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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shore_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shore_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Shore Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shore_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promise_to_Scott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promise_to_Scott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Promise to Scott </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promise_to_Scott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Expedition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expedition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyage_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyage_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Voyage south </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyage_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Royds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Royds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cape Royds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Royds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishing_the_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_the_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Establishing the base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_the_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascent_of_Mount_Erebus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascent_of_Mount_Erebus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Ascent of Mount Erebus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascent_of_Mount_Erebus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_1908" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_1908"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Winter 1908 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_1908-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Southern journey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outward_march" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outward_march"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Outward march </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outward_march-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Return journey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Northern Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nimrod Expedition</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بعثة نمرود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعثة نمرود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_Antarktika_ekspedisiyas%C4%B1_(1907-1909)" title="Britaniya Antarktika ekspedisiyası (1907-1909) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britaniya Antarktika ekspedisiyası (1907-1909)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Экспедыцыя «Німрада» – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экспедыцыя «Німрада»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3_Nimrod" title="Expedició Nimrod – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expedició Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedice_Nimrod" title="Expedice Nimrod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Expedice Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod-ekspeditionen_1907%E2%80%9309" title="Nimrod-ekspeditionen 1907–09 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nimrod-ekspeditionen 1907–09" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod-Expedition" title="Nimrod-Expedition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nimrod-Expedition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_Nimrod" title="Expedición Nimrod – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedicio_Nimrod" title="Ekspedicio Nimrod – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekspedicio Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_espedizioa" title="Nimrod espedizioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nimrod espedizioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="گروه اکتشافی نمرود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه اکتشافی نمرود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_Nimrod" title="Expédition Nimrod – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%98%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95" title="님로드 원정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="님로드 원정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Nimrod" title="Ekspedisi Nimrod – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekspedisi Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_Nimrod" title="Spedizione Nimrod – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spedizione Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93" title="משלחת נמרוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משלחת נמרוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შეკლტონის პირველი ექსპედიცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შეკლტონის პირველი ექსპედიცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%E2%80%9C" title="Експедиција на „Нимрод“ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Експедиција на „Нимрод“" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod-expeditie" title="Nimrod-expeditie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nimrod-expeditie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="ニムロド遠征 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニムロド遠征" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrodekspedisjonen" title="Nimrodekspedisjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nimrodekspedisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod-ekspedisjonen" title="Nimrod-ekspedisjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nimrod-ekspedisjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nimrod" title="Expedição Nimrod – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expedição Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая экспедиция Шеклтона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая экспедиция Шеклтона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nimrod Expedition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackletonin_vuoden_1908_etel%C3%A4naparetkikunta" title="Shackletonin vuoden 1908 etelänaparetkikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shackletonin vuoden 1908 etelänaparetkikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrodexpeditionen" title="Nimrodexpeditionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nimrodexpeditionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_ke%C5%9Fif_seferi" title="Nimrod keşif seferi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nimrod keşif seferi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(1907%E2%80%941909)" title="Британська антарктична експедиція (1907—1909) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська антарктична експедиція (1907—1909)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First of three Antarctic expeditions led by Ernest Shackleton, 1907–09</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimrod_South_9_Jan_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men in heavy clothing stand in line on an icy surface, next to a flagstaff from which flies the flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nimrod_South_9_Jan_09.jpg/300px-Nimrod_South_9_Jan_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nimrod_South_9_Jan_09.jpg/450px-Nimrod_South_9_Jan_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nimrod_South_9_Jan_09.jpg/600px-Nimrod_South_9_Jan_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Jameson Adams, Frank Wild and Eric Marshall (from left to right) plant the Union Jack at their southernmost position, 88° 23', on 9 January 1909. The photograph was taken by expedition leader <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Nimrod Expedition of 1907–1909, otherwise known as the British Antarctic Expedition, was the first of three expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> and his second time to the Continent. Its main target, among a range of geographical and scientific objectives, was to be first to reach the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. This was not attained, but the expedition's southern march reached a <a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> latitude of 88° 23' S, just 97.5 nautical miles (180.6 km; 112.2 mi) from the pole. This was by far the longest southern polar journey to that date and a record convergence on either Pole.<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> A separate group led by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Australian">Welsh Australian</a> geology professor <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> reached the estimated location of the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a>, and the expedition also achieved the first ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>, Antarctica's second highest volcano. The expedition lacked governmental or institutional support, and relied on private loans and individual contributions. It was beset by financial problems and its preparations were hurried. Its ship, <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a>, was less than half of the size of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>'s 1901–1904 expedition ship <a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a>, and Shackleton's crew lacked relevant experience. Controversy arose from Shackleton's decision to base the expedition in <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a>, close to Scott's old headquarters, in contravention of a promise to Scott that he would not do so. Nevertheless, although the expedition's profile was initially much lower than that of Scott's <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">six years earlier</a>, its achievements attracted widespread interest and made Shackleton a national hero. The scientific team, which included the future <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, carried out extensive geological, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> work. Shackleton's transport arrangements, based on <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchurian</a> ponies, motor traction, and <a href="/wiki/Dog_sled" title="Dog sled">sled dogs</a>, were innovations which, despite limited success, were later copied by Scott for his ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a>. On his return, Shackleton overcame the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>'s (RGS) initial scepticism about his achievements and received many public honours, including a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> from King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>. He made little financial gain from the expedition and eventually depended on a government grant to cover its liabilities. Within three years his southernmost record had been surpassed, as first <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a> and then Scott reached the South Pole. In his own moment of triumph, Amundsen nevertheless observed: "Sir Ernest Shackleton's name will always be written in the annals of Antarctic exploration in letters of fire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmundsenVol._II,_p._115-2">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beardmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A well-dressed man with greying hair and a large moustache stands looking directly at the camera. In his right hand is a cigar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Beardmore.jpg/170px-Beardmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Beardmore.jpg/255px-Beardmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Beardmore.jpg/340px-Beardmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Scottish industrialist <a href="/wiki/William_Beardmore,_1st_Baron_Invernairn" title="William Beardmore, 1st Baron Invernairn">Sir William Beardmore, later Lord Invernairn</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> had been a junior officer on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">first Antarctic expedition</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">RRS Discovery</a>. He had been sent home on the relief ship <a href="/wiki/SY_Morning" title="SY Morning">Morning</a> in 1903 after a physical collapse during the expedition's main southern journey.