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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the study of family lineage, history and bloodline. For the philosophical technique developed by Nietzsche and Foucault, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy (philosophy)</a>. For the sociocultural evolution of kinship, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the family">History of the family</a>. For family trees of scholars according to mentoring relationship, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academic genealogy">Academic genealogy</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Genealogy (disambiguation)">Genealogy (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Family history" redirects here. For medical family history, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Family history (medicine)">Family history (medicine)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_history_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Family history (disambiguation)">Family history (disambiguation)</a>. </div> Genealogy (from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%23Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γενεαλογία">γενεαλογία</a> (genealogía) 'the making of a pedigree')<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is the study of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Families?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Families">families</a>, family history, and the tracing of their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineages</a>. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kinship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kinship">kinship</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pedigree_chart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pedigree chart">pedigrees</a> of its members. The results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives. The field of family history is broader than genealogy, and covers not just lineage but also family and community history and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biography">biography</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sog-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:900-158_Ahnentafel_Herzog_Ludwig.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/900-158_Ahnentafel_Herzog_Ludwig.jpg/300px-900-158_Ahnentafel_Herzog_Ludwig.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/900-158_Ahnentafel_Herzog_Ludwig.jpg/450px-900-158_Ahnentafel_Herzog_Ludwig.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/900-158_Ahnentafel_Herzog_Ludwig.jpg/600px-900-158_Ahnentafel_Herzog_Ludwig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="2678"></a> <figcaption> The family tree of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_III,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis III, Duke of Württemberg">Louis III, Duke of Württemberg</a> (ruled 1568–1593) </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2_DS-4_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Archive-ugent-be-AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg/273px-Archive-ugent-be-AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Archive-ugent-be-AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2_DS-4_%2528cropped%2529.jpg/409px-Archive-ugent-be-AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2_DS-4_%2528cropped%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Archive-ugent-be-AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2_DS-4_%2528cropped%2529.jpg/545px-Archive-ugent-be-AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2_DS-4_%2528cropped%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="3817"></a> <figcaption> The family tree of "the Landas", a 17th-century family<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The record of genealogical work may be presented as a "genealogy", a "family history", or a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Family tree">family tree</a>". In the narrow sense, a "genealogy" or a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Family tree">family tree</a>" traces the descendants of one person, whereas a "family history" traces the ancestors of one person,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> but the terms are often used interchangeably.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ngs-7">[7]</a> A family history may include additional biographical information, family traditions, and the like.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sog-3">[3]</a> The pursuit of family history and origins tends to be shaped by several motives, including the desire to carve out a place for one's family in the larger historical picture, a sense of responsibility to preserve the past for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Future_generations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Future generations">future generations</a>, and self-satisfaction in accurate storytelling.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Genealogy research is also performed for scholarly or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forensic_genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic genealogy">forensic</a> purposes, or to trace legal next of kin to inherit under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intestacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a> laws. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Overview">1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Motivation">2 Motivation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personal_or_medical_interest">2.1 Personal or medical interest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Community_or_religious_obligation">2.2 Community or religious obligation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Establishing_identity">2.3 Establishing identity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legal_and_forensic_research">2.4 Legal and forensic research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scholarly_research">2.5 Scholarly research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Discrimination_and_persecution">2.6 Discrimination and persecution</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pre-modern_genealogy">3.1 Pre-modern genealogy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_times">3.2 Modern times</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#India">3.3 India</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States">3.4 United States</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Research_process">4 Research process</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetic_analysis">4.1 Genetic analysis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Collaboration">4.2 Collaboration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Volunteerism">4.3 Volunteerism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Software">4.4 Software</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Records_and_documentation">5 Records and documentation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_record_types">5.1 List of record types</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#FamilySearch_collections">5.2 FamilySearch collections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indexing_ancestral_information">5.3 Indexing ancestral information</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Record_loss_and_preservation">5.4 Record loss and preservation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types_of_information">6 Types of information</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Family_names">6.1 Family names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Given_names">6.2 Given names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Place_names">6.3 Place names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dates">6.4 Dates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Occupations">6.5 Occupations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reliability_of_sources">7 Reliability of sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Knowledge_of_the_informant">7.1 Knowledge of the informant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Motivation_of_the_informant">7.2 Motivation of the informant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_effect_of_time">7.3 The effect of time</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Copying_and_compiling_errors">7.4 Copying and compiling errors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primary_and_secondary_sources">7.5 Primary and secondary sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Standards_and_ethics">8 Standards and ethics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Research_standards">8.1 Research standards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethical_guidelines">8.2 Ethical guidelines</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Family_tree_indian.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Family_tree_indian.jpg/300px-Family_tree_indian.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="509" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="690"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 509px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Family_tree_indian.jpg/300px-Family_tree_indian.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="509" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Family_tree_indian.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Twelve generations patrilineage of a Hindu Lingayat male from central <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karnataka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> spanning over 275 years, depicted in descending order </figcaption> </figure> Amateur genealogists typically pursue their own ancestry and that of their spouses. Professional genealogists may also conduct research for others, publish books on genealogical methods, teach, or produce their own databases. They may work for companies that provide software or produce materials of use to other professionals and to amateurs. Both try to understand not just where and when people lived but also their lifestyles, biographies, and motivations. This often requires—or leads to—knowledge of antiquated laws, old political boundaries, migration trends, and historical socioeconomic or religious conditions. Genealogists sometimes specialize in a particular group, e.g., a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_clan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a>; a particular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surname">surname</a>, such as in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One-name_study?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One-name study">one-name study</a>; a small community, e.g., a single village or parish, such as in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One-place_study?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One-place study">one-place study</a>; or a particular, often famous, person. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloodlines_of_Salem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloodlines of Salem">Bloodlines of Salem</a> is an example of a specialized family-history group. It welcomes members who can prove descent from a participant of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salem_witch_trials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salem witch trials">Salem Witch Trials</a> or who simply choose to support the group. Genealogists and family historians often join <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_history_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Family history society">family history societies</a>, where novices can learn from more experienced researchers. Such societies generally serve a specific geographical area. Their members may also index records to make them more accessible or engage in advocacy and other efforts to preserve public records and cemeteries. Some schools engage students in such projects as a means to reinforce lessons regarding immigration and history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Other benefits include family medical histories for families with serious medical conditions that are hereditary. The terms "genealogy" and "family history" are often used synonymously, but some entities offer a slight difference in definition. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Society_of_Genealogists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Society of Genealogists">Society of Genealogists</a>, while also using the terms interchangeably, describes genealogy as the "establishment of a pedigree by extracting evidence, from valid sources, of how one generation is connected to the next" and family history as "a biographical study of a genealogically proven family and of the community and country in which they lived".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sog-3">[3]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Motivation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Individuals conduct genealogical research for a number of reasons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Personal_or_medical_interest">Personal or medical interest</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Personal or medical interest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Private individuals research genealogy out of curiosity about their heritage. This curiosity can be particularly strong among those whose family histories were lost or unknown due to, for example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adoption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adoption">adoption</a> or separation from family through divorce, death, or other situations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In addition to simply wanting to know more about who they are and where they came from, individuals may research their genealogy to learn about any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Family history (medicine)">hereditary diseases</a> in their family history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> There is a growing interest in family history in the media as a result of advertising and television shows sponsored by large genealogy companies, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancestry.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>. This, coupled with easier access to online records and the affordability of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DNA_tests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA tests">DNA tests</a>, has both inspired curiosity and allowed those who are curious to easily start investigating their ancestry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Community_or_religious_obligation">Community or religious obligation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Community or religious obligation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collective_identity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collective identity">communitarian</a> societies, one's identity is defined as much by one's kin network as by individual achievement, and the question "Who are you?" would be answered by a description of father, mother, and tribe. New Zealand <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, for example, learn <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whakapapa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a> (genealogies) to discover who they are.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Family history plays a part in the practice of some religious belief systems. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) has a doctrine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism for the dead">baptism for the dead</a>, which necessitates that members of that faith engage in family history research.