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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas Mawson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="دوغلاس ماوسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوغلاس ماوسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqlas_Mouson" title="Duqlas Mouson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Duqlas Mouson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дуглас Моўсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дуглас Моўсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Дъглас Моусън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъглас Моусън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="داگلاس ماوسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داگلاس ماوسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Դուգլաս Մոուսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուգլաս Մոուսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דאגלס מוסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאגלס מוסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დაგლას მოუსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაგლას მოუსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daglass_Mosons" title="Daglass Mosons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daglass Mosons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Даглас Мосон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Даглас Мосон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ダグラス・モーソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダグラス・モーソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Моусон, Дуглас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моусон, Дуглас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Даглас Мосон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Даглас Мосон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Douglas Mawson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дуглас Моусон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дуглас Моусон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%A3%AE" title="道格拉斯·莫森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="道格拉斯·莫森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the ship lost at sea in 1923, see <a href="/wiki/SS_Douglas_Mawson" title="SS Douglas Mawson">SS Douglas Mawson</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian geologist and explorer of the Antarctic (1882–1958)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mawson" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mawson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mawson (disambiguation)">Mawson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Douglas Mawson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">FAA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg/220px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg/330px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Douglas_Mawson_1914_1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="623" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mawson in 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1882-05-05</span>)</span>5 May 1882<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Shipley,_West_Yorkshire" title="Shipley, West Yorkshire">Shipley</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 1958<span style="display:none">(1958-10-14)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_South_Australia" title="Brighton, South Australia">Brighton, South Australia</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Australian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Street_High_School" title="Fort Street High School">Fort Street Model School</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Geologist, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic explorer">Antarctic explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>First ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a></li><li>First team to reach the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li><li>Sole survivor of <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mawson%27s_Huts" title="Mawson's Huts">Mawson's Huts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Plateau" title="Mawson Plateau">Mawson Plateau</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Francisca Paquita Delprat (1891–1974), married 1914</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Patricia (1915–1999)</li><li>Jessica (1917–2004)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bigsby_Medal" title="Bigsby Medal">Bigsby Medal</a> (1919)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueller Medal">Mueller Medal</a> (1930)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Medal" title="Clarke Medal">Clarke Medal</a> (1936)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Medal" title="Polar Medal">Polar Medal</a>(1909, 1934)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Douglas Mawson</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">FAA</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (5 May 1882 – 14 October 1958) was a British-born Australian geologist, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> explorer, and academic. Along with <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>, he was a key expedition leader during the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a>. </p><p>Mawson was born in England and was brought to Australia as an infant. He completed degrees in mining engineering and geology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>. In 1905 he was made a lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>. Mawson's first experience in the Antarctic came as a member of Shackleton's <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition"><i>Nimrod</i> Expedition</a> (1907–1909), alongside his mentor <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a>. They were part of the expedition's northern party, which became the first to attain the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> and to climb <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>. </p><p>After his participation in Shackleton's expedition, Mawson became the principal instigator of the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> (1911–1914). The expedition explored thousands of kilometres of previously unexplored regions, collected geological and botanical samples, and made important scientific observations. Mawson was the sole survivor of the three-man <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a>, which travelled across the <a href="/wiki/Mertz_Glacier" title="Mertz Glacier">Mertz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninnis_Glacier" title="Ninnis Glacier">Ninnis Glaciers</a> named after his two deceased companions. Their deaths forced him to travel alone for over a month to return to the <a href="/wiki/Mawson%27s_Huts" title="Mawson's Huts">expedition's main base</a>. </p><p>Mawson was knighted in 1914, and during the second half of World War I worked as a non-combatant with the British and Russian militaries. He returned to the University of Adelaide in 1919 and became a full professor in 1921, contributing much to Australian geology. He returned to the Antarctic as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition</a> (1929–1931), which led to a territorial claim in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>. Mawson is commemorated by numerous landmarks and from 1984 to 1996 appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_one-hundred-dollar_note" title="Australian one-hundred-dollar note">Australian $100 note</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Moore. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Shipley,_West_Yorkshire" title="Shipley, West Yorkshire">Shipley</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, but was less than two years old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled at <a href="/wiki/Rooty_Hill,_New_South_Wales" title="Rooty Hill, New South Wales">Rooty Hill</a>, now in the western suburbs of Sydney. Later he and his family moved to the inner-Sydney suburb of <a href="/wiki/Glebe,_New_South_Wales" title="Glebe, New South Wales">Glebe</a> in 1893. He attended Forest Lodge Public School, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Street_High_School" title="Fort Street High School">Fort Street Model School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, where he graduated in 1902 with a Bachelor of Engineering degree.