a human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichard199862-163">[152]</a> However, the lives of Black people had not been improved.<a href="#cite_note-ab-164">[153]</a> In 1966 and 1967—years of significant <a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">turmoil across the US</a>—suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2010%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsminneapolisintwe0000nathpage115mode2up_115%5DChapter_4:_Plymouth_Avenue_Is_Burning-165">[154]</a> Historian Iric Nathanson says young Blacks confronted police, arson caused property damage, and "random gunshots" caused minor injuries in what was a "relatively minor incident" in Minneapolis compared to the loss of life and property in similar incidents in Detroit and Newark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2010%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsminneapolisintwe0000nathpage115mode2up_115%5D-166">[155]</a> A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2010%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsminneapolisintwe0000nathpage128mode2up_128%E2%80%93129%5D-167">[156]</a> In the wake of unrest and voter backlash, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stenvig" title="Charles Stenvig">Charles Stenvig</a>, a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for almost a decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022139-168">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanson2010%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsminneapolisintwe0000nathpage129mode2up_129%E2%80%93134%5D-169">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Brick school in winter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png/220px-Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1244"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png/220px-Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png" data-alt="Brick school in winter" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png/330px-Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png/440px-Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School-Minneapolis_1982.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School" title="Heart of the Earth Survival School">Heart of the Earth Survival School</a> in 1983</figcaption></figure> Disparate events defined the second half of the 20th century. Between 1958 and 1963, Minneapolis demolished "<a href="/wiki/Skid_row#Minneapolis" title="Skid row">skid row</a>".<a href="#cite_note-171">[l]</a> Gone were 35 acres (10 ha) with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_District_(Minneapolis)" title="Gateway District (Minneapolis)">Gateway District</a> and its significant architecture such as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Building_(Minneapolis)" title="Metropolitan Building (Minneapolis)">Metropolitan Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-172">[160]</a> Opened in 1967, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35W_(Minnesota)" title="Interstate 35W (Minnesota)">I-35W</a> displaced Black and Mexican neighborhoods<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022132-173">[161]</a> in south Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig20239%E2%80%9310-174">[162]</a> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Relocation_Act_of_1956" title="Indian Relocation Act of 1956">relocated</a> Native Americans founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a> (AIM)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2022141"Explaining_the_name,_[[Clyde_Bellecourt]]_remembered_Alberta_Downwind_saying_at_AIM's_founding:_''Indian''_is_the_word_that_they_used_to_oppress_us._''Indian''_is_the_word_we'll_use_to_gain_our_freedom"_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022141%22Explaining_the_name,_%5B%5BClyde_Bellecourt%5D%5D_remembered_Alberta_Downwind_saying_at_AIM's_founding:_''Indian''_is_the_word_that_they_used_to_oppress_us._''Indian''_is_the_word_we'll_use_to_gain_our_freedom%22-175">[163]</a> in Minneapolis. Begun as an alternative to public and <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">Bureau of Indian Affairs schools</a>, AIM's <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_the_Earth_Survival_School" title="Heart of the Earth Survival School">Heart of the Earth Survival School</a> taught Native American traditions to children for nearly twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2013193-176">[164]</a> A same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court but their marriage license was denied.<a href="#cite_note-Mumford-177">[165]</a> They managed to get a license and marry in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-Mumford-177">[165]</a> forty years before <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Minnesota" title="Same-sex marriage in Minnesota">Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[166]</a> Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, when its <a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">hawalas</a> or banks were closed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022158%E2%80%93159-179">[167]</a> In 2020, 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Darnella_Frazier" title="Darnella Frazier">Darnella Frazier</a> recorded the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>;<a href="#cite_note-180">[168]</a> Frazier's video contradicted the police department's initial statement.<a href="#cite_note-181">[169]</a> Floyd, a Black man, suffocated when <a href="/wiki/Derek_Chauvin" title="Derek Chauvin">Derek Chauvin</a>, a White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. Reporting on <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">the local reaction</a>, The New York Times said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage"<a href="#cite_note-Stockman_(4_July_2020)-182">[170]</a>—destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire.<a href="#cite_note-Caputo_et_al_(30_June_2020)-183">[171]</a> Floyd's murder sparked international rebellions, mass protests,<a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a> and locally, years of <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_racial_unrest" title="2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest">ongoing unrest</a> over racial injustice.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell202244"Two_years_have_passed_since_Floyd_was_killed,_but_the_site_where_he_died...continues_to_be_contested_space—an_ongoing_site_of_protest—but_also_a_sacred_location"_185-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell202244%22Two_years_have_passed_since_Floyd_was_killed,_but_the_site_where_he_died...continues_to_be_contested_space%E2%80%94an_ongoing_site_of_protest%E2%80%94but_also_a_sacred_location%22-185">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPRFloyd-186">[174]</a> As of 2024, protest continued daily at the intersection where Floyd died, now known as <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_Square" title="George Floyd Square">George Floyd Square</a>, with the slogan "No justice, no street".<a href="#cite_note-MPRFloyd-186">[174]</a> Minneapolis gathered ideas for the square and through community engagement promised final proposals for the end of 2024, that could be implemented by 2026 or thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-187">[175]</a> Protesters continued to ask for twenty-four reforms—many now met; a sticking point was ending <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> for police.<a href="#cite_note-MPRFloyd-186">[174]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minneapolis" title="Geography of Minneapolis">Geography of Minneapolis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Minnesota" title="Climate of Minnesota">Climate of Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Minnesota" title="Geology of Minnesota">Geology of Minnesota</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Clouds reflected in lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg/220px-Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="399"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg/220px-Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg" data-alt="Clouds reflected in lake" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg/330px-Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg/440px-Lake_Calhoun_in_Minneapolis_in_2003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The city's largest lake, <a href="/wiki/Bde_Maka_Ska" title="Bde Maka Ska">Bde Maka Ska</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[176]</a></figcaption></figure> The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are linked to water, the city's defining physical characteristic. <a href="/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title="Glacial history of Minnesota">Long periods of glaciation and interglacial melt</a> carved several riverbeds through what is now Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19903%E2%80%934-189">[177]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, around 10,000 years ago, ice buried in these ancient river channels melted, resulting in basins that filled with water to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Minneapolis" title="List of lakes in Minneapolis">lakes of Minneapolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19904-190">[178]</a> Meltwater from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> fed the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_River_Warren" title="Glacial River Warren">Glacial River Warren</a>, which created <a href="/wiki/River_Warren_Falls" title="River Warren Falls">a large waterfall</a> that eroded upriver past the confluence of the Mississippi River, where it left a 75-foot (23-meter) drop in the Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright199014-191">[179]</a> This site is located in what is now downtown Saint Paul. The new waterfall, later called Saint Anthony Falls, in turn, eroded up the Mississippi about eight miles (13 kilometers) to its present location, carving the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River gorge">Mississippi River gorge</a> as it moved upstream. <a href="/wiki/Minnehaha_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnehaha Falls">Minnehaha Falls</a> also developed during this period via similar processes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremling200556%E2%80%9360-192">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright199014-191">[179]</a> Minneapolis is sited above an <a href="/wiki/Artesian_aquifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian aquifer">artesian aquifer</a><a href="#cite_note-Emporis-193">[181]</a> and on flat terrain. Its total area is 59 square miles (152.8 square kilometers) of which six percent is covered by water.<a href="#cite_note-194">[182]</a> The city has a 12-mile (19 km) segment of the Mississippi River, four streams, and 17 waterbodies—13 of them lakes,<a href="#cite_note-195">[183]</a> with 24 miles (39 km) of lake shoreline.<a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a> A 1959 report by the US <a href="/wiki/Soil_Conservation_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil Conservation Service">Soil Conservation Service</a> listed Minneapolis's elevation above <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a> as 830 feet (250 meters).<a href="#cite_note-harms-197">[185]</a> The city's lowest elevation of 687 feet (209 m) above sea level is near the confluence of Minnehaha Creek with the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-usgs_elevations-198">[186]</a> Sources disagree on the exact location and elevation of the city's highest point, which is cited as being between 967 and 985 feet (295 and 300 m) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-201">[m]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1010px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower,_July_2014_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Minneapolis skyline seen from the Prospect Park Water Tower in 2014"><noscript><img alt="The Minneapolis skyline rises to its highest point at the center of the image, with the three tallest buildings standing out against a clear blue sky. Before the skyline are trees, university buildings, and residential complexes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg/1000px-Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5168" data-file-height="1528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 296px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg/1000px-Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg" data-alt="The Minneapolis skyline rises to its highest point at the center of the image, with the three tallest buildings standing out against a clear blue sky. Before the skyline are trees, university buildings, and residential complexes." data-width="1000" data-height="296" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg/1500px-Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg/2000px-Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower%2C_July_2014_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_skyline_from_Prospect_Park_Water_Tower,_July_2014_(crop).jpg" title="File:Minneapolis skyline from Prospect Park Water Tower, July 2014 (crop).jpg"> </a></div>The Minneapolis skyline seen from the <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_Water_Tower" title="Prospect Park Water Tower">Prospect Park Water Tower</a> in 2014</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Minneapolis" title="Neighborhoods of Minneapolis">Neighborhoods of Minneapolis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg" data-alt="See caption" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg/330px-Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg/440px-Minneapolis_Midtown_Greenway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cyclists on <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Greenway" title="Midtown Greenway">Midtown Greenway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Phillips,_Minneapolis" title="Midtown Phillips, Minneapolis">Midtown Phillips</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Minneapolis" title="Neighborhoods of Minneapolis">83 neighborhoods of Minneapolis</a></figcaption></figure> Minneapolis has 83 neighborhoods and 70 neighborhood organizations.<a href="#cite_note-202">[189]</a> In some cases, two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization.<a href="#cite_note-203">[190]</a> Around 1990, the city set up the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), in which every one of the city's eighty-some neighborhoods participated.<a href="#cite_note-NRPprimer-204">[191]</a> Funded for 20 years through 2011, with $400 million <a href="/wiki/Tax_increment_financing" title="Tax increment financing">tax increment financing</a><a href="#cite_note-NRPprimer-204">[191]</a> ($559 million in 2024),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> the program caught the eye of <a href="/wiki/UN-Habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-Habitat">UN-Habitat</a>, who considered it an example of <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best practices</a>. Residents had a direct connection to government in NRP, whereby they proposed ideas appropriate for their area, and NRP reviewed the plans and provided implementation funds.<a href="#cite_note-NRPprimer-204">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[192]</a> The city's Neighborhood and Community Relations department took NRP's place in 2011<a href="#cite_note-206">[193]</a> and is funded only by city revenue. In 2019, the city released the Neighborhoods 2020 program, which reworked neighborhood funding with an equity-focused lens.<a href="#cite_note-neighborhoods2020-207">[194]</a> This reduced guaranteed funding, and several neighborhood organizations have since struggled with operations or merged with other neighborhoods due to decreased revenue.<a href="#cite_note-208">[195]</a> Base funding for every neighborhood organization increased in the 2024 city budget.<a href="#cite_note-budget2004-209">[196]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council" title="Minneapolis City Council">Minneapolis City Council</a> approved the Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan, which resulted in a citywide end to <a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">single-family zoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> reported that Minneapolis was the first major city in the US to make citywide such a revision in housing possibilities.<a href="#cite_note-211">[198]</a> At the time, 70 percent of residential land was zoned for detached, single-family homes,<a href="#cite_note-212">[199]</a> though many of those areas had "nonconforming" buildings with more housing units.<a href="#cite_note-213">[200]</a> City leaders sought to increase the supply of housing so more neighborhoods would be affordable and to decrease the effects single-family zoning had caused on racial disparities and segregation.<a href="#cite_note-214">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> called it "a relatively rare example of success for the <a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a> agenda".<a href="#cite_note-215">[202]</a> From 2022 until 2024,<a href="#cite_note-216">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[204]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota" title="United States District Court for the District of Minnesota">US District Court</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Court_of_Appeals" title="Minnesota Court of Appeals">Minnesota Court of Appeals</a> arrived at competing opinions, first shutting down the plan, and then securing its survival. Ultimately in 2024, the state legislature passed a bill approving the city's 2040 plan.<a href="#cite_note-218">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a></div> Minneapolis experiences a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Dfa in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeelFinlaysonMcMahon20071639-219">[206]</a> that is typical of southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a>; it is situated in USDA <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">plant hardiness</a> zone 5a.<a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[209]</a> The Minneapolis area experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature is 108 °F (42 °C) in <a href="/wiki/1936_North_American_heat_wave" title="1936 North American heat wave">July 1936</a> while the lowest is −41 °F (−41 °C) in January 1888.<a href="#cite_note-223">[210]</a> The snowiest winter on record was 1983–1984, when 98.6 in (250 cm) of snow fell.<a href="#cite_note-DNRsnow-224">[211]</a> The least-snowy winter was 1930–1931, when 14.2 inches (36 cm) fell.<a href="#cite_note-DNRsnow-224">[211]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, the annual average for <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine duration</a> is 58 percent.<a href="#cite_note-225">[212]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport">Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport</a>, Minnesota (1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-226">[n]</a> extremes 1872–present)<a href="#cite_note-228">[o]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 (14) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 (18) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95 (35) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">106 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">108 (42) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 (25) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 (20) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">108 (42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.5 (5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.7 (8.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7 (18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.7 (26.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.7 (31.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.3 (34.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.4 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.7 (33.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.3 (31.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1 (26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1 (8.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.4 (35.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (−4.7) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (−1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6 (13.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.4 (28.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9 (22.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1 (14.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9 (5.5) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (−1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">55.4 (13.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (−8.8) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (−6.3) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1 (8.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.7 (20.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.3 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.8 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5 (17.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (9.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.9 (8.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (−12.9) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (−10.7) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (−3.9) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2 (12.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.9 (4.9) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (−2.4) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (−9.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.4 (3.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−14.7 (−25.9) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 (−22) </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (−16.3) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3 (8.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 (12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.2 (3.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (−12.7) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1 (−21.7) </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.9 (−27.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41 (−41) </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33 (−36) </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32 (−36) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (−17) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 (−8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 (4) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (−3) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (−12) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25 (−32) </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−39 (−39) </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−41 (−41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.89 (23) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.87 (22) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.68 (43) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.91 (74) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.91 (99) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.58 (116) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.06 (103) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.34 (110) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.02 (77) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.58 (66) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.61 (41) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.17 (30) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.62 (803) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #00005C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.0 (28) </td> <td style="background: #000075; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.5 (24) </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.2 (21) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (8.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6.8 (17) </td> <td style="background: #00004D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.4 (29) </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.2 (130) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (20) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (23) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (20) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (5.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (10) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (18) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9 (23) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">118.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.3 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.4 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.8 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (−15.5) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (−12.5) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (−6.3) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.5 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7 (12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.8 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (−3.9) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (−11.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.9 (1.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.3 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.5 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">295.2 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">321.9 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">350.5 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">307.2 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.2 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.0 </td> <td style="background: #B4B469; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.8 </td> <td style="background: #B3B36F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.3 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,710.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-229">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minneapolis_Weatherbox_NOAA_txt-230">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA2-231">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-232">[217]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minneapolis" title="Demographics of Minneapolis">Demographics of Minneapolis</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>5,809</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>13,066</td><td></td><td>124.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>46,887</td><td></td><td>258.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>164,738</td><td></td><td>251.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>202,718</td><td></td><td>23.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>301,408</td><td></td><td>48.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>380,582</td><td></td><td>26.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>464,356</td><td></td><td>22.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>492,370</td><td></td><td>6.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>521,718</td><td></td><td>6.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>482,872</td><td></td><td>−7.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>434,400</td><td></td><td>−10.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>370,951</td><td></td><td>−14.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>368,383</td><td></td><td>−0.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>382,618</td><td></td><td>3.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>382,578</td><td></td><td>0.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>429,954</td><td></td><td>12.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">425,115</td><td><a href="#cite_note-2023quickfacts-8">[8]</a></td><td>−1.1%</td></tr> </tbody></table> The Minneapolis area was originally occupied by <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a> bands, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mdewakanton" title="Mdewakanton">Mdewakanton</a>, until <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a> moved westward.<a href="#cite_note-233">[218]</a> In the 1840s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich198248-234">[219]</a> new settlers arrived from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, while <a href="/wiki/French-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadians">French-Canadians</a> came around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982203-235">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982217-236">[221]</a> Farmers from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> followed in a secondary migration. Settlers from New England had an outsized influence on civic life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982214-237">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican</a> migrant workers began coming to Minnesota as early as 1860, although few stayed year-round.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-238">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latinos</a> eventually settled in several neighborhoods in Minneapolis, including <a href="/wiki/Phillips,_Minneapolis" title="Phillips, Minneapolis">Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_Minneapolis" title="Whittier, Minneapolis">Whittier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longfellow,_Minneapolis" title="Longfellow, Minneapolis">Longfellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast,_Minneapolis" title="Northeast, Minneapolis">Northeast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHACER199819-239">[224]</a> Before the turn of the 21st century, Latinos were the state's largest and fastest-growing immigrant group.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-238">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeague_of_Women_Voters20027-240">[225]</a> Immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> found common ground with the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> belief systems of the New England migrants who preceded them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982224%E2%80%93225-241">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982220%E2%80%93222,_224-242">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> immigrants arrived after the Civil War;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Minneapolis_'76_Bicentennial_Commission197618-243">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982239-244">[229]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russia</a>, followed.<a href="#cite_note-Nathanson-245">[230]</a> Minneapolis welcomed <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> in the 1890s and 1900s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVecoli1981450-246">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaloutos1981472,_474-247">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> immigrants settled in the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Flats" title="Bohemian Flats">Bohemian Flats</a> area on the west bank of the Mississippi River. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> arrived after 1900,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982244%E2%80%93247-248">[233]</a> and Central European migrants made their homes in the Northeast neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich198248,_241-249">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_District_(Minneapolis)" title="Gateway District (Minneapolis)">Gateway District</a> and Glenwood Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981a531,_533%E2%80%93534-250">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_(Minneapolis)" title="Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis)">Westminster Presbyterian Church</a> gave language classes and support for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> in Minneapolis, many of whom had fled discrimination in western states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981a540-251">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a>, many relocated from San Francisco, worked at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Savage" title="Camp Savage">Camp Savage</a>, a secret military <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese-language</a> school that trained interpreters and translators.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbert1981561"...Minneapolis_received_by_far_the_greater_share_(see_Table_30.2)._Camp_Savage_and_Fort_Snelling,_the_greatest_magnets_for_wives,_relatives,_and_friends_of_those_stationed_there,_were_more_accessible_from_Minneapolis_than_from_St._Paul"_252-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbert1981561%22...Minneapolis_received_by_far_the_greater_share_(see_Table_30.2)._Camp_Savage_and_Fort_Snelling,_the_greatest_magnets_for_wives,_relatives,_and_friends_of_those_stationed_there,_were_more_accessible_from_Minneapolis_than_from_St._Paul%22-252">[237]</a> Following World War II, some Japanese and Japanese Americans remained in Minneapolis, and by 1970, they numbered nearly 2,000, forming part of the state's largest <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbert1981558-253">[238]</a> In the 1950s, the US government relocated <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> to cities like Minneapolis, attempting to dismantle <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[239]</a> Around 1970, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> arrived,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981c572-255">[240]</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> came to attend the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981b546-256">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> (some from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Cambodians</a> settled mainly in Saint Paul around 1975, but some built organizations in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981d582,_584,_586,_590-257">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981d586,_588,_589-258">[243]</a> In 1992, 160 <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan immigrants</a> came to Minnesota, and many settled in the city's Whittier neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-259">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_people" title="Burmese people">Burmese</a> immigrants arrived in the early 2000s, with some moving to <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota#Regions" title="Geography of Minnesota">Greater Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[245]</a> The population of people from <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">India</a> in Minneapolis increased by 1,000 between 2000 and 2010, making it the largest concentration of Indians living in the state.<a href="#cite_note-261">[246]</a> The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs and generally out of the Midwest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022113-262">[247]</a> By 1930, Minneapolis had one of the nation's highest literacy rates among <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198182-263">[248]</a><sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpangler1961[httpsbabelhathitrustorgcgiptiduc1b538878seq98q1illiteracy_94]"Minnesota_Negroes_had_the_lowest_illiteracy_rate_in_the_nation_during_this_period"_[in_the_period_1885_to_1920,_3.4_percent]_264-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpangler1961%5Bhttpsbabelhathitrustorgcgiptiduc1b538878seq98q1illiteracy_94%5D%22Minnesota_Negroes_had_the_lowest_illiteracy_rate_in_the_nation_during_this_period%22_%5Bin_the_period_1885_to_1920,_3.4_percent%5D-264">[249]</a>c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;1930_"In_Minneapolis_only_1.7%_of_blacks_over_10_years_of_age_were_illiterate"_265-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200234<abbr_title=%22circa%22>c.</abbr><span_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&thinsp;1930_%22In_Minneapolis_only_1.7%_of_blacks_over_10_years_of_age_were_illiterate%22-265">[250]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">discrimination</a> prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198176-266">[251]</a> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Newman" title="Cecil Newman">Cecil Newman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Spokesman-Recorder" title="Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder">Minneapolis Spokesman</a> led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198184-267">[252]</a> Employment improved during World War II, but <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">housing discrimination</a> persisted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198190footnote_57-268">[253]</a> Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198184-267">[252]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and safe neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-269">[254]</a> In the 1990s, immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> began to arrive,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaruggiGerten2013-270">[255]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-residents-271">[256]</a> Immigration from Somalia slowed significantly following a <a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">2017 national executive order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2022p._159:_"President_Donald_Trump's_executive_order_in_2017_banned_new_immigration_from_Somalia_and_several_other_majority-Muslim_nations._Just_forty-eight_people_came_to_Minnesota_from_Somalia_in_2018,_down_from_more_than_fourteen_hundred_in_2016,"_and_further_reading_p._187_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022p._159:_%22President_Donald_Trump's_executive_order_in_2017_banned_new_immigration_from_Somalia_and_several_other_majority-Muslim_nations._Just_forty-eight_people_came_to_Minnesota_from_Somalia_in_2018,_down_from_more_than_fourteen_hundred_in_2016,%22_and_further_reading_p._187-272">[257]</a> As of 2022, about 3,000 Ethiopians and 20,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalis_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Somalis reside in Minneapolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Williams_Institute" title="Williams Institute">Williams Institute</a> reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2-percent <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> adult population in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-274">[259]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign">Human Rights Campaign</a> gave Minneapolis 94 points out of 100 on the Municipal Equality Index of support for the LGBTQ+ population.<a href="#cite_note-275">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Pride" title="Twin Cities Pride">Twin Cities Pride</a> is held every June.<a href="#cite_note-276">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_and_estimates">Census and estimates</h3></div> Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and the 46th-largest city in the United States by population as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-277">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[263]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 US Census</a>, Minneapolis had a population of 429,954.<a href="#cite_note-2020-P1RACE-279">[264]</a> Of this population, 44,513 (10.4 percent) identified as <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020-P2ETHNICITY-280">[265]</a> Of those not Hispanic or Latino, 249,581 persons (58.0 percent) were <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> alone (62.7 percent White alone or in combination), 81,088 (18.9 percent) were <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (21.3 percent Black alone or in combination), 24,929 (5.8 percent) were <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone, 7,433 (1.2 percent) were <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_and_Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indian and Alaska Native">American Indian and Alaska Native</a> alone, 25,387 (0.6 percent) some other race alone, and 34,463 (5.2 percent) were <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020-P1RACE-279">[264]</a> The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to the 2021 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> (ACS) were <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> (22.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> (10.8 percent), <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a> (8.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Subsaharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsaharan Africa">Subsaharan African</a> (6.7 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a> (6.1 percent).<a href="#cite_note-2021-DP02-281">[266]</a> Among those five years and older, 81.2 percent spoke only <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at home, while 7.1 percent spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and 11.7 percent spoke other languages, including large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-2021-DP02-281">[266]</a> About 13.7 percent of the population was <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">born abroad</a>, with 53.2 percent of them being <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> <a href="/wiki/US_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="US citizens">US citizens</a>. Most immigrants arrived from Africa (40.6 percent), Latin America (25.2 percent), and Asia (24.6 percent), with 34.6 percent of all foreign-born residents having arrived in 2010 or earlier.<a href="#cite_note-2021-DP02-281">[266]</a> Comparable to the US average of $70,784 in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-282">[267]</a> the ACS reported that the 2021 median household income in Minneapolis was $69,397 ($80,527 in 2024),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> It was $97,670 for families, $123,693 for married couples, and $54,083 for non-family households.<a href="#cite_note-Minneapolis-data-283">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021-S1901-284">[269]</a> In 2023, the median Minneapolis rent was $1,529, compared to the national median of $1,723.<a href="#cite_note-285">[270]</a> Over 92 percent of housing units in Minneapolis were occupied.<a href="#cite_note-2021-DP04-286">[271]</a> Housing units in the city built in 1939 or earlier comprised 43.7 percent.<a href="#cite_note-2021-DP04-286">[271]</a> Almost 17 percent of residents lived in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in 2023, compared to the US average of 11.1 percent.<a href="#cite_note-USCensusQuick2023-287">[272]</a> As of 2022, 90.8 percent of residents age 25 years or older had earned a high school degree compared to 89.1 percent nationally, and 53.5 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher compared to the 34.3 percent US national average.<a href="#cite_note-USCensusQuick2023-287">[272]</a> US <a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">veterans</a> made up 2.8 percent of the population compared to the national average of 5 percent in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-USCensusQuick2023-287">[272]</a> In Minneapolis in 2020, Blacks owned homes at a rate one-third that of White families.<a href="#cite_note-WPdisparity-288">[273]</a> Statewide by 2022, the gap between White and Black home ownership declined from 51.5 percent to 48 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Reformer-289">[274]</a> Statewide, alongside this small improvement was a sharp increase in the Black-to-White comparative number of <a href="/wiki/Deaths_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaths of despair">deaths of despair</a> (e.g., alcohol, drugs, and suicide).