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a> countries that were historically shaped by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, many people follow a practice of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancestor_worship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> as well as genealogical record-keeping. Ancestors' names are inscribed on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spirit_tablet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spirit tablet">tablets</a> and placed in shrines, where rituals are performed. Genealogies are also recorded in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_kin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zupu%E2%80%94the_genealogical_book" title="Chinese kin">genealogy books</a>. This practice is rooted in the belief that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filial_piety?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filial piety">respect for one's family</a> is a foundation for a healthy society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Establishing_identity">Establishing identity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Establishing identity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_families?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal families">Royal families</a>, both historically and in modern times, keep records of their genealogies in order to establish their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to rule">right to rule</a> and determine who will be the next sovereign. For centuries in various cultures, one's genealogy has been a source of political and social status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Some countries and indigenous tribes allow individuals to obtain citizenship based on their genealogy. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#By_descent" title="Irish nationality law">Ireland</a> and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_nationality_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek nationality law">Greece</a>, for example, an individual can become a citizen if one of their grandparents was born in that country, regardless of their own or their parents' birthplace. In societies such as Australia or the United States, by the 20th century, there was growing pride in the pioneers and nation-builders. Establishing descent from these was, and is, important to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lineage_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage society">lineage societies</a>, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Mayflower_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mayflower Society">The General Society of Mayflower Descendants</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Modern family history explores new sources of status, such as celebrating the resilience of families that survived generations of poverty or slavery, or the success of families in integrating across racial or national boundaries. Some family histories even emphasize links to celebrity criminals, such as the bushranger <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ned_Kelly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a> in Australia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Legal_and_forensic_research">Legal and forensic research</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legal and forensic research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investigative_genetic_genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Investigative genetic genealogy">Investigative genetic genealogy</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawyers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers">Lawyers</a> involved in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probate">probate cases</a> do genealogy to locate heirs of property.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Detectives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Detectives">Detectives</a> may perform genealogical research using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DNA_evidence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA evidence">DNA evidence</a> to identify victims of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homicides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Homicides">homicides</a> or perpetrators of crimes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Scholarly_research">Scholarly research</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Scholarly research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">Historians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geneticists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneticists">geneticists</a> may carry out genealogical research to gain a greater understanding of specific topics in their respective fields, and some may employ professional genealogists in connection with specific aspects of their research. They also publish their research in peer-reviewed journals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The introduction of postgraduate courses in genealogy in recent years has given genealogy more of an academic focus, with the emergence of peer-reviewed journals in this area. Scholarly genealogy is beginning to emerge as a discipline in its own right, with an increasing number of individuals who have obtained genealogical qualifications carrying out research on a diverse range of topics related to genealogy, both within academic institutions and independently.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Discrimination_and_persecution">Discrimination and persecution</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Discrimination and persecution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the US, the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One-drop_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>" asserted that any person with even one ancestor of black ancestry ("one drop" of "black blood") was considered black. It was codified into the law of some States (e.g. the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">Racial Integrity Act of 1924</a>) to reinforce racial segregation. Genealogy was also used in Nazi Germany to determine whether a person was considered a "Jew" or a "Mischling" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mischling_Test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mischling Test">Mischling Test</a>), and whether a person was considered as "Aryan" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahnenpass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahnenpass">Ahnenpass</a>). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pre-modern_genealogy">Pre-modern genealogy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pre-modern genealogy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_(unfinished).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg/220px-P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="802"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg/220px-P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg/330px-P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg/440px-P._63_genealogy_and_history_from_Adam_and_Eve_to_Asclobitotus_%28unfinished%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Medieval genealogy traced from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_and_Eve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> </figcaption> </figure> Hereditary emperors, kings and chiefs in several areas have long claimed descent from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">gods</a> (thus establishing divine legitimacy). Court genealogists have preserved or invented appropriate genealogical pretensions - for example in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polynesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> world from Scandinavia through ancient Greece to India.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Historically, in Western societies, genealogy focused on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kinship_and_descent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship and descent">kinship and descent</a> of rulers and nobles, often arguing or demonstrating the legitimacy of claims to wealth and power. Genealogy often overlapped with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heraldry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, which reflected the ancestry of noble houses in their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coats_of_arms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a>. Modern scholars regard many claimed noble ancestries as fabrications, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>'s tracing of the ancestry of several English kings to the god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Woden">Woden</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> With the coming of Christianity to northern Europe, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies</a> extended the kings' lines of ancestry from Woden back to reach the line of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Biblical patriarchs</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noah">Noah</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam">Adam</a>. (This extension offered the side-benefit of connecting pretentious rulers with the prestigious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy of Jesus</a>.)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Modern historians and genealogists may regard manufactured pseudo-genealogies with a degree of scepticism. However, the desire to find ancestral links with prominent figures from a legendary or distant past has persisted. In the United States, for example, it does no harm to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayflower_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mayflower Society">establish one's links to ancestors</a> who boarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayflower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a>. And the popularity of the genealogical hypothesis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Holy_Blood_and_the_Holy_Grail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail">The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail</a> (1982) demonstrates popular interest in ancient bloodlines, however dubious. Some family trees have been maintained for considerable periods. The family tree of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> has been maintained for over 2,500 years and is listed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> as the largest extant family tree. The fifth edition of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucius_Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucius Genealogy">Confucius Genealogy</a> was printed in 2009 by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucius_Genealogy_Compilation_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee">Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee</a> (CGCC).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In modern times, genealogy has become more widespread, with commoners as well as nobility researching and maintaining their family trees.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Genealogy received a boost in the late 1970s with the television broadcast of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alex_Haley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>. His account of his family's descent from the African tribesman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kunta_Kinte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kunta Kinte">Kunta Kinte</a> inspired many others to study their own lines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> With the advent of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet">Internet</a>, the number of resources readily accessible to genealogists has vastly increased, fostering an explosion of interest in the topic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Genealogy on the internet became increasingly popular starting in the early 2000s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Internet has become a major source not only of data for genealogists but also of education and communication. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="India">India</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some notable places where traditional genealogy records are kept include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Haridwar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar">Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar (Uttarakhand)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allahabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Kurukshetra,_Haryana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu genealogy registers at Kurukshetra, Haryana">Kurukshetra (Haryana)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maharashtra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chintpurni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chintpurni">Chintpurni</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gene1-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Genealogical research in the United States was first systematized in the early 19th century, especially by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Farmer_(author)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Farmer (author)">John Farmer</a> (1789–1838).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-weil-48">[48]</a> Before Farmer's efforts, tracing one's genealogy was seen as an attempt by the American colonists to secure a measure of social standing, an aim that was counter to the new republic's egalitarian, future-oriented ideals (as outlined in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-weil-48">[48]</a> As Fourth of July celebrations commemorating the Founding Fathers and the heroes of the Revolutionary War became increasingly popular, however, the pursuit of "antiquarianism", which focused on local history, became acceptable as a way to honor the achievements of early Americans.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Farmer capitalized on the acceptability of antiquarianism to frame genealogy within the early republic's ideological framework of pride in one's American ancestors. He corresponded with other antiquarians in New England, where antiquarianism and genealogy were well established, and became a coordinator, booster, and contributor to the growing movement. In the 1820s, he and fellow antiquarians began to produce genealogical and antiquarian tracts in earnest, slowly gaining a devoted audience among the American people. Though Farmer died in 1838, his efforts led to the founding in 1845 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_England_Historic_Genealogical_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New England Historic Genealogical Society">New England Historic Genealogical Society</a> (NEHGS), one of New England's oldest and most prominent organizations dedicated to the preservation of public records.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> NEHGS publishes the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogical_Society_of_Utah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical Society of Utah">Genealogical Society of Utah</a>, founded in 1894, later became the Family History Department of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. The department's research facility, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_History_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Family History Library">Family History Library</a>, which Utah.com claims as "the largest genealogical library in the world",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> was established to assist in tracing family lineages for special religious ceremonies which Latter-day Saints believe will seal family units together for eternity. Latter-day Saints believe that this fulfilled a biblical prophecy stating that the prophet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elijah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> would return to "turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> There is a network of church-operated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_History_Center_(LDS_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Family History Center (LDS Church)">Family History Centers</a> all over the United States and around the world, where volunteers assist the public with tracing their ancestors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigham_Young_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> offers bachelor's degree, minor, and concentration programs in Family History and is the only school in North America to offer this.