<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> Scott's verdict was that he "ought not to risk further hardships in his present state of health".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston68-4">[2]</a> Shackleton felt this physical failure as a personal stigma,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford117-5">[3]</a> and on his return to England he was determined to prove himself, in the words of Discovery's second-in command <a href="/wiki/Albert_Armitage" title="Albert Armitage">Albert Armitage</a>, as "a better man than Scott".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford120–121-6">[4]</a> He nevertheless declined the opportunity of a swift Antarctic return as chief officer of Discovery's second relief ship <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a>, after helping to fit her out; he also helped to equip Uruguay, the ship being prepared for the relief of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">Otto Nordenskjöld</a>'s expedition, stranded in the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford120–121-6">[4]</a> During the next few years, while nursing intermittent hopes of resuming his Antarctic career, Shackleton pursued other options. In 1906 he was working for the industrial <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnate</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Beardmore,_1st_Baron_Invernairn" title="William Beardmore, 1st Baron Invernairn">William Beardmore</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher99-7">[5]</a> According to his biographer <a href="/wiki/Roland_Huntford" title="Roland Huntford">Roland Huntford</a>, the references to Shackleton's physical breakdown made in Scott's The Voyage of the Discovery, published in 1905, reopened the wounds to Shackleton's pride. It became a personal mission that he should return to the Antarctic and outperform Scott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford145-8">[6]</a> Shackleton began looking for potential backers for an expedition of his own; his initial plans appear in an unpublished document dated early 1906. These include a cost estimate of £17,000 (updated value £2,270,000) for the entire expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher103-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth-10">[8]</a> He received his first promise of financial backing when early in 1907 his employer, Beardmore, offered a £7,000 loan guarantee (updated value £940,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford156-11">[9]</a> With this in hand, Shackleton felt confident enough to announce his intentions to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> (RGS) on 12 February 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton2–3-12">[10]</a> One reason for Shackleton's sense of urgency was the knowledge that the Polish explorer <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Henryk Arctowski</a> was planning an expedition, which was announced at the RGS on the same day as Shackleton's. In the event, Arctowski's plans were stillborn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh108–110-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_plans">Initial plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial plans">edit</a>]</div> Shackleton's original unpublished plan envisaged basing himself at the old Discovery Expedition headquarters in <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a>. From there he proposed to launch attempts to reach the geographical <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a>. Other journeys would follow, and there would be a continuous programme of scientific work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher102-14">[12]</a> This early plan also revealed Shackleton's proposed transport methods, involving a combination of dogs, ponies and a specially designed motor vehicle. Neither ponies nor motor traction had been used in the Antarctic before, although ponies had been used by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Jackson" title="Frederick George Jackson">Frederick George Jackson</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Harmsworth_expedition" title="Jackson–Harmsworth expedition">Jackson–Harmsworth Arctic expedition</a> of 1894–1897. Despite Jackson's confused reports of his ponies' prowess, and contrary to specific advice from <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, the renowned Norwegian polar traveller, Shackleton decided he would take 15 ponies, later scaled down to 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford171–172-15">[13]</a> By the time he announced his plans to the RGS in February 1907 Shackleton had revised his cost estimate to a more realistic £30,000 (updated value £4,010,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford158–161-16">[14]</a> However, the response of the RGS to Shackleton's proposals was muted; Shackleton would learn later that the Society was by this time aware of Scott's wish to lead a new expedition and that the Society wished to reserve its full approval for Scott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford158–161-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nimrod">Nimrod</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nimrod">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NimrodDepartingToSouthPole1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A three-masted ship with sails furled, short funnel amidships, flag flying from the stern on left of picture. Two small boats are close by, and a larger vessel decked with bunting is visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NimrodDepartingToSouthPole1907.jpg/220px-NimrodDepartingToSouthPole1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NimrodDepartingToSouthPole1907.jpg/330px-NimrodDepartingToSouthPole1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NimrodDepartingToSouthPole1907.jpg/440px-NimrodDepartingToSouthPole1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>The expedition's ship <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a> departing for the South Pole</figcaption></figure> Shackleton intended to arrive in Antarctica in January 1908, which meant leaving England during the 1907 summer. He therefore had six months to secure the financing, acquire and fit out a ship, buy all the equipment and supplies, and recruit the personnel. In April, believing that he had got the backing of Scottish businessman Donald Steuart,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford156–157-17">[15]</a> Shackleton travelled to Norway intending to buy a 700-ton polar vessel, Bjorn, that would have served ideally as an expedition ship. When Steuart withdrew his support, however, Bjorn was beyond Shackleton's means. Bjorn was eventually acquired by German explorer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Wilhelm Filchner</a> and, renamed Deutschland, was used in his 1911–1913 voyage to the Weddell Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford339-18">[16]</a> Shackleton had to settle for the elderly, much smaller Nimrod, a forty-year-old wooden <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealer</a> of 334 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross register ton">gross register tons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a> which he was able to acquire for £5,000 (updated value £668,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton5–11-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford175-21">[18]</a> Shackleton was shocked by his first sight of Nimrod after her arrival in London from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a> in June 1907. "She was much dilapidated and smelt strongly of seal oil, and an inspection [...] showed that she needed <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a> and that her masts would have to be renewed." However, in the hands of experienced ship-fitters she soon "assumed a more satisfactory appearance." Later, Shackleton reported, he became extremely proud of the sturdy little ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton11-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising">Fundraising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fundraising">edit</a>]</div> By early July 1907 Shackleton had secured little financial support beyond Beardmore's guarantee and was lacking the funds to complete the refit of Nimrod.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford178–179-23">[20]</a> In mid-July he approached the philanthropic <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Iveagh" title="Earl of Iveagh">Earl of Iveagh</a>, otherwise known as Edward Guinness, head of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> brewing family, who agreed to guarantee the sum of £2,000 (updated value £270,000) provided that Shackleton found other backers to contribute a further £6,000. Shackleton was able to do this, the extra funds including £2,000 from Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Brocklehurst" title="Philip Brocklehurst">Philip Brocklehurst</a>, who paid this sum to secure a place on the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford179-24">[21]</a> A last-minute gift of £4,000 from Shackleton's cousin William Bell<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford183-25">[22]</a> still left the expedition far short of the required £30,000, but enabled Nimrod's refit to be finished. Fundraising continued in Australia after the ship arrived there; a further £5,000 was provided as a gift from the Australian government, and the New Zealand government gave £1,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141-26">[23]</a> By these means, and with other smaller loans and donations, the £30,000 was raised, although by the end of the expedition total costs had risen, by Shackleton's estimate, to £45,000.<a href="#cite_note-27">[d]</a> Shackleton expected to make large sums from his book about the expedition and from lectures. He also hoped to profit from sales of special postage stamps bearing the cancellation stamp of the Antarctica post office that Shackleton, appointed temporary <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmaster</a> by the New Zealand government, intended to establish there. None of these schemes produced the anticipated riches, although the post office was set up at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Royds" title="Cape Royds">Cape Royds</a> and used as a conduit for the expedition's mail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford312-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher128-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Tannatt_William_Edgeworth_David_(1858-1934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man, probably mid-forties, dark hair, clean shaven, wearing a high collar with tie, looking straight ahead. He is holding an open book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sir_Tannatt_William_Edgeworth_David_%281858-1934%29.jpg/170px-Sir_Tannatt_William_Edgeworth_David_%281858-1934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sir_Tannatt_William_Edgeworth_David_%281858-1934%29.jpg/255px-Sir_Tannatt_William_Edgeworth_David_%281858-1934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sir_Tannatt_William_Edgeworth_David_%281858-1934%29.jpg/340px-Sir_Tannatt_William_Edgeworth_David_%281858-1934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a>, who headed the scientific team</figcaption></figure> Shackleton hoped to recruit a strong contingent from the Discovery Expedition and offered his former comrade <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adrian_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Adrian Wilson">Edward Adrian Wilson</a> the post of chief scientist and second-in-command. Wilson refused, citing his work with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)">Board of Agriculture</a>'s Committee on the Investigation of Grouse Disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh109–111-31">[26]</a> Further refusals followed from former Discovery colleagues <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Michael