<a href="#cite_note-Reformer-289">[274]</a> The Minneapolis income gap in 2018 was one of the largest in the country, with Black families earning about 44 percent of what White families earned annually.<a href="#cite_note-WPdisparity-288">[273]</a> Statewide in 2022 using inflation-adjusted dollars, the median income for a Black family was $34,377 less than a White family's median income, an improvement of $7,000 since 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Reformer-289">[274]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible left" style="text-align:right; font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Race and ethnicity of Minneapolis, 1990–2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Race/ethnicity </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2020<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-290">[275]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2010<a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-291">[276]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2000<a href="#cite_note-Census_2000-292">[277]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1990<a href="#cite_note-Census_1990-293">[278]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> alone </td> <td>249,581</td> <td>58.0% </td> <td>230,650</td> <td>60.3% </td> <td>249,466</td> <td>65.2% </td> <td>288,967</td> <td>78.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> alone </td> <td>81,088</td> <td>18.9% </td> <td>69,971</td> <td>18.3% </td> <td>67,262</td> <td>17.6% </td> <td>47,948</td> <td>13.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>44,513</td> <td>10.4% </td> <td>40,073</td> <td>10.5% </td> <td>29,085</td> <td>7.6% </td> <td>7,900</td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> alone </td> <td>24,743</td> <td>5.8% </td> <td>21,399</td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>23,912</td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>15,550</td> <td>4.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian and Alaska Native</a> alone </td> <td>5,184</td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>6,351</td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>7,576</td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>12,335</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Other race alone </td> <td>2,136</td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>962</td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>3,410</td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a> </td> <td>22,538</td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>13,004</td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>17,771</td> <td>4.6%</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th style="text-align:right;">429,954</th> <th style="text-align:right;">100%</th> <th style="text-align:right;">382,578</th> <th style="text-align:right;">100%</th> <th style="text-align:right;">382,452</th> <th style="text-align:right;">100%</th> <th style="text-align:right;">368,383</th> <th style="text-align:right;">100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_racism">Structural racism</h3></div> Before 1910,<a href="#cite_note-ab-164">[153]</a> when a developer wrote the first restrictive <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)#Exclusionarycovenants" title="Covenant (law)">covenant</a> based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler20236%22The_first_racial_covenant_in_Minneapolis_was_recorded_by_Edmund_Walton_in_1910...%22-294">[279]</a> the city was relatively unsegregated with a Black population of less than one percent.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-295">[280]</a> Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties;<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelegardEhrman-Solberg201773–74"...the_Seven_Oaks_Corporation,_a_real_estate_developer_that_inserted_this_same_language_into_thousands_of_deeds_across_the_city."_296-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelegardEhrman-Solberg201773%E2%80%9374%22...the_Seven_Oaks_Corporation,_a_real_estate_developer_that_inserted_this_same_language_into_thousands_of_deeds_across_the_city.%22-296">[281]</a> this practice continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler20235"...the_Mapping_Prejudice_team_showed_that,_prior_to_the_introduction_of_covenants_in_1910,_the_residences_of_people_of_color_were_dispersed_throughout_the_city,_yet_as_developers_added_thousands_of_racial_covenants_to_deeds_in_Minneapolis_until_1955,_the_city's_neighborhoods_became_increasingly_racially_segregated"_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler20235%22...the_Mapping_Prejudice_team_showed_that,_prior_to_the_introduction_of_covenants_in_1910,_the_residences_of_people_of_color_were_dispersed_throughout_the_city,_yet_as_developers_added_thousands_of_racial_covenants_to_deeds_in_Minneapolis_until_1955,_the_city's_neighborhoods_became_increasingly_racially_segregated%22-297">[282]</a> Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Fair Housing Act of 1968</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelegardEhrman-Solberg201775-298">[283]</a> restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s. In 2021, the city gave residents a means to discharge them.<a href="#cite_note-299">[284]</a> Minneapolis has a history of <a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">structural racism</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[285]</a> and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society.<a href="#cite_note-Mpls2040-301">[286]</a> As White settlers displaced the Indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,<a href="#cite_note-302">[287]</a> and Kirsten Delegard of <a href="/wiki/Mapping_Prejudice" title="Mapping Prejudice">Mapping Prejudice</a> explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.<a href="#cite_note-ab-164">[153]</a> Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> and the economy declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202284,_88-303">[288]</a> The foundation laid by racial covenants on residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, and health equity shapes the lives of people in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-304">[289]</a> The city wrote in a decennial plan that racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities" and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents".<a href="#cite_note-305">[290]</a> Discussing a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis</a> report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota,<a href="#cite_note-306">[291]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Keith_Mayes" title="Keith Mayes">Keith Mayes</a> says, "So the housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today."<a href="#cite_note-Mayes-307">[292]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Myers_Jr." title="Samuel Myers Jr.">Samuel Myers Jr.</a> says of <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>, "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. ... racially discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life."<a href="#cite_note-308">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[p]</a> Government efforts to address these disparities included zoning changes passed in the 2040 plan,<a href="#cite_note-311">[295]</a> and declaring racism a <a href="/wiki/Public_health_emergency_(United_States)" title="Public health emergency (United States)">public health emergency</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-312">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Minnesota" title="Religion in Minnesota">Religion in Minnesota</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Church, tower, and cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg/200px-Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9050" data-file-height="8259"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg/200px-Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg" data-alt="Church, tower, and cross" data-width="200" data-height="183" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg/300px-Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg/400px-Christ_Church_Lutheran_Highsmith.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Lutheran_(Minneapolis,_Minnesota)" title="Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)">Christ Church Lutheran</a> is one of the city's four <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Minnesota" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota">National Historic Landmarks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nps-313">[297]</a></figcaption></figure> Twin Cities residents are 70 percent <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> according to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> religious survey in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Pewreligion-314">[298]</a> Settlers who arrived in Minneapolis from New England were for the most part <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalist">Universalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-religion-315">[299]</a> The oldest continuously used church, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Catholic_Church_(Minneapolis,_Minnesota)" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church (Minneapolis, Minnesota)">Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church</a>, was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett2007127-316">[300]</a> St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887;<a href="#cite_note-317">[301]</a> it opened a missionary school and in 1905 created a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> seminary.<a href="#cite_note-318">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hawley_Hewitt" title="Edwin Hawley Hewitt">Edwin Hawley Hewitt</a> designed <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Episcopal_Cathedral_(Minneapolis)" title="St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral (Minneapolis)">St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_Avenue_United_Methodist_Church" title="Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church">Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church</a>, both of which are located south of downtown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200784-319">[303]</a> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Mary,_Minneapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Mary, Minneapolis">Basilica of Saint Mary</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/Co-cathedral" title="Co-cathedral">co-cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis</a>, was named by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-religion-315">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham_Evangelistic_Association" title="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">Billy Graham Evangelistic Association</a> was headquartered in Minneapolis from the 1950s until 2001.<a href="#cite_note-320">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Lutheran_(Minneapolis,_Minnesota)" title="Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)">Christ Church Lutheran</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Longfellow_(neighborhood),_Minneapolis" title="Longfellow (neighborhood), Minneapolis">Longfellow</a> neighborhood was the final work in the career of <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a>, and it has an education building designed by his son <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett2007159%E2%80%93160%22Christ_Church_was_Saarinen's_last_building%22_and_%22the_addition_was_among_Eero's_last_commissions%22-321">[305]</a> Aligning with a national trend, the metro area's next largest group after Christians is the 23-percent <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-Pewreligion-314">[298]</a> At the same time, more than 50 denominations and religions are present in Minneapolis, representing most of the world's religions.<a href="#cite_note-religion-315">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Minneapolis)" title="Temple Israel (Minneapolis)">Temple Israel</a> was built in 1928 by the city's first <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> congregation, Shaarai Tov, which formed in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Nathanson-245">[230]</a> By 1959, a Temple of Islam was located in north Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-CityHistory-322">[306]</a> In 1971, a reported 150 persons attended classes at a Hindu temple near the University of Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-CityHistory-322">[306]</a> In 1972, the Twin Cities' first <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a Muslim</a> family resettled from Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlowSilk2004%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksideTpnyr2Z0moCpgPA139_139%5D-323">[307]</a> Somalis who live in Minneapolis are primarily <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[308]</a> In 2022, Minneapolis amended its noise ordinance to allow broadcasting the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Muslim call to prayer</a> five times per day.<a href="#cite_note-325">[309]</a> The city has about seven <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> centers and meditation centers.<a href="#cite_note-326">[310]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Minnesota" title="Economy of Minnesota">Economy of Minnesota</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <caption>Largest downtown Minneapolis employers 2023<a href="#cite_note-327">[311]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td>Rank</td> <td style="background:#ccc;">Company/Organization </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County_Medical_Center" title="Hennepin County Medical Center">Hennepin Healthcare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target Corporation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Hennepin County">Hennepin County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ameriprise_Financial" title="Ameriprise Financial">Ameriprise Financial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._Bancorp" title="U.S. Bancorp">U.S. Bancorp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy" title="Xcel Energy">Xcel Energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Minneapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Minneapolis">City of Minneapolis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SPS_Commerce" title="SPS Commerce">SPS Commerce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/RBC_Wealth_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC Wealth Management">RBC Wealth Management</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <caption>Largest Minneapolis companies by revenue 2023<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_500-328">[312]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td>Minneapolis rank</td> <td style="background:#ccc;">Corporation</td> <td style="background:#ccc;">US rank</td> <td style="background:#ccc;">Revenue (in millions) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target Corporation</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>$109,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._Bancorp" title="U.S. Bancorp">U.S. Bancorp</a></td> <td>149</td> <td>$27,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy" title="Xcel Energy">Xcel Energy</a></td> <td>271</td> <td>$15,310 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ameriprise_Financial" title="Ameriprise Financial">Ameriprise Financial</a></td> <td>289</td> <td>$14,347 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thrivent" title="Thrivent">Thrivent</a></td> <td>412</td> <td>$9,347 </td></tr></tbody></table> Early in the city's history, millers were required to pay for wheat with cash during the growing season and then to store the wheat until it was needed for flour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000164-329">[313]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Grain_Exchange" title="Minneapolis Grain Exchange">Minneapolis Grain Exchange</a> was founded in 1881; located near the riverfront, it is the only exchange as of 2023 for <a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States#Classification_and_uses" title="Wheat production in the United States">hard red spring</a> wheat <a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">futures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[314]</a> Along with cash requirements for the milling industry, the large amounts of capital that lumbering had accumulated stimulated the local banking industry and made Minneapolis a major financial center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000164,_181-331">[315]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis</a> serves Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>; it has the smallest population of the twelve districts in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>, and it has one branch in <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena, Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisa2013200-332">[316]</a> Minneapolis area employment is primarily in trade, transportation, utilities, education, health services, and professional and business services. Smaller numbers of residents are employed in government, manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, and financial activities.<a href="#cite_note-333">[317]</a> In 2024, the Twin Cities metropolitan area had the eighth-highest concentration of major corporate headquarters in the US.<a href="#cite_note-334">[318]</a> Five <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500 corporations</a> were headquartered within the city limits of Minneapolis:<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_500-328">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bancorp" title="U.S. Bancorp">U.S. Bancorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy" title="Xcel Energy">Xcel Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriprise_Financial" title="Ameriprise Financial">Ameriprise Financial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrivent" title="Thrivent">Thrivent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_500-328">[312]</a> The metro area's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> was $323.9 billion in 2022<a href="#cite_note-BEA-GDP-11">[11]</a> ($348 billion in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Minneapolis" title="Arts in Minneapolis">Arts in Minneapolis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="White classical building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1988"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" data-alt="White classical building" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/330px-Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/440px-Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a> admission is free except for special exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-335">[319]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a> began as a private art collection in the home of lumberman <a href="/wiki/T._B._Walker" title="T. B. Walker">T. B. Walker</a>, who extended free admission to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore2004Whitmore_cites_the_1903_''[[New_York_Herald]]''_which_calls_T._B._Walker_"the_Pine_King_of_the_West"_and_says_"...the_gallery_is_open_to_the_public_six_days_in_the_week,_and_all_who_ring_his_bell_and_ask_to_see_the_old_masters_receive_not_only_permission_from_the_white-aproned_maid_who_answers_the_ring,_but_also_a_catalogue_as_well."_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore2004Whitmore_cites_the_1903_''%5B%5BNew_York_Herald%5D%5D''_which_calls_T._B._Walker_%22the_Pine_King_of_the_West%22_and_says_%22...the_gallery_is_open_to_the_public_six_days_in_the_week,_and_all_who_ring_his_bell_and_ask_to_see_the_old_masters_receive_not_only_permission_from_the_white-aproned_maid_who_answers_the_ring,_but_also_a_catalogue_as_well.%22-336">[320]</a> Around 1940, the center's focus shifted to modern and contemporary art.<a href="#cite_note-WalkerAbout-337">[321]</a> In partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a>, the Walker operates the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Sculpture_Garden" title="Minneapolis Sculpture Garden">Minneapolis Sculpture Garden</a>, which has about forty sculptures on view year-round.<a href="#cite_note-338">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a> (Mia) is located in south-central Minneapolis on the 10-acre (4 ha) former homestead of the <a href="/wiki/Dorilus_Morrison" title="Dorilus Morrison">Morrison</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1985%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailstheirsplendidleg0000hesspage22mode2up_22%5D-339">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White" title="McKim, Mead & White">McKim, Mead & White</a> designed a vast complex meeting the ambitions of the founders for a cultural center with spaces for sculpture, an art school, and orchestra. One-seventh of their design was built and opened in 1915. Additions by other firms from 1928 to 2006 achieved much of the original scheme.<a href="#cite_note-SAH-340">[324]</a> Today the collection of more than 90,000 artworks spans six continents and about 5,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-341">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Weisman_Art_Museum" title="Weisman Art Museum">Weisman Art Museum</a>, which opened in 1993, for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[326]</a> A 2011 addition by Gehry doubled the size of the galleries.<a href="#cite_note-343">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Russian_Art" title="The Museum of Russian Art">The Museum of Russian Art</a> opened in a restored church in 2005, and it hosts a collection of 20th-century Russian art and special events.<a href="#cite_note-344">[328]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northeast,_Minneapolis#Arts" title="Northeast, Minneapolis">Northeast Minneapolis Arts District</a> hosts 400 independent artists and a center at the <a href="/wiki/Northrup-King" title="Northrup-King">Northrup-King</a> building, and it presents the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Minneapolis_Arts_Association" title="Northeast Minneapolis Arts Association">Art-A-Whirl</a> open studio tour every May.<a href="#cite_note-345">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater_and_performing_arts">Theater and performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_in_Minnesota" title="List of theaters in Minnesota">List of theaters in Minnesota</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guthrie_Theater,_2nd_Street,_Mill_District,_Minneapolis,_MN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Midnight blue modern building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg/220px-Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="2778"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg/220px-Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg" data-alt="Midnight blue modern building" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg/330px-Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg/440px-Guthrie_Theater%2C_2nd_Street%2C_Mill_District%2C_Minneapolis%2C_MN.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Guthrie_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guthrie Theater">The Guthrie Theater</a> originated as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlySchechter197933%22In_1963,_the_Tyrone_Guthrie_Theater_was_founded_in_Minneapolis_as_an_alternative_to_Broadway_and_its_commercialism.%22-347">[331]</a></figcaption></figure> Minneapolis has hosted theatrical performances since the end of the American Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen1975503-348">[332]</a> Early theaters included <a href="/wiki/Pence_Opera_House" title="Pence Opera House">Pence Opera House</a>, the Academy of Music, Grand Opera House, Lyceum, and later the Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen1975503%E2%80%93504-349">[333]</a> Fifteen of the fifty-five Twin Cities theater companies counted in 2015 by Peg Guilfoyle had a physical site in Minneapolis. About half the remainder performed in variable spaces throughout the metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuilfoyle2015455%E2%80%93484-350">[334]</a> In his social history of <a href="/wiki/Regional_theater_in_the_United_States" title="Regional theater in the United States">American regional theater</a>, Joseph Zeigler calls the <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_Theater" title="Guthrie Theater">Guthrie Theater</a> the "granddaddy" of regional theater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeigler197374,_75,_87,_241-351">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Guthrie" title="Tyrone Guthrie">Tyrone Guthrie</a> founded the Guthrie in 1963 with an inventive <a href="/wiki/Thrust_stage" title="Thrust stage">thrust stage</a>—a collaboration by Guthrie, designer <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Moiseiwitsch" title="Tanya Moiseiwitsch">Tanya Moiseiwitsch</a>, and architect <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Rapson" title="Ralph Rapson">Ralph Rapson</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[336]</a>—jutting into the seats and surrounded by the audience on three sides.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-353">[337]</a> French architect <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> designed a new Guthrie that opened in 2006 overlooking the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-353">[337]</a> The design team reproduced the thrust stage with some alterations, and they added a <a href="/wiki/Proscenium_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscenium stage">proscenium stage</a> and an experimental stage.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-353">[337]</a> Minneapolis purchased and renovated the <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Minneapolis)" title="Orpheum Theatre (Minneapolis)">Orpheum</a>, Shubert (now the <a href="/wiki/Cowles_Center_for_Dance_and_the_Performing_Arts" title="Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts">Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts</a>), <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_(Minneapolis,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre (Minneapolis, Minnesota)">State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantages_Theatre_(Minneapolis)" title="Pantages Theatre (Minneapolis)">Pantages</a> theaters, <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> and film houses on <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_Avenue" title="Hennepin Avenue">Hennepin Avenue</a> that are now used for concerts, plays,<a href="#cite_note-354">[338]</a> and performing arts.<a href="#cite_note-355">[339]</a> Every August, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Fringe_Festival" title="Minnesota Fringe Festival">Minnesota Fringe Festival</a> hosts performances in venues across town.<a href="#cite_note-356">[340]</a> The <a href="/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Beast_Puppet_and_Mask_Theatre#May_Day_Parade_and_Tree_of_Life_Ceremony" title="In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre">May Day Parade</a> is held in south Minneapolis each May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuftinec20193%E2%80%934-357">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayday_axios-358">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Minnesota" title="Music of Minnesota">Music of Minnesota</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_at_Coachella_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Prince playing guitar at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2559"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Prince playing guitar at night" data-width="130" data-height="177" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Prince_at_Coachella_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> studied at the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Dance_Theatre" title="Minnesota Dance Theatre">Minnesota Dance Theatre</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[343]</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools" title="Minneapolis Public Schools">Minneapolis Public Schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[344]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Orchestra" title="Minnesota Orchestra">Minnesota Orchestra</a> plays classical and popular music at <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Hall_(Minneapolis)" title="Orchestra Hall (Minneapolis)">Orchestra Hall</a> under music director <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%B8nderg%C3%A5rd" title="Thomas Søndergård">Thomas Søndergård</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[345]</a> The orchestra won a 2014 <a href="/wiki/56th_Annual_Grammy_Awards#Classical" title="56th Annual Grammy Awards">Grammy</a> for their recording of Sibelius's first and fourth symphonies<a href="#cite_note-362">[346]</a> and a 2004 <a href="/wiki/46th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="46th Annual Grammy Awards">Grammy</a> for composer <a href="/wiki/Dominick_Argento" title="Dominick Argento">Dominick Argento</a> with their recording of <a href="/wiki/Casa_Guidi_(album)" title="Casa Guidi (album)">Casa Guidi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[347]</a> Minneapolis's opera companies include <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Opera" title="Minnesota Opera">Minnesota Opera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CBSMNopera-364">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[q]</a> the Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company,<a href="#cite_note-366">[349]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Really_Spicy_Opera" title="Really Spicy Opera">Really Spicy Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[350]</a> Singer and multi-instrumentalist <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">child prodigy</a><a href="#cite_note-CityMusicHistory-368">[351]</a> who was born in Minneapolis and lived in the area for most of his life.<a href="#cite_note-369">[352]</a> In an era of <a href="/wiki/Indie_music_scene" title="Indie music scene">music scenes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-370">[353]</a> 1980s Minneapolis was a hotbed for American underground rock alongside R&B, funk, and soul<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorriganSigelman2018x"At_the_dawn_of_the_1980s,_the_Twin_Cities_music_scene_was_poised_to_explode...._Husker_Du,_the_Replacements,_Loud_Fast_Rules_(later_Soul_Asylum)_and_others_were_fast_building_rabid_local_followings_and_would_soon_achieve_national_acclaim...._At_the_same_time,_a_vibrant_R&B,_funk,_and_soul_scene_was_maturing_and_forming_what_would_be_known_as_the_"Minneapolis_sound"._The_young_guitar_and_songwriting_virtuoso_Prince_was_perfecting_his_innovative_and_infectious_style..."_371-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorriganSigelman2018x%22At_the_dawn_of_the_1980s,_the_Twin_Cities_music_scene_was_poised_to_explode...._Husker_Du,_the_Replacements,_Loud_Fast_Rules_(later_Soul_Asylum)_and_others_were_fast_building_rabid_local_followings_and_would_soon_achieve_national_acclaim...._At_the_same_time,_a_vibrant_R&B,_funk,_and_soul_scene_was_maturing_and_forming_what_would_be_known_as_the_%22Minneapolis_sound%22._The_young_guitar_and_songwriting_virtuoso_Prince_was_perfecting_his_innovative_and_infectious_style...%22-371">[354]</a> thanks to the nightclub <a href="/wiki/First_Avenue_(nightclub)" title="First Avenue (nightclub)">First Avenue</a> and musicians like <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsker_D%C3%BC" title="Hüsker Dü">Hüsker Dü</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)" title="The Replacements (band)">The Replacements</a>, and Prince.<a href="#cite_note-372">[355]</a> The city hosts several other concert venues including the <a href="/wiki/The_Cedar_Cultural_Center" title="The Cedar Cultural Center">Cedar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Jazz_Club" title="Dakota Jazz Club">Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moran-373">[356]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Armory" title="Minneapolis Armory">Armory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skyway_Theatre" title="Skyway Theatre">Skyway Theatre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-374">[357]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Theater_(Minneapolis)" title="Uptown Theater (Minneapolis)">Uptown Theater</a> have national management.<a href="#cite_note-375">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_museums">Historical museums</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_(50139920322).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='The phrase "Black Lives Matter" painted on a road.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg" data-alt='The phrase "Black Lives Matter" painted on a road.' data-width="220" data-height="110" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Black_Lives_Matter_mural_at_Penn_and_Plymouth_%2850139920322%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> mural (2020) organized by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_African_American_Heritage_Museum_and_Gallery" title="Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery">Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery</a><a href="#cite_note-Eler-376">[359]</a></figcaption></figure> Exhibits at <a href="/wiki/Mill_City_Museum" title="Mill City Museum">Mill City Museum</a> feature the city's history of flour milling.<a href="#cite_note-377">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Bakken" title="The Bakken">The Bakken</a>, formerly known as the Bakken Library and Museum of Electricity in Life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollmar2003-378">[361]</a> shifted focus in 2016 from electricity and magnetism to invention and innovation, and in 2020 opened a new entrance on <a href="/wiki/Bde_Maka_Ska" title="Bde Maka Ska">Bde Maka Ska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_History_Museum" title="Hennepin History Museum">Hennepin History Museum</a> is housed in a former mansion.<a href="#cite_note-380">[363]</a> Built of elaborate woodwork in 1875 and maintained today as a historic site, the little <a href="/wiki/Minnehaha_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnehaha Depot">Minnehaha Depot</a> was a stop on one of the first railroads built out of Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-381">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Swedish_Institute" title="American Swedish Institute">American Swedish Institute</a> occupies a former mansion on Park Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-382">[365]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Indian_Cultural_Corridor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Indian Cultural Corridor (page does not exist)">American Indian Cultural Corridor</a>, about eight blocks on Franklin Avenue, houses All My Relatives Gallery.<a href="#cite_note-383">[366]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Museum_of_Minnesota" title="Somali Museum of Minnesota">Somali Museum of Minnesota</a> opened on Lake Street.<a href="#cite_note-384">[367]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_African_American_Heritage_Museum_and_Gallery" title="Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery">Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery</a> was founded in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-385">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_literary_arts">Libraries and literary arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County_Library" title="Hennepin County Library">Hennepin County Library</a></div> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Library" title="Minneapolis Public Library">Minneapolis Public Library</a> merged with the <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County_Library" title="Hennepin County Library">Hennepin County Library</a>. Fifteen of the system's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hennepin_County_Library_branches" title="List of Hennepin County Library branches">forty-one branches</a> serve Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-386">[369]</a> The downtown <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Central_Library" title="Minneapolis Central Library">Central Library</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pelli" title="César Pelli">César Pelli</a>, opened in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-387">[370]</a> Seven special collections hold resources for researchers.<a href="#cite_note-388">[371]</a> The nonprofit literary presses <a href="/wiki/Coffee_House_Press" title="Coffee House Press">Coffee House Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graywolf_Press" title="Graywolf Press">Graywolf Press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milkweed_Editions" title="Milkweed Editions">Milkweed Editions</a> are based in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-389">[372]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a> publishes books, journals, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory" title="Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory">Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[373]</a> The Open Book facility houses <a href="/wiki/The_Loft_Literary_Center" title="The Loft Literary Center">The Loft Literary Center</a>, Milkweed, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Center_for_Book_Arts" title="Minnesota Center for Book Arts">Minnesota Center for Book Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[374]</a> Other Minneapolis publishers are <a href="/wiki/1517_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="1517 Media">1517 Media</a>,<a href="#cite_note-392">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Button_Poetry" title="Button Poetry">Button Poetry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-393">[376]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lerner_Publishing_Group" title="Lerner Publishing Group">Lerner Publishing Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States#Minneapolis_and_Saint_Paul" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Cuisine of the Midwestern United States § Minneapolis and Saint Paul</a></div> After the flight to the suburbs began in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> service ended citywide.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-395">[378]</a> One of the largest urban <a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">food deserts</a> in the US developed on the north side of Minneapolis, where as of mid-2017, 70,000 people had access to only two grocery stores.<a href="#cite_note-396">[379]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a> closed in 2023, the area again became a food desert with two full-service grocers.<a href="#cite_note-397">[380]</a> The nonprofit Appetite for Change sought to improve the diet of residents, competing against an influx of fast-food stores,<a href="#cite_note-398">[381]</a> and by 2017 it administered ten gardens, sold produce in the mid-year months at West Broadway Farmers Market, supplied its restaurants, and gave away boxes of fresh produce.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips-399">[382]</a> Appetite for Change closed its Minneapolis restaurant in 2023, opened a food truck, and received a grant from the Minnesota legislature to create a long-term home.<a href="#cite_note-400">[383]</a> West Broadway is one of twenty farmers markets and mini-markets operating in the city, and among them, four are open during winter.<a href="#cite_note-401">[384]</a> Minneapolis-based individuals who have won the food industry <a href="/wiki/James_Beard_Foundation_Award" title="James Beard Foundation Award">James Beard Foundation Award</a> include chef <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Kaysen" title="Gavin Kaysen">Gavin Kaysen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-402">[385]</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Dara_Moskowitz_Grumdahl" title="Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl">Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-403">[386]</a> television personality <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zimmern" title="Andrew Zimmern">Andrew Zimmern</a>,<a href="#cite_note-404">[387]</a> and chef <a href="/wiki/Sean_Sherman" title="Sean Sherman">Sean Sherman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-405">[388]</a> whose restaurant <a href="/wiki/Owamni" title="Owamni">Owamni</a> received James Beard's 2022 best new restaurant award.<a href="#cite_note-406">[389]</a> Conceived in Minneapolis as a malted milkshake in candy form, the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way_(chocolate_bar)" title="Milky Way (chocolate bar)">Milky Way</a> bar of <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougat</a>, caramel, and chocolate was made in the <a href="/wiki/North_Loop,_Minneapolis" title="North Loop, Minneapolis">North Loop</a> neighborhood during the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-407">[390]</a> Both purported originators of the <a href="/wiki/Jucy_Lucy" title="Jucy Lucy">Jucy Lucy</a> burger—the <a href="/wiki/5-8_Club" title="5-8 Club">5-8 Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt%27s_Bar" title="Matt's Bar">Matt's Bar</a>—have served it since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-408">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East African cuisine">East African cuisine</a> arrived in Minneapolis with the wave of migrants from Somalia that started in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-409">[392]</a> The Herbivorous Butcher, described by CBS News as the "first vegan 'butcher' shop in the United States", opened in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-410">[393]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Minnesota" title="Sports in Minnesota">Sports in Minnesota</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:TargetCenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Remodeled bronze exterior in October 2018. White dog with red target around eye above signage that says Target Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TargetCenter.jpg/200px-TargetCenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5147" data-file-height="2137"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 83px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TargetCenter.jpg/200px-TargetCenter.jpg" data-alt="Remodeled bronze exterior in October 2018. White dog with red target around eye above signage that says Target Center" data-width="200" data-height="83" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TargetCenter.jpg/300px-TargetCenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TargetCenter.jpg/400px-TargetCenter.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Target_Center" title="Target Center">Target Center</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Target_Field-20100730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Nighttime shot of a green ball field and large scoreboard and flood lights lit up behind it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Target_Field-20100730.jpg/200px-Target_Field-20100730.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Target_Field-20100730.jpg/200px-Target_Field-20100730.jpg" data-alt="Nighttime shot of a green ball field and large scoreboard and flood lights lit up behind it" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Target_Field-20100730.jpg/300px-Target_Field-20100730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Target_Field-20100730.jpg/400px-Target_Field-20100730.