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_work">Early work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was appointed geologist to an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>) in 1903; his report, <i>The Geology of the New Hebrides</i>, was one of the first major geological works of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. Also that year he published a geological paper on <a href="/wiki/Mittagong,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittagong, New South Wales">Mittagong, New South Wales</a>. His major influences in his geological career were Professor <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Liversidge" title="Archibald Liversidge">Archibald Liversidge</a>. He then became a lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906 he identified and first described the mineral <a href="/wiki/Davidite" title="Davidite">davidite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nimrod_Expedition_(or_British_Antarctic_Expedition)"><span id="Nimrod_Expedition_.28or_British_Antarctic_Expedition.29"></span><i>Nimrod</i> Expedition (or British Antarctic Expedition)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nimrod Expedition (or British Antarctic Expedition)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MawsonMcKayDavid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MawsonMcKayDavid.jpg/220px-MawsonMcKayDavid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MawsonMcKayDavid.jpg/330px-MawsonMcKayDavid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MawsonMcKayDavid.jpg/440px-MawsonMcKayDavid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption> Mackay, David and Mawson raise the flag at the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> on 16 January 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Mawson joined <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition"><i>Nimrod</i> Expedition</a> (1907–1909) to the Antarctic, originally intending to stay for the duration of the ship's presence in the first summer. Instead both he and his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a>, stayed an extra year. In doing so they became, in the company of <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Alistair Mackay</a>, the first to climb the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> and to trek to the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a>, which at that time was over land. </p><p>During their stay, they also wrote, illustrated and printed the book <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(book)" title="Aurora Australis (book)">Aurora Australis</a></i>. Mawson contributed with the science fiction short-story Bathybia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australasian Antarctic Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawson_and_sledge,_Adelie_Land,_Antarctica,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mawson_and_sledge%2C_Adelie_Land%2C_Antarctica%2C_1912.jpg/220px-Mawson_and_sledge%2C_Adelie_Land%2C_Antarctica%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mawson_and_sledge%2C_Adelie_Land%2C_Antarctica%2C_1912.jpg/330px-Mawson_and_sledge%2C_Adelie_Land%2C_Antarctica%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mawson_and_sledge%2C_Adelie_Land%2C_Antarctica%2C_1912.jpg/440px-Mawson_and_sledge%2C_Adelie_Land%2C_Antarctica%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4406" data-file-height="5623" /></a><figcaption>Mawson rests at the side of his sledge, Adelie Land, Antarctica, 1912.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Mawson%27s_sledge,_right_side,_background_out._Wellcome_M0000975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dr._Mawson%27s_sledge%2C_right_side%2C_background_out._Wellcome_M0000975.jpg/220px-Dr._Mawson%27s_sledge%2C_right_side%2C_background_out._Wellcome_M0000975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dr._Mawson%27s_sledge%2C_right_side%2C_background_out._Wellcome_M0000975.jpg/330px-Dr._Mawson%27s_sledge%2C_right_side%2C_background_out._Wellcome_M0000975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dr._Mawson%27s_sledge%2C_right_side%2C_background_out._Wellcome_M0000975.jpg/440px-Dr._Mawson%27s_sledge%2C_right_side%2C_background_out._Wellcome_M0000975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Douglas Mawson's sledge</figcaption></figure> <p>Mawson turned down an invitation to join Robert Falcon Scott's <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a> in 1910; Australian geologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" title="Thomas Griffith Taylor">Thomas Griffith Taylor</a> went with Scott instead. Mawson chose to lead his own expedition, the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a>, to <a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a>, the sector of the Antarctic continent immediately south of Australia, which at the time was almost entirely unexplored. The objectives were to carry out geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a>. Mawson raised the necessary funds in a year, from British and Australian governments, and from commercial backers interested in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica#Economy" title="Antarctica">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Australia" title="Whaling in Australia">whaling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition, using the ship <a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a> commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/John_King_Davis" title="John King Davis">John King Davis</a>, departed from <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> on 2 December 1911, landed at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Denison" title="Hugh Denison">Hugh Denison</a>, a major backer of the expedition) on <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bay" title="Commonwealth Bay">Commonwealth Bay</a> on 8 January 1912, and established the Main Base. A second camp was located to the west on the ice shelf in <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a>. Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy; the average wind speed for the entire year was about 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds approaching 200 mph (320 km/h). They built <a href="/wiki/Mawson%27s_Huts" title="Mawson's Huts">a hut</a> on the rocky cape and wintered through nearly constant <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzards</a>. Mawson wanted to do aerial exploration and brought the <a href="/wiki/Air-tractor_sledge" title="Air-tractor sledge">first aeroplane</a> to Antarctica. The aircraft, a <a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was to be flown by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard_Bickerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Howard Bickerton">Francis Howard Bickerton</a>. When it was damaged in Australia shortly before the expedition departed, plans were changed so it was to be used only as a tractor on skis. However, the engine did not operate well in the cold, and it was removed and returned to <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> in England. The aircraft fuselage itself was abandoned. On 1 January 2009, fragments of it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring the original huts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mawson's exploration program was carried out by five parties from the Main Base and two from the Western Base. Mawson himself was part of a three-man sledging team, the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Mertz" title="Xavier Mertz">Xavier Mertz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Edward_Sutton_Ninnis" title="Belgrave Edward Sutton Ninnis">Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis</a>, who headed east on 10 November 1912, to survey <a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V Land</a>. After five weeks of excellent progress mapping the coastline and collecting geological samples, the party was crossing the <a href="/wiki/Ninnis_Glacier" title="Ninnis Glacier">Ninnis Glacier</a> 480 km east of the main base. Mertz was skiing and Mawson was on his <a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">sled</a> with his weight dispersed, but Ninnis was jogging beside the second sled. Ninnis fell through a <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasse</a>, and his body weight is likely to have breached the snow bridge covering it. The six best dogs, most of the party's rations, their tent, and other essential supplies disappeared into the massive crevasse. Mertz and Mawson spotted one dead and one injured dog on a ledge 165 feet (50 m) below them, but Ninnis was never seen again.