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Society_of_Genealogists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Society of Genealogists">American Society of Genealogists</a> is the scholarly honorary society of the U.S. genealogical field. Founded by John Insley Coddington, Arthur Adams, and Meredith B. Colket Jr., in December 1940, its membership is limited to 50 living fellows. ASG has semi-annually published <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Genealogist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Genealogist">The Genealogist</a>, a scholarly journal of genealogical research, since 1980. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_Society_of_Genealogists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fellow of the American Society of Genealogists">Fellows of the American Society of Genealogists</a>, who bear the post-nominal acronym "FASG", have written some of the most notable genealogical materials of the last half-century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FASG-54">[54]</a> Some of the most notable scholarly American genealogical journals include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_Genealogist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The American Genealogist">The American Genealogist</a>, National Genealogical Society Quarterly, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_England_Historical_and_Genealogical_Register?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The New England Historical and Genealogical Register">The New England Historical and Genealogical Register</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Genealogical_and_Biographical_Record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record">The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Genealogist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Genealogist">The Genealogist</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Research_process">Research process</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Research process" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg/220px-Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="829"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg/220px-Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg/330px-Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg/440px-Family_image_tree_on_a_wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 30 years of image research<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> arranged genealogically on a kitchen wall in Sweden 2019 </figcaption> </figure> Genealogical research is a complex process that uses historical records and sometimes genetic analysis to demonstrate kinship. Reliable conclusions are based on the quality of sources (ideally, original records), the information within those sources, (ideally, primary or firsthand information), and the evidence that can be drawn (directly or indirectly), from that information. In many instances, genealogists must skillfully assemble indirect or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> to build a case for identity and kinship. All evidence and conclusions, together with the documentation that supports them, is then assembled to create a cohesive genealogy or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Family history">family history</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Genealogists begin their research by collecting family documents and stories. This creates a foundation for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Documentary_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Documentary research">documentary research</a>, which involves examining and evaluating historical records for evidence about ancestors and other relatives, their kinship ties, and the events that occurred in their lives. As a rule, genealogists begin with the present and work backwards in time. Historical, social, and family context is essential to achieving correct identification of individuals and relationships. Source citation is also important when conducting genealogical research.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-evidence-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> To keep track of collected material, family group sheets and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pedigree_chart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pedigree chart">pedigree charts</a> are used. Formerly handwritten, these can now be generated by genealogical software.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Genetic_analysis">Genetic analysis</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Genetic analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetic_genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:D1S80Demo.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D1S80Demo.png/220px-D1S80Demo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D1S80Demo.png/220px-D1S80Demo.png" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D1S80Demo.png/330px-D1S80Demo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/D1S80Demo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Variations of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VNTR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="VNTR">VNTR</a> allele lengths in six individuals </figcaption> </figure> Because a person's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DNA">DNA</a> contains information that has been passed down relatively unchanged from early ancestors, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic fingerprinting">analysis of DNA</a> is sometimes used for genealogical research. Three DNA types are of particular interest. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA) is contained in the mitochondria of the egg cell and is passed down from a mother to all of her children, both male and female; however, only females pass it on to their children. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y-chromosome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-DNA</a> is present only in males and is passed down from a father to his sons (direct male line) with only minor mutations occurring over time. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autosomal_DNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal DNA">Autosomal DNA</a> (atDNA), is found in the 22 non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and is inherited from both parents; thus, it can uncover relatives from any branch of the family. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogical DNA test">genealogical DNA test</a> allows two individuals to find the probability that they are, or are not, related within an estimated number of generations. Individual <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogical DNA test">genetic test results</a> are collected in databases to match people descended from a relatively recent common ancestor. See, for example, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Molecular_Genealogy_Research_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular Genealogy Research Project">Molecular Genealogy Research Project</a>. Some tests are limited to either the patrilineal or the matrilineal line.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Collaboration">Collaboration</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Collaboration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy_software?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogy software">genealogy software</a> programs can export information about persons and their relationships in a standardized format called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GEDCOM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GEDCOM">GEDCOM</a>. In that format, it can be shared with other genealogists, added to databases, or converted into family web sites. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_networking_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a> (SNS) websites allow genealogists to share data and build their family trees online. Members can upload their family trees and contact other family historians to fill in gaps in their research. In addition to the (SNS) websites, there are other resources that encourage genealogists to connect and share information, such as rootsweb.ancestry.com<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and rsl.rootsweb.ancestry.com.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Volunteerism">Volunteerism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Volunteerism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volunteerism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteerism">Volunteer efforts</a> figure prominently in genealogy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> These range from the extremely informal to the highly organized. On the informal side are the many popular and useful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_forum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet forum">message boards</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rootschat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rootschat">Rootschat</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">mailing lists</a> on particular surnames, regions, and other topics. These forums can be used to try to find relatives, request record lookups, obtain research advice, and much more. Many genealogists participate in loosely organized projects, both online and off. These collaborations take numerous forms. Some projects prepare name indexes for records, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probate">probate</a> cases, and publish the indexes, either online or off. These indexes can be used as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finding_aid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finding aid">finding aids</a> to locate original records. Other projects transcribe or abstract records. Offering record lookups for particular geographic areas is another common service. Volunteers do record lookups or take photos in their home areas for researchers who are unable to travel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Those looking for a structured volunteer environment can join one of thousands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogical_societies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical societies">genealogical societies</a> worldwide. Most societies have a unique area of focus, such as a particular surname, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, geographic area, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_hereditary_%26_lineage_organizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hereditary & lineage organizations">descendancy from participants in a given historical event</a>. Genealogical societies are almost exclusively staffed by volunteers and may offer a broad range of services, including maintaining libraries for members' use, publishing newsletters, providing research assistance to the public, offering classes or seminars, and organizing record preservation or transcription projects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Software">Software</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Software" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png/220px-Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="791"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png/220px-Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png/330px-Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png/440px-Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gramps_(software)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gramps (software)">Gramps</a> is an example of genealogy software. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy_software?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogy software">Genealogy software</a> </div> Genealogy software is used to collect, store, sort, and display genealogical data. At a minimum, genealogy software accommodates basic information about individuals, including births, marriages, and deaths. Many programs allow for additional biographical information, including occupation, residence, and notes, and most also offer a method for keeping track of the sources for each piece of evidence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Most programs can generate basic kinship charts and reports, allow for the import of digital photographs and the export of data in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GEDCOM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GEDCOM">GEDCOM</a> format (short for GEnealogical Data COMmunication) so that data can be shared with those using other genealogy software. More advanced features include the ability to restrict the information that is shared, usually by removing information about living people out of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Privacy">privacy</a> concerns; the import of sound files; the generation of family history books, web pages and other publications; the ability to handle <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Same-sex_marriage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> and children born out of wedlock; searching the Internet for data; and the provision of research guidance. Programs may be geared toward a specific religion, with fields relevant to that religion, or to specific nationalities or ethnic groups, with source types relevant for those groups. Online resources involve complex programming and large data bases, such as censuses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Records_and_documentation">Records and documentation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Records and documentation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Family-bible-births.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Family-bible-births.jpg/220px-Family-bible-births.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="761"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Family-bible-births.jpg/220px-Family-bible-births.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Family-bible-births.jpg/330px-Family-bible-births.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Family-bible-births.jpg/440px-Family-bible-births.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A family history page from an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antebellum_era" title="History of the Southern United States">antebellum era</a> family Bible </figcaption> </figure> Genealogists use a wide variety of records in their research. To effectively conduct genealogical research, it is important to understand how the records were created, what information is included in them, and how and where to access them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="List_of_record_types">List of record types</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: List of record types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Records that are used in genealogy research include: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vital_records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital records">Vital records</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birth_certificate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birth certificate">Birth records</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Death_certificate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Death certificate">Death records</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marriage_license?