Barne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Skelton" title="Reginald Skelton">Reginald Skelton</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/George_Mulock" title="George Mulock">George Mulock</a>, who inadvertently revealed to Shackleton that the Discovery officers had all committed themselves to Scott and his as-yet unannounced expedition plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh109–111-31">[26]</a> The only Discovery hands to join Shackleton were the two <a href="/wiki/Petty_officer" title="Petty officer">petty officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Joyce" title="Ernest Joyce">Ernest Joyce</a>. Apparently Shackleton spotted Joyce on the top deck of a bus as it passed the expedition's London offices, whereupon someone was sent to find him and bring him in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh125–126-32">[27]</a> Shackleton's second-in-command—although this was not clarified until the expedition reached the Antarctic—was <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Jameson Boyd Adams</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve" title="Royal Naval Reserve">Royal Naval Reserve</a> lieutenant who had turned down the chance of a regular <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">commission</a> to join Shackleton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh133-33">[28]</a> He would also act as the expedition's meteorologist. Nimrod's captain was another naval reserve officer, Rupert England; 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/John_King_Davis" title="John King Davis">John King Davis</a>, who would later make his own reputation as an Antarctic captain, was appointed <a href="/wiki/First_mate" class="mw-redirect" title="First mate">chief officer</a> at the last moment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh123–125-34">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Aeneas Mackintosh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant navy</a> officer from the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company">Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company</a> (P&O), was originally <a href="/wiki/Second_mate" title="Second mate">second officer</a>, but was later transferred to the shore party, being replaced as second officer by A. E. Harbord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141-26">[23]</a> Others in the shore party were the two surgeons, <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Alistair Mackay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Eric Marshall</a>, Bernard Day the motor expert, and Sir Philip Brocklehurst, the subscribing member who had been taken on as assistant geologist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton17–18-35">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Mawson_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man, mid-thirties, receding hair, clean shaven, wearing a high collar with tie. He is facing half right but his eyes are on the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Douglas_Mawson_crop.jpg/170px-Douglas_Mawson_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c8/Douglas_Mawson_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, a late addition to the scientific team</figcaption></figure> The small scientific team that departed from England included 41-year-old biologist <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(biologist)" title="James Murray (biologist)">James Murray</a> and 21-year-old geologist <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Priestley" title="Raymond Priestley">Raymond Priestley</a>, a future founder of the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Scott Polar Research Institute">Scott Polar Research Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh134_and_303-36">[31]</a> Two important additions to the team were made in Australia. The first of these was Edgeworth David, a professor of geology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, who became the party's chief scientific officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141-26">[23]</a> The second was a former pupil of David's, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, a lecturer in mineralogy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>. Both had originally intended to sail to Antarctica and then immediately back with Nimrod but were persuaded to become full members of the expedition. David was instrumental in securing the Australian government's £5,000 grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141-26">[23]</a> Before departure for the Antarctic in August 1907, Joyce and Wild took a crash course in printing methods, as it was Shackleton's intention to publish a book or magazine while in the Antarctic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher121-37">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shore_Party">Shore Party</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shore Party">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name<a href="#cite_note-list-38">[33]</a> </th> <th>Nationality </th> <th>Position </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Expedition Leader </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Jameson Boyd Adams</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Second in command/Meteorologist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Director of Scientific Staff/Geologist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Geologist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Eric Marshall</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Physician/Cartographer/Photographer </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Alistair Mackay</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Physician </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(biologist)" title="James Murray (biologist)">James Murray</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Biologist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Priestley" title="Raymond Priestley">Raymond Priestley</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Geologist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Joyce" title="Ernest Joyce">Ernest Joyce</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>General Stores/Zoological Collections </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Provisions </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Marston_(artist)" title="George Marston (artist)">George Marston</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Artist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Armytage" title="Bertram Armytage">Bertram Armytage</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Pony Handler </td></tr> <tr> <td>William Roberts </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Cook/Assistant Zoologist </td></tr> <tr> <td>William Michell </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>Geologist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Brocklehurst" title="Philip Brocklehurst">Philip Brocklehurst</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Assistant Geologist </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bernard Day </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Electrician/Mechanic </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promise_to_Scott">Promise to Scott</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Promise to Scott">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_of_the_Antarctic_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man with receding hairline, looking left, wearing naval uniform with medals, polished buttons and heavy shoulder decorations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Scott_of_the_Antarctic_crop.jpg/170px-Scott_of_the_Antarctic_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Scott_of_the_Antarctic_crop.jpg/255px-Scott_of_the_Antarctic_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Scott_of_the_Antarctic_crop.jpg/340px-Scott_of_the_Antarctic_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></figcaption></figure> Shackleton's February 1907 announcement that he intended to base his expedition at the old Discovery headquarters was noted by Scott, whose own future Antarctic plans were at that stage unannounced. In a letter to Shackleton, Scott claimed priority rights to McMurdo Sound. "I feel I have a sort of right to my own field of work," he wrote, adding: "anyone who has had to do with exploration will regard this region primarily as mine". He concluded by reminding Shackleton of his duty of loyalty towards his former commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> Shackleton's initial reply was accommodating: "I would like to fall in with your views as far as possible without creating a position that would be untenable to myself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> Wilson, asked by Shackleton to mediate, took an even tougher line than Scott. "I think you should retire from McMurdo Sound", he wrote, advising Shackleton not to make any plans to work from anywhere in the entire <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> quarter until Scott decided "what limits he puts on his own rights".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> To this Shackleton replied: "There is no doubt in my mind that his rights end at the base he asked for [...] I consider I have reached my limit and I go no further".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> The matter was unresolved when Scott returned from sea duty in May 1907. Scott pressed for a line of demarcation at 170° W—everything to the west of that line, including McMurdo Sound, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a>, would be Scott's preserve. Shackleton, with other concerns pressing on him, felt obliged to concede. On 17 May he signed a declaration stating that, "I am leaving the McMurdo base to you",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> and that he would seek to land further east, either at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Barrier Inlet</a> visited briefly during the Discovery Expedition, or at <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Land" title="King Edward VII Land">King Edward VII Land</a>. He would not touch the coast of Victoria Land at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> It was a capitulation to Scott and Wilson, and meant forfeiting the expedition's aim of reaching the South Magnetic Pole which was located within Victoria Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> Polar historian <a href="/wiki/Beau_Riffenburgh" title="Beau Riffenburgh">Beau Riffenburgh</a> believes this was "a promise that should never ethically have been demanded and one that should never have been given, impacting as it might on the entire safety of Shackleton's expedition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">[34]</a> The dispute soured relations between the two men (who nevertheless maintained public civilities) and would eventually lead to the complete rupture of Shackleton's formerly close friendship with Wilson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh292–293-40">[35]</a> In his own account of the expedition, Shackleton makes no reference to the wrangle with Scott. He merely states that "before we finally left England I had decided that if possible I would establish my base in King Edward VII Land instead of [...] McMurdo Sound".