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a brief service, Mawson and Mertz turned back immediately. They had one week's provisions for two men and no dog food but plenty of fuel and a <a href="/wiki/Primus_stove" title="Primus stove">Primus stove</a>. They sledged for 27 hours continuously to obtain a spare tent cover they had left behind, for which they improvised a frame from skis and a <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolite</a>. Their lack of provisions forced them to use their remaining <a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">sled dogs</a> to feed the other dogs and themselves:<sup id="cite_ref-MawsonHomeBlizzard_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MawsonHomeBlizzard-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Their meat was tough, stringy and without a vestige of fat. For a change we sometimes chopped it up finely, mixed it with a little <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>, and brought all to the boil in a large pot of water. We were exceedingly hungry, but there was nothing to satisfy our appetites. Only a few ounces were used of the stock of ordinary food, to which was added a portion of dog's meat, never large, for each animal yielded so very little, and the major part was fed to the surviving dogs. They crunched the bones and ate the skin, until nothing remained.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mawson, Chapter XIII. "Toil and Tribulation" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeofblizzardbe00maws/page/170/mode/1up">170</a>, <i>Home of the Blizzard</i> (1914)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>There was a quick deterioration in the men's physical condition during this journey. Both men suffered <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrationality</a>; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, and nail loss; and the <a href="/wiki/Yellowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowing">yellowing</a> of eyes and skin. Later Mawson noticed a dramatic change in his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose the will to move and wished only to remain in his sleeping bag. He began to deteriorate rapidly with diarrhoea and madness. On one occasion Mertz refused to believe he was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a> and bit off the tip of his own little finger. This was soon followed by violent raging—Mawson had to sit on his companion's chest and hold down his arms to prevent him from damaging their tent. Mertz suffered further seizures before falling into a coma and dying on 8 January 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was unknown at the time that high levels of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> are toxic to humans, causing <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> damage, and that <a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">husky</a> liver contains extremely high levels of the vitamin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With six dogs between them (with a liver on average weighing one kilogram or 2.2 pounds), it is thought that the pair ingested enough liver to cause the toxicity syndrome <a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A" title="Hypervitaminosis A">hypervitaminosis A</a>, which can be fatal. Mertz may have eaten more of the liver because he had been used to a vegetarian diet, and so may have found the tough muscle tissue difficult to eat, thus being exposed to greater toxicity than Mawson.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mawson continued the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone. During his return trip to the Main Base he fell through the lid of a crevasse, and was saved only by his sledge wedging itself into the ice above him. He managed to climb out using the harness attaching him to the sled. </p><p>When Mawson finally made it back to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a>, the ship <i>Aurora</i> had left only a few hours before. It was recalled by <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless communication</a>, only to have bad weather thwart the rescue effort. Mawson and six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year until December 1913. In Mawson's book <i>Home of the Blizzard</i>, he describes his experiences. His party, and those at the Western Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, describing its <a href="/wiki/Antarctica#Geologic_history" title="Antarctica">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica#Flora_and_fauna" title="Antarctica">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">meteorology</a>, and more closely defining the location of the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a>. In 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> awarded him their <a href="/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Founder's Medal">Founder's Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1916 the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone_Centenary_Medal" title="David Livingstone Centenary Medal">David Livingstone Centenary Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-honorslist_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorslist-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expedition was the subject of <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(climber)" title="David Roberts (climber)">David Roberts</a>' book <i>Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story in the History of Exploration</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_of_the_Blizzard"><i>Home of the Blizzard</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Home of the Blizzard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i>The Home of the Blizzard</i>, Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he learned afterwards "approached two hundred miles per hour".<sup id="cite_ref-HoB_XI_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoB_XI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> Mawson reported that the average wind speed for March was 68 miles per hour (109 km/h); for April, 52.5 miles per hour (84.5 km/h); and for May, 67.799 miles per hour (109.112 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> can reach around 300 km/h (190 mph) and led Mawson to dub Cape Denison "the windiest place on Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter of the metallurgist <a href="/wiki/G._D._Delprat" class="mw-redirect" title="G. D. Delprat">G. D. Delprat</a>) on 31 March 1914 at Holy Trinity Church of England, <a href="/wiki/Balaclava,_Victoria" title="Balaclava, Victoria">Balaclava, Victoria</a>. They had two daughters, Patricia and Jessica. Also in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with news of the Scott disaster until the outbreak of World War I. Mawson served 1916-1919 as a Captain (later acting-Major) in the British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Munitions">Ministry of Munitions</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. During this period he established a very close personal relationship with <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Scott" title="Kathleen Scott">Kathleen Scott</a>, the widow of polar explorer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>. </p><p>Returning to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology and mineralogy in 1921, and made a major contribution to Australian geology. He organised and led the joint <a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE)</a> in 1929–31, which resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> in 1936. He also spent much of his time researching the geology of the northern <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Ranges" title="Flinders Ranges">Flinders Ranges</a> in South Australia. He also served on the Council and later as President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society_of_South_Australia" title="Royal Geographical Society of South Australia">Royal Geographical Society of South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mawson was Honorary Curator of Minerals for the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a> from 1907 to 1958, and also Chair of the South Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his retirement from teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor of the University of Adelaide. He died at his <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_South_Australia" title="Brighton, South Australia">Brighton</a> home in South Australia on 14 October 1958 from a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral haemorrhage">cerebral haemorrhage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 76 years old. At the time of his death he had still not completed editorial work on all the papers resulting from his expedition, and this was completed by his eldest daughter, Patricia, only in 1975. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Mawson_1914_2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mawson in 1914"><img alt="Mawson in 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Douglas_Mawson_1914_2.jpeg/84px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Douglas_Mawson_1914_2.jpeg/126px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Douglas_Mawson_1914_2.jpeg/168px-Douglas_Mawson_1914_2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mawson in 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Mawson_1926.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mawson in 1926"><img alt="Mawson in 1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Douglas_Mawson_1926.jpeg/98px-Douglas_Mawson_1926.jpeg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Douglas_Mawson_1926.jpeg/146px-Douglas_Mawson_1926.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Douglas_Mawson_1926.jpeg/195px-Douglas_Mawson_1926.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mawson in 1926</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caricature by Sir David Low"><img alt="Caricature by Sir David Low" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg/81px-Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg/122px-Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg/163px-Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caricature by Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Low_(cartoonist)" title="David Low (cartoonist)">David Low</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Carroll_William_Dodge" title="Carroll William Dodge">Carroll William Dodge</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> within the family <a href="/wiki/Lichinaceae" title="Lichinaceae">Lichinaceae</a>, named <i><a href="/wiki/Mawsonia_(fungus)" title="Mawsonia (fungus)">Mawsonia</a></i> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His image appeared on several postage stamps of the Australian Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10 cents (2011),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 45 cents (1999).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His image appeared from 1984 to 1996 on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian</a> paper <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Australian_dollar" title="Banknotes of the Australian dollar">one hundred dollar note</a> and in 2012 on a $1 coin issued within the Inspirational Australians series.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peak" title="Mawson Peak">Mawson Peak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heard_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Heard Island">Heard Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mawson" title="Mount Mawson">Mount Mawson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson Station</a> (Antarctica), <a href="/wiki/Dorsa_Mawson" title="Dorsa Mawson">Dorsa Mawson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mare_Fecunditatis" title="Mare Fecunditatis">Mare Fecunditatis</a>), the geology building on the main <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> campus, suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Mawson,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Mawson, Australian Capital Territory">Canberra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Lakes,_South_Australia" title="Mawson Lakes, South Australia">Adelaide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australian</a> campus and the main street of <a href="/wiki/Meadows,_South_Australia" title="Meadows, South Australia">Meadows</a>, South Australia are named after him. At <a href="/wiki/Oxley_College_(Burradoo,_NSW)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxley College (Burradoo, NSW)">Oxley College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burradoo,_New_South_Wales" title="Burradoo, New South Wales">Burradoo</a>, New South Wales, a sports house is called Mawson, as is at <a href="/wiki/Clarence_High_School_(Howrah,_Tasmania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence High School (Howrah, Tasmania)">Clarence High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, Tasmania, Forest Lodge Public School and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Street_High_School" title="Fort Street High School">Street High School</a>, both in Sydney, where he was educated. The Mawson Collection of Antarctic exploration artefacts is on permanent display at the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a>, including a screening of a recreated version of his journey that was shown on <a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)" title="ABC Television (Australian TV network)">ABC Television</a> on 12 May 2008. </p><p>Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, district of Woden Valley, Australian Capital Territory. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and is named after him. The theme for street names in this area is Antarctic exploration. </p><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Ranulph Fiennes</a> included Mawson in his book <i>My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People</i>. </p><p>In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Centenary Expedition", led by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Turney" title="Chris Turney">Chris Turney</a> and Chris Fogwill, undertook a voyage to investigate Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic oceanography, climate and biology. Their ship, the <a href="/wiki/Akademik_Shokalskiy" title="Akademik Shokalskiy">MV <i>Akademik Shokalskiy</i></a>, became trapped in ice.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition later visited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison on Commonwealth Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the release of Mawson's journals and other expedition records, some historians have questioned Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2013, the first opera to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, <i>The Call of Aurora</i> (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was performed at The Peacock Theatre in Hobart. <i>The Call of Aurora</i> investigates the relationship between Douglas Mawson and his wireless operator, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Jeffryes" title="Sidney Jeffryes">Sidney Jeffryes</a>, who developed symptoms of paranoia and had to be relieved of his duties. </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dance_Theatre" title="Australian Dance Theatre">Australian Dance Theatre</a> presented the premiere of <i>South</i> by Artistic Director <a href="/wiki/Garry_Stewart" title="Garry Stewart">Garry Stewart</a> in Adelaide. The acclaimed contemporary dance work reflects upon the treacherous journey across the wilds of eastern Antarctica undertaken by Mawson and his ill-fated team in the summer of 1912–1913. Garry Stewart won Outstanding Achievement in Choreography for <i>South</i> in 2019 at the Australian Dance Awards, presented by AusDance. The work has since toured regional South Australia. </p><p>David Roberts' account of Mawson's AAE expedition, <i>Alone on the Ice</i>, and the deadly effect of dog liver are referenced in the plot of an episode of British television series <i><a href="/wiki/New_Tricks" title="New Tricks">New Tricks</a></i>, where it is used to commit the almost-perfect murder. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Trail" title="Mawson Trail">Mawson Trail</a> in South Australia is also named after him. </p><p>Minor planet <a href="/wiki/4456_Mawson" class="mw-redirect" title="4456 Mawson">4456 Mawson</a> is named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UofAdelaide-Mawson%26Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Mawson on North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia in front of the University of Adelaide"><img alt="Bust of Mawson on North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia in front of the University of Adelaide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UofAdelaide-Mawson%26Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg/93px-UofAdelaide-Mawson%26Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UofAdelaide-Mawson%26Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg/140px-UofAdelaide-Mawson%26Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UofAdelaide-Mawson%26Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg/186px-UofAdelaide-Mawson%26Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of Mawson on <a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace</a>, Adelaide, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawson_Laboratories.