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marriage license">Marriage</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divorce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divorce">divorce</a> records</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adoption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adoption">Adoption</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biographies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographies">Biographies</a> and biographical profiles (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marquis Who's Who">Who's Who</a>)</li> <li>Cemetery lists</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Census">Census</a> records</li> <li>Church and Religious records <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infant_baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infant baptism">christening</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brit_milah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baby_naming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby naming">Baby naming</a> certificates</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confirmation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_mitzvah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">Bar</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bat_mitzvah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat mitzvah">bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marriage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Funeral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Funeral">Funeral</a> or death</li> <li>Membership</li> </ul></li> <li>City directories<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephone_directory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telephone directory">telephone directories</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coroner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coroner">Coroner</a>'s reports</li> <li>Court records <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criminal_record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Criminal record">Criminal records</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil records">Civil records</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diary">Diaries</a>, personal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letter_(message)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Letter (message)">letters</a> and family <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogical DNA test">DNA tests</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emigration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emigration">Emigration</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immigration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immigration">immigration</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturalization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_hereditary_%26_lineage_organizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hereditary & lineage organizations">Hereditary & lineage organization</a> records, e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_property?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real property">Land</a> and property records, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deed">deeds</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_care?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health care">Medical</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armed_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed force">Military</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conscription?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conscription">conscription</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newspaper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a> articles</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obituary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obituary">Obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Profession">Occupational</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oral_histories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral histories">Oral histories</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photograph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photograph">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poorhouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poorhouse">Poorhouse</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workhouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Almshouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Almshouse">almshouse</a>, and asylum records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="School">School</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alumni_association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alumni association">alumni association</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passenger_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passenger ship">Ship</a> passenger lists</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> (within the US) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pension?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pension">pension</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tax">Tax</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tombstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstone">Tombstones</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> records, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Funeral_home?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Funeral home">funeral home</a> records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote">Voter</a> registration records</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Will_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probate">probate</a> records</li> </ul> To keep track of their citizens, governments began keeping <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public records">records</a> of persons who were neither <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal family">royalty</a> nor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobility">nobility</a>. In England and Germany, for example, such record keeping started with parish registers in the 16th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> As more of the population was recorded, there were sufficient records to follow a family. Major life events, such as births, marriages, and deaths, were often documented with a license, permit, or report. Genealogists locate these records in local, regional or national offices or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archive">archives</a> and extract information about family relationships and recreate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronology">timelines</a> of persons' lives. In China, India and other Asian countries, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogy book">genealogy books</a> are used to record the names, occupations, and other information about family members, with some books dating back hundreds or even thousands of years. In the eastern Indian state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bihar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, there is a written tradition of genealogical records among Maithil Brahmins and Karna Kayasthas called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panjis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panjis">Panjis</a>", dating to the 12th century CE. Even today these records are consulted prior to marriages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In Ireland, genealogical records were recorded by professional families of senchaidh (historians) until as late as the mid-17th century. Perhaps the most outstanding example of this genre is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leabhar_na_nGenealach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leabhar na nGenealach">Leabhar na nGenealach</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Great_Book_of_Irish_Genealogies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Book of Irish Genealogies">The Great Book of Irish Genealogies</a>, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dubhaltach_MacFhirbhisigh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh">Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh</a> (d. 1671), published in 2004. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="FamilySearch_collections">FamilySearch collections</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: FamilySearch collections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg/220px-LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg/220px-LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg/330px-LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg/440px-LDS_genealogy_library_slc_utah.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Family History Library, operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, is the world's largest library dedicated to genealogical research. </figcaption> </figure> The LDS Church has engaged in large-scale microfilming of records of genealogical value. Its Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, houses over 2 million microfiche and microfilms of genealogically relevant material, which are also available for on-site research at over 4,500 Family History Centers worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FamilySearch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a>'s website includes many resources for genealogists: a FamilyTree database, historical records,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> digitized family history books,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> resources and indexing for African American genealogy such as slave and bank records,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_History_Research_Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Family History Research Wiki">Family History Research Wiki</a> containing research guidance articles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Indexing_ancestral_information">Indexing ancestral information</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Indexing ancestral information" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Indexing is the process of transcribing parish records, city vital records, and other reports, to a digital database for searching. Volunteers and professionals participate in the indexing process. Since 2006, the microfilm in the FamilySearch granite mountain vault is in the process of being digitally scanned, available online, and eventually indexed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> For example, after the 72-year legal limit for releasing personal information for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a> was reached in 2012, genealogical groups cooperated to index the 132 million residents registered in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1940_United_States_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 United States Census">1940 United States Census</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Between 2006 and 2012, the FamilySearch indexing effort produced more than 1 billion searchable records.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2022, FamilySearch and Ancestry partnered to use <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artificial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> (AI) technology to help the process of indexing more records. The process first began with the public release of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1950_United_States_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1950 United States census">1950 United States Census</a>. The index of the census would at first be created by an AI trained on handwriting in old documents and then reviewed by thousands of volunteers using FamilySearch. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Record_loss_and_preservation">Record loss and preservation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Record loss and preservation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sometimes genealogical records are destroyed, whether accidentally or on purpose. In order to do thorough research, genealogists keep track of which records have been destroyed so they know when information they need may be missing. Of particular note for North American genealogy is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890_United_States_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1890 United States Census">1890 United States Census</a>, which was destroyed in a fire in 1921. Although fragments survive, most of the 1890 census no longer exists. Those looking for genealogical information for families that lived in the United States in 1890 must rely on other information to fill that gap.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> War is another cause of record destruction. During World War II, many European records were destroyed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-familysearch_preservation-88">[88]</a> Communists in China during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and in Korea during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> destroyed genealogy books kept by families.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Often records are destroyed due to accident or neglect. Since genealogical records are often kept on paper and stacked in high-density storage, they are prone to fire, mold, insect damage, and eventual disintegration. Sometimes records of genealogical value are deliberately destroyed by governments or organizations because the records are considered to be unimportant or a privacy risk. Because of this, genealogists often organize efforts to preserve records that are at risk of destruction. FamilySearch has an ongoing program that assesses what useful genealogical records have the most risk of being destroyed, and sends volunteers to digitize such records.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-familysearch_preservation-88">[88]</a> In 2017, the government of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Leone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> asked FamilySearch for help preserving their rapidly deteriorating vital records. FamilySearch has begun digitizing the records and making them available online.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation_of_Genealogical_Societies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federation of Genealogical Societies">Federation of Genealogical Societies</a> also organized an effort to preserve and digitize United States <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> pension records. In 2010, they began raising funds, which were contribute by genealogists around the United States and matched by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancestry.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>. Their goal was achieved and the process of digitization was able to begin. The digitized records are available for free online.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Types_of_information">Types of information</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Types of information" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Genealogists who seek to reconstruct the lives of each ancestor consider all historical information to be "genealogical" information. Traditionally, the basic information needed to ensure correct identification of each person are place names, occupations, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a>, first names, and dates. However, modern genealogists greatly expand this list, recognizing the need to place this information in its historical context in order to properly evaluate genealogical evidence and distinguish between same-name individuals. A great deal of information is available for British ancestry<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> with growing resources for other ethnic groups.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Family_names">Family names</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Family names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg/220px-Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="3172"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 316px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg/220px-Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="316" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg/330px-Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg/440px-Lineage_scroll_of_Mary_Fane.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Lineage of a family, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1809 </figcaption> </figure> Family names are simultaneously one of the most important pieces of genealogical information, and a source of significant confusion for researchers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In many cultures, the name of a person refers to the family to which they belong. This is called the family name, surname, or last name. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patronymic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patronymic">Patronymics</a> are names that identify an individual based on the father's name. For example, Marga Olafsdottir is Marga, daughter of Olaf, and Olaf Thorsson is Olaf, son of Thor. Many cultures used patronymics before surnames were adopted or came into use. The Dutch in New York, for example, used the patronymic system of names until 1687 when the advent of English rule mandated surname usage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In Iceland, patronymics are used by a majority of the population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In Denmark and Norway patronymics and farm names were generally in use through the 19th century and beyond, though surnames began to come into fashion toward the end of the 19th century in some parts of the country. Not until 1856 in Denmark<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and 1923 in Norway<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> were there laws requiring surnames. The transmission of names across generations, marriages and other relationships, and immigration may cause difficulty in genealogical research. For instance, women in many cultures have routinely used their spouse's surnames. When a woman remarried, she may have changed her name and the names of her children; only her name; or changed no names. Her birth name (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maiden_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden name">maiden name</a>) may be reflected in her children's middle names; her own middle name; or dropped entirely.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Children may sometimes assume stepparent, foster parent, or adoptive parent names. Because official records may reflect many kinds of surname change, without explaining the underlying reason for the change, the correct identification of a person recorded identified with more than one name is challenging. Immigrants to America often Americanized their names.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Surname data may be found in trade directories, census returns, birth, death, and marriage records. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Given_names">Given names</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Given names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Genealogy">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2015) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Genealogical data regarding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Given_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Given name">given names</a> (first names) is subject to many of the same problems as are family names and place names. Additionally, the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicknames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicknames">nicknames</a> is very common. For example, Beth, Lizzie or Betty are all common for Elizabeth, and Jack, John and Jonathan may be interchanged. Middle names provide additional information. Middle names may be inherited, follow naming customs, or be treated as part of the family name. For instance, in some Latin cultures, both the mother's family name and the father's family name are used by the children. Historically, naming traditions existed in some places and cultures. Even in areas that tended to use naming conventions, however, they were by no means universal. Families may have used them some of the time, among some of their children, or not at all. A pattern might also be broken to name a newborn after a recently deceased sibling, aunt or uncle. An example of a naming tradition from England, Scotland and Ireland: <div style="text-align:center;"> <table width="50%"> <tbody> <tr> <td>Child</td> <td>Namesake</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1st son</td> <td>paternal grandfather</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2nd son</td> <td>maternal grandfather</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3rd son</td> <td>father</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4th son</td> <td>father's oldest brother</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1st daughter</td> <td>maternal grandmother</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2nd daughter</td> <td>paternal grandmother</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3rd daughter</td> <td>mother</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4th daughter</td> <td>mother's oldest sister</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> Another example is in some areas of Germany, where siblings were given the same first name, often of a favourite saint or local nobility, but different second names by which they were known (Rufname). If a child died, the next child of the same gender that was born may have been given the same name. It is not uncommon that a list of a particular couple's children will show one or two names repeated. Personal names have periods of popularity, so it is not uncommon to find many similarly named people in a generation, and even similarly named families; e.g., "William and Mary and their children David, Mary, and John". Many names may be identified strongly with a particular gender; e.g., William for boys, and Mary for girls. Others may be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unisex_names?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex names">ambiguous</a>, e.g., Lee, or have only slightly variant spellings based on gender, e.g., Frances (usually female) and Francis (usually male). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Place_names">Place names</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Place names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While the locations of ancestors' residences and life events are core elements of the genealogist's quest, they can often be confusing. Place names may be subject to variant spellings by partially literate scribes. Locations may have identical or very similar names. For example, the village name <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brockton_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brockton (disambiguation)">Brockton</a> occurs six times in the border area between the English counties of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shropshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staffordshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>. Shifts in political borders must also be understood. Parish, county, and national borders have frequently been modified. Old records may contain references to farms and villages that have ceased to exist. When working with older records from Poland, where borders and place names have changed frequently in past centuries, a source with maps and sample records such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Translation_Guide_to_19th-Century_Polish-Language_Civil-Registration_Documents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Translation Guide to 19th-Century Polish-Language Civil-Registration Documents">A Translation Guide to 19th-Century Polish-Language Civil-Registration Documents</a> can be invaluable. Available sources may include vital records (civil or church registration), censuses, and tax assessments. Oral tradition is also an important source, although it must be used with caution. When no source information is available for a location, circumstantial evidence may provide a probable answer based on a person's or a family's place of residence at the time of the event. Maps and gazetteers are important sources for understanding the places researched. They show the relationship of an area to neighboring communities and may be of help in understanding migration patterns. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_tree_mapping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Family tree mapping">Family tree mapping</a> using online mapping tools such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> (particularly when used with Historical Map overlays such as those from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Rumsey_Historical_Map_Collection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Rumsey Historical Map Collection">David Rumsey Historical Map Collection</a>) assist in the process of understanding the significance of geographical locations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dates">Dates</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Dates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It is wise to exercise extreme caution with dates. Dates are more difficult to recall years after an event, and are more easily mistranscribed than other types of genealogical data.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-knights-102">[102]</a> Therefore, one should determine whether the date was recorded at the time of the event or at a later date. Dates of birth in vital records or civil registrations and in church records at baptism are generally accurate because they were usually recorded near the time of the event. Family Bibles are often a source for dates, but can be written from memory long after the event. When the same ink and handwriting is used for all entries, the dates were probably written at the same time and therefore will be less reliable since the earlier dates were probably recorded well after the event. The publication date of the Bible also provides a clue about when the dates were recorded since they could not have been recorded at any earlier date. People sometimes reduce their age on marriage, and those under "full age" may increase their age in order to marry or to join the armed forces. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Census">Census</a> returns are notoriously unreliable for ages or for assuming an approximate death date. Ages over 15 in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Census">1841 census in the UK</a> are rounded down to the next lower multiple of five years. Although baptismal dates are often used to approximate birth dates, some families waited years before baptizing children, and adult baptisms are the norm in some religions. Both birth and marriage dates may have been adjusted to cover for pre-wedding pregnancies. Calendar changes must also be considered. In 1752, England and her American colonies changed from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. In the same year, the date the new year began was changed. Prior to 1752 it was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lady_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lady Day">25 March</a>; this was changed to 1 January. Many other European countries had already made the calendar changes before England had, sometimes centuries earlier. By 1751 there was an 11-day discrepancy between the date in England and the date in other European countries. For further detail on the changes involved in moving from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, see: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a> or French Revolutionary Calendar was a calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days in 1871 in Paris. Dates in official records at this time use the revolutionary calendar and need "translating" into the Gregorian calendar for calculating ages etc. There are various websites which do this.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Occupations">Occupations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Occupations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Occupational information may be important to understanding an ancestor's life and for distinguishing two people with the same name. A person's occupation may have been related to his or her social status, political interest, and migration pattern. Since skilled trades are often passed from father to son, occupation may also be indirect evidence of a family relationship. It is important to remember that a person may change occupations, and that titles change over time as well. Some workers no longer fit for their primary trade often took less prestigious jobs later in life, while others moved upwards in prestige.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Many unskilled ancestors had a variety of jobs depending on the season and local trade requirements. Census returns may contain some embellishment; e.g., from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labourer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Labourer">labourer</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masonry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masonry">mason</a>, or from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journeyman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Master_craftsman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Master craftsman">master craftsman</a>. Names for old or unfamiliar local occupations may cause confusion if poorly legible. For example, an ostler (a keeper of horses) and a hostler (an innkeeper) could easily be confused for one another. Likewise, descriptions of such occupations may also be problematic. The perplexing description "ironer of rabbit burrows" may turn out to describe an ironer (profession) in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bristol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> district named Rabbit Burrows. Several trades have regionally preferred terms. For example, "shoemaker" and "cordwainer" have the same meaning. Finally, many apparently obscure jobs are part of a larger trade community, such as watchmaking, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stocking_frame?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stocking frame">framework knitting</a> or gunmaking. Occupational data may be reported in occupational licences, tax assessments, membership records of professional organizations, trade directories, census returns, and vital records (civil registration). Occupational dictionaries are available to explain many obscure and archaic trades.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Reliability_of_sources">Reliability of sources</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Reliability of sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Information found in historical or genealogical sources can be unreliable and it is good practice to evaluate all sources with a critical eye. Factors influencing the reliability of genealogical information include: the knowledge of the informant (or writer); the bias and mental state of the informant (or writer); the passage of time and the potential for copying and compiling errors. The quality of census data has been of special interest to historians, who have investigated reliability issues.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-knights-102">[102]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Knowledge_of_the_informant">Knowledge of the informant</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Knowledge of the informant" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The informant is the individual who provided the recorded information. Genealogists must carefully consider who provided the information and what they knew. In many cases the informant is identified in the record itself. For example, a death certificate usually has two informants: a physician who provides information about the time and cause of death and a family member who provides the birth date, names of parents, etc. When the informant is not identified, one can sometimes deduce information about the identity of the person by careful examination of the source. One should first consider who was alive (and nearby) when the record was created. When the informant is also the person recording the information, the handwriting can be compared to other handwriting samples. When a source does not provide clues about the informant, genealogists should treat the source with caution. These sources can be useful if they can be compared with independent sources. For example, a census record by itself cannot be given much weight because the informant is unknown. However, when censuses for several years concur on a piece of information that would not likely be guessed by a neighbor, it is likely that the information in these censuses was provided by a family member or other informed person. On the other hand, information in a single census cannot be confirmed by information in an undocumented compiled genealogy since the genealogy may have used the census record as its source and might therefore be dependent on the same misinformed individual. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Motivation_of_the_informant">Motivation of the informant</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Motivation of the informant" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Even individuals who had knowledge of the fact, sometimes intentionally or unintentionally provided false or misleading information. A person may have lied in order to obtain a government benefit (such as a military pension), avoid taxation, or cover up an embarrassing situation (such as the existence of a non-marital child). A person with a distressed state of mind may not be able to accurately recall information. Many genealogical records were recorded at the time of a loved one's death, and so genealogists should consider the effect that grief may have had on the informant of these records. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_effect_of_time">The effect of time</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The effect of time" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The passage of time often affects a person's ability to recall information. Therefore, as a general rule, data recorded soon after the event are usually more reliable than data recorded many years later. However, some types of data are more difficult to recall after many years than others. One type especially prone to recollection errors is dates. Also the ability to recall is affected by the significance that the event had to the individual. These values may have been affected by cultural or individual preferences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Copying_and_compiling_errors">Copying and compiling errors</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Copying and compiling errors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Genealogists must consider the effects that copying and compiling errors may have had on the information in a source. For this reason, sources are generally categorized in two categories: original and derivative. An original source is one that is not based on another source. A derivative source is information taken from another source. This distinction is important because each time a source is copied, information about the record may be lost and errors may result from the copyist misreading, mistyping, or miswriting the information. Genealogists should consider the number of times information has been copied and the types of derivation a piece of information has undergone. The types of derivatives include: photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations, extractions, and compilations. In addition to copying errors, compiled sources (such as published genealogies and online pedigree databases) are susceptible to misidentification errors and incorrect conclusions based on circumstantial evidence. Identity errors usually occur when two or more individuals are assumed to be the same person. Circumstantial or indirect evidence does not explicitly answer a genealogical question, but either may be used with other sources to answer the question, suggest a probable answer, or eliminate certain possibilities. Compilers sometimes draw hasty conclusions from circumstantial evidence without sufficiently examining all available sources, without properly understanding the evidence, and without appropriately indicating the level of uncertainty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_sources">Primary and secondary sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In genealogical research, information can be obtained from primary or secondary sources. Primary sources are records that were made at the time of the event, for example a death certificate would be a primary source for a person's death date and place. Secondary sources are records that are made days, weeks, months, or even years after an event. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Standards_and_ethics">Standards and ethics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Standards and ethics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Organizations that educate and certify genealogists have established standards and ethical guidelines they instruct genealogists to follow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Research_standards">Research standards</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Research standards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Genealogy research requires analyzing documents and drawing conclusions based on the evidence provided in the available documents. Genealogists need standards to determine whether or not their evaluation of the evidence is accurate. In the past, genealogists in the United States borrowed terms from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burden of proof (law)">judicial law</a> to examine evidence found in documents and how they relate to the researcher's conclusions. However, the differences between the two disciplines created a need for genealogists to develop their own standards. In 2000, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_for_Certification_of_Genealogists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board for Certification of Genealogists">Board for Certification of Genealogists</a> published their first manual of standards. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogical_Proof_Standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogical Proof Standard">Genealogical Proof Standard</a> created by the Board for Certification of Genealogists is widely distributed in seminars, workshops, and educational materials for genealogists in the United States. Other genealogical organizations around the world have created similar standards they invite genealogists to follow. Such standards provide guidelines for genealogists to evaluate their own research as well as the research of others. Standards for genealogical research include:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bcgstandards-107">[107]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sogstandards-108">[108]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iajgs-109">[109]</a> <ul> <li>Clearly document and organize findings.</li> <li>Cite all sources in a specific manner so that others can locate them and properly evaluate them.</li> <li>Locate all available sources that may contain information relevant to the research question.</li> <li>Analyze findings thoroughly, without ignoring conflicts in records or negative evidence.</li> <li>Rely on original, rather than derivative sources, wherever possible.</li> <li>Use logical reasoning based on reliable sources to reach conclusions.</li> <li>Acknowledge when a specific conclusion is only "possible" or "probable" rather than "proven".</li> <li>Acknowledge that other records that have not yet been discovered may overturn a conclusion.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ethical_guidelines">Ethical guidelines</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ethical guidelines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Genealogists often handle sensitive information and share and publish such information. Because of this, there is a need for ethical standards and boundaries for when information is too sensitive to be published. Historically, some genealogists have fabricated information or have otherwise been untrustworthy. Genealogical organizations around the world have outlined ethical standards as an attempt to eliminate such problems. Ethical standards adopted by various genealogical organizations include:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iajgs-109">[109]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sogstandards-108">[108]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <ul> <li>Respect copyright laws</li> <li>Acknowledge where one consulted another's work and do not plagiarize the work of other researchers.</li> <li>Treat original records with respect and avoid causing damage to them or removing them from repositories.</li> <li>Treat archives and archive staff with respect.</li> <li>Protect the privacy of living individuals by not publishing or otherwise disclosing information about them without their permission.</li> <li>Disclose any conflicts of interest to clients.</li> <li>When doing paid research, be clear with the client about scope of research and fees involved.</li> <li>Do not fabricate information or publish false or unproven information as proven.</li> <li>Be sensitive about information found through genealogical research that may make the client or family members uncomfortable.</li> </ul> In 2015, a committee presented standards for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetic_genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genetic genealogy">genetic genealogy</a> at the Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy. The standards emphasize that genealogists and testing companies should respect the privacy of clients and recognize the limits of DNA tests. It also discusses how genealogists should thoroughly document conclusions made using DNA evidence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 2019, the Board for the Certification of Genealogists officially updated their standards and code of ethics to include standards for genetic genealogy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bcgstandards-107">[107]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahnentafel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cluster_genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cluster genealogy">Cluster genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Descent_from_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Descent from antiquity">Descent from antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy_tourism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogy tourism">Genealogy tourism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Museum_for_Family_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Museum for Family History">International Museum for Family History</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_genealogy_databases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of genealogy databases">List of genealogy databases</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Mormon_family_organizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Mormon family organizations">List of Mormon family organizations</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_national_archives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of national archives">List of national archives</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:AD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2%23?c%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D%26xywh%3D-7382,-446,24126,13471">"Généalogie de la famille de Landas"</a>. Lib.ugent.be (in French). Belgium. Retrieved 2020-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie+de+la+famille+de+Landas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3AAD810E6A-D6D3-11E3-A1B6-4643D43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D%26xywh%3D-7382%2C-446%2C24126%2C13471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.etymonline.com/word/genealogy%23etymonline_v_5991">"genealogy"</a>. etymonline.com. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501164653/https://www.etymonline.com/word/genealogy%23etymonline_v_5991">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2016. <q>from Greek genealogia 'the making of a pedigree', from genea 'generation, descent' ... + -logia (see -logy)... Meaning 'study of family trees' is from 1768.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=genealogy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fgenealogy%23etymonline_v_5991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sog-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sog_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sog_3-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sog_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sog.org.uk/learn/education-sub-page-for-testing-navigation/guide-ten/">"Genealogy or Family History? What's the Difference?"</a>. Society of Genealogists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705073704/http://www.sog.org.uk/learn/education-sub-page-for-testing-navigation/guide-ten/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2013. 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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 23 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624200254/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/topic/genealogy">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2018. <q>Latter-day Saints believe that the eternal joining of families is possible through sacred sealing ceremonies that take place in temples. These temple rites may also be performed by proxy for those who have died. Consequently, for Latter-day Saints, genealogical research or family history is the essential forerunner for temple work for the dead. In Latter-day Saint belief, the dead have the choice to accept or reject the services performed for them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints%3A+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Topic%3AGenealogy&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopic%2Fgenealogy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-05/why-does-the-mormon-church-want-state-records/9943288">"Why does the Mormon Church want state records? And what do they do with them?"</a>. ABC News Australia. 4 Jul 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708033341/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-05/why-does-the-mormon-church-want-state-records/9943288">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018. <q>Members of the church use family history records to perform sacred temple ordinances, such as baptisms, eternal marriages and sealings of children to parents, for their kindred dead if the deceased family members were unable to perform the rites themselves. 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Retrieved 2 Jul 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian.com&rft.atitle=Historians+Identify+35+Descendants+of+Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fhistorians-identify-35-descendants-leonardo-da-vinci-180958793%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Elizabeth Shown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.evidenceexplained.com/content/quicklesson-18-genealogy-academic-world-seriously">"QuickLesson 18: Genealogy? In the Academic World? Seriously?"</a>. Evidence Explained: Historical Analysis, Citation & Source Usage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701232905/https://www.evidenceexplained.com/content/quicklesson-18-genealogy-academic-world-seriously">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 2 Jul 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evidence+Explained%3A+Historical+Analysis%2C+Citation+%26+Source+Usage&rft.atitle=QuickLesson+18%3A+Genealogy%3F+In+the+Academic+World%3F+Seriously%3F&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Shown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evidenceexplained.com%2Fcontent%2Fquicklesson-18-genealogy-academic-world-seriously&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo</a> (21 October 1987). "Shinto". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dh1xcc4cGL5cC">On Understanding Japanese Religion</a>. Asian studies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 149. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691102290?