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Target_Field" title="Target Field">Target Field</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Night aerial shot of large angular modern building lit from within" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Night aerial shot of large angular modern building lit from within" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-DU9p69sVQAEdY6f_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium" title="U.S. Bank Stadium">U.S. Bank Stadium</a></div></div></div></div></div> Minneapolis has four professional sports teams. The American football team <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings" title="Minnesota Vikings">Minnesota Vikings</a> and the baseball team <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins" title="Minnesota Twins">Minnesota Twins</a> have played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were a <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_team" title="Expansion team">expansion team</a>, and the Twins were formed when the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%931960)" title="Washington Senators (1901–1960)">Washington Senators</a> relocated to Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-411">[394]</a> The Twins won the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> in 1987 and 1991, and have played at <a href="/wiki/Target_Field" title="Target Field">Target Field</a> since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-412">[395]</a> The Vikings played in the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> following the 1969, 1973, 1974, and 1976 seasons, losing all four games.<a href="#cite_note-413">[396]</a> The basketball team <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves" title="Minnesota Timberwolves">Minnesota Timberwolves</a> returned <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA) basketball to Minneapolis in 1989, and were followed by <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx" title="Minnesota Lynx">Minnesota Lynx</a> in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the <a href="/wiki/Target_Center" title="Target Center">Target Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[397]</a> The Lynx were the most-successful Minnesota professional sports team and a dominant force in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">Women's National Basketball Association</a> (WNBA), losing the 2024 finals<a href="#cite_note-415">[398]</a> and winning four WNBA championships from 2011 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-416">[399]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Frost" title="Minnesota Frost">Minnesota Frost</a>, the 2024 champion <a href="/wiki/Professional_Women%27s_Hockey_League" title="Professional Women's Hockey League">Professional Women's Hockey League</a> team,<a href="#cite_note-417">[400]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Wild" title="Minnesota Wild">Minnesota Wild</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> team, play at the <a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center" title="Xcel Energy Center">Xcel Energy Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-418">[401]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> soccer team <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_United_FC" title="Minnesota United FC">Minnesota United FC</a> play at <a href="/wiki/Allianz_Field" title="Allianz Field">Allianz Field</a>. Both venues are located in Saint Paul.<a href="#cite_note-419">[402]</a> In addition to professional sports teams, Minneapolis hosts a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers">Minnesota Golden Gophers</a>' <a href="/wiki/College_sports" title="College sports">college sports</a> teams of the University of Minnesota. The twenty-five-member <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_Spirit_Squads#Dance_Team" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers Spirit Squads">dance team</a> performs at home football and men's basketball games and has won twenty-three national championships since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-420">[403]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers football">Gophers football team</a> plays at <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Stadium" title="Huntington Bank Stadium">Huntington Bank Stadium</a> and has won seven <a href="/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS" title="College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS">national championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[404]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey">Gophers women's ice hockey</a> team is a six-time <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_women%27s_ice_hockey_championship" class="mw-redirect" title="National Collegiate women's ice hockey championship">NCAA champion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-422">[405]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey">Gophers men's ice hockey</a> team plays at <a href="/wiki/3M_Arena_at_Mariucci" title="3M Arena at Mariucci">3M Arena at Mariucci</a>, and won five <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship">NCAA championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[406]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_basketball" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball">Golden Gophers men's basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_women%27s_basketball" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers women's basketball">women's basketball</a> teams play at <a href="/wiki/Williams_Arena" title="Williams Arena">Williams Arena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[407]</a> The 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium" title="U.S. Bank Stadium">U.S. Bank Stadium</a> was built for the Vikings at a cost of $1.122 billion ($1.54 billion in 2024);<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> of this, the state of Minnesota provided $348 million ($477 million in 2024),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> and the city of Minneapolis spent $150 million ($205 million in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> The stadium, which <a href="/wiki/MPR_News" class="mw-redirect" title="MPR News">MPR News</a> called "Minnesota's biggest-ever public works project", opened in 2016 with 66,000 seats, which was expanded to 70,000 for the <a href="/wiki/2018_Super_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Super Bowl">2018 Super Bowl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-425">[408]</a> U.S. Bank Stadium also hosts indoor running and rollerblading nights.<a href="#cite_note-426">[409]</a> Minneapolis has two municipal <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[410]</a> and one private course.<a href="#cite_note-428">[411]</a> Each January, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Pond_Hockey_Championships" title="U.S. Pond Hockey Championships">U.S. Pond Hockey Championships</a> are held on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nokomis" title="Lake Nokomis">Lake Nokomis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-429">[412]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Marathon" title="Twin Cities Marathon">Twin Cities Marathon</a> held in October is a <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a> qualifier.<a href="#cite_note-430">[413]</a> The final weekend of the 2024 pond hockey championships was canceled due to above average temperatures,<a href="#cite_note-431">[414]</a> as was the 2023 marathon.<a href="#cite_note-432">[415]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm/220px--Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22,_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22,_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm/Minnehaha_Falls_on_June_22%2C_2013_-_Video_1_of_4.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minnehaha_Park_(Minneapolis)" title="Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis)">Minnehaha Falls</a> in the summer</figcaption></figure> Landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Horace_Cleveland" title="Horace Cleveland">Horace Cleveland</a>'s masterpiece is the Minneapolis park system.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen43mode2upqxxxix_xxxix]"With_other_societal_superintendents_influenced_by_the_ideals_of_New_England,_Cleveland_was_later_able_to_design_and_implement_his_crowning_achievement,_the_Minneapolis_Park_System."_433-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen43mode2upqxxxix_xxxix%5D%22With_other_societal_superintendents_influenced_by_the_ideals_of_New_England,_Cleveland_was_later_able_to_design_and_implement_his_crowning_achievement,_the_Minneapolis_Park_System.%22-433">[416]</a> In the 1880s, he preserved geographical landmarks and linked them with boulevards and parkways.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen45mode2upqxli_xli]"Cleveland_successfully_linked_boulevards,_small_neighborhood_parks_of_Parisian_derivation,_prairie_ponds_with_wild_islands,_and_lake-edge_parkways"_434-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen45mode2upqxli_xli%5D%22Cleveland_successfully_linked_boulevards,_small_neighborhood_parks_of_Parisian_derivation,_prairie_ponds_with_wild_islands,_and_lake-edge_parkways%22-434">[417]</a> In their introduction to a modern reprint of Cleveland's treatise on <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a>, professors Daniel Nadenicek and Lance Neckar add that "Cleveland was successful in Minneapolis in great measure because he operated with kindred spirits" like <a href="/wiki/William_Watts_Folwell" title="William Watts Folwell">William Watts Folwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Loring" title="Charles M. Loring">Charles M. Loring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen45mode2upqxli_xli%5D-435">[418]</a> In his book The American City: What Works, What Doesn't, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Garvin" title="Alexander Garvin">Alexander Garvin</a> wrote Minneapolis built "the best-located, best-financed, best-designed, and best-maintained public open space in America".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarvin201375-436">[419]</a> Cleveland lobbied for a park on the riverfront to include the city's other waterfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200844%E2%80%9346-437">[420]</a> In 1889, <a href="/wiki/George_A._Brackett" title="George A. Brackett">George A. Brackett</a> arranged financing, and his associate Henry Brown paid the state to cover the condemnation of surrounding land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200846-438">[421]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minnehaha_Park_(Minneapolis)" title="Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis)">Minnehaha Park</a>, containing the 53-foot (16 m) waterfall <a href="/wiki/Minnehaha_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnehaha Falls">Minnehaha Falls</a>, is one of Minnesota's first state parks.<a href="#cite_note-MRP-439">[422]</a> The falls became what historian Mary Lethert Wingerd calls a "civic emblem" that appears on products and in placenames.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010352%E2%80%93353-440">[423]</a> The city's parks are governed and operated by the independent <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a> <a href="/wiki/Park_district" title="Park district">park district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ParkCharter-441">[424]</a> Beyond its network of 185 neighborhood parks,<a href="#cite_note-442">[425]</a> the park board owns the city's street trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008xi"The_public_spirit_of_those_who_envisioned_the_future_also_made_sure_Minneapolis_was_a_city_of_trees._Often_lost_in_consideration_of_the_city's_parks_is_that,_from_the_very_early_days_of_the_Minneapolis_park_board,_it_has_been_responsible_for_planting_and_maintaining_street_trees"_443-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008xi%22The_public_spirit_of_those_who_envisioned_the_future_also_made_sure_Minneapolis_was_a_city_of_trees._Often_lost_in_consideration_of_the_city's_parks_is_that,_from_the_very_early_days_of_the_Minneapolis_park_board,_it_has_been_responsible_for_planting_and_maintaining_street_trees%22-443">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[r]</a> The board owns nearly all land that borders the city's waterfronts—thus the public owns the city's lakeshore property.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008x"The_first_thing_that_most_visitors_notice_about_Minneapolis_parks_is_one_of_the_unique_features_of_the_city:_nearly_every_foot_of_land_that_borders_water,_other_than_stretches_of_the_Mississippi_River_banks_north_of_Broadway,_is_owned_by_the_park_board."_and_"This_extraordinary_fact_of_public_life_in_Minneapolis,_that_the_people_own_the_waterways..."_446-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008x%22The_first_thing_that_most_visitors_notice_about_Minneapolis_parks_is_one_of_the_unique_features_of_the_city:_nearly_every_foot_of_land_that_borders_water,_other_than_stretches_of_the_Mississippi_River_banks_north_of_Broadway,_is_owned_by_the_park_board.%22_and_%22This_extraordinary_fact_of_public_life_in_Minneapolis,_that_the_people_own_the_waterways...%22-446">[428]</a> The park board owns land outside the city limits including its largest park, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Wirth_Park" title="Theodore Wirth Park">Theodore Wirth Park</a>—sitting west of downtown Minneapolis and partly in Golden Valley—which incorporates the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-447">[429]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Group paddling a canoe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1071"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif.jpg" data-alt="Group paddling a canoe" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Canoeing_by_the_Franklin_Avenue_Bridge_in_Minneapolis.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canoeing on the Mississippi</figcaption></figure> As of 2020, approximately 15 percent of land in Minneapolis is parks, in accordance with the national median, and 98 percent of residents live within one-half mile (0.8 km) of a park.<a href="#cite_note-TPL-448">[430]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Lakes_(Minneapolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of Lakes (Minneapolis)">Chain of Lakes</a> extends through five lakes in southwest Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-chain-449">[431]</a> The chain is connected by bicycle, running, and walking paths and is used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, ice skating, and other activities. A parkway for cars, a <a href="/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregated cycle facilities">bikeway</a> for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians<a href="#cite_note-450">[432]</a> run parallel along the 51-mile (82 km) route of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rounds_National_Scenic_Byway" title="Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway">Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-451">[433]</a> Parks are interlinked in many places, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Mississippi National River and Recreation Area">Mississippi National River and Recreation Area</a> connects regional parks and visitor centers.<a href="#cite_note-452">[434]</a> Among walks and hikes running along the Mississippi River, the five-mile (8 km), hiking-only <a href="/wiki/Winchell_Trail" title="Winchell Trail">Winchell Trail</a> offers views of and access to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Gorge_Regional_Park" title="Mississippi Gorge Regional Park">Mississippi Gorge</a> and a rustic hiking experience.<a href="#cite_note-453">[435]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Aquatennial" title="Minneapolis Aquatennial">Minneapolis Aquatennial</a>, a civic celebration of the "City of Lakes", is held each July.<a href="#cite_note-454">[436]</a> Minneapolis's climate provides opportunities for winter activities such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">ice fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowshoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowshoeing">snowshoeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">sledding</a> at many parks and lakes.<a href="#cite_note-Park_Board_2021-455">[437]</a> As of 2024, the park board maintained 43 outdoor <a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">ice rinks</a> at 20 sites in winter.<a href="#cite_note-456">[438]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council" title="Minneapolis City Council">Minneapolis City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Minneapolis" title="Government of Minneapolis">Government of Minneapolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Police_Department" title="Minneapolis Police Department">Minneapolis Police Department</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Minneapolis" title="List of mayors of Minneapolis">List of mayors of Minneapolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_race_relations_and_policing_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_City_Hall_(42498885215).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Facade of Minneapolis City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3401" data-file-height="2478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg" data-alt="Facade of Minneapolis City Hall" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg/330px-Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg/440px-Minneapolis_City_Hall_%2842498885215%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Built between 1889 and 1906, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Hall" title="Minneapolis City Hall">Minneapolis City Hall</a> (seen from <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Minneapolis#The_People's_Plaza" title="Occupy Minneapolis">The People's Plaza</a>) is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett200741-457">[439]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a> (DFL), affiliated with the national <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, is the dominant political force in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-458">[440]</a> The city has not elected a <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Republican Party">Republican</a> mayor since 1975.<a href="#cite_note-459">[441]</a> At the federal level, Minneapolis is in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">Minnesota's 5th congressional district</a>, which has been represented by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a> since 2018. Both of Minnesota's US senators, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Tina Smith</a>, are Democrats who were elected or appointed while residing in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-460">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Frey" title="Jacob Frey">Jacob Frey</a>, a former city council member, was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Minneapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Minneapolis">mayor of Minneapolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/2017_Minneapolis_mayoral_election" title="2017 Minneapolis mayoral election">2017</a> and re-elected in <a href="/wiki/2021_Minneapolis_mayoral_election" title="2021 Minneapolis mayoral election">2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-462">[444]</a> The city conducts its municipal elections using <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, which was first implemented ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Minneapolis_municipal_election" title="2009 Minneapolis municipal election">2009 elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Regan-463">[445]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council" title="Minneapolis City Council">Minneapolis City Council</a> has 13 members who represent the city's 13 wards.<a href="#cite_note-464">[446]</a> In 2021, a <a href="/wiki/2021_Minneapolis_municipal_election#Question_1" title="2021 Minneapolis municipal election">ballot question</a> shifted more weight from the city council to the mayor; proponents had tried to achieve this change since the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-nathanson-465">[447]</a> The mayor and city council now share responsibility for the city's finances.<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-466">[448]</a> The city's primary source of funding is property tax.<a href="#cite_note-467">[449]</a> A sales tax of 9.03 percent<a href="#cite_note-468">[450]</a> on purchases made within the city is a combination of the city sales tax of 0.50 percent, along with county, state, and special district taxes.<a href="#cite_note-469">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[452]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Park and Recreation Board</a> is an independent city department with nine elected commissioners who levy their own taxes, subject to city charter limits.<a href="#cite_note-ParkCharter-441">[424]</a> The Board of Estimation and Taxation, which oversees city levies, is also an independent department.<a href="#cite_note-471">[453]</a> The mayoral reform ballot measure led to four direct reports to the mayor—two officers, the city attorney, and the chief of staff—and the creation of two new offices.<a href="#cite_note-structure-472">[454]</a> The Office of Public Service is led by the city operations officer. The Minneapolis departments of civil rights and public works report to the office which oversees communications and engagement; development, health, and livability; and internal operations. The Office of Community Safety has a single commissioner responsible for overseeing the police and fire departments, 911 dispatch, emergency management, and violence prevention;<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim-473">[455]</a> within this office, four emergency response units serve the city: <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Crisis_Response" title="Behavioral Crisis Response">Behavioral Crisis Response</a> (BCR), fire, emergency medical services, and police.<a href="#cite_note-bcr-474">[456]</a> Canopy Mental Health & Consulting, also known as Canopy Roots, operates BCR free of charge<a href="#cite_note-bcr-474">[456]</a> to respond to crises and some 911 calls that do not require police.<a href="#cite_note-475">[457]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A half-dozen officers guarding police station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg" data-alt="A half-dozen officers guarding police station" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg/330px-Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg/440px-Minneapolis_Police_guarding_3rd_Precinct_May_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Police guard the third precinct the day before it was burned down during the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> in 2020, about 166 police officers left of their own accord either to retirement or to temporary leave—many with <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a><a href="#cite_note-476">[458]</a>—and a crime wave resulted in more than 500 shootings.<a href="#cite_note-477">[459]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> investigation found that killings surged when a "hands-off" attitude resulted in fewer officer-initiated encounters.<a href="#cite_note-478">[460]</a> After Floyd's murder, chiefs reprimanded a dozen officers for misconduct,<a href="#cite_note-479">[461]</a> and as of early 2024, the city had paid out $50 million for police conduct claims.<a href="#cite_note-480">[462]</a> In 2024 came approval of an independent monitor of a court-enforceable <a href="/wiki/Consent_decree" title="Consent decree">consent decree</a>, an agreement negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Human_Rights" title="Minnesota Department of Human Rights">Minnesota Department of Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> to compel reformed policing practices.<a href="#cite_note-481">[463]</a> Violent crime rose three percent across Minneapolis in July 2022 compared with 2021,<a href="#cite_note-482">[464]</a> and in 2020, it rose 21 percent compared to the average of the previous five years.<a href="#cite_note-JanyFeb2021-483">[465]</a> Violent crime was down for 2022 in every category except assaults. Carjackings, gunshots fired, gunshot wounds, and robberies decreased, and homicides were down 20 percent compared to the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-484">[466]</a> In 2015, the city council passed a resolution making <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">fossil fuel divestment</a> city policy,<a href="#cite_note-485">[467]</a> joining 17 cities worldwide in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Neutral_Cities_Alliance" title="Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance">Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance</a>. Minneapolis's <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate plan</a> calls for an 80-percent reduction in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-486">[468]</a> In 2021, the city council voted unanimously to abolish its required minimum number of parking spaces for new construction.<a href="#cite_note-487">[469]</a> Minneapolis has a separation ordinance that directs local law-enforcement officers not to "take any law enforcement action" for the sole purpose of finding <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented immigrant">undocumented immigrants</a>, nor to ask an individual about their immigration status.<a href="#cite_note-488">[470]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3></div> In 1834, volunteer missionaries <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Hollister_Pond" title="Gideon Hollister Pond">Gideon and Samuel Pond</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[471]</a> sought permission for their work from the US Indian agency at Fort Snelling.<a href="#cite_note-490">[472]</a> They taught new farming techniques and their Christian religion to Chief <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Man" title="Cloud Man">Cloud Man</a> and his Dakota community on the east shore of Bde Maka Ska.<a href="#cite_note-religion-315">[299]</a> That year, J. D. Stevens and the Ponds built an Indian mission near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Harriet_(Minnesota)" title="Lake Harriet (Minnesota)">Lake Harriet</a>, which was the first educational institution in the Minneapolis area.<a href="#cite_note-religion-315">[299]</a> In the treaty of 1837, the US promised payment to the Dakota, but instead gave the monies to the missionaries earmarked for education, and in protest, fewer than ten Dakota students attended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemmons2005181-491">[473]</a> After more settlers moved to the area, ten school buildings served nearly 4,000 students by 1874. The district had more than one hundred schools when enrollment peaked at 90,000 students in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-492">[474]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Man teaching a full classroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg/220px-Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg/220px-Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg" data-alt="Man teaching a full classroom" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg/330px-Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg/440px-Bakken_outreach_at_Emerson-2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dual language science outreach at <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools#Elementary_schools_(K%E2%80%935)" title="Minneapolis Public Schools">Emerson</a>, one of nine<a href="#cite_note-493">[475]</a> magnet elementary schools</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools" title="Minneapolis Public Schools">Minneapolis Public Schools</a> has room for 45,000 students and enrolled about 28,500 <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> students as of 2024,<a href="#cite_note-494">[476]</a> in more than fifty schools, divided between community and <a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">magnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whitler-495">[477]</a> As of 2023, enrollment was declining about 1.5 percent per year, and approximately 60 percent of school age children attended district schools.<a href="#cite_note-496">[478]</a> The city offered two reasons for the decline: a dwindling number of children lived in the city since 2020 and, accounting for one-fifth of the decline, the climbing popularity of charter schools and open enrollment.<a href="#cite_note-497">[479]</a> Many students enrolled in alternatives such as charter schools, of which the city had 28 as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-498">[480]</a> By state law, charter schools are open to all students and are tuition-free.<a href="#cite_note-499">[481]</a> In 2022, about 1200 at-risk students attended district alternative schools that offered them better outcomes than traditional schools.<a href="#cite_note-500">[482]</a> For the 2022–2023 school year, 368 students were <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooled</a> in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-501">[483]</a> School district demographics were 41 percent White students, 35 percent Black, 14 percent Hispanic, and 5 percent each were Asian and Native American.<a href="#cite_note-MPS-502">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/English-language_learner" title="English-language learner">English-language learners</a> were about 17 percent<a href="#cite_note-MPS-502">[484]</a> in a district that spoke 100 languages at home.<a href="#cite_note-503">[485]</a> About 15 percent were <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> students.<a href="#cite_note-MPS-502">[484]</a> As of fall 2023, every public school student in the state receives one free breakfast and one free lunch each school day.<a href="#cite_note-504">[486]</a> In 2022, the district's graduation rate was 77 percent, an improvement of 3 percent over the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-505">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Colleges_and_Universities_system" title="Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system">Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="striking geometric metallic building in front of more traditional ones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg/220px-Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="658"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg/220px-Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg" data-alt="striking geometric metallic building in front of more traditional ones" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg/330px-Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg/440px-Weisman-University_of_Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> teaching <a href="/wiki/Weisman_Art_Museum" title="Weisman Art Museum">art museum</a>, teaching <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Minnesota Medical Center">hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffman_Memorial_Union" title="Coffman Memorial Union">student union</a> (left to right)</figcaption></figure> Headquartered in Minneapolis, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> Twin Cities campus enrolled more than 54,000 students in 2023–2024.<a href="#cite_note-506">[488]</a> College rankings in 2024 place the school in the range of 44th<a href="#cite_note-Shanghai-507">[489]</a> to 203rd for academics worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-THE-508">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-QS-509">[491]</a> <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> found a decline in rank over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-QS-509">[491]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Shanghai</a> found excellence in ecology and library and information science.<a href="#cite_note-Shanghai-507">[489]</a> Among the 2,250 schools <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> compared in its 2024–2025 best global universities rankings, the University of Minnesota tied with <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> at 63rd.<a href="#cite_note-USNews-510">[492]</a> The school has unusual autonomy that has existed in Minnesota since 1858, when the state constitution included the provision that <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> are in control, independent of city government.<a href="#cite_note-511">[493]</a> Founded in 1851<a href="#cite_note-QS-509">[491]</a> and closed in its first decade for lack of funding, the University of Minnesota was revived under the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Acts" title="Morrill Land-Grant Acts">Morrill Act of 1862</a> using land taken from the Dakota people.<a href="#cite_note-morillgrant-512">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[s]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_University" title="Augsburg University">Augsburg University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Minneapolis College of Art and Design">Minneapolis College of Art and Design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Central_University" title="North Central University">North Central University</a> are private four-year colleges; the first two offer master's programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Princeton_Review201449,_490,_538-516">[497]</a> The public two-year <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Community_and_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Community and Technical College">Minneapolis Community and Technical College</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[498]</a> and the private <a href="/wiki/Dunwoody_College_of_Technology" title="Dunwoody College of Technology">Dunwoody College of Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[499]</a> provide career training and associate degrees, and the latter offers a bachelor's program. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University_of_Minnesota" title="Saint Mary's University of Minnesota">Saint Mary's University of Minnesota</a> has a Twin Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Princeton_Review2014655-519">[500]</a> Opening a new Minneapolis site in 2024, <a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Nation_College" title="Red Lake Nation College">Red Lake Nation College</a> is an accredited federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Tribal_colleges_and_universities" title="Tribal colleges and universities">tribal college</a> site that teaches <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> culture and awards associate degrees.<a href="#cite_note-520">[501]</a> The large, principally <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">online universities</a> <a href="/wiki/Capella_University" title="Capella University">Capella University</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[502]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walden_University_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walden University (Minnesota)">Walden University</a><a href="#cite_note-522">[503]</a> are both headquartered in the city. The public four-year <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_State_University" title="Metropolitan State University">Metropolitan State University</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[504]</a> and the private four-year <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)" title="University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)">University of St. Thomas</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[505]</a> are post-secondary institutions based elsewhere that have campuses in Minneapolis. The city has more than twenty-five licensed career schools.<a href="#cite_note-525">[506]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Media in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Media in Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a></div> As of March 2024, Minnesota Newspaper Association members who publish in Minneapolis include Insight News, <a href="/wiki/Finance_%26_Commerce" title="Finance & Commerce">Finance & Commerce</a>, Longfellow Nokomis Messenger, <a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals#List_of_publications" title="American City Business Journals">Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Spokesman-Recorder" title="Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder">Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Women%27s_Press" title="Minnesota Women's Press">Minnesota Women's Press</a>, North News, Northeaster, Southwest Connector, <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>, and St. Paul – Midway Como Frogtown Monitor.<a href="#cite_note-MNA-526">[507]</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Prensa_de_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="La Prensa de Minnesota">La Prensa de Minnesota</a>,<a href="#cite_note-527">[508]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vida_y_Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vida y Sabor">Vida y Sabor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-528">[509]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_American_Jewish_World" title="The American Jewish World">The American Jewish World</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[510]</a> are published in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2016298-530">[511]</a> Other papers are Southwest Voices,<a href="#cite_note-531">[512]</a> Streets.mn,<a href="#cite_note-532">[513]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bring_Me_The_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Bring Me The News">Bring Me The News</a>,<a href="#cite_note-533">[514]</a> <a href="/wiki/Racket_(Minnesota)" title="Racket (Minnesota)">Racket</a>,<a href="#cite_note-534">[515]</a> <a href="/wiki/MinnPost" title="MinnPost">MinnPost</a>,<a href="#cite_note-535">[516]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Daily" title="Minnesota Daily">Minnesota Daily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-536">[517]</a> Media Tales called Minnesota a "plentiful" source of national <a href="/wiki/Trade_magazine" title="Trade magazine">trade magazines</a>; companies in Minneapolis publish Foodservice News and <a href="/wiki/Franchise_Times" title="Franchise Times">Franchise Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerO'Meara200786-537">[518]</a> Some other magazines published in the city are American Craft;<a href="#cite_note-538">[519]</a> business publications Enterprise Minnesota<a href="#cite_note-539">[520]</a> and Twin Cities Business;<a href="#cite_note-540">[521]</a> the literary journal <a href="/wiki/Rain_Taxi" title="Rain Taxi">Rain Taxi</a>;<a href="#cite_note-541">[522]</a> university student publications Great River Review,<a href="#cite_note-542">[523]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Minnesota Journal of International Law">Minnesota Journal of International Law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-543">[524]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Law_Review" title="Minnesota Law Review">Minnesota Law Review</a>;<a href="#cite_note-544">[525]</a> and professional magazines Architecture Minnesota,<a href="#cite_note-545">[526]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Bar_Association#Projects_and_publications" title="Minnesota State Bar Association">Bench & Bar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-546">[527]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Medical_Association#Publications" title="Minnesota Medical Association">Minnesota Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-547">[528]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings" title="Nielsen Holdings">Nielsen</a> found the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area to be the 15th-largest <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">designated market area</a> which is down from 14th in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-548">[529]</a> Of the 89 FM and 57 AM stations that can be heard in the city, 17 FM stations and 11 AM stations are licensed in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-549">[530]</a> The Twin Cities have 1,742,530 TV homes.<a href="#cite_note-550">[531]</a> <a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a> lists 151 TV channels for Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-551">[532]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Minnesota" title="Transportation in Minnesota">Transportation in Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_(Minnesota)" title="Metro (Minnesota)">Metro (Minnesota)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trails_in_Minneapolis" title="Trails in Minneapolis">Trails in Minneapolis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadium_Village_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Yellow and blue light rail train at a stop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadium_Village_station.jpg/220px-Stadium_Village_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1425"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadium_Village_station.jpg/220px-Stadium_Village_station.jpg" data-alt="Yellow and blue light rail train at a stop" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadium_Village_station.jpg/330px-Stadium_Village_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadium_Village_station.jpg/440px-Stadium_Village_station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Green Line train traveling from the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_Village_station" title="Stadium Village station">Stadium Village station</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Three agents converse on light rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg/220px-Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="2644"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg/220px-Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg" data-alt="Three agents converse on light rail" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg/330px-Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg/440px-Trip_Agents-Metro_Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)" title="Metro Transit (Minnesota)">Metro Transit</a> trip agents on the Blue Line in 2024</figcaption></figure> For all trips by all members of a household in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_(Minnesota)" title="Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)">Metropolitan Council</a> data showed that the most common means of transportation was driving alone (40 percent), the least common was bicycling (3 percent), and others were carpooling (28 percent), walking (16 percent), and public transit (13 percent). The city's goal is that by 2030, 60 percent of trips are taken without a car, or 35 percent by walking and biking and 25 percent by transit. The city aims to reduce vehicle miles traveled by 1.8 percent per year.<a href="#cite_note-552">[533]</a> A division of the Metropolitan Council, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)" title="Metro Transit (Minnesota)">Metro Transit</a> operates public transportation in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-553">[534]</a> As of 2023, the system has two <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> lines, five <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) lines, and one <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-transitfacts-554">[535]</a> A fleet of 736 buses serves 10,745 bus stops.