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mawson Laboratories at the University of Adelaide."><img alt="The Mawson Laboratories at the University of Adelaide." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mawson_Laboratories.JPG/120px-Mawson_Laboratories.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mawson_Laboratories.JPG/180px-Mawson_Laboratories.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mawson_Laboratories.JPG/240px-Mawson_Laboratories.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Mawson Laboratories at the University of Adelaide.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial">Burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir Douglas was buried at the historic cemetery of <a href="/wiki/St_Jude%27s_Church,_Brighton" title="St Jude's Church, Brighton">St Jude's Church</a>, 444 Brighton Road, <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_South_Australia" title="Brighton, South Australia">Brighton, South Australia</a>, in 1958. <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Douglas_Mawson&params=35_1_1.99_S_138_31_26.89_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°1′1.99″S</span> <span class="longitude">138°31′26.89″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.0172194°S 138.5241361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-35.0172194; 138.5241361</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawson_grave_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Douglas Mawson's grave at St Jude's, at Brighton, South Australia"><img alt="Mawson's grave at St Jude's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mawson_grave_1.JPG/180px-Mawson_grave_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mawson_grave_1.JPG/270px-Mawson_grave_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mawson_grave_1.JPG/360px-Mawson_grave_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir Douglas Mawson's grave at St Jude's, at Brighton, South Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawson_grave_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Main plaque on the granite boulder marking the grave of Sir Douglas Mawson"><img alt="Plaque on boulder marking Mawson's grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mawson_grave_2.JPG/180px-Mawson_grave_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mawson_grave_2.JPG/270px-Mawson_grave_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mawson_grave_2.JPG/360px-Mawson_grave_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Main plaque on the granite boulder marking the grave of</li><li>Sir Douglas Mawson</li></ul></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mawson_grave_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque acknowledging gift of the boulder from Arkaroola marking Mawson's grave, from the Sprigg family"><img alt="Plaque on Mawson's grave, from the Sprigg family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mawson_grave_3.JPG/180px-Mawson_grave_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mawson_grave_3.JPG/270px-Mawson_grave_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mawson_grave_3.JPG/360px-Mawson_grave_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque acknowledging gift of the boulder from <a href="/wiki/Arkaroola,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkaroola, South Australia">Arkaroola</a> marking Mawson's grave, from the <a href="/wiki/Reg_Sprigg" title="Reg Sprigg">Sprigg</a> family</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldermanTilley1960" class="citation journal cs1">Alderman, A. R.; Tilley, C. E. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0011">"Douglas Mawson 1882-1958"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">119–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0011">10.1098/rsbm.1960.0011</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Douglas+Mawson+1882-1958&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0011&rft.aulast=Alderman&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft.au=Tilley%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1960.0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090925233041/http://anzaas.org.au/mueller.html">ANZAAS > Mueller Medal Recipients (1904-2005)</a> archive.is Retrieved 12 February 2025.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacka1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacka, F. J. (1986) [Published online 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mawson-sir-douglas-7531">"Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Vol. 10 (Online ed.). Melbourne University Press (MUP); National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. pp. <span class="nowrap">454–</span>457<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Douglas+Mawson+%281882%E2%80%931958%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press+%28MUP%29%3B+National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Jacka&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fmawson-sir-douglas-7531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/140_Branagan.pdf">https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/140_Branagan.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/Mawson">Douglas Mawson: Home - Library Guides</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AuroraAustralis00EHSh/page/n180/mode/1up?view=theater">Aurora Australis – Bathybia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-2014_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-2014_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Pharoah, curator of the Mawson collection at the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia Museum">South Australia Museum</a> in Adelaide. Cited by Andrew Luck-Baker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25682462">Douglas Mawson: An Australian hero's story of survival</a>, BBC News, 27 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/artefacts/display_artefact.cfm?artefact_id=1118">CDWS-1 Air tractor tail</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division2013" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415204912/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/114782/MawsonsHut_low.pdf">"Mawson's Huts Historic Site Management Plan 2013-2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Antarctic Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/114782/MawsonsHut_low.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mawson%27s+Huts+Historic+Site+Management+Plan+2013-2018&rft.pub=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0005%2F114782%2FMawsonsHut_low.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000099.htm">Douglas Mawson 1882-1958</a> www.south-pole.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MawsonHomeBlizzard-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MawsonHomeBlizzard_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson,_Sir_Douglas2009" class="citation book cs1">Mawson, Sir Douglas (2009) [Autumn 1914]. Geoffrey Cowling; David Widger (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6137/6137-h/6137-h.htm#2HCH0013"><i>The Home of the Blizzard: Being the Story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914</i></a>. London, UK: Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+of+the+Blizzard%3A+Being+the+Story+of+the+Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Mawson%2C+Sir+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F6137%2F6137-h%2F6137-h.htm%232HCH0013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickel, Lennard (2000). <i>Mawson's Will: The Greatest Polar Survival Story Ever Written</i>, Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58642-000-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58642-000-3">1-58642-000-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington-Smith2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carrington-Smith, Denise (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/183/11/mawson-and-mertz-re-evaluation-their-ill-fated-mapping-journey-during-1911-1914">"Mawson and Mertz: A re-evaluation of their ill-fated mapping journey during the 1911–1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition"</a>. <i>Medical Journal of Australia</i>. <b>183</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">638–</span>641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2005.tb00064.