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780691102290"><bdi>9780691102290</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2024. <q>Among all the clans, the most powerful was the Imperial clan, which claimed both religious and political authority by virtue of its divine and solar ancestry. [...] It was taken for granted that the imperial palace was also the shrine of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu, the ancestress of the Imperial clan and the kami of the Yamato region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shinto&rft.btitle=On+Understanding+Japanese+Religion&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Asian+studies&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987-10-21&rft.isbn=9780691102290&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Mitsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1xcc4cGL5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Wood_Williamson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Wood Williamson">Williamson, Robert W.</a> (14 November 2013) [1924]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1RZaAQAAQBAJ">The Social and Political Systems of Central Polynesia</a>. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107625822?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781107625822"><bdi>9781107625822</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2024. <q>[...] it was a common custom for great Polynesian chiefs to claim ancient or divine descent [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+and+Political+Systems+of+Central+Polynesia&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.isbn=9781107625822&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RZaAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfe1989" class="citation book cs1">Scharfe, Hartmut (1989). "The King and his court". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtlbxHiSGczYC">The State in Indian Tradition</a>. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indien, Part 2, Indien - ISSN 0169-9377, volume 3. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004090606?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789004090606"><bdi>9789004090606</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2024. <q>The descent of royal families from gods such as Wodan/Oðin, Yngwi, Týr, and the divine ancestry claimed by Agamemnon, Menelaos Priamos, Nestor and Helena has its parallel in the solar and lunar dynasties of India and in the claims by Pallavas, Candellas, etc. who trace their lineage back to Brahman and Visņu [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King+and+his+court&rft.btitle=The+State+in+Indian+Tradition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik%3A+Indien%2C+Part+2%2C+Indien+-+ISSN+0169-9377%2C+volume+3&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789004090606&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlbxHiSGczYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> Barbara Yorke, "Anglo-Saxon origin legends." in Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters ed by Julia Barrow and Andrew Wareham. (Routledge, 2017) pp: 29–44.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Chaney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Chaney">Chaney, William A.</a> (1999) [1970]. "The Woden-sprung kings: Germanic sacral kingship and divine descent". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dhka8AAAAIAAJ">The Cult of Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England: The Transition from Paganism to Christianity</a> (reprint ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 41. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719003721?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780719003721"><bdi>9780719003721</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2024. <q>The pagan genealogies of the Woden-sprung kings were in time assimilated to Christianity. In the mythical lineage of King Aethelwulf of Wessex in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle sub anno 855, Woden is sixteenth in descent from 'Sceaf, who is the son of Noah and was born in Noah's Ark'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Woden-sprung+kings%3A+Germanic+sacral+kingship+and+divine+descent&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Kingship+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+The+Transition+from+Paganism+to+Christianity&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780719003721&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhka8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Chaney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Chaney">Chaney, William A.</a> (1999) [1970]. "The Woden-sprung kings: Germanic sacral kingship and divine descent". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dhka8AAAAIAAJ">The Cult of Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England: The Transition from Paganism to Christianity</a> (reprint ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719003721?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780719003721"><bdi>9780719003721</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2024. <q>[...] this 'arcane' transition makes the West Saxon rulers collateral relatives, as Professor Magoun has pointed out, of our Lord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Woden-sprung+kings%3A+Germanic+sacral+kingship+and+divine+descent&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Kingship+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+The+Transition+from+Paganism+to+Christianity&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=41-42&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780719003721&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhka8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm">"New Confucius Genealogy out next year"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103060844/http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-11-03. Retrieved 2008-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft.atitle=New+Confucius+Genealogy+out+next+year&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2Ffeatures%2Fcontent_16696029.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022002217/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm">"Updated Confucius family tree has two million members"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. February 16, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm">the original</a> on October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2008-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Updated+Confucius+family+tree+has+two+million+members&rft.date=2008-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-02%2F16%2Fcontent_7616027.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> Elizabeth Shown Mills, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/galleries/Ref_Researching/NGSQVol91Pg26077GenealogyHistory.pdf">"Genealogy in the 'Information Age': History's New Frontier?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606130716/http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/galleries/Ref_Researching/NGSQVol91Pg26077GenealogyHistory.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-06-06 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Genealogical Society Quarterly 91 (December 2003): 260–77.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Michelle Hudson, "The Effect of 'Roots' and the Bicentennial on Genealogical Interest among Patrons of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History", Journal of Mississippi History 1991 53(4): 321–336</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515062519/http://genealogy.about.com/library/weekly/aa011502a.htm">"Grow Your Family Tree in Salt Lake City – Genealogy is the Fastest Growing Hobby in North America"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://genealogy.about.com/library/weekly/aa011502a.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2008-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grow+Your+Family+Tree+in+Salt+Lake+City+%E2%80%93+Genealogy+is+the+Fastest+Growing+Hobby+in+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011502a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516230036/http://www.genealogy.com/press-051600.html">"Genealogy.com: Recent Maritz Poll Shows Explosion in Popularity of Genealogy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.genealogy.com/press-051600.html">the original</a> on May 16, 2008. 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Retrieved Apr 22, 2013;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=Thanks+A+Billion&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fnode%2F2125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://familysearch.org/news/">"News and Press: Official FamilySearch.org News and Press Releases"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731131313/https://familysearch.org/news/">Archived</a> 2013-07-31 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FamilySearch. 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April 22, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629171252/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/family-history-volunteers-reach-billion-record-milestone">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2019. 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Retrieved 2 Aug 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=FamilySearch%27s+Strategy+to+Help+Preserve+the+World%27s+Archives&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Angelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.familysearch.org%2Ffamilysearch-strategy-to-help-preserve-the-worlds-archives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2018" class="citation news cs1">Yan, Alice (18 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2136471/getting-roots-confucius-family-tree-cultural-significance-knowing">"Getting to the roots of the Confucius family tree: the cultural significance of knowing one's ancestry"</a>. South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802194411/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2136471/getting-roots-confucius-family-tree-cultural-significance-knowing">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 Aug 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Getting+to+the+roots+of+the+Confucius+family+tree%3A+the+cultural+significance+of+knowing+one%27s+ancestry&rft.date=2018-03-18&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F2136471%2Fgetting-roots-confucius-family-tree-cultural-significance-knowing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id%3DEdFSAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5788%252C3311192">"Genealogy Important In Korea, Expert Says"</a>. The Deseret News. 13 Sep 1975. Retrieved 2 Aug 2019. <q>During the Korean War, the Communists tried to destroy genealogies and replace the strong family government with a dominant Communist figure. Refugees fleeing from the north brought their genealogies with them on their backs as one of their most precious possessions. Many of these genealogies are now found in fragmentary form in South Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Genealogy+Important+In+Korea%2C+Expert+Says&rft.date=1975-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DEdFSAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5788%252C3311192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-preserves-precious-records-of-african-nation">"Church Preserves Precious Records of African Nation"</a>. Newsroom. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 28 Sep 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720055803/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-preserves-precious-records-of-african-nation">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 2 Aug 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsroom&rft.atitle=Church+Preserves+Precious+Records+of+African+Nation&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Fchurch-preserves-precious-records-of-african-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fgs.org/community/preserve-the-pensions/">"Preserve the Pensions: A project to digitize the War of 1812 Pension Files"</a>. Federation of Genealogical Societies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713032315/https://fgs.org/community/preserve-the-pensions/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 2 Aug 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+Genealogical+Societies&rft.atitle=Preserve+the+Pensions%3A+A+project+to+digitize+the+War+of+1812+Pension+Files&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffgs.org%2Fcommunity%2Fpreserve-the-pensions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> Mark D. Herber, Ancestral Trails: The Complete Guide to British Genealogy and Family History 2nd ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2006; David Hey, Family History and Local History in England. London: Longman, 1987; Sherry Irvine, Scottish Ancestry: Research Methods for Family Historians, 2nd ed. Provo, UT: Ancestry, 2003; David Moody, Scottish Family History. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1990.</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> Trafford R. Cole, Italian Genealogical Records: How to Use Italian Civil, Ecclesiastical & Other Records in Family History Research Salt Lake City, Utah: Ancestry, 1995; Cruise, M. T. W., Guidelines For Ancestry Research With an Emphasis on African-American Genealogy Dublin, VA: Author, 2007; Jessie Carney Smith, Ethnic Genealogy: A Research Guide, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.</li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> G. J. A. Guth, "Surname Spellings and Computerised Record Linkage", Historical Methods Newsletter, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 10–19, 1976.</li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorine_McGinnis_Schulze" class="citation web cs1">Lorine McGinnis Schulze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://olivetreegenealogy.com/nn/pat.shtml">"Dutch Patronymics of the 1600s"</a>. Olive Tree Genealogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501113910/http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/nn/pat.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Patronymics+of+the+1600s&rft.pub=Olive+Tree+Genealogy&rft.au=Lorine+McGinnis+Schulze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Folivetreegenealogy.com%2Fnn%2Fpat.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> Surnames made their way into the language in the 19th and 20th century, but are not widely used. In order to protect the patronymics system, in Iceland it is forbidden by law to introduce a new surname. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/nuna/1996045.html">"Lög um Mannanöfn"</a> (in Icelandic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126040640/http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/nuna/1996045.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%B6g+um+Mannan%C3%B6fn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.althingi.is%2Flagasofn%2Fnuna%2F1996045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> An earlier law was in effect in 1828, but was largely ignored in the rural areas.</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610181013/http://www.geocities.com/dagtho/act19230209-002.html">"Lov av 9. februar 1923 nr. 2 om personnavn (Norwegian Name Law of 1923)"</a> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geocities.com/dagtho/act19230209-002.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lov+av+9.+februar+1923+nr.+2+om+personnavn+%28Norwegian+Name+Law+of+1923%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fdagtho%2Fact19230209-002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> E. A. Wrigley, English population history from family reconstitution, 1580–1837 (1997); Catherine Quantin et al., "Which are the best identifiers for record linkage?", Informatics for Health and Social Care 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3-4, Pages 221–227</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> Marc Picard, "Genealogical Evidence and the Americanization of European Family Names", Names: American Name Society 2009 57(1): 30–51</li> <li id="cite_note-knights-102">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-knights_102-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-knights_102-1">b</a> Peter R. Knights, "The Accuracy of Age Reporting in the Manuscript Federal Census of 1850 and 1860", Historical Methods Newsletter, 4 (1971), 79–83; Karen Oppenheim Mason and Lisa G. Cope, "Sources of Age and Date-of-Birth Misreporting in the 1900 U.S. Census", Demography vol. 24, no. 4 (Nov., 1987), pp. 563–573.</li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/">"Calendar Converter"</a>. Fourmilab.