<a href="#cite_note-transitfacts-554">[535]</a> As of 2021, riders of Metro Transit system-wide were 55 percent persons of color.<a href="#cite_note-transitfacts-554">[535]</a> The system provided nearly 45 million rides in 2023, a sixteen-percent increase over the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-Rantala-555">[536]</a> In 2023, bus service had returned to 90 percent of its ridership before the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-Rantala-555">[536]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metro_Blue_Line_(Minnesota)" title="Metro Blue Line (Minnesota)">Metro Blue Line</a> light rail line connects the <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport">Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington</a> to downtown,<a href="#cite_note-556">[537]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Line (Minnesota)">Green Line</a> travels from downtown through the University of Minnesota campus to downtown <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-557">[538]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bottineau_LRT" title="Bottineau LRT">Blue Line extension</a> to the northwest suburbs is scheduled to be built and completed by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-558">[539]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Southwest_LRT" title="Southwest LRT">Green Line extension</a> is planned to connect downtown with the southwestern suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-560">[t]</a> BRT lines are 25 percent faster than regular bus lines because riders pay before boarding, stops are limited, and sometimes they employ signal prioritization.<a href="#cite_note-Brey-561">[541]</a> The newest BRT line, the D Line, runs along one of Minnesota's most used bus lines, the 18-mile (29 km) route 5, where a quarter of households do not have access to a car.<a href="#cite_note-Brey-561">[541]</a> The 40-mile (64 km) <a href="/wiki/Northstar_Line" title="Northstar Line">Northstar Commuter rail</a> runs from <a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Minnesota" title="Big Lake, Minnesota">Big Lake, Minnesota</a>, to downtown Minneapolis. Commuter rides decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and as of 2023, service cut back to four from twelve daily trips.<a href="#cite_note-562">[542]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Cyclist waiting at a stoplight in the snow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg/220px-Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg/220px-Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg" data-alt="Cyclist waiting at a stoplight in the snow." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg/330px-Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg/440px-Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A cyclist in winter</figcaption></figure> Hundreds of homeless people nightly sought shelter on Green Line trains until overnight service was cut back in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-563">[543]</a> Short more than a hundred police officers, in 2022, the Metro Council hired community groups to help police light rail stations; these non-profits can guide passengers to mental health services and shelters.<a href="#cite_note-MooreLRT-564">[544]</a> In partnership with a private security company in 2024, Metro Transit improved security and safety with 24 trip agents who ride the light rail lines each day and work with transit police and community officers.<a href="#cite_note-565">[545]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/I-35W_Mississippi_River_bridge" title="I-35W Mississippi River bridge">Interstate 35W bridge</a> over the Mississippi, which was overloaded with 300 short tons (270,000 kg) of repair materials, collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 145. The <a href="/wiki/I-35W_Saint_Anthony_Falls_Bridge" title="I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge">bridge was rebuilt</a> in 14 months.<a href="#cite_note-566">[546]</a> Evie Carshare, owned by Minneapolis and Saint Paul since 2022, is a fleet of 145 electric cars available for one-way trips in a 35-square-mile (91 km2) area of the Twin Cities.<a href="#cite_note-567">[547]</a> In warm weather, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(transportation_company)" title="Lime (transportation company)">Lime</a> and Veo have shared electric bikes and scooters for rent at sixty mobility hubs located on transit lines; riders may end their trip anywhere in the city.<a href="#cite_note-568">[548]</a> Minneapolis has 16 miles (26 km) of on-street protected bikeways, 98 miles (158 km) of bike lanes, and 101 miles (163 km) of off-street bikeways and trails.<a href="#cite_note-569">[549]</a> Off-street facilities include the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rounds_National_Scenic_Byway" title="Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway">Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Greenway" title="Midtown Greenway">Midtown Greenway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Earth_Trail" title="Little Earth Trail">Little Earth Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha_LRT_Trail" title="Hiawatha LRT Trail">Hiawatha LRT Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_Trail" title="Kenilworth Trail">Kenilworth Trail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Lake_Trail" title="Cedar Lake Trail">Cedar Lake Trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-570">[550]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Skyway_System" title="Minneapolis Skyway System">Minneapolis Skyway System</a>, 9.5 miles (15.3 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called <a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">skyways</a>, links 80 city blocks downtown with access to second-floor restaurants, retailers, government, sports facilities, doctor's offices, and other businesses that are open on weekdays.<a href="#cite_note-571">[551]</a> Fifteen commercial passenger airlines serve <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport">Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport</a> (MSP).<a href="#cite_note-572">[552]</a> MSP is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines" title="Sun Country Airlines">Sun Country Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSP-573">[553]</a> After it merged with <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a> in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> flew 80 percent of the airport's traffic,<a href="#cite_note-574">[554]</a> and MSP was Delta's second-largest US hub.<a href="#cite_note-575">[555]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services_and_utilities">Services and utilities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Woman in uniform on Marquette Av downtown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG/150px-Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG/150px-Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG" data-alt="Woman in uniform on Marquette Av downtown" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG/225px-Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG/300px-Minneapolis_DID_Ambassador.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Downtown Improvement District ambassador</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy" title="Xcel Energy">Xcel Energy</a> supplies electricity,<a href="#cite_note-CEP-576">[556]</a> and <a href="/wiki/CenterPoint_Energy" title="CenterPoint Energy">CenterPoint Energy</a> provides gas.<a href="#cite_note-CEP-576">[556]</a> The water supply is managed by four <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> districts that correspond with the Mississippi and three streams that are river tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-577">[557]</a> The city has nineteen <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire stations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-578">[558]</a> Requests for non-emergency information or service requests can be made through Minneapolis <a href="/wiki/3-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="3-1-1">311</a>. The call center operates in English, Spanish, Hmong, and Somali, and offers 220 language options.<a href="#cite_note-579">[559]</a> Email, TTY, text, voice, and a mobile app can access the center.<a href="#cite_note-580">[560]</a> The Minneapolis department of public works is responsible for services including snow plowing, solid waste removal, traffic and parking, water treatment, transportation planning and maintenance, and fleet services for the city.<a href="#cite_note-581">[561]</a> Among its engineering functions, the department was increasing the capacity of a 4,200-foot (1,300 m) <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm water tunnel</a> system 80 feet (24 m) under Washington to Chicago avenues and had completed 97 percent of the excavation phase and 41 percent of the lining phase as of August 2023.<a href="#cite_note-582">[562]</a> Designed for downtown's concrete landscape, the system will drain runoff into the Mississippi in case of a <a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year storm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vue-583">[563]</a> Downtown Improvement District ambassadors, who are identified by their blue-and-green-yellow fluorescent jackets, daily patrol a 120-block area of downtown to greet and assist visitors, remove trash, monitor property, and call police when they are needed. The ambassador program is a <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">public-private partnership</a> that is paid for by a special downtown tax district.<a href="#cite_note-584">[564]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota">COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota#Economy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota">COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota § Economy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:051907-003-HCMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Four-story building seen from across the street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/051907-003-HCMC.jpg/220px-051907-003-HCMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/051907-003-HCMC.jpg/220px-051907-003-HCMC.jpg" data-alt="Four-story building seen from across the street" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/051907-003-HCMC.jpg/330px-051907-003-HCMC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/051907-003-HCMC.jpg/440px-051907-003-HCMC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County_Medical_Center" title="Hennepin County Medical Center">Hennepin County Medical Center</a> has the state's busiest emergency room.<a href="#cite_note-585">[565]</a></figcaption></figure> Hennepin County Medical Center, a public <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Level_I_trauma_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Level I trauma center">Level I trauma center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HH-586">[566]</a> opened in 1887 as City Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-587">[567]</a> The city is also served by <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Northwestern_Hospital" title="Abbott Northwestern Hospital">Abbott Northwestern Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Minnesota" title="Children's Minnesota">Children's Minnesota</a>, and University of Minnesota and veterans medical centers.<a href="#cite_note-588">[568]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a> was developed at the University of Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/M_Health_Fairview_University_of_Minnesota_Masonic_Children%27s_Hospital#History" title="M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital">Variety Club Heart Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey2001p._59-589">[569]</a> Surgeon <a href="/wiki/F._John_Lewis" title="F. John Lewis">F. John Lewis</a> successfully repaired a child's <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">congenital heart defect</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss2005S2210-590">[570]</a> By 1957, more than 200 patients—most of whom were children—had survived open-heart surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey2001p._61-591">[571]</a> Working with surgeon <a href="/wiki/C._Walton_Lillehei" title="C. Walton Lillehei">C. Walton Lillehei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medtronic" title="Medtronic">Medtronic</a> began to build portable and implantable <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">cardiac pacemakers</a> about this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffrey2001p._65-592">[572]</a> In 2022, opioid overdoses killed 231 persons in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-cityopioids-593">[573]</a> For the state in 2021, Black persons were three times and Native American persons were ten times more likely to die from an opioid overdose than White persons.<a href="#cite_note-594">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-596">[u]</a> The 2024 city budget added funds for the Turning Point treatment center, which provides care specifically for African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-budget2004-209">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Band_of_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lake Band of Chippewa">Red Lake Band of Chippewa</a> is building a culturally sensitive treatment center for opioid and fentanyl addiction. Minneapolis transferred two city-owned properties to the Red Lake Nation for the facility.<a href="#cite_note-597">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-598">[577]</a> The Mashkiki Waakaa'igan Pharmacy—funded by the <a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a>—dispenses free prescription drugs and culturally sensitive care to members of any federally recognized tribes living in Hennepin and Ramsey counties, regardless of insurance status.<a href="#cite_note-KFF-599">[578]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Minneapolis" title="List of people from Minneapolis">List of people from Minneapolis</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Minneapolis's <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> are:<a href="#cite_note-600">[579]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bosaso" title="Bosaso">Bosaso</a>, Somalia (2014)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, Mexico (2008)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a>, Kenya (2000)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China (1992)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka" title="Ibaraki, Osaka">Ibaraki</a>, Japan (1980)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, Finland (1972)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, Iraq (2009)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, Russia (1988)</li> 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Minneapolis–Saint Paul)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/MplsAmEng.ogg\/MplsAmEng.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"MplsAmEng.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/MplsAmEng.ogg/MplsAmEng.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:MplsAmEng.ogg" title="File:MplsAmEng.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MIN-ee-AP-ə-liss</a>)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Because President Thomas Jefferson had not authorized Pike's trip, which was made at the behest of <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>, the new governor of the Louisiana territory, Pike did not have the authority to make a treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202214-32">[31]</a> Pike valued the land at $200,000 ($4.2 million in 2024)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> in his journal but omitted the value in Article 2 of the treaty. Pike gave the chiefs 60 US gallons (230 L) of liquor and $200 ($4,200 in 2024)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> in gifts at the signing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012141-33">[32]</a> In 1808, the US Senate authorized one hundredth of Pike's estimate and added acreage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012141-33">[32]</a> paying $2,000 ($41,996 in 2024)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> for the land in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202213-34">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> In the 1851 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Treaty of Traverse des Sioux">Treaty of Traverse des Sioux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mendota" title="Treaty of Mendota">Treaty of Mendota</a>, the US took all Dakota land west of the Mississippi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000108-42">[40]</a> about 24 million acres (97,000 km2),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012182-43">[41]</a> in exchange for a 10-mile (16 km) wide reservation on the Minnesota River<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolwell1921%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofminneso02folwpage216_216%5D-44">[42]</a> and about $3 million ($113 million in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> After expenses, the Dakota were promised fifty years of annuities in goods<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012171-45">[43]</a> and interest on $1,360,000 ($51.4 million in 2024) and $1,410,000 ($53.3 million in 2024);<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-12">[12]</a> the US kept the principal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201930-46">[44]</a> The Dakota could not read English, and their interpreters worked for the US.<a href="#cite_note-MNtreaties-41">[39]</a> In Mendota, negotiator <a href="/wiki/Wacouta_I" title="Wacouta I">Wakute</a> said he feared signing a treaty because the prior treaty was changed from the one he had signed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20125,_188-47">[45]</a> Indeed, the US Congress ratified amendments after the fact, and refused to consider payment unless the Dakota agreed to their new terms—in 1852 Congress struck the reservation from the final treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010197-48">[46]</a> Negotiators <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs#Commissioners_and_assistant_secretaries" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Luke Lea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> had promised the Dakota they would prosper, and they rushed the transaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010189%E2%80%93192-49">[47]</a> The chiefs were asked to sign a third paper in 1851—onlookers assumed it was a third copy of the treaty<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012180%E2%80%93181-50">[48]</a>—that Ramsey later declared was a "solemn acknowledgment" of the Dakota's debt to traders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012191-51">[49]</a> Ramsey, as territorial governor, enforced the trader's paper, distributing the monies to himself, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry Sibley</a>, and their friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201932%E2%80%9333-52">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Part of the delay was a month's indecision in the US Treasury about appropriating gold or greenbacks and in Congress, which was preoccupied with Civil War finance. Gold arrived in the region just a few hours after settlers had been killed and war had begun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolwell1921237%E2%80%93238-57">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> General<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010312-65">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry Sibley</a> rushed to complete the trials before winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019225-66">[62]</a> Trials were held from late September<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019217-67">[63]</a> through early November 1862, in central Minnesota west of Minneapolis;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019225-66">[62]</a> on each day up to forty-three men stood trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019225-66">[62]</a> The Dakota men were without counsel, rarely spoke English, in some cases trials proceeded without witnesses, and no time was made for cross-examination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019228-68">[64]</a> Historian Gary Clayton Anderson says, "In 90 percent of the trials, the entire event lasted only a minute or two...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019228-68">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Sibley appointed a commission of men thought later to be biased to hear the trials and planned to carry out executions immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010313-70">[65]</a> Of 400 Dakota, 303 were sentenced to death, 20 were sentenced to prison, 69 were acquitted, and 8 were released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010314-71">[66]</a> When his superior Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(general)" title="John Pope (general)">John Pope</a> reported the commission's findings to President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> he had realized only the president can authorize executions. Historian Mary Lethert Wingerd writes that Lincoln and members of his cabinet were "taken aback" by the number of condemned and the irregular proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010316-72">[67]</a> Lincoln then ordered a <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay of execution</a> until he could review the trial transcripts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010316-72">[67]</a> Minnesotans wanted revenge and many were outraged at the stay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010318-73">[68]</a> Lincoln was under pressure from Minnesotans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010319-74">[69]</a> and wrote that he wished to avoid cruelty and to discourage another outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-MNHStrials-75">[70]</a> He first decided that only rapists would be hanged, but only 2 Dakota met that condition. Then with the help of his lawyers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019251-76">[71]</a> Wingerd writes that Lincoln "reluctantly"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010319-74">[69]</a> ordered that 39 men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019253-77">[72]</a> would be hanged; these men had been convicted of murdering civilians. One received a last minute reprieve.<a href="#cite_note-MNHStrials-75">[70]</a> Minnesotans participated in lynch mobs and vigilantism against the Dakota, both condemned and friendly—2 men died of injuries sustained during attacks on Sibley's wagon train that took them to <a href="/wiki/Mankato" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankato">Mankato</a>. Command transferred to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(Minnesota_governor)" title="Stephen Miller (Minnesota governor)">Stephen Miller</a> who oversaw the executions—he declared martial law and banned alcohol for the 4,000 spectators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010324,_326-78">[73]</a> The Dakota were reportedly cheerful as they walked to their deaths; a journalist wrote, "No equal number ever approached the gallows with greater courage, and more perfect determination to prove how little death can be feared".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327-79">[74]</a> After what was the largest mass execution in US history,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019262-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327-79">[74]</a> Minnesota officials discovered that in their haste, they had hanged 2 innocent men.<a href="#cite_note-MNHStrials-75">[70]</a> Nearly all the men's bodies were dug up from their graves within 24 hours, some for trophies but most by physicians who wanted cadavers to dissect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327,_328-81">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> The University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online requires a Dakota font to read special characters.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Here, Dakota to Latin alphabet transliteration is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Lerner_Publishing_Group" title="Lerner Publishing Group">Lerner Publishing</a> in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmererSmith2022302-91">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Atwater" title="Isaac Atwater">Atwater</a>'s history, Baldwin gives the Sioux word as Minne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1893a39-93">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Return_Riggs" title="Stephen Return Riggs">Riggs</a> gives mini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggs1992314-94">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Poage_Williamson" title="John Poage Williamson">Williamson</a> who was most familiar with <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Santee</a> has Mini, and in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Yankton</a> dialect, mni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1992257-95">[88]</a> Here, mni is from the University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> "Minneapolis would be the nation's flour capital for 50 years." and "Begun in 1848, timber milling had lasted for almost 50 years."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnfinsonMadiganForsbergNunnally2003-102">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Soldiers from Fort Snelling built a <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> in 1820, and a <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">gristmill</a> in 1823, on the west bank near the falls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison196618-100">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1987165-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[i]</a> The city's first commercial sawmill was built in 1848, and the first commercial gristmill in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGras1922300%E2%80%93301-104">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> In 1928, Washburn-Crosby merged with other local millers and changed its name to General Mills to reflect a wider product base including convenience foods like <a href="/wiki/Wheaties" title="Wheaties">Wheaties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003283-128">[118]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Minneapolis experienced the largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> plan undertaken in the US as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minneapolis&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022128-170">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> In a 1975 article, reporter John Carman said the city's highest point is 967 feet (295 m) at Deming Heights Park in the <a href="/wiki/Waite_Park,_Minneapolis" title="Waite Park, Minneapolis">Waite Park</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a> lists the highest elevation as 980 feet (300 m) but does not give a location.<a href="#cite_note-usgs_elevations-198">[186]</a> Geography professor John Tichy said the highest point is the site of Waite Park Elementary School at approximately 985 feet (300 m) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a> All of the cited sources that list locations say the highest point is within the <a href="/wiki/Northeast,_Minneapolis" title="Northeast, Minneapolis">Northeast</a> section of the city. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at the said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Official records for Minneapolis/Saint Paul were kept by the Saint Paul Signal Service in that city from January 1871 to December 1890, the Minneapolis Weather Bureau from January 1891 to April 8, 1938, and at Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (KMSP) since April 9, 1938.<a href="#cite_note-227">[213]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Separately, Myers describes how the Minneapolis police department's adoption of CODEFOR in 1998 increased policing in areas of Minneapolis that were disproportionately non-White, with dual results: "Minority residents are afforded improved safety and law enforcement services; minority offenders unsurprisingly may be disproportionately apprehended for relatively minor transgressions in order to achieve the higher levels of safety."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2002-309">[294]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> The Minnesota Opera has offices in Minneapolis and performs in Saint Paul.<a href="#cite_note-CBSMNopera-364">[348]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> Minneapolis had planted more than 200,000 <a href="/wiki/American_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="American elm">American elms</a> on its streets and parks before <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a> was found in the city in 1963. By 1977, when the most were lost to the epidemic and the city began its control program, the Twin Cities had lost 192,000 elm trees to the disease, and more than 30,000 diseased trees were found in Minneapolis.<a href="#cite_note-444">[427]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> The Treaty of 1837 forced Dakota to make the largest land cession—all of their land east of the Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-513">[495]</a> Then the Dakota ceded more of their land in the Treaty of 1851.<a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya_2023_l546-514">[496]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> As of early 2024, the extension was nine years behind schedule and US$1.5 billion over budget.<a href="#cite_note-559">[540]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-596"><a href="#cite_ref-596">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sahan_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahan Journal">Sahan Journal</a> investigation covering the state from 2019 to 2023 found that "Native Americans were at least 15 times", Somali Minnesotans were twice as likely, and "Latino Minnesotans were 1.5 times" as likely to die from opioid overdoses than White persons.<a href="#cite_note-595">[575]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StPaul-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StPaul_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StPaul_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StPaul_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitsaintpaul.com/blog/tale-of-the-tape-saint-paul-vs-minneapolis/">"Saint Paul vs. Minneapolis"</a>. 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Retrieved January 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+2020+Census+Urban+Areas&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fgeography%2Fguidance%2Fgeo-areas%2Furban-rural.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Pop-10"><a href="#cite_ref-2020Pop_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"2020 Population and Housing State Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEA-GDP-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BEA-GDP_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BEA-GDP_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNV0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXV19">"CAGDP1 County and MSA gross domestic product (GDP) summary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis">U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240917095241/https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=70#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNV0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXV19">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAGDP1+County+and+MSA+gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+summary&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.bea.gov%2Fitable%2F%3FReqID%3D70%23eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNV0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXV19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-11">l</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722194213/http://www.ap.org/minnesota/prono.html">"Minnesota Pronunciation Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ap.org/minnesota/prono.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Pronunciation+Guide&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ap.org%2Fminnesota%2Fprono.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2021/metro/totals/cbsa-met-est2021-pop.xlsx">"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population in the United States and Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>. July 1, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093047/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2021/metro/totals/cbsa-met-est2021-pop.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population+in+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fpopest%2Ftables%2F2020-2021%2Fmetro%2Ftotals%2Fcbsa-met-est2021-pop.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sturdevant-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Sturdevant_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturdevant2012" class="citation news cs1">Sturdevant, Andy (September 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2012/09/tangletown-neighborhood-feels-its-name/">"Tangletown: a neighborhood that feels like its name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MinnPost" title="MinnPost">MinnPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031640/https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2012/09/tangletown-neighborhood-feels-its-name/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=Tangletown%3A+a+neighborhood+that+feels+like+its+name&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft.aulast=Sturdevant&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fstroll%2F2012%2F09%2Ftangletown-neighborhood-feels-its-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSfalls-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPSfalls_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSfalls_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/twingeol.htm">"Introduction to Twin Cities Geology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Mississippi National River and Recreation Area">Mississippi National River and Recreation Area</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Park Service">US National Park Service</a>. December 11, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511141837/https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/twingeol.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+National+River+and+Recreation+Area&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Twin+Cities+Geology&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmiss%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Ftwingeol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2015" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Derek (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/the-miracle-of-minneapolis/384975/">"The Miracle of Minneapolis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525073434/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/the-miracle-of-minneapolis/384975/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023. <q>By spreading the wealth to its poorest neighborhoods, the metro area provides more-equal services in low-income places, and keeps quality of life high just about everywhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Miracle+of+Minneapolis&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2015%2F03%2Fthe-miracle-of-minneapolis%2F384975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber20224"The_overarching_goal_is_to_take_what_may_be_the_most_significant_issue_facing_contemporary_Minneapolis—the_crippling_disparities_among_its_people,_exposed_to_the_world_in_2020,_after_the_murder_of_George_Floyd—and_present_a_history_that_examines_why_those_disparities_exist,_even_as_the_city_makes_a_legitimate_argument_for_itself_as_a_must-see_or_must-live_kind_of_place."-19'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber20224%22The_overarching_goal_is_to_take_what_may_be_the_most_significant_issue_facing_contemporary_Minneapolis%E2%80%94the_crippling_disparities_among_its_people,_exposed_to_the_world_in_2020,_after_the_murder_of_George_Floyd%E2%80%94and_present_a_history_that_examines_why_those_disparities_exist,_even_as_the_city_makes_a_legitimate_argument_for_itself_as_a_must-see_or_must-live_kind_of_place.%22_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, p. 4, "The overarching goal is to take what may be the most significant issue facing contemporary Minneapolis—the crippling disparities among its people, exposed to the world in 2020, after the murder of George Floyd—and present a history that examines why those disparities exist, even as the city makes a legitimate argument for itself as a must-see or must-live kind of place.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass200040-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass200040_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-RFurst-21"><a href="#cite_ref-RFurst_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurst2021" class="citation news cs1">Furst, Randy (October 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/">"Which Indigenous tribes first called Minnesota home?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103230331/https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Which+Indigenous+tribes+first+called+Minnesota+home%3F&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft.aulast=Furst&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fnative-american-dakota-ojibwe-history%2F600097050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010365n-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010365n_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 365n. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConvellRhodesGüldemann2020560,_564"Finally_in_this_time_frame_other_groups_of_Ojibwes_began_pushing_to_the_west_and_southwest,_at_the_expense_of_the_Dakota_groups"-23'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConvellRhodesG%C3%BCldemann2020560,_564%22Finally_in_this_time_frame_other_groups_of_Ojibwes_began_pushing_to_the_west_and_southwest,_at_the_expense_of_the_Dakota_groups%22_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcConvellRhodesG%C3%BCldemann2020">McConvell, Rhodes & Güldemann 2020</a>, pp. 560, 564, "Finally in this time frame other groups of Ojibwes began pushing to the west and southwest, at the expense of the Dakota groups". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreuer20103-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreuer20103_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreuer2010">Treuer 2010</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite201215-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite201215_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite201215_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite201215_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber20226-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber20226_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20123–4"William_H._Keating,_a_geologist_who_came_to_the_Minnesota_area_on_an_exploratory_expedition_in_1823,_observed,_'The_Dacotas_have_no_tradition_of_having_ever_emigrated,_from_any_other_place,_to_the_spot_on_which_they_now_reside...'-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20123%E2%80%934%22William_H._Keating,_a_geologist_who_came_to_the_Minnesota_area_on_an_exploratory_expedition_in_1823,_observed,_'The_Dacotas_have_no_tradition_of_having_ever_emigrated,_from_any_other_place,_to_the_spot_on_which_they_now_reside...'_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, pp. 3–4, "William H. Keating, a geologist who came to the Minnesota area on an exploratory expedition in 1823, observed, 'The Dacotas have no tradition of having ever emigrated, from any other place, to the spot on which they now reside...'. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeCarlo202015-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeCarlo202015_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeCarlo2020">DeCarlo 2020</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnesota_Historical_Society_2015_w866-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Historical_Society_2015_w866_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Historical_Society_2015_w866_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war">"The US-Dakota War of 1862"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. November 23, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920024828/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+US-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnhs.org%2Ffortsnelling%2Flearn%2Fus-dakota-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012194-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012194_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012134,_136Page_136:_"Treaties_played_a_crucial_role_in_the_increasing_separation_of_the_Dakota_from_their_homeland_in_the_years_between_1805_and_1858,_leading_up_to_their_ultimate_expulsion_by_military_force_in_1863–64."_and_page_134:_"For_the_Dakota_the_word_''cessions''_might_well_be_replaced_with_''seizures''..."_and_"Collectively_these_treaties_included_three_great_cessions,_comprising_the_Treaties_of_1825,_1837,_and_1851"-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012134,_136Page_136:_%22Treaties_played_a_crucial_role_in_the_increasing_separation_of_the_Dakota_from_their_homeland_in_the_years_between_1805_and_1858,_leading_up_to_their_ultimate_expulsion_by_military_force_in_1863%E2%80%9364.%22_and_page_134:_%22For_the_Dakota_the_word_''cessions''_might_well_be_replaced_with_''seizures''...%22_and_%22Collectively_these_treaties_included_three_great_cessions,_comprising_the_Treaties_of_1825,_1837,_and_1851%22_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, pp. 134, 136, Page 136: "Treaties played a crucial role in the increasing separation of the Dakota from their homeland in the years between 1805 and 1858, leading up to their ultimate expulsion by military force in 1863–64." and page 134: "For the Dakota the word cessions might well be replaced with seizures..." and "Collectively these treaties included three great cessions, comprising the Treaties of 1825, 1837, and 1851". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202214-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber202214_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012141-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012141_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012141_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202213-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber202213_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich19824-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich19824_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd201077-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd201077_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2012" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Catherine (September 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html">"Ft. Snelling: Citadel on a Minnesota bluff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507133632/https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ft.