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00064.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16336159">16336159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8430414">8430414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Mawson+and+Mertz%3A+A+re-evaluation+of+their+ill-fated+mapping+journey+during+the+1911%E2%80%931914+Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E638-%3C%2Fspan%3E641&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8430414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16336159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2005.tb00064.x&rft.aulast=Carrington-Smith&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fjournal%2F2005%2F183%2F11%2Fmawson-and-mertz-re-evaluation-their-ill-fated-mapping-journey-during-1911-1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClelandSouthcott1969" class="citation journal cs1">Cleland, John; Southcott, R. V. (June 1969). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1969.tb62397.x">"Hypervitaminosis A in the Antarctic in the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911–1914: A possible explanation of the illnesses of Mawson and Mertz"</a></span>. <i>Medical Journal of Australia</i>. <b>1</b> (26): <span class="nowrap">1337–</span>1342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1969.tb62397.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.1969.tb62397.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Hypervitaminosis+A+in+the+Antarctic+in+the+Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition+of+1911%E2%80%931914%3A+A+possible+explanation+of+the+illnesses+of+Mawson+and+Mertz&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1337-%3C%2Fspan%3E1342&rft.date=1969-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1969.tb62397.x&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Southcott%2C+R.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1969.tb62397.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNataraja2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nataraja, Anjali (1 May 2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/324/Suppl_S5/0205158">"Man's best friend?"</a></span>. BMJ Student. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>324</b> (Suppl S5): 0205158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fsbmj.0205158">10.1136/sbmj.0205158</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Man%27s+best+friend%3F&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=Suppl+S5&rft.pages=0205158&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fsbmj.0205158&rft.aulast=Nataraja&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F324%2FSuppl_S5%2F0205158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221002/http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf">"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Geographical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Past+Gold+Medal+Winners&rft.pub=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgs.org%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FC5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D%2F0%2FGoldMedallists18322011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honorslist-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honorslist_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amergeog.org/honorslist.pdf">"The Cullum Geographical Medal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326222952/http://www.amergeog.org/honorslist.pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. American Geographical Society. Retrieved 17 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoB_XI-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoB_XI_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson1930" class="citation book cs1">Mawson, Douglas (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeofblizzardbe00maws/page/94/mode/1up">"XI. Spring Exploits"</a>. <i>The home of the blizzard: Being the story of the Australasian Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914</i>. Vol. I. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XI.+Spring+Exploits&rft.btitle=The+home+of+the+blizzard%3A+Being+the+story+of+the+Australasian+Antarctic+expedition%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeofblizzardbe00maws%2Fpage%2F94%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mawson, D. <i>The Home of the Blizzard</i>, Vol I. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. No date.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson1915" class="citation book cs1">Mawson, Douglas (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeofblizzardbe01maws/page/102/mode/2up">"VI: Autumn Prospects"</a>. <i>The home of the blizzard: Being the story of the Australasian Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914</i>. Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI%3A+Autumn+Prospects&rft.btitle=The+home+of+the+blizzard%3A+Being+the+story+of+the+Australasian+Antarctic+expedition%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeofblizzardbe01maws%2Fpage%2F102%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trewby, M., ed., (2002). <i>Antarctica. An encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton</i> Firefly Books Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55297-590-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55297-590-8">1-55297-590-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mawsonshuts.antarctica.gov.au/">"Home of the Blizzard".</a> <i>Australian Antarctic Division</i>. Retrieved 5 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Brian J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/pdf/10.3316/ielapa.200507553">"The role of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia"</a>. <i>South Australian Geographical Journal</i>. <b>102</b>: 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Australian+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+of+South+Australia.&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.3316%2Fielapa.200507553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/collection/australian-polar">"Australian Polar collection"</a>. <i>South Australian Museum</i>. Government of South Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=Australian+Polar+collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samuseum.sa.gov.au%2Fcollection%2Faustralian-polar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhardt2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022"><i>Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen</i></a> [<i>Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fepolist2022">10.3372/epolist2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946292-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-946292-41-8"><bdi>978-3-946292-41-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246307410">246307410</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=123RF+Stock+Photo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.123rf.com%2Fphoto_24329896_australia--circa-1961-a-stamp-printed-in-the-australia-australian-antarctic-territory-shows-edgewort.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194357/http://www.archive.jamescairdsociety.com/shackleton-news-107632.htm">"The James Caird Society"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+James+Caird+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.jamescairdsociety.com%2Fshackleton-news-107632.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193844/http://travelingantarctica.com/antarctica-general/mawsons-australian-antarctic-expedition-100-aniversary/">"Traveling Antarctica"</a>. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traveling+Antarctica&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravelingantarctica.com%2Fantarctica-general%2Fmawsons-australian-antarctic-expedition-100-aniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auspost.com.au/education/stamps/media/pdfs/explorer56.pdf">"Australian Stamp Explorer no. 56 (Mawson's Hut)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Stamp+Explorer+no.+56+%28Mawson%27s+Hut%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauspost.com.au%2Feducation%2Fstamps%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2Fexplorer56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413105122/http://news.coinupdate.com/sir-douglas-mawson-featured-on-australian-coin-1506/">"Sir Douglas Mawson Featured on Australian $1 Coin - Coin Update"</a>. <i>news.coinupdate.