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton2–3-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition">Expedition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expedition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyage_south">Voyage south</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voyage south">edit</a>]</div> After inspection by <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Alexandra">Queen Alexandra</a>, Nimrod sailed on 11 August 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton20-41">[36]</a> Shackleton remained behind on expedition business; he and other expedition members followed on a faster ship. The entire complement came together in New Zealand, ready for the ship's departure to Antarctica on New Year's Day, 1908. As a means of conserving fuel, Shackleton had arranged with the New Zealand government for Nimrod to be towed to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a>, a distance of approximately 1,400 nautical miles (2,600 km; 1,600 mi),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh148-42">[37]</a> the costs of the tow being met partly by the government and partly by the <a href="/wiki/Union_Company" title="Union Company">Union Steam Ship Company</a> as a contribution to the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh144–145-43">[38]</a> On 14 January, in sight of the first <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">icebergs</a>, the towline was cut;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh144–145-43">[38]</a> Nimrod, under her own power, proceeded southward into the floating <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a>, heading for the Barrier Inlet where six years earlier Discovery had paused to allow Scott and Shackleton to take experimental balloon flights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher32–33-44">[39]</a> The Barrier (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a>) was sighted on 23 January, but the inlet had disappeared; the Barrier edge had changed significantly in the intervening years, and the section which had included the inlet had broken away to form a considerable bay, which Shackleton named the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a> after the large number of whales seen there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh151–153-45">[40]</a> Shackleton was not prepared to risk wintering on a Barrier surface that might <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calve</a> into the sea, so he turned the ship towards King Edward VII Land. After repeated efforts to approach this coast had failed, and with rapidly moving ice threatening to trap the ship, Nimrod was forced to retreat. Shackleton's only choice now, other than abandonment of the expedition's goals, was to break the promise he had given to Scott. On 25 January he ordered the ship to head for McMurdo Sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh151–153-45">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Royds">Cape Royds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cape Royds">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishing_the_base">Establishing the base</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Establishing the base">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapeRoyds1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men in woollen jerseys, several smoking pipes, are watching repair work on a sledge. They are in a confined area, with equipment and spare clothing adorning the walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/CapeRoyds1908.jpg/220px-CapeRoyds1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/CapeRoyds1908.jpg/330px-CapeRoyds1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/CapeRoyds1908.jpg/440px-CapeRoyds1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Inside the Cape Royds Hut, winter 1908. Included in the picture are Shackleton (left background), Armitage (Standing background), Adams (smoking curved pipe), Wild (working on the sledge) and Joyce (extreme right, foreground). A poster advertising ladies' <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corsets</a> hangs on the wall.</figcaption></figure> On arriving in McMurdo Sound on 29 January 1908, Nimrod's progress southward to the Discovery base at <a href="/wiki/Hut_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Hut Point">Hut Point</a> was blocked by frozen sea. Shackleton decided to wait a few days in the hope that the ice would break up. During this delay, second officer Aeneas Mackintosh suffered an accident that led to the loss of his right eye. After emergency surgery by Marshall and Mackay, he was forced to relinquish his shore party place and go back to New Zealand with Nimrod. He recovered sufficiently to return with the ship in the following season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton52–53-46">[41]</a> On 3 February Shackleton decided not to wait for the ice to shift but to make his headquarters at the nearest practicable landing place, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Royds" title="Cape Royds">Cape Royds</a>. Late that evening the ship was moored, and a suitable site for the expedition's prefabricated hut was selected. The site was separated from Hut Point by 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) of sea, with no landward route to the south. Shackleton believed the party was "fortunate to get winter quarters as near as this to our starting point for the south."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton52–56-47">[42]</a> The following days were occupied with the landing of stores and equipment. This work was hampered by poor weather and by the caution of Captain England, who frequently took the ship out into the bay until ice conditions at the landing ground were in his view safer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh161–167-48">[43]</a> The next fortnight followed this pattern, leading to sharp dissent between Shackleton and the captain. At one point, Shackleton asked England to stand down on the grounds that he was ill, but England refused. The task of unloading became, in Riffenburgh's description, "mind-numbingly difficult"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh161–167-48">[43]</a> but was finally completed on 22 February. Nimrod at last sailed away north, England unaware that ship's engineer Harry Dunlop was carrying a letter from Shackleton to the expedition's New Zealand agent, requesting a replacement captain for the return voyage next year. This knowledge was an open secret among the shore party; Marshall recorded in his diary that he was "glad to see the last of [England] ... whole thing damned disgrace to name of country!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh170–171-49">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ascent_of_Mount_Erebus">Ascent of Mount Erebus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ascent of Mount Erebus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Erebus_Aerial_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Distant view of a mountain with a smoke emission from its summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mount_Erebus_Aerial_2.jpg/220px-Mount_Erebus_Aerial_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mount_Erebus_Aerial_2.jpg/330px-Mount_Erebus_Aerial_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mount_Erebus_Aerial_2.jpg/440px-Mount_Erebus_Aerial_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a></figcaption></figure> After Nimrod's departure, the sea ice broke up, cutting off the party's route to the Barrier and thus making preparatory <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">sledging</a> and depot-laying impossible. Shackleton decided to give the expedition impetus by ordering an immediate attempt to ascend <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177-50">[45]</a> This mountain, 12,450 feet (3,790 m) high, had never been climbed. A party from Discovery (which had included Wild and Joyce) had explored the foothills in 1904 but had not ascended higher than 3,000 feet (910 m). Neither Wild nor Joyce was in the Nimrod Expedition's main Erebus party, which consisted of David, Mawson and Mackay. With Marshall, Adams and Brocklehurst forming a support group, the ascent began on 5 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177-50">[45]</a> On 7 March the two groups combined at around 5,500 feet (1,700 m) and all advanced towards the summit. On the following day a <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzard</a> held them up, but early on 9 March the climb resumed; later that day the summit of the lower, main crater, was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177-50">[45]</a> By this time Brocklehurst's feet were too <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbitten</a> for him to continue, so he was left in camp while the others advanced to the active crater, which they reached after four hours. Several meteorological experiments were carried out and many rock samples were taken. Thereafter a rapid descent was made, mainly by sliding down successive snow-slopes. The party reached the Cape Royds hut "nearly dead", according to Eric Marshall, on 11 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winter_1908">Winter 1908</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Winter 1908">edit</a>]</div> The expedition's hut, a prefabricated structure measuring 33 x 19 feet (10m x 5.8m), was ready for occupation by the end of February. It was divided into a series of mainly two-person cubicles, with a kitchen area, a darkroom, storage and laboratory space. The ponies were housed in stalls built on the most sheltered side of the hut, while the dog kennels were placed close to the porch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton81–91-51">[46]</a> Shackleton's inclusive leadership style, in contrast to that of Scott, meant no demarcation between upper and lower decks—all lived, worked and ate together. Morale was high; as Brocklehurst recorded, Shackleton "had a faculty for treating each member of the expedition as though he were valuable to it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh185-52">[47]</a> In the ensuing months of winter darkness Joyce and Wild printed around 30 copies of the expedition's book, <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(book)" title="Aurora Australis (book)">Aurora Australis</a>, which were sewn and bound using packaging materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills65-53">[48]</a> The most important winter's work, however, was preparing for the following season's major journeys, which were to include attempts on both the South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. By making his base in McMurdo Sound, Shackleton had been able to reinstate the Magnetic Pole as an expedition objective. Shackleton himself would be leading the South Pole journey, which had suffered a serious setback during the winter when four of the remaining ponies died, mainly from eating volcanic sand for its salt content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_journey">Southern journey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southern journey">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_expedition_map_(Nimrod)-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Antarctic_expedition_map_%28Nimrod%29-fr.svg/375px-Antarctic_expedition_map_%28Nimrod%29-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Antarctic_expedition_map_%28Nimrod%29-fr.svg/563px-Antarctic_expedition_map_%28Nimrod%29-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Antarctic_expedition_map_%28Nimrod%29-fr.svg/750px-Antarctic_expedition_map_%28Nimrod%29-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Nimrod Expedition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outward_march">Outward march</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Outward march">edit</a>]</div> Shackleton's choice of a four-man team for the southern journey to the South Pole was largely determined by the number of surviving ponies. Influenced by his experiences on the Discovery Expedition, he had put his confidence in ponies rather than dogs for the long polar march.