+Snelling%3A+Citadel+on+a+Minnesota+bluff&rft.date=2012-09-16&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Ftravel%2Fla-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd201082-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd201082_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20124"government_officials_put_great_pressure_on_Dakota_leaders_to_be_quick_about_signing_a_treaty..."-40'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20124%22government_officials_put_great_pressure_on_Dakota_leaders_to_be_quick_about_signing_a_treaty...%22_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 4, "government officials put great pressure on Dakota leaders to be quick about signing a treaty...". </li> <li id="cite_note-MNtreaties-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNtreaties_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNtreaties_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties">"Minnesota Treaties"</a>. The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. August 14, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+U.S.-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.atitle=Minnesota+Treaties&rft.date=2012-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdakotawar.org%2Fhistory%2Ftreaties%2Fminnesota-treaties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000108-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000108_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012182-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012182_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolwell1921[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofminneso02folwpage216_216]-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolwell1921%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofminneso02folwpage216_216%5D_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFolwell1921">Folwell 1921</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso02folw/page/216/">216</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012171-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012171_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201930-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201930_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20125,_188-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite20125,_188_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, pp. 5, 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010197-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010197_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010189–192-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010189%E2%80%93192_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, pp. 189–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012180–181-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012180%E2%80%93181_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012191-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012191_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201932–33-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201932%E2%80%9333_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010187,_193-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010187,_193_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, pp. 187, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties">"Treaties"</a>. The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. July 31, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815133626/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021. <q>These treaties, which were almost wholly dishonored by the U.S. government...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+U.S.-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.atitle=Treaties&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdakotawar.org%2Fhistory%2Ftreaties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlegen1975265–267-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlegen1975265%E2%80%93267_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlegen1975">Blegen 1975</a>, pp. 265–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolwell1921237–238-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolwell1921237%E2%80%93238_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFolwell1921">Folwell 1921</a>, pp. 237–238. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019p._55:_"...they_had_to_beg_for_food_from_the_settlers_or_starve"-59'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019p._55:_%22...they_had_to_beg_for_food_from_the_settlers_or_starve%22_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 55: "...they had to beg for food from the settlers or starve". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010307The_uprising_involved_at_most_1,000_of_the_Dakota_population_of_more_than_7,000-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010307The_uprising_involved_at_most_1,000_of_the_Dakota_population_of_more_than_7,000_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 307, The uprising involved at most 1,000 of the Dakota population of more than 7,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010309-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010309_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010309,_314-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010309,_314_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, pp. 309, 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-MNHSwar-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNHSwar_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNHSwar_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862">"US-Dakota War of 1862"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930235003/https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnhs.org%2Flowersioux%2Flearn%2Fus-dakota-war-1862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010313"what_could_only_be_termed_a_kangaroo_court..."-64'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010313%22what_could_only_be_termed_a_kangaroo_court...%22_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 313, "what could only be termed a kangaroo court...". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010312-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010312_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019225-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019225_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019225_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019225_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019217-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019217_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019228-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019228_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019228_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010313-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010313_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010314-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010314_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010316-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010316_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010316_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010318-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010318_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010319-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010319_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010319_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-MNHStrials-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNHStrials_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNHStrials_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNHStrials_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/trials-hanging">"The Trials & Hanging"</a>. The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. August 23, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906194830/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/trials-hanging">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+U.S.-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.atitle=The+Trials+%26+Hanging&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdakotawar.org%2Fhistory%2Faftermath%2Ftrials-hanging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019251-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019251_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019253-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019253_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010324,_326-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010324,_326_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, pp. 324, 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019262-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019262_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327,_328-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010327,_328_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, pp. 327, 328. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012194"The_remaining_seventeen_hundred_women,_children,_and_elderly,_including_hundreds_of_noncomabatants,_some_of_whom_had_protected_white_settler_refugees_from_the_war,_were_rounded_up_and_force-marched_to_a_concentration_camp_beneath_the_bluffs_of_Fort_Snelling...."-83'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermanWhite2012194%22The_remaining_seventeen_hundred_women,_children,_and_elderly,_including_hundreds_of_noncomabatants,_some_of_whom_had_protected_white_settler_refugees_from_the_war,_were_rounded_up_and_force-marched_to_a_concentration_camp_beneath_the_bluffs_of_Fort_Snelling....%22_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermanWhite2012">Westerman & White 2012</a>, p. 194, "The remaining seventeen hundred women, children, and elderly, including hundreds of noncomabatants, some of whom had protected white settler refugees from the war, were rounded up and force-marched to a concentration camp beneath the bluffs of Fort Snelling....". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010320-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010320_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2013540-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2013540_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogel2013">Vogel 2013</a>, p. 540. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019188-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019188_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2019">Anderson 2019</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment">"Forced Marches & Imprisonment"</a>. The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. August 23, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061622/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+U.S.-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.atitle=Forced+Marches+%26+Imprisonment&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdakotawar.org%2Fhistory%2Faftermath%2Fforced-marches-imprisonment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm">"Wheat Farms, Flour Mills, and Railroads: A Web of Interdependence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Park Service">US National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302182707/https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2023. 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Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+American+Engineering+Record+MN-16%3A+West+Side+Milling+District&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=US+National+Park+Service&rft.date=1990-01&rft.aulast=Frame&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.+III&rft.au=Hess%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.loc.gov%2Fmaster%2Fpnp%2Fhabshaer%2Fmn%2Fmn0100%2Fmn0100%2Fdata%2Fmn0100data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson20077,_29-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson20077,_29_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2007">Larson 2007</a>, pp. 7, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000173-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000173_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1987108"Another_factor_which_contributed_to_the_decline_of_sawmilling_at_the_falls_was_steam_power"-121'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1987108%22Another_factor_which_contributed_to_the_decline_of_sawmilling_at_the_falls_was_steam_power%22_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1987">Kane 1987</a>, p. 108, "Another factor which contributed to the decline of sawmilling at the falls was steam power". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000180-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000180_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service_and_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior1966" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf">"The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Theme XVII-b"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827182832/http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023. <q>The last of Minneapolis' once great sawmills, that of Frederick Weyerhaeuser and Associates, closed forever in 1919.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Survey+of+Historic+Sites+and+Buildings%3A+Theme+XVII-b&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1966&rft.au=National+Park+Service+and+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Fnhl%2Ftheme-studies%2Fcommerce-industry-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTERisjord2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailspopularhistoryof0000risjpage130mode2up_131]"By_then,_however,_the_pine_woods_were_virtually_exhausted"-124'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERisjord2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailspopularhistoryof0000risjpage130mode2up_131%5D%22By_then,_however,_the_pine_woods_were_virtually_exhausted%22_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRisjord2005">Risjord 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof0000risj/page/130/mode/2up">131</a>, "By then, however, the pine woods were virtually exhausted". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000180Here,_Lass_calls_the_lumbermen's_actions_as_cutting_at_a_"rapacious_rate",_and_calls_out_a_"rapacious_assault_on_the_coniferous_forests"_on_page_196-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000180Here,_Lass_calls_the_lumbermen's_actions_as_cutting_at_a_%22rapacious_rate%22,_and_calls_out_a_%22rapacious_assault_on_the_coniferous_forests%22_on_page_196_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 180, Here, Lass calls the lumbermen's actions as cutting at a "rapacious rate", and calls out a "rapacious assault on the coniferous forests" on page 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200536-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200536_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2005">Price 2005</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray195432-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray195432_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1954">Gray 1954</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003283-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003283_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003283_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanbom2003">Danbom 2003</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000162-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000162_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanbom2003277_131-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanbom2003">Danbom 2003</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1987118-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1987118_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1987">Kane 1987</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray195441-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray195441_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1954">Gray 1954</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison1966180-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison1966180_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieblingMorrison1966">Liebling & Morrison 1966</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000238-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000238_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000238"The_anticipated_decline_came_rather_abruptly_during_the_1920s._By_the_end_of_that_decade_the_Mill_City_produced_only_slightly_more_than_half_as_much_flour_as_it_had_at_its_zenith,_and_ranked_third_after_Buffalo_and_Kansas_City,_Missouri."-136'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000238%22The_anticipated_decline_came_rather_abruptly_during_the_1920s._By_the_end_of_that_decade_the_Mill_City_produced_only_slightly_more_than_half_as_much_flour_as_it_had_at_its_zenith,_and_ranked_third_after_Buffalo_and_Kansas_City,_Missouri.%22_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, p. 238, "The anticipated decline came rather abruptly during the 1920s. By the end of that decade the Mill City produced only slightly more than half as much flour as it had at its zenith, and ranked third after Buffalo and Kansas City, Missouri.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1987186-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1987186_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1987">Kane 1987</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2022" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Chloe (October 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/">"Army Corps studying dam removal that could restore free-flowing Mississippi River in Twin Cities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628194305/https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Army+Corps+studying+dam+removal+that+could+restore+free-flowing+Mississippi+River+in+Twin+Cities&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Farmy-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities%2F600216559%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison196629-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieblingMorrison196629_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieblingMorrison1966">Liebling & Morrison 1966</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982104"Thus_while_Minneapolis_began_to_lose_jobs_in_the_mills,_it_began_to_acquire_other_jobs_in_management,_financial_administration,_advertising,_market_research,_product_research_and_design,_and_other_mid-level_management_and_administrative_positions._The_effect_was_to_upgrade_the_workforce..."-140'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982104%22Thus_while_Minneapolis_began_to_lose_jobs_in_the_mills,_it_began_to_acquire_other_jobs_in_management,_financial_administration,_advertising,_market_research,_product_research_and_design,_and_other_mid-level_management_and_administrative_positions._The_effect_was_to_upgrade_the_workforce...%22_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, p. 104, "Thus while Minneapolis began to lose jobs in the mills, it began to acquire other jobs in management, financial administration, advertising, market research, product research and design, and other mid-level management and administrative positions. The effect was to upgrade the workforce...". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982111"The_university's_role_grew_more_and_more_important_as_the_20th_century_rolled_along,_for_basic_research_and_experimentation_grew_more_complex_and_costly_and_as_time_went_by."-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982111%22The_university's_role_grew_more_and_more_important_as_the_20th_century_rolled_along,_for_basic_research_and_experimentation_grew_more_complex_and_costly_and_as_time_went_by.%22_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, p. 111, "The university's role grew more and more important as the 20th century rolled along, for basic research and experimentation grew more complex and costly and as time went by.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202274-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber202274_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2014" class="citation news cs1">Wallace, Lewis (February 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/">"Love the ice cream truck? Thank inventor Fred Jones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)" title="Marketplace (radio program)">Marketplace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523234102/https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=Love+the+ice+cream+truck%3F+Thank+inventor+Fred+Jones&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2F2014%2F02%2F21%2Flove-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201">"Man behind first wearable external pacemaker dies at age 94"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bell_Media" title="Bell Media">Bell Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. October 22, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524185243/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2023. 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Retrieved May 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.atitle=Honeywell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallery.lib.umn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fdigital-state%2Fhoneywell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BabbageCDC-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BabbageCDC_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BabbageCDC_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation">"Control Data Corporation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Libraries" title="University of Minnesota Libraries">University of Minnesota Libraries</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522230028/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.atitle=Control+Data+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallery.lib.umn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fdigital-state%2Fcontrol-data-corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2021" class="citation web cs1">Cotter, George (October 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/history-today-articles/10%202018/05OCT2018%20SEYMOUR%20CRAY%20and%20NSA.pdf">"Seymour Cray and NSA October 5"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>. 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Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27They+Have+Lost+Control%27%3A+Why+Minneapolis+Burned&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft.aulast=Stockman&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F03%2Fus%2Fminneapolis-government-george-floyd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caputo_et_al_(30_June_2020)-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Caputo_et_al_(30_June_2020)_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaputoCraftGilbert2020" class="citation news cs1">Caputo, Angela; Craft, Will; Gilbert, Curtis (June 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means">"'The precinct is on fire': What happened at Minneapolis' 3rd Precinct—and what it means"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MPR_News" class="mw-redirect" title="MPR News">MPR News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110091618/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2021. 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Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=The+global+impact+of+George+Floyd%3A+How+Black+Lives+Matter+protests+shaped+movements+around+the+world&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgeorge-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell202244"Two_years_have_passed_since_Floyd_was_killed,_but_the_site_where_he_died...continues_to_be_contested_space—an_ongoing_site_of_protest—but_also_a_sacred_location"-185'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell202244%22Two_years_have_passed_since_Floyd_was_killed,_but_the_site_where_he_died...continues_to_be_contested_space%E2%80%94an_ongoing_site_of_protest%E2%80%94but_also_a_sacred_location%22_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2022">Mitchell 2022</a>, p. 44, "Two years have passed since Floyd was killed, but the site where he died...continues to be contested space—an ongoing site of protest—but also a sacred location". </li> <li id="cite_note-MPRFloyd-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPRFloyd_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPRFloyd_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPRFloyd_186-2">c</a> Continuing protests in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobbBuiAlvarezReese2024" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Josh; Bui, Ngoc; Alvarez, Matthew; Reese, Emily; Bright, Emily (May 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/05/25/no-justice-no-streets-4-years-after-murder-george-floyd-square-stands-in-protest">"'No Justice, No Streets': 4 years after murder, George Floyd Square stands in protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MPR_News" class="mw-redirect" title="MPR News">MPR News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240925184833/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/05/25/no-justice-no-streets-4-years-after-murder-george-floyd-square-stands-in-protest">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2024. 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Jr. (October 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205409/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/14289/">"Living in America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_Pages" title="City Pages">City Pages</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.citypages.com/2003-10-01/news/living-in-america/">the original</a> on October 19, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Pages&rft.atitle=Living+in+America&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=G.R.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.citypages.com%2F2003-10-01%2Fnews%2Fliving-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHACER199819-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHACER199819_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHACER1998">HACER 1998</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeague_of_Women_Voters20027-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeague_of_Women_Voters20027_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeague_of_Women_Voters2002">League of Women Voters 2002</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982224–225-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982224%E2%80%93225_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982220–222,_224-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982220%E2%80%93222,_224_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, pp. 220–222, 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Minneapolis_'76_Bicentennial_Commission197618-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Minneapolis_'76_Bicentennial_Commission197618_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Minneapolis_'76_Bicentennial_Commission1976">The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission 1976</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982239-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982239_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nathanson-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nathanson_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathanson_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanson" class="citation web cs1">Nathanson, Iric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224800/http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf">"Jews in Minnesota"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Relations_Council" title="Jewish Community Relations Council">Jewish Community Relations Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 28, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Minnesota&rft.pub=Jewish+Community+Relations+Council&rft.aulast=Nathanson&rft.aufirst=Iric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minndakjcrc.org%2FDocs%2FJews%2520of%2520Minnesota%2520by%2520Iric%2520Nathanson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVecoli1981450-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVecoli1981450_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVecoli1981">Vecoli 1981</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaloutos1981472,_474-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaloutos1981472,_474_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaloutos1981">Saloutos 1981</a>, pp. 472, 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982244–247-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich1982244%E2%80%93247_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, pp. 244–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipanovich198248,_241-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipanovich198248,_241_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipanovich1982">Stipanovich 1982</a>, pp. 48, 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981a531,_533–534-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1981a531,_533%E2%80%93534_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1981a">Mason 1981a</a>, pp. 531, 533–534. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981a540-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1981a540_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1981a">Mason 1981a</a>, p. 540. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbert1981561"...Minneapolis_received_by_far_the_greater_share_(see_Table_30.2)._Camp_Savage_and_Fort_Snelling,_the_greatest_magnets_for_wives,_relatives,_and_friends_of_those_stationed_there,_were_more_accessible_from_Minneapolis_than_from_St._Paul"-252'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbert1981561%22...Minneapolis_received_by_far_the_greater_share_(see_Table_30.2)._Camp_Savage_and_Fort_Snelling,_the_greatest_magnets_for_wives,_relatives,_and_friends_of_those_stationed_there,_were_more_accessible_from_Minneapolis_than_from_St._Paul%22_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbert1981">Albert 1981</a>, p. 561, "...Minneapolis received by far the greater share (see Table 30.2). Camp Savage and Fort Snelling, the greatest magnets for wives, relatives, and friends of those stationed there, were more accessible from Minneapolis than from St. Paul". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbert1981558-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbert1981558_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbert1981">Albert 1981</a>, p. 558. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesterak2019" class="citation web cs1">Nesterak, Max (November 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country">"Uprooted: The 1950s plan to erase Indian Country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Media" title="American Public Media">American Public Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214756/https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023. <q>Other cities like Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Dallas, Oakland, Cleveland, and Minneapolis would later be added in an ever-changing line-up of relocation cities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Public+Media&rft.atitle=Uprooted%3A+The+1950s+plan+to+erase+Indian+Country&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.aulast=Nesterak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apmreports.org%2Fepisode%2F2019%2F11%2F01%2Fuprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981c572-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1981c572_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1981c">Mason 1981c</a>, p. 572. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981b546-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1981b546_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1981b">Mason 1981b</a>, p. 546. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981d582,_584,_586,_590-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1981d582,_584,_586,_590_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1981d">Mason 1981d</a>, pp. 582, 584, 586, 590. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1981d586,_588,_589-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason1981d586,_588,_589_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1981d">Mason 1981d</a>, pp. 586, 588, 589. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/#tibetans">"Tibetans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Minnesota" title="International Institute of Minnesota">International Institute of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402194417/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/asia/tibetans/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023. 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Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Lured+by+jobs+and+housing%2C+Karen+refugees+spread+across+Minnesota&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.aulast=Hirsi&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2019%2F08%2F13%2Flured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2011" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Allie (May 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/">"Asian Indian numbers in metro surge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192412/https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Asian+Indian+numbers+in+metro+surge&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Allie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fasian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge%2F122756984%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022113-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2022113_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198182-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198182_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1981">Taylor 1981</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTESpangler1961[httpsbabelhathitrustorgcgiptiduc1b538878seq98q1illiteracy_94]"Minnesota_Negroes_had_the_lowest_illiteracy_rate_in_the_nation_during_this_period"_[in_the_period_1885_to_1920,_3.4_percent]-264'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpangler1961%5Bhttpsbabelhathitrustorgcgiptiduc1b538878seq98q1illiteracy_94%5D%22Minnesota_Negroes_had_the_lowest_illiteracy_rate_in_the_nation_during_this_period%22_%5Bin_the_period_1885_to_1920,_3.4_percent%5D_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpangler1961">Spangler 1961</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.%24b538878&seq=98&q1=illiteracy">94</a>, "Minnesota Negroes had the lowest illiteracy rate in the nation during this period" [in the period 1885 to 1920, 3.4 percent]. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200234<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;1930_"In_Minneapolis_only_1.7%_of_blacks_over_10_years_of_age_were_illiterate"-265'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200234<abbr_title=%22circa%22>c.</abbr><span_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&thinsp;1930_%22In_Minneapolis_only_1.7%_of_blacks_over_10_years_of_age_were_illiterate%22_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 34, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1930 "In Minneapolis only 1.7% of blacks over 10 years of age were illiterate". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198176-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198176_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1981">Taylor 1981</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198184-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198184_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198184_267-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1981">Taylor 1981</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198190footnote_57-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor198190footnote_57_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1981">Taylor 1981</a>, p. 90, footnote 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiewen1997" class="citation news cs1">Biewen, John (August 19, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/">"Moving Up: Part One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123411/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Moving+Up%3A+Part+One&rft.date=1997-08-19&rft.aulast=Biewen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.minnesota.publicradio.org%2Ffeatures%2F199708%2F19_biewenj_migration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaruggiGerten2013-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaruggiGerten2013_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaruggiGerten2013">Maruggi & Gerten 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-residents-271"><a href="#cite_ref-residents_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143305/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26">"A History of Minneapolis: 20th Century Growth and Diversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County_Library" title="Hennepin County Library">Hennepin County Library</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26">the original</a> on April 21, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Minneapolis%3A+20th+Century+Growth+and+Diversity&rft.pub=Hennepin+County+Library&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hclib.org%2Fpub%2Fsearch%2Fspecialcollections%2Fmplshistory%2F%3Fid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2022p._159:_"President_Donald_Trump's_executive_order_in_2017_banned_new_immigration_from_Somalia_and_several_other_majority-Muslim_nations._Just_forty-eight_people_came_to_Minnesota_from_Somalia_in_2018,_down_from_more_than_fourteen_hundred_in_2016,"_and_further_reading_p._187-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2022p._159:_%22President_Donald_Trump's_executive_order_in_2017_banned_new_immigration_from_Somalia_and_several_other_majority-Muslim_nations._Just_forty-eight_people_came_to_Minnesota_from_Somalia_in_2018,_down_from_more_than_fourteen_hundred_in_2016,%22_and_further_reading_p._187_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, p. 159: "President Donald Trump's executive order in 2017 banned new immigration from Somalia and several other majority-Muslim nations. Just forty-eight people came to Minnesota from Somalia in 2018, down from more than fourteen hundred in 2016," and further reading p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004">"People Reporting Single Ancestry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512163401/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2021. 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Retrieved September 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Racial+inequality+in+Minneapolis+is+among+the+worst+in+the+nation&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.au=Ingraham%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2F05%2F30%2Fminneapolis-racial-inequality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reformer-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reformer_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reformer_289-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reformer_289-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraham2024" class="citation news cs1">Ingraham, Christopher (May 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/05/23/four-years-after-george-floyd-minnesotas-racial-gaps-remain-stark/">"Four years after George Floyd, Minnesota's racial gaps remain stark"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Reformer">Minnesota Reformer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240831202750/https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/05/23/four-years-after-george-floyd-minnesotas-racial-gaps-remain-stark/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Reformer&rft.atitle=Four+years+after+George+Floyd%2C+Minnesota%27s+racial+gaps+remain+stark&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft.aulast=Ingraham&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminnesotareformer.com%2F2024%2F05%2F23%2Ffour-years-after-george-floyd-minnesotas-racial-gaps-remain-stark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusP2-290"><a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusP2_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000">"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Minneapolis, Minnesota"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804143749/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO%2C+AND+NOT+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+BY+RACE+%E2%80%93+2020%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALPL2020.P2%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D160XX00US2743000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010CensusP2-291"><a href="#cite_ref-2010CensusP2_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000">"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Minneapolis, Minnesota"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804143749/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO%2C+AND+NOT+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+BY+RACE+%E2%80%93+2010%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALPL2010.P2%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D160XX00US2743000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2000-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2000_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1?q=race%20in%20Minneapolis%20in%202000&tp=true">"Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000. Summary File 4 Demographic Profile, Table DP1"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817170820/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1?q=race%20in%20Minneapolis%20in%202000&tp=true">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Profile+of+General+Demographic+Characteristics%3A+2000.+Summary+File+4+Demographic+Profile%2C+Table+DP1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1%3Fq%3Drace%2520in%2520Minneapolis%2520in%25202000%26tp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_1990-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_1990_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-25.pdf">"1990 Census of Population: General Population Characteristics Minnesota"</a> (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. October 6, 2022. p. 57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817170808/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-25.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=1990+Census+of+Population%3A+General+Population+Characteristics+Minnesota&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1990%2Fcp-1%2Fcp-1-25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler20236"The_first_racial_covenant_in_Minneapolis_was_recorded_by_Edmund_Walton_in_1910..."-294'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler20236%22The_first_racial_covenant_in_Minneapolis_was_recorded_by_Edmund_Walton_in_1910...%22_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler2023">Walker et al. 2023</a>, p. 6, "The first racial covenant in Minneapolis was recorded by Edmund Walton in 1910...". </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaul-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaul_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaul2019" class="citation news cs1">Kaul, Greta (February 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/">"With covenants, racism was written into Minneapolis housing. The scars are still visible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MinnPost" title="MinnPost">MinnPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005609/https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=With+covenants%2C+racism+was+written+into+Minneapolis+housing.