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.coinupdate.com/sir-douglas-mawson-featured-on-australian-coin-1506/">the original</a> on 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.coinupdate.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Douglas+Mawson+Featured+on+Australian+%241+Coin+-+Coin+Update&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.coinupdate.com%2Fsir-douglas-mawson-featured-on-australian-coin-1506%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?url=aae-trapped-in-antarctic-sea-ice_1388339068">"Australian Spirit of Mawson ship trapped in Antarctic sea ice"</a>. explorersweb.com. 29 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Spirit+of+Mawson+ship+trapped+in+Antarctic+sea+ice&rft.pub=explorersweb.com&rft.date=2013-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explorersweb.com%2Fpolar%2Fnews.php%3Furl%3Daae-trapped-in-antarctic-sea-ice_1388339068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/antarctica-live/video/2013/dec/25/mawsons-huts-journey-antarctica-video">"Expedition to Mawson's Huts: a journey into Antarctica – video"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 25 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Expedition+to+Mawson%27s+Huts%3A+a+journey+into+Antarctica+%E2%80%93+video&rft.date=2013-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Fantarctica-live%2Fvideo%2F2013%2Fdec%2F25%2Fmawsons-huts-journey-antarctica-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304071133/http://www.thecallofaurora.com/">"The Call of Aurora"</a>. December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecallofaurora.com/">the original</a> on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Call+of+Aurora&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecallofaurora.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_4401">"(4456) Mawson"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i>. Springer. 2003. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_4401">10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_4401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-29925-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-29925-7"><bdi>978-3-540-29925-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%284456%29+Mawson&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_4401&rft.isbn=978-3-540-29925-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%252F978-3-540-29925-7_4401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bickel, Lennard [1977] (2001). <i>This Accursed Land</i>, foreword by Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84158-141-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84158-141-0">1-84158-141-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Caesar" title="Adrian Caesar">Caesar, Adrian</a>:<i>The White: Last Days in the Antarctic Journeys of Scott and Mawson 1911–1913</i> Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-36157-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-36157-0">0-330-36157-0</a></li> <li>Hall, Lincoln (2000) <i>Douglas Mawson, The Life of an Explorer</i> New Holland, Sydney <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86436-670-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86436-670-2">1-86436-670-2</a></li> <li>Jacka, F. J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100444b.htm">Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>,</li> <li>Mawson, Sir Douglas, 2 vol. (1915) <i>The Home of the Blizzard, being the story of the Australasian Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914</i>. London: Ballantyne Press. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson1915" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeofblizzardbe01mawsuoft/page/n11/mode/2up"><i>The home of the blizzard: Being the story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914</i></a>. Vol. I. London: W. Heinemann. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+home+of+the+blizzard%3A+Being+the+story+of+the+Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeofblizzardbe01mawsuoft%2Fpage%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson1915" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeofblizzardbe02mawsuoft/page/ii/mode/2up"><i>The home of the blizzard: Being the story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914</i></a>. Vol. II. London: W. Heinemann. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+home+of+the+blizzard%3A+Being+the+story+of+the+Australasian+Antarctic+Expedition%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeofblizzardbe02mawsuoft%2Fpage%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2004" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Peder (2004). "Fighting the 'microbe of sporting mania': Australian science and Antarctic exploration in the early 20th century". <i>Endeavour</i>. Vol. 28, no. 3 (published September 2004). pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2004.07.005">10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15350758">15350758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endeavour&rft.atitle=Fighting+the+%27microbe+of+sporting+mania%27%3A+Australian+science+and+Antarctic+exploration+in+the+early+20th+century&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2004.07.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15350758&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Peder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Turney, Chris (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/1912.html?id=5O75DrnZiMwC"><i>1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica</i></a>. Melbourne: Text Publishing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Douglas Mawson</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=37220550">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=37220550&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Douglas Mawson</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=37220550&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=37220550">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=37220550&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackaJacka1988" class="citation book cs1">Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor, eds. (1988). <i>Mawson's Antarctic Diaries</i>. London, Sydney and Wellington: Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-320209-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-320209-8"><bdi>0-04-320209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawson%27s+Antarctic+Diaries&rft.place=London%2C+Sydney+and+Wellington&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-04-320209-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(climber)" title="David Roberts (climber)">Roberts, David</a> (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393240160"><i>Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story in the History of Exploration</i></a></span> (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393240160" title="Special:BookSources/9780393240160"><bdi>9780393240160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone+on+the+Ice%3A+The+Greatest+Survival+Story+in+the+History+of+Exploration&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780393240160&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780393240160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Mawson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/mawsons-antarctic-newspaper">"Mawson's <i>Antarctic Newspaper</i>"</a>, article in www.<i>TheGlobalDispatches.com</i>. Retrieved 9 January 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-503844">Mawson, Douglas (Sir) (1882–1958)</a> National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Sir Douglas Mawson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000099.htm">Douglas Mawson in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24573405">Hurley, Frank. Collection of Photographic Prints.</a> Images of Mawson Expedition 1911–14 held at Pictures Branch, National Library of Australia, Canberra</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naa.gov.au/">National Archives of Australia</a>, Records of BANZARE, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of External Affairs etc., personal papers of Baron Casey papers (M1129, A10299), Charles Francis Laseron, and P G Law (MP1002/1)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/27/douglas-mawson-unsung-antarctic-hero">"Sir Douglas Mawson, the unsung hero of Antarctica, gets his due at last"</a>, Paul Harris, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, 26 January 2013</li> <li>E.M. Suzyumov (1960, 1968). <i>A life given to the Antarctic. Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer</i>. Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Australia. Translated from the Russian. First published in "Remarcable Geographers and Travellers", State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1960.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Mawson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL216794A">Works by Douglas Mawson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q434281#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1968">Works by Douglas Mawson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Mawson%2C%20Douglas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Douglas%20Mawson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mawson%2C%20Douglas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Douglas%20Mawson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mawson%2C%20D%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Douglas%20Mawson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mawson%2C%20Douglas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Douglas%20Mawson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221882-1958%22%20AND%20Mawson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Douglas Mawson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Card" title="George William Card">George William Card</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Clarke_Medal" title="Clarke Medal">Clarke Medal</a> </b><br />1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Jutson" title="John Thomas Jutson">John Thomas Jutson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions520"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template:Australasian Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template talk:Australasian Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australasian Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Base party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frederick_Robert_Bage" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Frederick Robert Bage">Bob Bage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bickerton" title="Frank Bickerton">Frank Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Close_(explorer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Close (explorer) (page does not exist)">John Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Correll" title="Percy Correll">Percy Correll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hannam" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Hannam">Walter Hannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hodgeman" title="Alfred Hodgeman">Alfred Hodgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_George_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John George Hunter (page does not exist)">John Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Jeffryes" title="Sidney Jeffryes">Sidney Jeffryes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Laseron" title="Charles Francis Laseron">Charles Laseron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Madigan" title="Cecil Madigan">Cecil Madigan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Lang_McLean" title="Archibald Lang McLean">Archibald McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Mertz" title="Xavier Mertz">Xavier Mertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Murphy" title="Herbert Murphy">Herbert Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Edward_Ninnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrave Edward Ninnis">Belgrave Ninnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Stillwell" title="Frank Leslie Stillwell">Frank Stillwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Webb" title="Eric Webb">Eric Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Whetter" title="Leslie Whetter">Leslie Whetter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Base party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Dovers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Dovers (page does not exist)">Charles Dovers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Harrisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Harrisson (page does not exist)">Charles Harrisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hoadley" title="Charles Hoadley">Charles Hoadley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Evan_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydney Evan Jones (page does not exist)">Sydney Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Lorimer_Kennedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Lorimer Kennedy (page does not exist)">Alexander Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Moyes" title="Morton Moyes">Morton Moyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Douglas_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Douglas Watson">Andrew Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macquarie Island party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Ainsworth" title="George Ainsworth">George Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Blake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leslie Blake (page does not exist)">Leslie Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Hamilton_(biologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Hamilton (biologist) (page does not exist)">Harold Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sandell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sandell (page does not exist)">Charles Sandell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Sawyer">Arthur Sawyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SY <i>Aurora</i> officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Blair">John H. Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_Davis" title="John King Davis">John King Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fletcher" title="Frank D. Fletcher">Frank D. Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Gillies" title="F. J. Gillies">F. J. Gillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Gray" title="Percival Gray">Percival Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Petersen_de_la_Motte" title="Clarence Petersen de la Motte">Clarence Petersen de la Motte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Toutcher" title="Norman Toutcher">Norman Toutcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Evelyn_Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Evelyn Watkins (page does not exist)">Hugh Evelyn Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties and vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Base_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Base Party">Western Base Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bay" title="Commonwealth Bay">Commonwealth Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V Land">King George V Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mertz_Glacier" title="Mertz Glacier">Mertz Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninnis_Glacier" title="Ninnis Glacier">Ninnis Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Ice_Shelf" title="Shackleton Ice Shelf">Shackleton Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Hill" title="Wireless Hill">Wireless Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land_meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adélie Land meteorite">Adélie Land meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-tractor_sledge" title="Air-tractor sledge">Air-tractor sledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_of_the_Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Dogs of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson%27s_Huts" title="Mawson's Huts">Mawson's Huts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Category:Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica392" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica392" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q434281#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3267" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q434281#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3267" 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class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/284261">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/503844">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mawson-sir-douglas-7531">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11878269X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11878269X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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