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills67-54">[49]</a> The motor car, which ran well on flat ice, could not cope with Barrier surfaces and was not considered for the polar journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford237–238-55">[50]</a> The men chosen by Shackleton to accompany him were Marshall, Adams and Wild. Joyce, whose Antarctic experience exceeded all save Wild's, was excluded from the party after Marshall's medical examination raised doubts about his fitness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford234–235-56">[51]</a> The march began on 29 October 1908. Shackleton had calculated the return distance to the Pole as 1,494 nautical miles (2,767 km; 1,719 mi). His initial plan allowed 91 days for the return journey, requiring a daily average distance of about 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh201-57">[52]</a> After a slow start due to a combination of poor weather and lameness in the horses, Shackleton reduced the daily food allowance to extend the total available journey time to 110 days. This required a shorter daily average of around 13½ nautical miles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton153-58">[53]</a> Between 9 and 21 November they made good progress, but the ponies suffered on the difficult Barrier surface, and the first of the four had to be shot when the party reached 81° S. On 26 November a new farthest south record was established as they passed the 82° 17' mark set by Scott's southern march in December 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton171-59">[54]</a> Shackleton's party covered the distance in 29 days compared with Scott's 59, using a track considerably east of Scott's to avoid the surface problems the earlier journey had encountered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh193-60">[55]</a> As the group moved into unknown territory, the Barrier surface became increasingly disturbed and broken; two more ponies succumbed to the strain. The mountains to the west curved round to block their path southward, and the party's attention was caught by a "brilliant gleam of light" in the sky ahead.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> The reason for this phenomenon became clear on 3 December when, after a climb through the foothills of the mountain chain, they saw before them what Shackleton later described as "an open road to the south, [...] a great glacier, running almost south to north between two huge mountain ranges".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton180-62">[57]</a> Shackleton christened this glacier the "Beardmore" after the expedition's biggest sponsor. Travel on the glacier surface proved to be a trial, especially for Socks, the remaining pony, who had great difficulty in finding secure footings. On 7 December, Socks disappeared down a deep <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasse</a>, very nearly taking Wild with him. However, the pony's <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harness</a> broke, and the sledge containing their supplies remained on the surface. For the rest of the southward journey and the whole of the return trip they had to rely on <a href="/wiki/Manhauling" title="Manhauling">man-hauling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh208–209_and_221–222-63">[58]</a> As the journey continued, personal antagonisms emerged. Wild privately expressed the wish that Marshall would "fall down a crevasse about a thousand feet deep".<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> Marshall wrote that following Shackleton to the Pole was "like following an old woman. Always panicking".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford263–264-65">[60]</a> However, Christmas Day was celebrated with <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">crème de menthe</a> and cigars. Their position was 85° 51' S, still 249 nautical miles (461 km; 287 mi) from the Pole, and they were now carrying barely a month's supply of food, having stored the rest in depots for their return journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford263–264-65">[60]</a> They could not cover the remaining distance to the Pole and back with this amount of food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh226-66">[61]</a> However, Shackleton was not yet prepared to admit that the Pole was beyond them and decided to go forward after cutting food rations further, and dumping all but the most essential equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton200-67">[62]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> the glacier ascent was at last completed, and the march on the <a href="/wiki/Polar_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar plateau">polar plateau</a> began. Conditions did not ease; Shackleton recorded 31 December as the "hardest day we have had".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton204-68">[63]</a> On the next day he noted that, having attained 87° 6½′ S, they had beaten North and South polar records.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> That day, referring to Marshall and Adams, Wild wrote: "if we only had Joyce and Marston here instead of those two grubscoffing useless beggars we would have done it [the Pole] easily."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills96-70">[65]</a> On 4 January 1909, Shackleton finally accepted that the Pole was beyond them and revised his goal to the symbolic achievement of getting within 100 geographical miles of the Pole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton207-71">[66]</a> The party struggled on, at the borders of survival,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford270-72">[67]</a> until on 9 January 1909, after a last dash forward without the sledge or other equipment, the march ended. "We have shot our bolt", wrote Shackleton, "and the tale is 88° 23' S".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton210-73">[68]</a> They were 97.5 geographical <a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">miles from the South Pole</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> was duly planted, and Shackleton named the polar plateau after King Edward VII.<a href="#cite_note-74">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_journey">Return journey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Return journey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimrod_return_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="On the left is a snow cairn with flags. Three men are nearby, and assorted equipment is strewn on the snow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nimrod_return_1909.jpg/220px-Nimrod_return_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nimrod_return_1909.jpg/330px-Nimrod_return_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nimrod_return_1909.jpg/440px-Nimrod_return_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>On the return journey. The party reach a depot on the Great Ice Barrier</figcaption></figure> Shackleton's party turned for home after 73 days' southward travel. Rations had been cut several times to extend the return journey time beyond the original 110-day estimate. Shackleton now aimed to reach Hut Point in 50 days, since according to Shackleton's prior orders Nimrod, having returned to take the expedition home, would depart on 1 March at the latest. The four men were now much weakened,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261-75">[69]</a> yet in the following days they achieved impressive distances, reaching the head of the glacier on 19 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261-75">[69]</a> As they began the descent they had five days' food at half rations, to last them until the Lower Glacier depot;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261-75">[69]</a> during the ascent the same distance had taken 12 days. Shackleton's physical condition was by now a major concern, yet according to Adams "the worse he felt, the harder he pulled".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261-75">[69]</a> The depot was reached on 28 January. Wild, ill with <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, was unable to pull or to eat anything but biscuits, which were in short supply. On 31 January Shackleton forced his own breakfast biscuit on Wild, a gesture that moved Wild to write: "BY GOD I shall never forget. Thousands of pounds would not have bought that one biscuit".<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> A few days later, the rest of the party were struck with severe <a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">enteritis</a>, the result of eating tainted pony-meat. But the pace of march had to be maintained; the small amounts of food carried between depots would make any delay fatal. However, a strong wind behind them enabled them to set a sail on the sledge and maintain a good marching rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh258-77">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheSouthernParty_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four menwearing dishevelled clothing and worn expressions face the camera. The head of a dog is just visible on the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TheSouthernParty_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-TheSouthernParty_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TheSouthernParty_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-TheSouthernParty_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TheSouthernParty_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-TheSouthernParty_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Wild, Shackleton, Marshall and Adams aboard Nimrod after their southern journey</figcaption></figure> "We are so thin that our bones ache as we lie on the hard snow", wrote Shackleton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton221-78">[72]</a> From 18 February onward they began to pick up familiar landmarks, and on the 23rd they reached Bluff Depot, which to their great relief had been copiously resupplied by Joyce. The range of delicacies over and above the crates of regular supplies was listed by Shackleton: "<a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a> plums, eggs, cakes, plum pudding, gingerbread and crystallised fruit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton223-79">[73]</a> Wild's <a href="/wiki/Laconic_phrase" title="Laconic phrase">laconic</a> comment was, "Good old Joyce".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh261-80">[74]</a> Their food worries were now resolved, but they still had to get back to Hut Point before the 1 March deadline. The final leg of their march was interrupted by a blizzard, which held them in camp for 24 hours. On 27 February, when they were still 33 nautical miles (61 km; 38 mi) from safety, Marshall collapsed. Shackleton then decided that he and Wild would make a dash for Hut Point in hopes of finding Nimrod and holding her until the other two could be rescued. They reached the hut late on 28 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh262–263-81">[75]</a> Hoping that the ship was nearby, they sought to attract its attention by setting fire to a small wooden hut used for <a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a> observations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh274–278-82">[76]</a> Shortly afterwards the ship, which had been anchored at the <a href="/wiki/Erebus_Ice_Tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Erebus Ice Tongue">Glacier Tongue</a>, came into view: "No happier sight ever met the eyes of man", wrote Wild later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh274–278-82">[76]</a> It was a further three days before Adams and Marshall could be picked up from the Barrier, but by 4 March the whole southern party was aboard and Shackleton was able to order full steam towards the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh274–278-82">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Party">Northern Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Northern Party">edit</a>]</div> While preparing for his southern journey, Shackleton gave instructions to David to lead a northern party to Victoria Land to carry out magnetic and geological work. The party was to try to reach the Magnetic Pole, and was to carry out a full geological survey in the <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Dry_Valleys" title="McMurdo Dry Valleys">Dry Valley</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-83">[g]</a> David's party consisted of himself, Mawson and Mackay. It would be a man-hauling party; the dogs remained at base to be used for depot-laying and other routine work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford238-84">[77]</a> The party had orders to plant the Union Jack at the Magnetic Pole and to take possession of Victoria Land for the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton260–262-85">[78]</a> After several days' preparatory work, they started out on 5 October 1908, drawn for the first few miles by the motor car.