+The+scars+are+still+visible&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=Greta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fmetro%2F2019%2F02%2Fwith-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelegardEhrman-Solberg201773–74"...the_Seven_Oaks_Corporation,_a_real_estate_developer_that_inserted_this_same_language_into_thousands_of_deeds_across_the_city."-296'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelegardEhrman-Solberg201773%E2%80%9374%22...the_Seven_Oaks_Corporation,_a_real_estate_developer_that_inserted_this_same_language_into_thousands_of_deeds_across_the_city.%22_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelegardEhrman-Solberg2017">Delegard & Ehrman-Solberg 2017</a>, pp. 73–74, "...the Seven Oaks Corporation, a real estate developer that inserted this same language into thousands of deeds across the city.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler20235"...the_Mapping_Prejudice_team_showed_that,_prior_to_the_introduction_of_covenants_in_1910,_the_residences_of_people_of_color_were_dispersed_throughout_the_city,_yet_as_developers_added_thousands_of_racial_covenants_to_deeds_in_Minneapolis_until_1955,_the_city's_neighborhoods_became_increasingly_racially_segregated"-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler20235%22...the_Mapping_Prejudice_team_showed_that,_prior_to_the_introduction_of_covenants_in_1910,_the_residences_of_people_of_color_were_dispersed_throughout_the_city,_yet_as_developers_added_thousands_of_racial_covenants_to_deeds_in_Minneapolis_until_1955,_the_city's_neighborhoods_became_increasingly_racially_segregated%22_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler2023">Walker et al. 2023</a>, p. 5, "...the Mapping Prejudice team showed that, prior to the introduction of covenants in 1910, the residences of people of color were dispersed throughout the city, yet as developers added thousands of racial covenants to deeds in Minneapolis until 1955, the city's neighborhoods became increasingly racially segregated". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelegardEhrman-Solberg201775-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelegardEhrman-Solberg201775_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelegardEhrman-Solberg2017">Delegard & Ehrman-Solberg 2017</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavratil,_Liz2021" class="citation news cs1">Navratil, Liz (March 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/">"Minneapolis starts program to disavow racial covenants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055442/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Minneapolis+starts+program+to+disavow+racial+covenants&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft.au=Navratil%2C+Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fminneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants%2F600029949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman,_Olivia_B.2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Waxman, Olivia B. (June 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/">"George Floyd's Death and the Long History of Racism in Minneapolis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117002036/https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022. <q>Delegard told Time, 'Structural racism is really baked into the geography of this city and as a result it really permeates every institution in this city.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=George+Floyd%27s+Death+and+the+Long+History+of+Racism+in+Minneapolis&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.au=Waxman%2C+Olivia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5844030%2Fgeorge-floyd-minneapolis-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mpls2040-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Mpls2040_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/">"Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities"</a>. Department of Community Planning & Economic Development. City of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022. <q>...in 2010, Minneapolis led the nation in having the widest unemployment disparity between African-American and white residents. This remains true in 2018. And disparities also exist in nearly every other measurable social aspect, including of economic, housing, safety and health outcomes, between people of color and indigenous people compared with white people." and "In Minneapolis, 83 percent of white non-Hispanics have more than a high school education, compared with 47 percent of black people and 45 percent of American Indians. Only 32 percent of Hispanics have more than a high school education.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Community+Planning+%26+Economic+Development&rft.atitle=Goals%3A+1.+Eliminate+disparities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminneapolis2040.com%2Fgoals%2Feliminate-disparities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurstWebster2019" class="citation news cs1">Furst, Randy; Webster, MaryJo (September 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/">"How did Minn. become one of the most racially inequitable states?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213424/https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021. <q>The privileges of whites go back much further ... to when American Indians were forced off their land in the 1860s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=How+did+Minn.+become+one+of+the+most+racially+inequitable+states%3F&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft.aulast=Furst&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Webster%2C+MaryJo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fhow-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states%2F547537761%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber202284,_88-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber202284,_88_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2022">Weber 2022</a>, pp. 84, 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant">"What is a Covenant: How racial covenants impact us today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528221509/https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Covenant%3A+How+racial+covenants+impact+us+today&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmappingprejudice.umn.edu%2Fracial-covenants%2Fwhat-is-a-covenant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/">"Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities"</a>. Department of Community Planning & Economic Development. City of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Community+Planning+%26+Economic+Development&rft.atitle=Goals%3A+1.+Eliminate+disparities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminneapolis2040.com%2Fgoals%2Feliminate-disparities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Factors outlined include racial gaps in opportunity, limited pre-school subsidy programs, educator bias, differences in families' and schools' economic resources, less-experienced teachers, and completion rate gaps. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunewaldHorowitzKyTchourumoff2021" class="citation report cs1">Grunewald, Rob; Horowitz, Ben; Ky, Kim-Eng; Tchourumoff, Alene (January 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race">Minnesota's education system shows persistent opportunity gaps by race</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618150432/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023. <q>This article highlights evidence of how systemic racism undermines the education system in Minnesota.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Minnesota%27s+education+system+shows+persistent+opportunity+gaps+by+race&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft.aulast=Grunewald&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+Ben&rft.au=Ky%2C+Kim-Eng&rft.au=Tchourumoff%2C+Alene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Farticle%2F2021%2Fminnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayes-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayes_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigdahl,_Heidi2020" class="citation news cs1">Wigdahl, Heidi (June 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4">"A look at the history of racial covenants and housing discrimination in Minneapolis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KARE_(TV)" title="KARE (TV)">KARE-TV News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2024. 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Retrieved May 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minnesota+Paradox&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhh.umn.edu%2Fresearch-centers%2Froy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice%2Fminnesota-paradox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2002-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2002_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyers2002">Myers 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2020" class="citation news cs1">Sommer, Laura (June 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu">"Minneapolis Has A Bold Plan To Tackle Racial Inequity. Now It Has To Follow Through"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518170735/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Minneapolis+Has+A+Bold+Plan+To+Tackle+Racial+Inequity.+Now+It+Has+To+Follow+Through&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F06%2F18%2F877460056%2Fminneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2020" class="citation news cs1">McNamara, Audrey (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/">"Minneapolis declares racism a public health emergency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518173123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2023. 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Community Planning and Economic Development (Report). City of Minneapolis. pp. 7.24, 7.27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/View-the-Minneapolis-in-the-Modern-Era-1930-1975-Historic-Context-Study-wcmsp-227161.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 22, 2022. 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January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817105056/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/somalis/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021. 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Retrieved May 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Minneapolis+allows+Islamic+call+to+prayer+five+times+per+day&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F4%2F14%2Fminneapolis-allows-islamic-call-to-prayer-five-times-per-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagen2016" class="citation news cs1">Hagen, Nina (May 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/">"Guide to Local Meditation Centers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Monthly">Minnesota Monthly</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenspring_Media" title="Greenspring Media">Greenspring Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319215525/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023. 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(February 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2024/02/07/target-corp-no-longer-downtown-largest-employer.html">"Target loses top spot as largest downtown Minneapolis employer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis/St._Paul_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal">Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2024/02/07/target-corp-no-longer-downtown-largest-employer.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Target+loses+top+spot+as+largest+downtown+Minneapolis+employer&rft.pub=Minneapolis%2FSt.+Paul+Business+Journal&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Duggan%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Ftwincities%2Fnews%2F2024%2F02%2F07%2Ftarget-corp-no-longer-downtown-largest-employer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortune_500-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_500_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_500_328-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_500_328-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/2023/search/?hqcity=Minneapolis">"Fortune 500 Companies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813231310/https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/2023/search/?hqcity=Minneapolis">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2023. 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North Dakota Wheat Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114174445/https://www.ndwheat.com/buyers/marketinformation/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trading+of+Wheat+%E2%80%93+Minneapolis+Grain+Exchange&rft.pub=North+Dakota+Wheat+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndwheat.com%2Fbuyers%2Fmarketinformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass2000164,_181-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass2000164,_181_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass2000">Lass 2000</a>, pp. 164, 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisa2013200-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisa2013200_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMisa2013">Misa 2013</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_minneapolis.pdf">"Minneapolis Area Economic Summary"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/US_Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="US Bureau of Labor Statistics">US Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>. August 5, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930180857/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_minneapolis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+Area+Economic+Summary&rft.pub=US+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fregions%2Fmidwest%2Fsummary%2Fblssummary_minneapolis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler,_Charlotte2024" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, Charlotte (June 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realpage.com/analytics/fortune-500-companies-2024/">"Markets with the Most Fortune 500 Headquarters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RealPage" title="RealPage">RealPage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712230551/https://www.realpage.com/analytics/fortune-500-companies-2024/">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2024. Retrieved December 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Markets+with+the+Most+Fortune+500+Headquarters&rft.pub=RealPage&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realpage.com%2Fanalytics%2Ffortune-500-companies-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.artsmia.org/visit">"Plan Your Visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414193419/https://new.artsmia.org/visit">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+Your+Visit&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Institute+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.artsmia.org%2Fvisit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore2004Whitmore_cites_the_1903_''[[New_York_Herald]]''_which_calls_T._B._Walker_"the_Pine_King_of_the_West"_and_says_"...the_gallery_is_open_to_the_public_six_days_in_the_week,_and_all_who_ring_his_bell_and_ask_to_see_the_old_masters_receive_not_only_permission_from_the_white-aproned_maid_who_answers_the_ring,_but_also_a_catalogue_as_well."-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore2004Whitmore_cites_the_1903_''%5B%5BNew_York_Herald%5D%5D''_which_calls_T._B._Walker_%22the_Pine_King_of_the_West%22_and_says_%22...the_gallery_is_open_to_the_public_six_days_in_the_week,_and_all_who_ring_his_bell_and_ask_to_see_the_old_masters_receive_not_only_permission_from_the_white-aproned_maid_who_answers_the_ring,_but_also_a_catalogue_as_well.%22_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitmore2004">Whitmore 2004</a>, Whitmore cites the 1903 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> which calls T. B. Walker "the Pine King of the West" and says "...the gallery is open to the public six days in the week, and all who ring his bell and ask to see the old masters receive not only permission from the white-aproned maid who answers the ring, but also a catalogue as well.". </li> <li id="cite_note-WalkerAbout-337"><a href="#cite_ref-WalkerAbout_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkerart.org/about/mission-history/">"About: Walker Art Center History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130141416/http://info.walkerart.org/about/history.wac">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About%3A+Walker+Art+Center+History&rft.pub=Walker+Art+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkerart.org%2Fabout%2Fmission-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/">"Minneapolis Sculpture Garden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306153418/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+Sculpture+Garden&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Park+and+Recreation+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisparks.org%2Fparks-destinations%2Fparks-lakes%2Fgardens__bird_sanctuaries%2Fminneapolis_sculpture_garden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess1985[httpsarchiveorgdetailstheirsplendidleg0000hesspage22mode2up_22]-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess1985%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailstheirsplendidleg0000hesspage22mode2up_22%5D_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHess1985">Hess 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theirsplendidleg0000hess/page/22/mode/2up">22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SAH-340"><a href="#cite_ref-SAH_340-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MN-01-053-0058">"Minneapolis Institute of Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Architectural_Historians" title="Society of Architectural Historians">Society of Architectural Historians</a>. July 17, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414180022/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MN-01-053-0058">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023. <q>This ambitious plan was not realized...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+Institute+of+Art&rft.pub=Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsah-archipedia.org%2Fbuildings%2FMN-01-053-0058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.artsmia.org/">"Collection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920015453/https://collections.artsmia.org/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Institute+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.artsmia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wam.umn.edu/about/">"The Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204644/http://wam.umn.edu/about/">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Museum&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwam.umn.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2011" class="citation news cs1">Kerr, Euan (October 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening/">"Weisman celebrates reopening with its designer in attendance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MPR_News" class="mw-redirect" title="MPR News">MPR News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122135926/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Weisman+celebrates+reopening+with+its+designer+in+attendance&rft.date=2011-10-02&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminnesota.publicradio.org%2Fdisplay%2Fweb%2F2011%2F10%2F02%2Fgehry-at-weisman-museum-opening%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tmora.org/about-us/history/">"History: TMORA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Russian_Art" title="The Museum of Russian Art">The Museum of Russian Art</a>. September 30, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219005841/http://tmora.org/about-us/history/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2015. 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Retrieved May 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Current&rft.atitle=Art-A-Whirl%C2%AE+Weekend&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecurrent.org%2Fevents%2F20230519-art-a-whirl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/">"Northeast Minneapolis Named Best Art District"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421063349/https://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2021. 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Vol. 194, no. 8. <a href="/wiki/The_McGraw-Hill_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="The McGraw-Hill Companies">The McGraw-Hill Companies</a>. pp. 108, 117. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-858X">0003-858X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161153/https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/2006-08.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2023. 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May 6, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114204307/https://hennepintheatretrust.org/about-us/history-and-background/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. 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Retrieved May 3, 2018. <q>While growing up, Prince had ballet training through an initiative called the Urban Arts Program...Prince took classes with MDT in Dinkytown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dancers+recall+Prince+as+a+hard-working+%27darling%27+in+tights+and+ballet+slippers&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fdancers-recall-prince-as-a-hard-working-darling-in-tights-and-ballet-slippers%2F378179261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan2022" class="citation news cs1">Regan, Sheila (February 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2022/02/new-documentary-looks-back-at-minneapolis-1970s-era-experimental-arts-program/">"New documentary looks back at Minneapolis' 1970s-era experimental arts program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MinnPost" title="MinnPost">MinnPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422153520/https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2022/02/new-documentary-looks-back-at-minneapolis-1970s-era-experimental-arts-program/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2023. <q>FITC began as a program offered through the Minneapolis Public Schools, under the umbrella of the Urban Arts Program....(Among the notable alumni of the Urban Arts program was none other than Prince himself.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=New+documentary+looks+back+at+Minneapolis%27+1970s-era+experimental+arts+program&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fartscape%2F2022%2F02%2Fnew-documentary-looks-back-at-minneapolis-1970s-era-experimental-arts-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/stories/meet-the-music-director-designate-thomas-sondergard/">"Meet the Music Director Designate: Thomas Søndergård"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Orchestra" title="Minnesota Orchestra">Minnesota Orchestral Association</a>. 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Retrieved May 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News+Minnesota&rft.atitle=Best+Operas+In+Minnesota&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fminnesota%2Fnews%2Fbest-operas-in-minnesota%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyce2014" class="citation news cs1">Royce, Graydon (March 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-troupe-offers-a-rare-slice-of-gilbert-sullivan/248871161/">"Theater: Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123701/https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-troupe-offers-a-rare-slice-of-gilbert-sullivan/248871161/">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Theater%3A+Gilbert+%26+Sullivan+Very+Light+Opera+Company&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=Royce&rft.aufirst=Graydon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Ftwin-cities-troupe-offers-a-rare-slice-of-gilbert-sullivan%2F248871161%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongbella2016" class="citation news cs1">Longbella, Maren (August 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twincities.com/2016/08/07/fringe-review-game-of-thrones-the-musical/">"Fringe review: 'Game of Thrones: The Musical'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press" title="St. Paul Pioneer Press">St. Paul Pioneer Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/MediaNews_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="MediaNews Group">MediaNews Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514185904/https://www.twincities.com/2016/08/07/fringe-review-game-of-thrones-the-musical/">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Paul+Pioneer+Press&rft.atitle=Fringe+review%3A+%27Game+of+Thrones%3A+The+Musical%27&rft.date=2016-08-07&rft.aulast=Longbella&rft.aufirst=Maren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twincities.com%2F2016%2F08%2F07%2Ffringe-review-game-of-thrones-the-musical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityMusicHistory-368"><a href="#cite_ref-CityMusicHistory_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoiseGalesKoehlingerGoetz2018" class="citation report cs1">Roise, Charlene; Gales, Elizabeth; Koehlinger, Kristen; Goetz, Kathryn; Hess, Roise and Company; Zschomler, Kristen; Rouse, Stephanie; Wittenberg, Jason (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/Minneapolis-Music-History-1850-2000.pdf">Minneapolis Music History, 1850–2000: A Context</a> (PDF) (Report). City of Minneapolis. p. 42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230515114952/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/Minneapolis-Music-History-1850-2000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023. <q>A true musical prodigy, Prince mastered the piano by about age eight while living at 2620 Eighth Avenue North, where he could play anything he heard by ear on the piano and began songwriting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+Music+History%2C+1850%E2%80%932000%3A+A+Context&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=City+of+Minneapolis&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Roise&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft.au=Gales%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Koehlinger%2C+Kristen&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Hess%2C+Roise+and+Company&rft.au=Zschomler%2C+Kristen&rft.au=Rouse%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Wittenberg%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.minneapolismn.gov%2Fmedia%2Fcontent-assets%2Fwww2-documents%2Fgovernment%2FMinneapolis-Music-History-1850-2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabler2018" class="citation news cs1">Gabler, Jay (January 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.thecurrent.org/2018/01/so-youre-a-prince-fan-visiting-minnesota-five-must-see-stops/">"So you're a Prince fan visiting Minnesota: Five must-see stops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KCMP" title="KCMP">The Current</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815082522/https://blog.thecurrent.org/2018/01/so-youre-a-prince-fan-visiting-minnesota-five-must-see-stops/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Current&rft.atitle=So+you%27re+a+Prince+fan+visiting+Minnesota%3A+Five+must-see+stops&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft.aulast=Gabler&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.thecurrent.org%2F2018%2F01%2Fso-youre-a-prince-fan-visiting-minnesota-five-must-see-stops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magnetmagazine.com/2005/06/12/a-tale-of-twin-cities-husker-du-the-replacements-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-80s-minneapolis-scene/">"A Tale Of Twin Cities: Hüsker Dü, The Replacements And The Rise And Fall Of The '80s Minneapolis Scene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnet_(magazine)" title="Magnet (magazine)">Magnet magazine</a>. June 12, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412182805/https://magnetmagazine.com/2005/06/12/a-tale-of-twin-cities-husker-du-the-replacements-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-80s-minneapolis-scene/">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024. <q>For a few years in the mid-'80s, not long after Athens and sometime before Seattle, the epicenter of American underground rock was Minneapolis....But genius can put any town on the map, which Prince accomplished for his home city with 1984 album and film Purple Rain, whose prominent concert footage was shot at a local club called First Avenue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tale+Of+Twin+Cities%3A+H%C3%BCsker+D%C3%BC%2C+The+Replacements+And+The+Rise+And+Fall+Of+The+%2780s+Minneapolis+Scene&rft.pub=Magnet+magazine&rft.date=2005-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagnetmagazine.com%2F2005%2F06%2F12%2Fa-tale-of-twin-cities-husker-du-the-replacements-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-80s-minneapolis-scene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTECorriganSigelman2018x"At_the_dawn_of_the_1980s,_the_Twin_Cities_music_scene_was_poised_to_explode...._Husker_Du,_the_Replacements,_Loud_Fast_Rules_(later_Soul_Asylum)_and_others_were_fast_building_rabid_local_followings_and_would_soon_achieve_national_acclaim...._At_the_same_time,_a_vibrant_R&B,_funk,_and_soul_scene_was_maturing_and_forming_what_would_be_known_as_the_"Minneapolis_sound"._The_young_guitar_and_songwriting_virtuoso_Prince_was_perfecting_his_innovative_and_infectious_style..."-371'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorriganSigelman2018x%22At_the_dawn_of_the_1980s,_the_Twin_Cities_music_scene_was_poised_to_explode...._Husker_Du,_the_Replacements,_Loud_Fast_Rules_(later_Soul_Asylum)_and_others_were_fast_building_rabid_local_followings_and_would_soon_achieve_national_acclaim...._At_the_same_time,_a_vibrant_R&B,_funk,_and_soul_scene_was_maturing_and_forming_what_would_be_known_as_the_%22Minneapolis_sound%22._The_young_guitar_and_songwriting_virtuoso_Prince_was_perfecting_his_innovative_and_infectious_style...%22_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorriganSigelman2018">Corrigan & Sigelman 2018</a>, p. x, "At the dawn of the 1980s, the Twin Cities music scene was poised to explode.... Husker Du, the Replacements, Loud Fast Rules (later Soul Asylum) and others were fast building rabid local followings and would soon achieve national acclaim.... At the same time, a vibrant R&B, funk, and soul scene was maturing and forming what would be known as the "Minneapolis sound". The young guitar and songwriting virtuoso Prince was perfecting his innovative and infectious style...". </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatos2016" class="citation web cs1">Matos, Michaelangelo (March 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9832-everybody-is-a-star-how-the-rock-club-first-avenue-made-minneapolis-the-center-of-music-in-the-80s/">"Everybody Is a Star: How the Rock Club First Avenue Made Minneapolis the Center of Music in the '80s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416150455/https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9832-everybody-is-a-star-how-the-rock-club-first-avenue-made-minneapolis-the-center-of-music-in-the-80s/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2023. <q>Minneapolis music peaked in the middle of 1984: Purple Rain in theaters, the release of Hüsker Dü's Zen Arcade, and the 12" of the Replacements' "I Will Dare". By 1987, that crazy peak had subsided. Hüsker Dü released another double LP in January...but broke up shortly after their manager David Savoy's suicide. On May 27, the Replacements played First Avenue for the last time. And in September, Prince opened Paisley Park Studios way out in Chanhassen....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Everybody+Is+a+Star%3A+How+the+Rock+Club+First+Avenue+Made+Minneapolis+the+Center+of+Music+in+the+%2780s&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.aulast=Matos&rft.aufirst=Michaelangelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Ffeatures%2Farticle%2F9832-everybody-is-a-star-how-the-rock-club-first-avenue-made-minneapolis-the-center-of-music-in-the-80s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moran-373"><a href="#cite_ref-Moran_373-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran,_Lydia2019" class="citation news cs1">Moran, Lydia (January 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/concert-venues/">"A Guide to Twin Cities Concert Venues"</a>. Mpls. St. Paul. Key Enterprises. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926181502/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/concert-venues/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mpls.+St.+Paul&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Twin+Cities+Concert+Venues&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft.au=Moran%2C+Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmspmag.com%2Farts-and-culture%2Fconcert-venues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiemenschneider2013" class="citation news cs1">Riemenschneider, Chris (November 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/oct-10-skyway-theatre-is-reborn-as-a-music-venue/227269021">"Minneapolis' Skyway Theatre is reborn as a music venue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909040959/https://www.startribune.com/oct-10-skyway-theatre-is-reborn-as-a-music-venue/227269021">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Minneapolis%27+Skyway+Theatre+is+reborn+as+a+music+venue&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.aulast=Riemenschneider&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Foct-10-skyway-theatre-is-reborn-as-a-music-venue%2F227269021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livenation.com/venue/KovZ917AtLX/uptown-theater-minneapolis-events">"Uptown Theater Minneapolis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611170122/https://www.livenation.com/venue/KovZ917AtLX/uptown-theater-minneapolis-events">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uptown+Theater+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Live+Nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livenation.com%2Fvenue%2FKovZ917AtLX%2Fuptown-theater-minneapolis-events&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eler-376"><a href="#cite_ref-Eler_376-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEler,_Alicia2020" class="citation news cs1">Eler, Alicia (October 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/exhibits-at-minnesota-african-american-museum-keep-george-floyd-s-spirit-alive/572612682/">"Exhibits at Minnesota African American museum keep George Floyd's spirit alive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128191038/https://www.startribune.com/exhibits-at-minnesota-african-american-museum-keep-george-floyd-s-spirit-alive/572612682/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Exhibits+at+Minnesota+African+American+museum+keep+George+Floyd%27s+spirit+alive&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.au=Eler%2C+Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fexhibits-at-minnesota-african-american-museum-keep-george-floyd-s-spirit-alive%2F572612682%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn">"Mill City Museum: Learn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420153946/https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mill+City+Museum%3A+Learn&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnhs.org%2Fmillcity%2Flearn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollmar2003-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVollmar2003_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVollmar2003">Vollmar 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEler,_Alicia2020" class="citation news cs1">Eler, Alicia (October 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-s-quirky-bakken-museum-reinvents-itself-with-4-5m-face-lift/572674982/">"Minnesota's quirky Bakken Museum reinvents itself with $4.5M face lift"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127220626/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-s-quirky-bakken-museum-reinvents-itself-with-4-5m-face-lift/572674982/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Minnesota%27s+quirky+Bakken+Museum+reinvents+itself+with+%244.5M+face+lift&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.au=Eler%2C+Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fminnesota-s-quirky-bakken-museum-reinvents-itself-with-4-5m-face-lift%2F572674982%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber,_Zac2019" class="citation news cs1">Farber, Zac (September 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2019/09/new-director-says-hennepin-history-museum-has-room-for-growth/">"New director says Hennepin History Museum has 'room for growth'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Journal" title="Southwest Journal">Southwest Journal</a>. Minnesota Premier Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127201256/https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2019/09/new-director-says-hennepin-history-museum-has-room-for-growth/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Journal&rft.atitle=New+director+says+Hennepin+History+Museum+has+%27room+for+growth%27&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft.au=Farber%2C+Zac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwestjournal.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fnew-director-says-hennepin-history-museum-has-room-for-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnhs.org/minnehahadepot/learn">"Minnehaha Depot: Learn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420153948/https://www.mnhs.org/minnehahadepot/learn">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2023. 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Retrieved March 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Pond+Hockey+Championships&rft.pub=SportsEngine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspondhockey.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races">"Qualifying Races Around The World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Athletic_Association" title="Boston Athletic Association">Boston Athletic Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012209/https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qualifying+Races+Around+The+World&rft.pub=Boston+Athletic+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baa.org%2Fraces%2Fboston-marathon%2Fenter%2Fqualify%2Ftop-qualifying-races&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/us-pond-hockey-championships-lake-nokomis-minneapolis-canceled-warm-weather-poor-ice/600338659/">"U.S. Pond Hockey Championships canceled because of poor ice on Lake Nokomis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. January 5, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184709/https://www.startribune.com/us-pond-hockey-championships-lake-nokomis-minneapolis-canceled-warm-weather-poor-ice/600338659/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=U.S.+Pond+Hockey+Championships+canceled+because+of+poor+ice+on+Lake+Nokomis&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fus-pond-hockey-championships-lake-nokomis-minneapolis-canceled-warm-weather-poor-ice%2F600338659%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.umn.edu/events/winter-webinar-climate-threats-outdoor-recreation">"Winter Webinar: Climate threats to outdoor recreation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240707231053/https://climate.umn.edu/events/winter-webinar-climate-threats-outdoor-recreation">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winter+Webinar%3A+Climate+threats+to+outdoor+recreation&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.umn.edu%2Fevents%2Fwinter-webinar-climate-threats-outdoor-recreation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen43mode2upqxxxix_xxxix]"With_other_societal_superintendents_influenced_by_the_ideals_of_New_England,_Cleveland_was_later_able_to_design_and_implement_his_crowning_achievement,_the_Minneapolis_Park_System."-433'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen43mode2upqxxxix_xxxix%5D%22With_other_societal_superintendents_influenced_by_the_ideals_of_New_England,_Cleveland_was_later_able_to_design_and_implement_his_crowning_achievement,_the_Minneapolis_Park_System.%22_433-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadenicekNeckar2002">Nadenicek & Neckar 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n43/mode/2up?q=xxxix">xxxix</a>, "With other societal superintendents influenced by the ideals of New England, Cleveland was later able to design and implement his crowning achievement, the Minneapolis Park System.". </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen45mode2upqxli_xli]"Cleveland_successfully_linked_boulevards,_small_neighborhood_parks_of_Parisian_derivation,_prairie_ponds_with_wild_islands,_and_lake-edge_parkways"-434'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen45mode2upqxli_xli%5D%22Cleveland_successfully_linked_boulevards,_small_neighborhood_parks_of_Parisian_derivation,_prairie_ponds_with_wild_islands,_and_lake-edge_parkways%22_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadenicekNeckar2002">Nadenicek & Neckar 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n45/mode/2up?q=xli">xli</a>, "Cleveland successfully linked boulevards, small neighborhood parks of Parisian derivation, prairie ponds with wild islands, and lake-edge parkways". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen45mode2upqxli_xli]-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadenicekNeckar2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslandscapearchite00hwscpagen45mode2upqxli_xli%5D_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadenicekNeckar2002">Nadenicek & Neckar 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n45/mode/2up?q=xli">xli</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarvin201375-436"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarvin201375_436-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarvin2013">Garvin 2013</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200844–46-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200844%E2%80%9346_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, pp. 44–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200846-438"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200846_438-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-MRP-439"><a href="#cite_ref-MRP_439-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/parks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_park/">"Minnehaha Regional Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321170202/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/parks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_park/">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnehaha+Regional+Park&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Park+and+Recreation+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisparks.org%2Fparks__destinations%2Fparks__lakes%2Fminnehaha_regional_park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010352–353-440"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingerd2010352%E2%80%93353_440-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWingerd2010">Wingerd 2010</a>, pp. 352–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkCharter-441">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParkCharter_441-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParkCharter_441-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVIPAREBO">"Code of Ordinances: Charter Article VI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Municode" class="mw-redirect" title="Municode">Municode</a>. <a href="/wiki/CivicPlus" title="CivicPlus">CivicPlus</a>. December 14, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201212451/https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVIPAREBO">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municode&rft.atitle=Code+of+Ordinances%3A+Charter+Article+VI&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.municode.com%2Fmn%2Fminneapolis%2Fcodes%2Fcode_of_ordinances%3FnodeId%3DCH_ARTVIPAREBO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/">"Parks & Lakes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722134557/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parks+%26+Lakes&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Park+and+Recreation+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisparks.org%2Fparks-destinations%2Fparks-lakes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008xi"The_public_spirit_of_those_who_envisioned_the_future_also_made_sure_Minneapolis_was_a_city_of_trees._Often_lost_in_consideration_of_the_city's_parks_is_that,_from_the_very_early_days_of_the_Minneapolis_park_board,_it_has_been_responsible_for_planting_and_maintaining_street_trees"-443"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008xi%22The_public_spirit_of_those_who_envisioned_the_future_also_made_sure_Minneapolis_was_a_city_of_trees._Often_lost_in_consideration_of_the_city's_parks_is_that,_from_the_very_early_days_of_the_Minneapolis_park_board,_it_has_been_responsible_for_planting_and_maintaining_street_trees%22_443-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. xi, "The public spirit of those who envisioned the future also made sure Minneapolis was a city of trees. Often lost in consideration of the city's parks is that, from the very early days of the Minneapolis park board, it has been responsible for planting and maintaining street trees". </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1993" class="citation journal cs1">French, David W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/151957">"History of Dutch Elm Disease in Minnesota"</a>. University of Minnesota Extension Service. University Digital Conservancy. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F151957">11299/151957</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192900/https://conservancy.umn.edu/items/b61d5115-e99f-46f8-b801-a745affd0d2c">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Minnesota+Extension+Service&rft.atitle=History+of+Dutch+Elm+Disease+in+Minnesota&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F151957&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F11299%2F151957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008x"The_first_thing_that_most_visitors_notice_about_Minneapolis_parks_is_one_of_the_unique_features_of_the_city:_nearly_every_foot_of_land_that_borders_water,_other_than_stretches_of_the_Mississippi_River_banks_north_of_Broadway,_is_owned_by_the_park_board."_and_"This_extraordinary_fact_of_public_life_in_Minneapolis,_that_the_people_own_the_waterways..."-446'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008x%22The_first_thing_that_most_visitors_notice_about_Minneapolis_parks_is_one_of_the_unique_features_of_the_city:_nearly_every_foot_of_land_that_borders_water,_other_than_stretches_of_the_Mississippi_River_banks_north_of_Broadway,_is_owned_by_the_park_board.%22_and_%22This_extraordinary_fact_of_public_life_in_Minneapolis,_that_the_people_own_the_waterways...%22_446-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. x, "The first thing that most visitors notice about Minneapolis parks is one of the unique features of the city: nearly every foot of land that borders water, other than stretches of the Mississippi River banks north of Broadway, is owned by the park board." and "This extraordinary fact of public life in Minneapolis, that the people own the waterways...". </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/theodore_wirth_regional_park/">"Theodore Wirth Regional Park: Park Details"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184710/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/theodore_wirth_regional_park/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Wirth+Regional+Park%3A+Park+Details&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Park+and+Recreation+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisparks.org%2Fparks-destinations%2Fparks-lakes%2Ftheodore_wirth_regional_park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TPL-448"><a href="#cite_ref-TPL_448-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511012742/https://www.tpl.org/city/minneapolis-minnesota">"ParkScore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trust_for_Public_Land" title="Trust for Public Land">Trust for Public Land</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tpl.org/city/minneapolis-minnesota">the original</a> on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2023 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ParkScore&rft.pub=Trust+for+Public+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpl.org%2Fcity%2Fminneapolis-minnesota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chain-449"><a href="#cite_ref-chain_449-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/minneapolis_chain_of_lakes_regional_park/">"Minneapolis Chain of Lakes Regional Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board" title="Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board">Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184712/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/minneapolis_chain_of_lakes_regional_park/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+Chain+of+Lakes+Regional+Park&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Park+and+Recreation+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisparks.org%2Fparks-destinations%2Fparks-lakes%2Fminneapolis_chain_of_lakes_regional_park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/minnesota/grand-rounds-national-scenic-byway">"Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllTrails" title="AllTrails">AllTrails</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417180806/https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/minnesota/grand-rounds-national-scenic-byway">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Rounds+National+Scenic+Byway&rft.pub=AllTrails&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alltrails.com%2Ftrail%2Fus%2Fminnesota%2Fgrand-rounds-national-scenic-byway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploreminnesota.com/article/bike-51-mile-grand-rounds-scenic-byway-minneapolis">"Bike the 51-Mile Grand Rounds Scenic Byway in Minneapolis"</a>. Explore Minnesota Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122145728/https://www.exploreminnesota.com/article/bike-51-mile-grand-rounds-scenic-byway-minneapolis">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bike+the+51-Mile+Grand+Rounds+Scenic+Byway+in+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Explore+Minnesota+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreminnesota.com%2Farticle%2Fbike-51-mile-grand-rounds-scenic-byway-minneapolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/miss/index.htm">"Mississippi National River and Recreation Area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Park Service">US National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417205715/http://npshistory.com/publications/miss/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. 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Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MN+Free+School+Meals+Program&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.mn.gov%2Fmdeprod%2Fidcplg%3FIdcService%3DGET_FILE%26dDocName%3DPROD081923%26RevisionSelectionMethod%3DlatestReleased%26Rendition%3Dprimary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpls.k12.mn.us/minneapolis_public_schools_sees_graduation_rates_increase.html">"Minneapolis Public Schools sees graduation rates increase"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools" title="Minneapolis Public Schools">Minneapolis Public Schools</a>. April 25, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425225600/https://mpls.k12.mn.us/minneapolis_public_schools_sees_graduation_rates_increase.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+Public+Schools+sees+graduation+rates+increase&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Public+Schools&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpls.k12.mn.us%2Fminneapolis_public_schools_sees_graduation_rates_increase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-enrollment/enrollments">"Institutional Data and Research (IDR): Enrollments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530055916/https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-enrollment/enrollments">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2024. 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Retrieved July 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Twin+Cities&rft.pub=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Finstitution%2Funiversity-of-minnesota-twin-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE-508"><a href="#cite_ref-THE_508-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-minnesota">"University of Minnesota"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219185750/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-minnesota">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2023. 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Now, American Indian leaders, students and faculty want this history addressed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Daily" title="Minnesota Daily">Minnesota Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125170957/https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2023. 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Retrieved April 11, 2024. <q>The Treaty of 1837 gave 1,062,334 acres, more than any other land cession, to 33 LGUs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+great+university+land-grab&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Almeroth-Williams&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fstories%2Fgreat-university-land-grab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharya_2023_l546-514"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya_2023_l546_514-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2023" class="citation news cs1">Bhattacharya, Ananya (July 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896">"Native Americans are struggling to put a dollar value on how much "land-grab" universities owe them"</a>. 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November 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303003000/https://minneapolis.edu/about-minneapolis-college">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2023. 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Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Us&rft.pub=Walden+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldenu.edu%2Fcontact-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metrostate.edu/about/locations/minneapolis">"Minneapolis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_State_University" title="Metropolitan State University">Metropolitan State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231920/https://www.metrostate.edu/about/locations/minneapolis">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Metropolitan+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrostate.edu%2Fabout%2Flocations%2Fminneapolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stthomas.edu/about/our-campuses/">"Our Campuses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)" title="University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)">University of St. Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231915/https://www.stthomas.edu/about/our-campuses/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Campuses&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stthomas.edu%2Fabout%2Four-campuses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city">"Licensed Career Schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Office_of_Higher_Education" title="Minnesota Office of Higher Education">Minnesota Office of Higher Education</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303000132/https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Licensed+Career+Schools&rft.pub=Minnesota+Office+of+Higher+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohe.state.mn.us%2FsPages%2F141All.cfm%3Fsort%3Dcity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNA-526"><a href="#cite_ref-MNA_526-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mna.org/assets/2024/03/MNADirectoryMar2024.pdf">"Minnesota Newspaper Directory"</a> (PDF). Minnesota Newspaper Association. March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315022205/https://mna.org/assets/2024/03/MNADirectoryMar2024.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Newspaper+Directory&rft.pub=Minnesota+Newspaper+Association&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmna.org%2Fassets%2F2024%2F03%2FMNADirectoryMar2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2006" class="citation news cs1">Scheck, Tom (October 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2006/10/16/hutchinson-gets-an-endorsement-and-some-scheduled-criticism">"Hutchinson gets an endorsement and some scheduled criticism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MPR_News" class="mw-redirect" title="MPR News">MPR News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320202943/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2006/10/16/hutchinson-gets-an-endorsement-and-some-scheduled-criticism">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Hutchinson+gets+an+endorsement+and+some+scheduled+criticism&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2006%2F10%2F16%2Fhutchinson-gets-an-endorsement-and-some-scheduled-criticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/outreach/lltc-engagement-summary_final.pdf">"Listening and Learning through Crises"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)" title="Metro Transit (Minnesota)">Metro Transit</a>. Summer 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219115239/https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/outreach/lltc-engagement-summary_final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listening+and+Learning+through+Crises&rft.pub=Metro+Transit&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrotransit.org%2FData%2FSites%2F1%2Fmedia%2Foutreach%2Flltc-engagement-summary_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2014" class="citation news cs1">Weber, Laura (July 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/07/after-four-failures-rabbi-samuel-deinard-found-success-american-jewish-world/">"After four failures, Rabbi Samuel Deinard found success with 'American Jewish World'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MinnPost" title="MinnPost">MinnPost</a>. 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Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis%2FSt.+Paul+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Minneapolis+neighborhood+news+site+Southwest+Voices+adding+outlet+covering+downtown&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Ftwincities%2Fnews%2F2023%2F06%2F22%2Fsouthwest-voices-downtown-minneapolis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2016" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Matt (September 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/9/12/is-this-new-high-school-really-an-upgrade">"Is this new high school really an upgrade?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strong_Towns" title="Strong Towns">Strong Towns</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320144533/https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/9/12/is-this-new-high-school-really-an-upgrade">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2024. 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Retrieved March 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bring+Me+The+News&rft.atitle=Racket%2C+a+new+alternative+news+site+from+former+City+Pages+editors%2C+launches+this+month&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Shaymus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbringmethenews.com%2Fminnesota-lifestyle%2Fracket-a-new-alternative-news-site-from-former-citypages-editors-launches-this-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/organization/?102979/MinnPost">"MinnPost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321195000/https://www.c-span.org/organization/?102979/MinnPost">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MinnPost&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Forganization%2F%3F102979%2FMinnPost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller2022" class="citation news cs1">Boller, Jay (October 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://racketmn.com/after-120-years-the-minnesota-daily-quietly-killed-its-print-edition">"After 120+ Years, the Minnesota Daily Quietly Killed Its Print Edition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Racket_(Minnesota)" title="Racket (Minnesota)">Racket</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606085733/https://racketmn.com/after-120-years-the-minnesota-daily-quietly-killed-its-print-edition">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2023. 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Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brainerd+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Minnesota+manufacturing%3A+Growth+year+projected&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brainerddispatch.com%2Fnews%2Fminnesota-manufacturing-growth-year-projected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citymag.org/biz_mags/twin-cities-business/">"Twin Cities Business"</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_and_Regional_Magazine_Association" title="City and Regional Magazine Association">City and Regional Magazine Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320154141/https://citymag.org/biz_mags/twin-cities-business/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+Cities+Business&rft.pub=City+and+Regional+Magazine+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitymag.org%2Fbiz_mags%2Ftwin-cities-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/rain-taxi/">"Rain Taxi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Literary_Magazines_and_Presses" title="Community of Literary Magazines and Presses">Community of Literary Magazines and Presses</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207074212/https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/rain-taxi/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rain+Taxi&rft.pub=Community+of+Literary+Magazines+and+Presses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clmp.org%2Freaders%2Fpublisher%2Frain-taxi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poets.org/listing/great-river-review">"Great River Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_American_Poets" title="Academy of American Poets">Academy of American Poets</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320155346/https://poets.org/listing/great-river-review">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+River+Review&rft.pub=Academy+of+American+Poets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoets.org%2Flisting%2Fgreat-river-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-03085">"University of Minnesota Law School Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215121401/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-03085">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota+Law+School+Overview&rft.pub=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-graduate-schools%2Ftop-law-schools%2Funiversity-of-minnesota-twin-cities-03085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcat.colorado.edu/Record/lb689094">"Minnesota law review [electronic resource]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152528/https://libcat.colorado.edu/Record/lb689094">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+law+review+%5Belectronic+resource%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Colorado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcat.colorado.edu%2FRecord%2Flb689094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/minnclips/2012/01/archictecture-minnesota-weisman-art-museum-frank-gehry/">"Archictecture Minnesota: Weisman Art Museum by Frank Gehry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MinnPost" title="MinnPost">MinnPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205015951/https://www.minnpost.com/minnclips/2012/01/archictecture-minnesota-weisman-art-museum-frank-gehry/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=Archictecture+Minnesota%3A+Weisman+Art+Museum+by+Frank+Gehry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fminnclips%2F2012%2F01%2Farchictecture-minnesota-weisman-art-museum-frank-gehry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primo.lib.umn.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UMN_INST:TWINCITIES&docid=alma9930685810001701&context=L">"Bench & bar of Minnesota"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152546/https://primo.lib.umn.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UMN_INST:TWINCITIES&docid=alma9930685810001701&context=L">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bench+%26+bar+of+Minnesota&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprimo.lib.umn.edu%2Fdiscovery%2Ffulldisplay%3Fvid%3D01UMN_INST%3ATWINCITIES%26docid%3Dalma9930685810001701%26context%3DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/tobacco/21/index.html">"Research shows raising the tobacco sale age would keep Minnesota kids from starting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Health" title="Minnesota Department of Health">Minnesota Department of Health</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002075347/https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/tobacco/21/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2023. 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October 5, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006211554/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/MarkedAgenda/Council/4164">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marked+Agenda%3A+Minneapolis+City+Council+Agenda%2C+Regular+Meeting&rft.pub=City+of+Minneapolis&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flims.minneapolismn.gov%2FMarkedAgenda%2FCouncil%2F4164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KFF-599"><a href="#cite_ref-KFF_599-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugginsMueller2022" class="citation news cs1">Huggins, Katherine; Mueller, Julia (May 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/tribal-pharmacy-native-americans-minneapolis/">"Tribal Pharmacy Dispenses Free Meds and Fills Gaps for Native Americans in the City"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KFF_Health_News" class="mw-redirect" title="KFF Health News">KFF Health News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">KFF</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513135728/https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/tribal-pharmacy-native-americans-minneapolis/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KFF+Health+News&rft.atitle=Tribal+Pharmacy+Dispenses+Free+Meds+and+Fills+Gaps+for+Native+Americans+in+the+City&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Huggins&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkffhealthnews.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Ftribal-pharmacy-native-americans-minneapolis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-600"><a href="#cite_ref-600">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/sister-cities/">"Sister Cities"</a>. City of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504142604/https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/sister-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolis.org%2Fabout-us%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2019" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6434-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-6434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacre+in+Minnesota%3A+The+Dakota+War+of+1862%2C+the+Most+Violent+Ethnic+Conflict+in+American+History&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-6434-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnfinsonMadiganForsbergNunnally2003" class="citation book cs1">Anfinson, John O.; Madigan, Thomas; Forsberg, Drew M.; Nunnally, Patrick (2003). "St. Anthony Falls: Timber, Flour and Electricity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/historyculture/river-of-hisory-chapter-6.htm">River of history: a historic resources study</a>. St. Paul District, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Corps of Engineers</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Anthony+Falls%3A+Timber%2C+Flour+and+Electricity&rft.btitle=River+of+history%3A+a+historic+resources+study&rft.pub=St.+Paul+District%2C+U.S.+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Anfinson&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft.au=Madigan%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Forsberg%2C+Drew+M.&rft.au=Nunnally%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmiss%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Friver-of-hisory-chapter-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Atwater" title="Isaac Atwater">Atwater, Isaac</a>, ed. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycityminn00atwagoog">History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>. Vol. 1. Munsell & Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22047580">22047580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Munsell+%26+Company&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22047580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycityminn00atwagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1893a" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Rufus J. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycityminn00atwagoog/page/29/mode/2up">"Early Settlement"</a>. History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. 29–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Settlement&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Rufus+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycityminn00atwagoog%2Fpage%2F29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlowSilk2004" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Philip; Silk, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTpnyr2Z0moC">Religion and Public Life in the Midwest: America's Common Denominator?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_Altamira" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman Altamira">Rowman Altamira</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0631-4"><bdi>978-0-7591-0631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Life+in+the+Midwest%3A+America%27s+Common+Denominator%3F&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0631-4&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Silk%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTpnyr2Z0moC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlegen1975" class="citation book cs1">Blegen, Theodore Christian (1975) [1963]. Minnesota: A History of the State. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0754-9"><bdi>978-0-8166-0754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%3A+A+History+of+the+State&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0754-9&rft.aulast=Blegen&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert A.</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson#Book_Three:_Master_of_the_Senate_(2002)" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson">Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group">Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52836-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52836-6"><bdi>978-0-394-52836-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+of+the+Senate%3A+The+Years+of+Lyndon+Johnson&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52836-6&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mark_Chalmers" title="David Mark Chalmers">Chalmers, David Mark</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hoodedamericanis00chal">Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0772-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-0772-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hooded+Americanism%3A+The+History+of+the+Ku+Klux+Klan&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0772-3&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=David+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoodedamericanis00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorriganSigelman2018" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Daniel (photos); Sigelman, Danny (text) (2018). Heyday: 35 Years of Music in Minneapolis. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68134-123-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68134-123-1"><bdi>978-1-68134-123-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heyday%3A+35+Years+of+Music+in+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68134-123-1&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Daniel+%28photos%29&rft.au=Sigelman%2C+Danny+%28text%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2016" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Tricia (2016). Moon. Minneapolis & St. Paul (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Travel" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalon Travel">Avalon Travel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63121-272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63121-272-7"><bdi>978-1-63121-272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon.+Minneapolis+%26+St.+Paul&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-63121-272-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Julie L. (2013). Survival Schools: The American Indian Movement and Community Education in the Twin Cities. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816674282.001.0001">10.5749/minnesota/9780816674282.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7429-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7429-9"><bdi>978-0-8166-7429-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survival+Schools%3A+The+American+Indian+Movement+and+Community+Education+in+the+Twin+Cities&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816674282.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-7429-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Julie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCarlo2020" class="citation book cs1">DeCarlo, Peter (2020). Fort Snelling at Bdote: A Brief History, Newly Annotated. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68134-171-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68134-171-2"><bdi>978-1-68134-171-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Snelling+at+Bdote%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Newly+Annotated&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-68134-171-2&rft.aulast=DeCarlo&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolwell1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Watts_Folwell" title="William Watts Folwell">Folwell, William Watts</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso02folw">A History of Minnesota</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12778263">12778263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12778263&rft.aulast=Folwell&rft.aufirst=William+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofminneso02folw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremling2005" class="citation book cs1">Fremling, Calvin R. (2005). Immortal River: The Upper Mississippi in Ancient and Modern Times. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20294-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20294-1"><bdi>978-0-299-20294-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortal+River%3A+The+Upper+Mississippi+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Times&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-299-20294-1&rft.aulast=Fremling&rft.aufirst=Calvin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrettson1993" class="citation book cs1">Garrettson, Charles Lloyd (1993). Hubert H. 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Business without Boundary: The Story of General Mills. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/54-10286">54-10286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+without+Boundary%3A+The+Story+of+General+Mills&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F54-10286&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilfoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Guilfoyle, Peg (September 15, 2015). "Fifty-five Theaters in the Twin Cities Metro". 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Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912964-17-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912964-17-1"><bdi>978-0-912964-17-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302542392">1302542392</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Their+Splendid+Legacy%3A+The+First+100+Years+of+the+Minneapolis+Society+of+Fine+Arts&rft.pub=Minneapolis+Society+of+Fine+Arts&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302542392&rft.isbn=978-0-912964-17-1&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheirsplendidleg0000hess%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Holmquist, June D., ed. 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They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 73–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Blacks&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=David+Vassar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVecoli1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_J._Vecoli" title="Rudolph J. Vecoli">Vecoli, Rudolph J.</a> (1981). "The Italians". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 449–471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Italians&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Vecoli&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaloutos1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Saloutos" title="Theodore Saloutos">Saloutos, Theodore</a> (1981). "The Greeks". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 472–488.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greeks&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E472-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Saloutos&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1981a" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Chinese". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 531–545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1981b" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Filipinos". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 546–557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Filipinos&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E546-%3C%2Fspan%3E557&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert1981" class="citation book cs1">Albert, Michael (1981). "The Japanese". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 558–571.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Japanese&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E571&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1981c" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Koreans". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 572–579.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Koreans&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E572-%3C%2Fspan%3E579&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1981d" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Sarah R. (1981). "The Indochinese". They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups. pp. 580–592.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indochinese&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+States+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E580-%3C%2Fspan%3E592&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Sarah+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2001" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Kirk (2001). Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6579-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6579-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-6579-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machines+in+Our+Hearts%3A+The+Cardiac+Pacemaker%2C+the+Implantable+Defibrillator%2C+and+American+Health+Care&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6579-4&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1987" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Lucile M. (1987) [1966]. The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-205-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-205-3"><bdi>978-0-87351-205-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falls+of+St.+Anthony%3A+The+Waterfall+That+Built+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-205-3&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Lucile+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation book cs1">King, Frank Alexander (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesotalogging0000king">Minnesota Logging Railroads</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4084-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4084-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-4084-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Logging+Railroads&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4084-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Frank+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesotalogging0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmererSmith2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wall_Kimmerer" title="Robin Wall Kimmerer">Kimmerer, Robin Wall</a>; Smith, Monique Gray (2022). Braiding Sweetgrass for Young Adults: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants. <a href="/wiki/Zest_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Zest Books">Zest Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7284-5899-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7284-5899-1"><bdi>978-1-7284-5899-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braiding+Sweetgrass+for+Young+Adults%3A+Indigenous+Wisdom%2C+Scientific+Knowledge%2C+and+the+Teachings+of+Plants&rft.pub=Zest+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-7284-5899-1&rft.aulast=Kimmerer&rft.aufirst=Robin+Wall&rft.au=Smith%2C+Monique+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerO'Meara2007" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Martin; O'Meara, Sheri (2007). Media Tales: Stories of Minnesota TV, Radio, Publications, and Personalities. D Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9787956-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9787956-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9787956-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Tales%3A+Stories+of+Minnesota+TV%2C+Radio%2C+Publications%2C+and+Personalities&rft.pub=D+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9787956-2-7&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=O%27Meara%2C+Sheri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Larson" title="Agnes Larson">Larson, Agnes Mathilda</a> (2007) [1972]. The White Pine Industry in Minnesota, A History. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5149-8"><bdi>978-0-8166-5149-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Pine+Industry+in+Minnesota%2C+A+History&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5149-8&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Mathilda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass2000" class="citation book cs1">Lass, William E. (2000). Minnesota: A History (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31971-2"><bdi>978-0-393-31971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%3A+A+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31971-2&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeague_of_Women_Voters2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> (December 2002). Immigration in Minnesota: Challenges and Opportunities. The League of Women Voters Education Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877889-33-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877889-33-2"><bdi>978-1-877889-33-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+in+Minnesota%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.pub=The+League+of+Women+Voters+Education+Fund&rft.date=2002-12&rft.isbn=978-1-877889-33-2&rft.au=League+of+Women+Voters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieblingMorrison1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Liebling" title="Jerome Liebling">Liebling, Jerome</a>; Morrison, Donal MacLachlan (1966). The Face of Minneapolis. <a href="/wiki/Dillon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dillon Press">Dillon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904082681">904082681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Dillon+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904082681&rft.aulast=Liebling&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Donal+MacLachlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConvellRhodesGüldemann2020" class="citation book cs1">McConvell, Patrick; Rhodes, Richard A.; Güldemann, Tom, eds. (2020). The Language of Hunter-Gatherers. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00368-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00368-2"><bdi>978-1-107-00368-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Hunter-Gatherers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00368-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Minneapolis_'76_Bicentennial_Commission1976" class="citation book cs1">The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission (1976). Minneapolis Frontiers, Firsts & Futures: A Bicentennial Commemorative Guide to the History of the City of Minneapolis. The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3804178">3804178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+Frontiers%2C+Firsts+%26+Futures%3A+A+Bicentennial+Commemorative+Guide+to+the+History+of+the+City+of+Minneapolis&rft.pub=The+Minneapolis+%2776+Bicentennial+Commission&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3804178&rft.au=The+Minneapolis+%2776+Bicentennial+Commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnesota_Historical_Society2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a> (2003). Selling the Mill City: A Postcard Book. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-460-6"><bdi>978-0-87351-460-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+the+Mill+City%3A+A+Postcard+Book&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-460-6&rft.au=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Millett" title="Larry Millett">Millett, Larry</a> (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-540-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-540-5"><bdi>978-0-87351-540-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIA+Guide+to+the+Twin+Cities%3A+The+Essential+Source+on+the+Architecture+of+Minneapolis+and+St.+Paul&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-540-5&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisa2013" class="citation book cs1">Misa, Thomas J. (2013). Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816683314.001.0001">10.5749/minnesota/9780816683314.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-8836-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-8836-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-8836-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+State%3A+The+Story+of+Minnesota%27s+Computing+Industry&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816683314.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-8836-4&rft.aulast=Misa&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadenicekNeckar2002" class="citation book cs1">Nadenicek, Daniel J.; Neckar, Lance M. (April 2002) [1873]. Introduction. Landscape Architecture, as Applied to the Wants of the West; with an Essay on Forest Planting on the Great Plains. By <a href="/wiki/Horace_Cleveland" title="Horace Cleveland">Cleveland, H. W. S.</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a> in association with Library of American Landscape History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-330-8"><bdi>978-1-55849-330-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Landscape+Architecture%2C+as+Applied+to+the+Wants+of+the+West%3B+with+an+Essay+on+Forest+Planting+on+the+Great+Plains&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press+in+association+with+Library+of+American+Landscape+History&rft.date=2002-04&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-330-8&rft.aulast=Nadenicek&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Neckar%2C+Lance+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanson2010" class="citation book cs1">Nathanson, Iric (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/">Minneapolis in the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-725-6"><bdi>978-0-87351-725-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minneapolis+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+The+Growth+of+an+American+City&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-725-6&rft.aulast=Nathanson&rft.aufirst=Iric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminneapolisintwe0000nath%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price_(business_executive)" title="Robert M. 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The Eye for Innovation: Recognizing Possibilities and Managing the Creative Enterprise. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10877-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10877-4"><bdi>978-0-300-10877-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eye+for+Innovation%3A+Recognizing+Possibilities+and+Managing+the+Creative+Enterprise&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10877-4&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Princeton_Review2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a> (2014). 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A Dakota-English dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Borealis_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Borealis Books">Borealis Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-282-4"><bdi>978-0-87351-282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dakota-English+dictionary&rft.pub=Borealis+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-282-4&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Return&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisjord2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_K._Risjord" title="Norman K. 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Denison. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644156212">644156212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negro+in+Minnesota&rft.pub=T.+S.+Denison&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644156212&rft.aulast=Spangler&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.%24b538878%26seq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipanovich1982" class="citation book cs1">Stipanovich, Joseph (1982). City of Lakes: An Illustrated History of Minneapolis. Windsor Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89781-048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89781-048-7"><bdi>978-0-89781-048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Lakes%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Windsor+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89781-048-7&rft.aulast=Stipanovich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, David Vassar (2002). African Americans in Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-653-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-653-2"><bdi>978-0-87351-653-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-653-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=David+Vassar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreuer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Treuer" title="Anton Treuer">Treuer, Anton</a> (2010). Ojibwe in Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-768-3"><bdi>978-0-87351-768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ojibwe+in+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-768-3&rft.aulast=Treuer&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rumford_Walker" title="Charles Rumford Walker">Walker, Charles Rumford</a> (1937). American City: A Rank-and-file History. <a href="/wiki/Farrar_%26_Rinehart" title="Farrar & Rinehart">Farrar & Rinehart</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/480952">480952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+City%3A+A+Rank-and-file+History&rft.pub=Farrar+%26+Rinehart&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F480952&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Charles+Rumford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2022" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Tom (2022). Minneapolis: An Urban Biography (Updated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68134-260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68134-260-3"><bdi>978-1-68134-260-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minneapolis%3A+An+Urban+Biography&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-68134-260-3&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermanWhite2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Westerman" title="Gwen Westerman">Westerman, Gwen</a>; White, Bruce (2012). <a href="/wiki/Mni_Sota_Makoce:_The_Land_of_the_Dakota" title="Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota">Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Historical Society Press">Minnesota Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-869-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-869-7"><bdi>978-0-87351-869-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mni+Sota+Makoce%3A+The+Land+of+the+Dakota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-869-7&rft.aulast=Westerman&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft.au=White%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Poage_Williamson" title="John Poage Williamson">Williamson, John P. (compiler)</a> (1992) [1st pub. <a href="/wiki/American_Tract_Society" title="American Tract Society">American Tract Society</a> 1902]. An English-Dakota Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Borealis_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Borealis Books">Borealis Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-283-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-283-1"><bdi>978-0-87351-283-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English-Dakota+Dictionary.&rft.pub=Borealis+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-283-1&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=John+P.+%28compiler%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingerd2010" class="citation book cs1">Wingerd, Mary Lethert (2010). North Country: The Making of Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4868-9"><bdi>978-0-8166-4868-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Country%3A+The+Making+of+Minnesota&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4868-9&rft.aulast=Wingerd&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lethert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeigler1973" class="citation book cs1">Zeigler, Joseph Wesley (1973). Regional Theatre: The Revolutionary Stage. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1142-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1142-7"><bdi>978-1-4529-1142-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Theatre%3A+The+Revolutionary+Stage&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-1142-7&rft.aulast=Zeigler&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlySchechter1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bly, Mark; Schechter, Joel (November 1, 1979). "The Guthrie: An Interview with Alvin Epstein and Michael Feingold". Theater. 10 (3): 33–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00440167-10-3-33">10.1215/00440167-10-3-33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-196X">1527-196X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theater&rft.atitle=The+Guthrie%3A+An+Interview+with+Alvin+Epstein+and+Michael+Feingold&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1979-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00440167-10-3-33&rft.issn=1527-196X&rft.aulast=Bly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Schechter%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemmons2005" class="citation journal cs1">Clemmons, L.M. (2005). "'We Will Talk of Nothing Else': Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837". Great Plains Quarterly. 25 (3): 173–185. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-7664">0275-7664</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23533608">23533608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Plains+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27We+Will+Talk+of+Nothing+Else%27%3A+Dakota+Interpretations+of+the+Treaty+of+1837&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23533608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0275-7664&rft.aulast=Clemmons&rft.aufirst=L.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2023" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William J. (2023). "35W Impact on South Minneapolis". Hennepin History. 82 (2): 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-1067">1062-1067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hennepin+History&rft.atitle=35W+Impact+on+South+Minneapolis&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=1062-1067&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanbom2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Danbom" title="David B. Danbom">Danbom, David B.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p270-285.pdf">"Flour power: the significance of flour milling at the falls"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_History_(journal)" title="Minnesota History (journal)">Minnesota History</a>. 58 (5–6): 270–285. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-5497">0026-5497</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188363">20188363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101194025/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p270-285.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=Flour+power%3A+the+significance+of+flour+milling+at+the+falls&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20188363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-5497&rft.aulast=Danbom&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mnhs.org%2FMNHistoryMagazine%2Farticles%2F58%2Fv58i05-06p270-285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelegardEhrman-Solberg2017" class="citation journal cs1">Delegard, Kirsten; Ehrman-Solberg, Kevin (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24926%2F2471190X.2820">"'Playground of the People'? Mapping Racial Covenants in Twentieth-Century Minneapolis"</a>. Open Rivers: Rethinking the Mississippi (6): 72–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24926%2F2471190X.2820">10.24926/2471190X.2820</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2471-190X">2471-190X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Rivers%3A+Rethinking+the+Mississippi&rft.atitle=%27Playground+of+the+People%27%3F+Mapping+Racial+Covenants+in+Twentieth-Century+Minneapolis&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24926%2F2471190X.2820&rft.issn=2471-190X&rft.aulast=Delegard&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft.au=Ehrman-Solberg%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24926%252F2471190X.2820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2005" class="citation journal cs1">Goss, Vincent L. (June 2005). "Lillehei, Lewis, and Wangensteen: the right mix for giant achievements in cardiac surgery". <a href="/wiki/The_Annals_of_Thoracic_Surgery" title="The Annals of Thoracic Surgery">The Annals of Thoracic Surgery</a>. 79 (6): S2210-3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2005.02.078">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.02.078</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4975">0003-4975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919253">15919253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Thoracic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Lillehei%2C+Lewis%2C+and+Wangensteen%3A+the+right+mix+for+giant+achievements+in+cardiac+surgery&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=S2210-3&rft.date=2005-06&rft.issn=0003-4975&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15919253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2005.02.078&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Vincent+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatleVaillancourt2009–2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hatle, Elizabeth Dorsey; Vaillancourt, Nancy M. (Winter 2009–2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i08p360-371.pdf">"One Flag, One School, One Language: Minnesota's Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_History_(journal)" title="Minnesota History (journal)">Minnesota History</a>. 61 (8): 360–371. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-5497">0026-5497</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40543955">40543955</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624004230/http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i08p360-371.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=One+Flag%2C+One+School%2C+One+Language%3A+Minnesota%27s+Ku+Klux+Klan+in+the+1920s&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E360-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=2009%2F2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40543955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-5497&rft.aulast=Hatle&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Dorsey&rft.au=Vaillancourt%2C+Nancy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mnhs.org%2Fmnhistorymagazine%2Farticles%2F61%2Fv61i08p360-371.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHACER1998" class="citation web cs1">Hispanic Advocacy and Community Empowerment through Research (HACER) (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/3628">"Realidades Latinas: Una Comunidad Vibrante Emerge en el Sur de Minneapolis"</a>. HACER. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F3628">11299/3628</a>. 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(Spring 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019112330/http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/52/v52i05p166-182.pdf">"'Gentiles Preferred': Minneapolis Jews and Employment 1920–1950"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_History_(journal)" title="Minnesota History (journal)">Minnesota History</a>. 52 (5): 166–182. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-5497">0026-5497</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20179243">20179243</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/52/v52i05p166-182.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=%27Gentiles+Preferred%27%3A+Minneapolis+Jews+and+Employment+1920%E2%80%931950&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20179243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-5497&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Laura+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mnhs.org%2FMNHistoryMagazine%2Farticles%2F52%2Fv52i05p166-182.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2004" class="citation journal cs1">Whitmore, Janet (Autumn 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn04/67-autumn04/autumn04article/294-presentation-strategies-in-the-american-gilded-age-one-case-study">"Presentation Strategies in the American Gilded Age: One Case Study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth-Century_Art_Worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide">Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide</a>. 3 (2): 113–130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-1002">1543-1002</a>. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Art+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Presentation+Strategies+in+the+American+Gilded+Age%3A+One+Case+Study&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1543-1002&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.19thc-artworldwide.org%2Fautumn04%2F67-autumn04%2Fautumn04article%2F294-presentation-strategies-in-the-american-gilded-age-one-case-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, H. E. Jr. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swwdmn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Geologic-History-of-MN-Rivers.pdf">"Geologic History of Minnesota Rivers"</a> (PDF). Minnesota Geological Survey Educational Series. 7: iii–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0544-3083">0544-3083</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420105306/https://www.swwdmn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Geologic-History-of-MN-Rivers.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2020 – via South Washington Watershed District.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Geological+Survey+Educational+Series&rft.atitle=Geologic+History+of+Minnesota+Rivers&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=iii-20&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0544-3083&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=H.+E.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swwdmn.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FGeologic-History-of-MN-Rivers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Minneapolis <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=141350341&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=141350341">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=141350341&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugill2021" class="citation book cs1">Hugill, David (2021). Settler Colonial City: Racism and Inequity in Postwar Minneapolis. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0479-1"><bdi>978-1-5179-0479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settler+Colonial+City%3A+Racism+and+Inequity+in+Postwar+Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5179-0479-1&rft.aulast=Hugill&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaziyatawin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waziyatawin" title="Waziyatawin">Waziyatawin</a> (2008). What Does Justice Look Like?: The Struggle for Liberation in Dakota Homeland (1st ed.). Living Justice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721886-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9721886-5-4"><bdi>978-0-9721886-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+Justice+Look+Like%3F%3A+The+Struggle+for+Liberation+in+Dakota+Homeland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Living+Justice+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9721886-5-4&rft.au=Waziyatawin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindeke2015" class="citation news cs1">Lindeke, Bill (February 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074946/http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/news/2015/02/24/about-miracle">"About that 'Miracle'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Daily_Planet" title="Twin Cities Daily Planet">Twin Cities Daily Planet</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/news/2015/02/24/about-miracle">the original</a> on February 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twin+Cities+Daily+Planet&rft.atitle=About+that+%27Miracle%27&rft.date=2015-02-24&rft.aulast=Lindeke&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdailyplanet.net%2Fnews%2F2015%2F02%2F24%2Fabout-miracle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowery2020" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Lowery" title="Wesley Lowery">Lowery, Wesley</a> (June 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/06/wesley-lowery-george-floyd-minneapolis-black-lives/612391/">"Why Minneapolis Was the Breaking Point"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Atlantic Monthly Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+Minneapolis+Was+the+Breaking+Point&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Lowery&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2020%2F06%2Fwesley-lowery-george-floyd-minneapolis-black-lives%2F612391%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinneapolis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minneapolismn.gov/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.tpt.org/video/2261911419">"Minneapolis Past"</a> — documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Public_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities Public Television">Twin Cities Public Television</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Minneapolis at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Minneapolis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Minneapolis">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minneapolis&oldid=1276771344">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minneapolis&oldid=1276771344</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Minneapolis&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 February 2025, at 17:18 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8A%E1%88%B5" title="ሚኒያፖሊስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሚኒያፖሊስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneceaster" title="Minneceaster – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Minneceaster" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مينيابوليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينيابوليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مینیاپولیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مینیاپولیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="মিনিয়াপোলিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিনিয়াপোলিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Мінеапаліс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінеапаліс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Мінэапаліс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мінэапаліс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Минеаполис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минеаполис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Minnesota)" title="Minneapolis (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Minnesota) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Minneapolis (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Minnesota)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CA%BCek%CA%BCid_%C5%81%C3%A1n%C3%AD_(kin_haal%CA%BC%C3%A1)" title="Beʼekʼid Łání (kin haalʼá) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Beʼekʼid Łání (kin haalʼá)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μινεάπολη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μινεάπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine%C3%A1polis" title="Mineápolis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mineápolis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineapolo" title="Mineapolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mineapolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مینیاپولیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینیاپولیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مينياپؤليس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مينياپؤليس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8" title="મિનેપોલિસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મિનેપોલિસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%95%A0%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="미니애폴리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미니애폴리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineapoli" title="Mineapoli – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mineapoli" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Մինեապոլիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինեապոլիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="मिनियापोलिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिनियापोलिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_(Minnesota)" title="Minneapolis (Minnesota) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Minneapolis (Minnesota)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="מיניאפוליס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיניאפוליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಿನ್ನಿಯಾಪೋಲಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿನ್ನಿಯಾಪೋಲಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მინეაპოლისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინეაპოლისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Миннеаполис (Миннесота) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миннеаполис (Миннесота)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_(Minnesota)" title="Minneapolis (Minnesota) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Minneapolis (Minnesota)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineapolisa" title="Mineapolisa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mineapolisa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineapolis" title="Mineapolis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mineapolis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_(Minnesota)" title="Minneapolis (Minnesota) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Minneapolis (Minnesota)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Минеаполис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минеаполис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മിന്നീപോളിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിന്നീപോളിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="मिनीयापोलिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिनीयापोलिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مينيابوليس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مينيابوليس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ミネアポリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミネアポリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneap%C3%B2lis" title="Minneapòlis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Minneapòlis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_(Minnesota)" title="Minneapolis (Minnesota) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Minneapolis (Minnesota)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniyaabolis" title="Miniyaabolis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Miniyaabolis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مینیاپۆڵیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مینیاپۆڵیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Минеаполис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минеаполис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minneapolis, Minnesota" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="மினியாப்பொலிஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மினியாப்பொலிஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="มินนีแอโพลิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มินนีแอโพลิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Миннеаполис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миннеаполис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Міннеаполіс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міннеаполіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="منیاپولس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منیاپولس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minn%C3%A9apolis" title="Minnéapolis – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Minnéapolis" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_(Minnesota)" title="Minneapolis (Minnesota) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Minneapolis (Minnesota)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="明尼阿波利斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="明尼阿波利斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="明尼阿波利斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="明尼阿波利斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="明尼亞波利斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="明尼亞波利斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="明尼阿波利斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="明尼阿波利斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Minneapolis" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-5464f7789b-f6sg7","wgBackendResponseTime":1216,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_eba061e3ab775504f4ce5c9dfc0b4b3ce81d42ba":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q36091","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#0096FF","title":"Minneapolis","fill":"#0096FF"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q36091","properties":{"title":"Minneapolis","fill-opacity":0,"stroke-opacity":0,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}],"_620b20e8409cc1cc5992f6ccac9ec10060c2a1a1":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q36091","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#0096FF","title":"Minneapolis","fill":"#0096FF"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q486229","properties":{"title":"Minneapolis","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke-opacity":1,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}],"_37ffc48d6224d24290132cf6f2b4293f7126ed76":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-93.26916666666666,44.981944444444444],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Minneapolis","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1527","properties":{"title":"Minneapolis","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke-opacity":1,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}],"_caaf2005d114ef89e67971bc7d18da0cac97f7c4":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-93.26916666666666,44.981944444444444],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Minneapolis","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q30","properties":{"title":"Minneapolis","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke-opacity":1,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"6.024","walltime":"6.537","ppvisitednodes":{"value":67101,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1416464,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":154882,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":33,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":64,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2004016,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5553.863 1 -total"," 36.61% 2033.498 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.88% 937.247 233 Template:Cite_web"," 16.43% 912.322 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 14.97% 831.653 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.79% 710.435 210 Template:Sfn"," 12.70% 705.163 146 Template:Cite_news"," 11.67% 648.108 87 Template:Cite_book"," 6.79% 377.167 1 Template:Maplink"," 6.41% 355.928 5 Template:Coord"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.816","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":36109536,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbert1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmeroth-Williams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmagaiKasperthe_Minnesota_Environments_Team\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnfinsonMadiganForsbergNunnally2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin1893a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlowSilk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiewen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackwood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlegen1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlySchechter1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoller2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoog2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrey,_Jared2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallaghan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaputoCraftGilbert2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarman1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaro2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeron2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalmers1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristianson,_Theodore1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCipolle,_Alex_V.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Minneapolis2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemmons2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobbBuiAlvarezReese2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConronLuhurGoldberg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorriganSigelman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrannBrown2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanbom2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeCarlo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelegardEhrman-Solberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEler,_Alicia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEler,_Alicia2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEspeland,_Pamela2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarber,_Zac2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeyder2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolwell1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForgrave2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrameHess1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFremling2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurst,_Randy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurst2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurstWebster2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrettson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGihring2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGras1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrunewaldHorowitzKyTchourumoff2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilfoyle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHACER1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalvorsen_LudtFritzAnderson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarms1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatleVaillancourt2009–2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath,_Brad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolder,_Sarah2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugginsMueller2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugill2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim,_Mohamed2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngraham,_Christopher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngraham2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJany,_Libor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahlenberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamal2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaul2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaul2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellerO\u0026#039;Meara2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmererSmith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlecker2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlecker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolls,_Jay2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKormann2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuftinec2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadd-Taylor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLass2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeague_of_Women_Voters2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieblingMorrison1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLileks2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindeke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongbella2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowery2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartucci2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaruggiGerten2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1981a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1981b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1981c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1981d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatos2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConvellRhodesGüldemann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinney,_Matt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcNamara2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerchant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillett2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinneapolis_Park_and_Recreation_Board,_Environmental_Management2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinnesota_Historical_Society2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran,_Lydia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulrooney_EldredTu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadenicekNeckar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanson,_Iric2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Park_Service_and_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavratil,_Liz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavratil2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavratil2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavratilMahamud2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeighborhood_and_Community_Relations2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesterak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoguchi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrrick2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaybarah,_Azi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPheifer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPioneer_Press_staff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPross2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRantala2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReganColemanNelson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiemenschneider2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggs1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisjord2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoiseGalesKoehlingerGoetz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyce2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaloutos1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaper,_David2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubertDuggan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuetz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemegaKollar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitaramiah,_Gita2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpangler1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Anthony2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStipanovich1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturdevant2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson,_Kirsten2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwansonMitchell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Minneapolis_\u0026#039;76_Bicentennial_Commission1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Princeton_Review2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas,_Dylan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTichy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreuer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrickey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuHazzard2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUren2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVecoli1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirtue\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVollmar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVue2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVue2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerRamerDericksonKeeler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaxman,_Olivia_B.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaziyatawin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeibel,_Alexa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestermanWhite2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler,_Charlotte2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitler,_Melissa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmore2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigdahl,_Heidi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingerd2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurzer,_Cathy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurzerStockton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeoman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYudhishthu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeigler1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Beaulieu2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite gnis2\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 146,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 221,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 36,\n [\"Coord\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 21,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 12,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Great Lakes Megalopolis\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 6,\n [\"Hennepin County, Minnesota\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/fn\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Midwestern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Minneapolis neighborhoods\"] = 1,\n [\"Minneapolis, Minnesota\"] = 1,\n [\"Minnesota\"] = 1,\n [\"Minnesota county seats\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 26,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 210,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Thinsp\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"US Census population\"] = 1,\n [\"USDCY\"] = 13,\n [\"USPopulousCities\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"%a.*_USGS$\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","14.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","500","12.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","480","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","260","6.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","2.9"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","120","2.9"],["tostring","80","1.9"],["[others]","1400","33.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-6554649787-67d5w","timestamp":"20250305215338","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Minneapolis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minneapolis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36091","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36091","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T14:29:25Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T17:18:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg","headline":"city in and county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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