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton265-86">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northernparty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men stand around a flag planted in the snow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Northernparty.png/170px-Northernparty.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Northernparty.png/255px-Northernparty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Northernparty.png/340px-Northernparty.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>(l. to r.) Mackay, Edgeworth David, and Mawson at the Southern Magnetic Pole, 17 January 1909</figcaption></figure> Due to sea ice conditions and adverse weather, progress was initially very slow. By the end of October they had crossed McMurdo Sound and advanced 60 miles (100 km) up the difficult Victoria Land coast, at which point they decided to concentrate all their efforts on reaching the Magnetic Pole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh238-87">[80]</a> After traversing the <a href="/wiki/Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Ice_Tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordenskjöld Ice Tongue">Nordenskjöld Ice Tongue</a> and the treacherous <a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Ice_Tongue" title="Drygalski Ice Tongue">Drygalski Ice Tongue</a> they were finally able to leave the coast and turn north-west, towards the Magnetic Pole's approximate location. Before then, David had a narrow escape after falling into a crevasse but was rescued by Mawson.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249-89">[82]</a> Their way up to the inland plateau was via a labyrinthine glacier (later named the Reeves Glacier after the RGS's main map curator),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh293-90">[83]</a> which brought them on 27 December to a hard snow surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249-89">[82]</a> This enabled them to move more swiftly, at a rate of about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) daily, taking regular magnetic observations. On 16 January, these observations showed them to be about 13 nautical miles (24 km; 15 mi) from the Magnetic Pole. The next day, 17 January 1909, they reached their goal, fixing the pole's position as 72° 15' S, 155° 16' E, at an elevation of 7,260 feet (2,210 m). In a muted ceremony, David took formal possession of the area for the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249-89">[82]</a> Exhausted, and short of food, the party faced a return journey of 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi), with just 15 days to complete it if they were to make their prearranged coastal rendezvous with Nimrod. Despite increasing physical weakness they maintained their daily distances, and on 31 January were 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) from their agreed pick-up point. Bad weather delayed them, and the rendezvous was not reached until 2 February. That night, in heavy drifting snow, Nimrod passed by them, unable to make out their camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249-89">[82]</a> Two days later, however, after Nimrod had turned south again, the group was spotted from the ship and was able to scramble to safety, although in the rush to get aboard Mawson fell 18 feet (5.5 m) down a crevasse. The party had been travelling for four months and were wearing the same clothes in which they had departed Cape Royds; reportedly "the aroma was overpowering".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh269–273-91">[84]</a> Before this rescue, Nimrod had picked up a geological party consisting of Priestley, Brocklehurst and <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Armytage" title="Bertram Armytage">Bertram Armytage</a>, who had been carrying out geological work in the <a href="/wiki/Ferrar_Glacier" title="Ferrar Glacier">Ferrar Glacier</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh269–273-91">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Shackleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dark-haired man, hands on hips, looking straight at the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ernest_Shackleton.jpg/170px-Ernest_Shackleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ernest_Shackleton.jpg/255px-Ernest_Shackleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ernest_Shackleton.jpg/340px-Ernest_Shackleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Sir Ernest Shackleton: "What Nansen is to the North, Shackleton is to the South"—<a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></figcaption></figure> On 23 March 1909, Shackleton landed in New Zealand and cabled a 2,500-word report to the London <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, with which he had an exclusive contract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh279-92">[85]</a> Amid the acclamation and unstinting praise that Shackleton received from the exploring community, including Fridtjof Nansen and <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, the response of the RGS was more guarded. Its former president, Sir <a href="/wiki/Clements_Markham" title="Clements Markham">Clements Markham</a>, privately expressed his disbelief of Shackleton's claimed latitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford308-93">[86]</a> However, on 14 June, Shackleton was met at London's <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Charing Cross Station">Charing Cross Station</a> by a very large crowd, which included RGS president <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard Darwin</a> and a rather reluctant Captain Scott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh286-94">[87]</a> As to the latitude claimed, the reason for doubting its accuracy was that after 3 January all positions had been computed by <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a>: on direction, speed and elapsed time. The last proper observation, on 3 January, had calculated the latitude as 87° 22'. Shackleton's table of distances show that over the next three days they covered just over 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi), to reach an estimated 88° 7' on 6 January. They were then held up for two days by a blizzard. On 9 January 1909, the table shows that the party travelled a further 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) to reach their farthest south, and the same distance back to camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton362-95">[88]</a> This distance in a single day far exceeded those for any other stage of the journey. Shackleton explained that this was a dash, "half running, half walking", unencumbered by the sledge or other equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton210-73">[68]</a> Each of the four men independently confirmed his belief in the latitude achieved, and none gave any subsequent cause for his word to be doubted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh294-96">[89]</a> Shackleton was made a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">Commander of the Royal Victorian Order</a> (CVO) by King Edward VII, who later conferred a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford315-97">[90]</a> The RGS presented him with a gold medal, although apparently with reservations—"We do not propose to make the Medal so large as that which was awarded to Captain Scott", recorded an official.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh289–290-98">[91]</a> Although in the eyes of the public he was a hero, the riches that Shackleton had anticipated failed to materialise. The soaring costs of the expedition and the need to meet loan guarantees meant that he was saved from financial embarrassment only by a belated government grant of £20,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh290-99">[92]</a> The farthest south record of the Nimrod Expedition stood for less than three years, until Amundsen reached the South Pole on 15 December 1911. For his trail-breaking achievements, Shackleton received a fulsome tribute from Amundsen: "What Nansen is to the North, Shackleton is to the South".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh300-100">[93]</a> Thereafter, Shackleton's Antarctic ambitions were fixed on a transcontinental crossing, which he attempted unsuccessfully with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> of 1914–1917, although his status as a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a> was by then assured. Other members of the Nimrod Expedition also achieved fame and standing in future years. David, Adams, Mawson and Priestley all eventually received knighthoods, the latter two continuing their polar work on further expeditions, though neither went south again with Shackleton. Mawson led the 1911–13 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Antarctic Expedition">Australian Antarctic Expedition</a>, and Priestley was part of the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition's</a> scientific team. Wild was second-in-command to the "Boss" on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition and on the short <a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Quest Expedition</a>, where he took over command after Shackleton's death at <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a> in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh302–303-101">[94]</a> Ten years after her return from the Antarctic, Nimrod was battered to pieces in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> after running aground on the Barber Sands off the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> coast on 31 January 1919. Only two of her 12-person crew survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh306–307-102">[95]</a> Several mostly intact cases of whisky and brandy left behind at Cape Royds in 1909 were recovered in 2010, for analysis by a distilling company. A revival of the vintage (and since lost) formula for the particular brands found has been offered for sale with a portion of the proceeds to benefit the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Heritage_Trust_(New_Zealand)" title="Antarctic Heritage Trust (New Zealand)">New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust</a>, which discovered the lost spirits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSA_Today,_''century-old_whisky''-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP,_''century-old_scotch''-104">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News,_''Whisky_recreated''-105">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">List of Antarctic expeditions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Most accounts of the expedition give the "97 miles" distance without giving the equivalent in statute miles, the symbolism of being within 100 miles of the pole being considered all-important. See <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Shackleton had joined Scott and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adrian_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Adrian Wilson">Edward Wilson</a> on a march south in 1902–1903, to establish a record southern latitude at 82° 17' S. All three had suffered on the return journey from exhaustion and probable incipient <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, but Shackleton was the worst affected. See <a href="#CITEREFPreston">Preston</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Nimrod was less than half of the size of Discovery, a newly built 736 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">grt</a> vessel used by Scott in the Discovery Expedition in 1901–1904. See <a href="#CITEREFPaine">Paine</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpMGlc-cvAoC&pg=PA102&dq=Nimrod+sealer">102</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083047/https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0246.pdf">Lloyd's Register</a> 1934–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> It eventually required a British government grant of £20,000 to enable Shackleton to repay his guarantors, and it is likely that some debts were written off. See <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> An Antarctic post office had been established in the <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a> in 1904 at the Orcadas meteorological station set up by <a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">William Speirs Bruce</a>'s Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. See <a href="#CITEREFSpeak">Speak</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Three years later, on reaching the South Pole, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> named the same plateau after <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">King Haakon VII</a> of Norway. (<a href="#CITEREFAmundsen">Amundsen</a>, Vol. II, p. 122.) Neither name survives on modern maps. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The dry valley (snow-free) region of the western mountains had been discovered during Scott's western journey in 1903, but had yet to be properly surveyed. See <a href="#CITEREFCrane">Crane</a>, p. 270. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmundsenVol._II,_p._115-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmundsenVol._II,_p._115_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmundsen">Amundsen</a>, Vol. II, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston68-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston68_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston">Preston</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford117-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford117_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford120–121-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford120–121_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford120–121_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher99-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher99_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher">Fisher</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford145-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford145_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher103-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher103_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher">Fisher</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeasuring_Worth_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeasuring_Worth">Measuring Worth</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford156-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford156_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton2–3-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton2–3_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton2–3_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh108–110-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh108–110_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 108–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher102-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher102_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher">Fisher</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford171–172-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford171–172_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford158–161-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford158–161_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford158–161_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 158–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford156–157-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford156–157_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford339-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford339_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton5–11-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton5–11_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 5–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford175-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford175_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton11-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton11_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford178–179-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford178–179_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford179-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford179_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford183-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford183_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh138–141_26-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 138–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford312-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford312_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher128-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher128_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher">Fisher</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh109–111-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh109–111_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh109–111_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 109–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh125–126-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh125–126_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh133-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh133_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh123–125-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh123–125_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 123–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton17–18-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton17–18_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh134_and_303-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh134_and_303_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 134 and 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher121-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher121_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher">Fisher</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-list-38"><a href="#cite_ref-list_38-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_whos_who_nimrod.php">List of Everest Fatalities</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> AdventureStats.com </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh110–116_39-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 110–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh292–293-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh292–293_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 292–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton20-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton20_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh148-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh148_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh144–145-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh144–145_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh144–145_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher32–33-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher32–33_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher">Fisher</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh151–153-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh151–153_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh151–153_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 151–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton52–53-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton52–53_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton52–56-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton52–56_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 52–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh161–167-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh161–167_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh161–167_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 161–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh170–171-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh170–171_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh171–177_50-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 171–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton81–91-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton81–91_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 81–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh185-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh185_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills65-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills65_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills">Mills</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills67-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills67_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills">Mills</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford237–238-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford237–238_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 237–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford234–235-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford234–235_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh201-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh201_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton153-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton153_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton171-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton171_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh193-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh193_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills">Mills</a>, p. 80, quoting Wild's diary. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton180-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton180_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh208–209_and_221–222-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh208–209_and_221–222_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 208–209 and 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Wild, diary, quoted by <a href="#CITEREFMills">Mills</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford263–264-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford263–264_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford263–264_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, pp. 263–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh226-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh226_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton200-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton200_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton204-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton204_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 205. The North reference was to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a>'s then-farthest north of 87° 6' N. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills96-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills96_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills">Mills</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton207-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton207_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford270-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford270_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton210-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton210_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton210_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh251–261_75-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 251–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Wild diary, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMills">Mills</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh258-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh258_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton221-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton221_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton223-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton223_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh261-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh261_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh262–263-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh262–263_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 262–263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh274–278-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh274–278_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh274–278_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh274–278_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 274–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford238-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford238_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton260–262-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton260–262_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 260–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton265-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton265_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh238-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh238_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, pp. 291–292 (David's account). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh241–249_89-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 241–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh293-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh293_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh269–273-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh269–273_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh269–273_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 269–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh279-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh279_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford308-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford308_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh286-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh286_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton362-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton362_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton">Shackleton</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh294-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh294_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford315-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford315_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford">Huntford</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh289–290-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh289–290_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 289–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh290-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh290_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh300-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh300_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh302–303-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh302–303_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh306–307-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh306–307_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh">Riffenburgh</a>, pp. 306–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSA_Today,_''century-old_whisky''-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSA_Today,_''century-old_whisky''_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUSA_Today,_century-old_whisky">USA Today, century-old whisky</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP,_''century-old_scotch''-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP,_''century-old_scotch''_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAP,_century-old_scotch">AP, century-old scotch</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News,_''Whisky_recreated''-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News,_''Whisky_recreated''_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_News,_Whisky_recreated">BBC News, Whisky recreated</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmundsen" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen, Roald</a> (1976). The South Pole. Vol. I & II. London: C. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-47-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-47-1"><bdi>978-0-903983-47-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Pole&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-903983-47-1&rft.aulast=Amundsen&rft.aufirst=Roald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2009" class="citation book cs1">Burke, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_idgx67rC8C">Body at the Melbourne Club : Bertram Armytage, Antarctica's forgotten man</a>. Kent Town, S. Aust.: Wakefield Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-833-6"><bdi>978-1-86254-833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+at+the+Melbourne+Club+%3A+Bertram+Armytage%2C+Antarctica%27s+forgotten+man&rft.place=Kent+Town%2C+S.+Aust.&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86254-833-6&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_idgx67rC8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane" class="citation book cs1">Crane, David (2005). Scott of the Antarctic. London: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715068-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715068-7"><bdi>978-0-00-715068-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scott+of+the+Antarctic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-00-715068-7&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Margery and James (1957). Shackleton. London: James Barrie Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Barrie+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Margery+and+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntford" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Huntford" title="Roland Huntford">Huntford, Roland</a> (1985). Shackleton. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-25007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-25007-5"><bdi>978-0-340-25007-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13108800">13108800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13108800&rft.isbn=978-0-340-25007-5&rft.aulast=Huntford&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Leif (1999). Frank Wild. Whitby: Caedmon of Whitby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905355-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905355-48-1"><bdi>978-0-905355-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Wild&rft.place=Whitby&rft.pub=Caedmon+of+Whitby&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-905355-48-1&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Lincoln (2000). Ships of Discovery and Exploration. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98415-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98415-4"><bdi>978-0-395-98415-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+of+Discovery+and+Exploration&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-98415-4&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Diana (1997). A First Rate Tragedy: Captain Scott's Antarctic Expeditions. London: Constable & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-479530-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-479530-3"><bdi>978-0-09-479530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+First+Rate+Tragedy%3A+Captain+Scott%27s+Antarctic+Expeditions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-09-479530-3&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiffenburgh" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beau_Riffenburgh" title="Beau Riffenburgh">Riffenburgh, Beau</a> (2005). Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7253-4"><bdi>978-0-7475-7253-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56659120">56659120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nimrod%3A+Ernest+Shackleton+and+the+Extraordinary+Story+of+the+1907%E2%80%9309+British+Antarctic+Expedition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56659120&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-7253-4&rft.aulast=Riffenburgh&rft.aufirst=Beau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton, Ernest</a> (1911). The Heart of the Antarctic. London: William Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+the+Antarctic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeak" class="citation book cs1">Speak, Peter (2003). William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901663-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901663-71-6"><bdi>978-1-901663-71-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Speirs+Bruce%3A+Polar+Explorer+and+Scottish+Nationalist&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=National+Museums+of+Scotland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-901663-71-6&rft.aulast=Speak&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Online sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeasuring_Worth" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/">"Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present"</a>. MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 12 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purchasing+Power+of+British+Pounds+from+1264+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fppoweruk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSA_Today,_century-old_whisky" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2010-02-05-Shackleton-whisky-antarctic_N.htm">"Explorers' century-old whisky found in Antarctic"</a>. USA Today. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Explorers%27+century-old+whisky+found+in+Antarctic&rft.date=2010-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2F2010-02-05-Shackleton-whisky-antarctic_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP,_century-old_scotch" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Gregory (18 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/923600--explorer-s-century-old-scotch-returns-from-antarctica">"Explorer's century-old scotch returns from Antarctica"</a>. Toronto Star. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Explorer%27s+century-old+scotch+returns+from+Antarctica&rft.date=2011-01-18&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F923600--explorer-s-century-old-scotch-returns-from-antarctica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News,_Whisky_recreated" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-12959215">"Whisky buried by Ernest Shackleton expedition recreated"</a>. BBC News. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whisky+buried+by+Ernest+Shackleton+expedition+recreated&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-12959215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod+Expedition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod_Expedition&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nimrod_Expedition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331232534/http://www.heritage-antarctica.org/AHT/HistoryRoyds/">British Antarctic Expedition 1907–1909</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Heritage_Trust_(New_Zealand)" title="Antarctic Heritage Trust (New Zealand)">New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628062017/http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_whos_who_nimrod.htm">Nimrod, Crew and Personnel List</a> at Cool Antarctica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/scotia/gooant/gooant030202.htm">The Nimrod expedition, 1907–1909</a> at the Glasgow Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4185851.stm">Shackleton hut to be resurrected</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2987">Alfred S. Bull, Seaman Diary</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975593#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975593#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975593#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129095018">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1695898/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86848260">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123380177">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123380177">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36055778">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011371267705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032329598">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/54388">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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