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913160427/http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2013-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calendar+Converter&rft.pub=Fourmilab.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fdocuments%2Fcalendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> Robert M. Hauser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/wlsresearch/publications/files/public/Hauser_Occupational.Status.N.T.C.pdf">"Occupational Status in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621014531/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/wlsresearch/publications/files/public/Hauser_Occupational.Status.N.T.C.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-06-21 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Historical Methods (1982) vol. 15, no. 3, 111–126.</li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> For example, United States Bureau of Employment Security, The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1939)</li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> Richard H. Steckel, "The Quality of Census Data for Historical Inquiry: A Research Agenda", Social Science History, vol. 15, no. 4 (Winter, 1991), pp. 579–599.</li> <li id="cite_note-bcgstandards-107">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bcgstandards_107-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bcgstandards_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcgcertification.org/ethics-standards/">"Ethics and Standards"</a>. Board for Certification of Genealogists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721085908/https://bcgcertification.org/ethics-standards/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Board+for+Certification+of+Genealogists&rft.atitle=Ethics+and+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbcgcertification.org%2Fethics-standards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sogstandards-108">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sogstandards_108-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sogstandards_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sog.org.uk/learn/education-sub-page-for-testing-navigation/hints-tips-six-standards-and-good-practice-in-genealogy/">"Hints & Tips Five: Standards and Good Practice in Genealogy"</a>. Society of Genealogists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704053351/http://www.sog.org.uk/learn/education-sub-page-for-testing-navigation/hints-tips-six-standards-and-good-practice-in-genealogy/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+Genealogists&rft.atitle=Hints+%26+Tips+Five%3A+Standards+and+Good+Practice+in+Genealogy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sog.org.uk%2Flearn%2Feducation-sub-page-for-testing-navigation%2Fhints-tips-six-standards-and-good-practice-in-genealogy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-iajgs-109">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iajgs_109-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iajgs_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iajgs.org/blog/code-of-conduct/">"Code of Conduct/Ethics"</a>. International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702023319/http://www.iajgs.org/blog/code-of-conduct/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Association+of+Jewish+Genealogical+Societies&rft.atitle=Code+of+Conduct%2FEthics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iajgs.org%2Fblog%2Fcode-of-conduct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcgcertification.org/ethics-standards/code/">"Genealogist's Code of Ethics"</a>. Board for Certification of Genealogists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603030723/https://bcgcertification.org/ethics-standards/code/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Board+for+Certification+of+Genealogists&rft.atitle=Genealogist%27s+Code+of+Ethics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbcgcertification.org%2Fethics-standards%2Fcode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.apgen.org/ethics/">"Code of Ethics and Professional Practices"</a>. Association of Professional Genealogists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704030324/https://www.apgen.org/ethics/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Professional+Genealogists&rft.atitle=Code+of+Ethics+and+Professional+Practices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apgen.org%2Fethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://affho.org/about/ethics/">"Code of Ethics"</a>. The Australasian Federation of Family History Organisations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704030325/http://affho.org/about/ethics/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australasian+Federation+of+Family+History+Organisations&rft.atitle=Code+of+Ethics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faffho.org%2Fabout%2Fethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.geneticgenealogystandards.com">"The Genetic Genealogy Standards"</a>. The Genetic Genealogy Standards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724004323/https://www.geneticgenealogystandards.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Genetic+Genealogy+Standards&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Genealogy+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneticgenealogystandards.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988">[/]</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> General <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian2012" class="citation book cs1">Christian, Peter (2012). The Genealogist's Internet (5th ed.). London, England: Bloomsbury. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5957-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5957-6"><bdi>978-1-4081-5957-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genealogist%27s+Internet&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-5957-6&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hopwood, Nick, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rebecca_Flemming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rebecca Flemming">Rebecca Flemming</a>, Lauren Kassell, eds. Reproduction: Antiquity to the Present Day (Cambridge UP, 2018). Illustrations. xxxv + 730 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/Reproduction-Antiquity-Present-Nick-Hopwood/dp/1107068029/">excerpt</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id%3D53889">online review</a> 44 scholarly essays by historians.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2002" class="citation book cs1">McClure, Rhonda (2002). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Online Genealogy (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Alpha. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864267-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864267-8"><bdi>0-02-864267-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Online+Genealogy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-02-864267-8&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2010" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Brenda Dougall (2010). Genealogical Standards of Evidence: A Guide for Family Historians (2nd ed.). Toronto: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontario_Genealogical_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontario Genealogical Society">Ontario Genealogical Society</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-451-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-451-3"><bdi>978-1-55488-451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogical+Standards+of+Evidence%3A+A+Guide+for+Family+Historians&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ontario+Genealogical+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-451-3&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Dougall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2009" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, George G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071625340">How to Do Everything: Genealogy</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071625340?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780071625340"><bdi>9780071625340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Do+Everything%3A+Genealogy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780071625340&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=George+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780071625340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2008" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jack (2008). Basics of Genealogy Reference: A Librarian's Guide. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-514-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-514-5"><bdi>978-1-59158-514-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basics+of+Genealogy+Reference%3A+A+Librarian%27s+Guide&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-514-5&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> British Isles <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurie2009" class="citation book cs1">Durie, Bruce (2009). Scottish Genealogy. Stroud, England: History Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Genealogy&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Durie&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenham2006" class="citation book cs1">Grenham, John (2006). Tracing Your Irish Ancestors (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Your+Irish+Ancestors&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Grenham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerber2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_D._Herber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark D. Herber">Herber, Mark D.</a> (2004). Ancestral Trails: The Complete Guide to British Genealogy and Family History (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestral+Trails%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+British+Genealogy+and+Family+History&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Herber&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHey2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Hey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Hey">Hey, David</a> (2008). The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Family+and+Local+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kriesberg, Adam. "The future of access to public records? Public–private partnerships in US state and territorial archives." Archival Science 17.1 (2017): 5–25.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, James G. (1997). Irish Records: Sources for Family and Local History. Salt Lake City, UT: Ancestry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Records%3A+Sources+for+Family+and+Local+History&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pub=Ancestry&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> China <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing1988" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Frank (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ancestors900year00chin">Ancestors: 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family</a>. New York City, NY: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Morrow and Company">Morrow</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-04461-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-04461-1"><bdi>0-688-04461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestors%3A+900+Years+in+the+Life+of+a+Chinese+Family&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-688-04461-1&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancestors900year00chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2010" class="citation book cs1">Yan, May (2010). Research Guide to Chinese Genealogy (2nd ed.). Global Research and Archival Management.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Guide+to+Chinese+Genealogy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Global+Research+and+Archival+Management&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=May&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> Continental Europe <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2008" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Suzanne Russo (2008). Finding Your Italian Ancestors: A Beginner's Guide. Provo, UT: Ancestry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Your+Italian+Ancestors%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.place=Provo%2C+UT&rft.pub=Ancestry&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Russo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorzempa1993" class="citation book cs1">Chorzempa, Rosemary A. (1993). Polish roots = Korzenie polskie. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+roots+%3D+Korzenie+polskie&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Chorzempa&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalka2009" class="citation book cs1">Malka, Jeffrey S. (2009). Sephardic Genealogy: Discovering Your Sephardic Ancestors and Their World (2nd ed.). Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardic+Genealogy%3A+Discovering+Your+Sephardic+Ancestors+and+Their+World&rft.place=Bergenfield%2C+NJ&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Avotaynu&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Malka&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiemerMinert2010" class="citation book cs1">Riemer, Shirley J.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_P._Minert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger P. Minert">Minert, Roger P.</a> (2010). The German Research Companion (3rd ed.). Sacramento, CA: Lorelei Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Research+Companion&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lorelei+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Riemer&rft.aufirst=Shirley+J.&rft.au=Minert%2C+Roger+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Volkmar Weiss: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343384784_German_Genealogy_in_Its_Social_and_Political_Context">German Genealogy in Its Social and Political Context.</a> KDP, 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8667675457?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/979-8667675457">979-8667675457</a>.</li> </ul> North America <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEalesKvasnicka2000" class="citation book cs1">Eales, Anne Bruner; Kvasnicka, Robert M., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/guidetogenealogi00unit">Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives of the United States</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Genealogical+Research+in+the+National+Archives+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetogenealogi00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Val. D. (2000). The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Researcher%27s+Guide+to+American+Genealogy&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Val.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyRoy1984" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Patricia; Roy, Janine (1984). Tracing Your Ancestors in Canada (8th, rev. ed.). Ottawa: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library and Archives Canada">Public Archives Canada</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-13339-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-662-13339-0"><bdi>0-662-13339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Your+Ancestors+in+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.edition=8th%2C+rev.&rft.pub=Public+Archives+Canada&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-662-13339-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Roy%2C+Janine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2004" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Christine (2004). Courthouse Research for Family Historians: Your Guide to Genealogical Treasures. San Jose, CA: CR Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929626-16-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-929626-16-8"><bdi>0-929626-16-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courthouse+Research+for+Family+Historians%3A+Your+Guide+to+Genealogical+Treasures&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+CA&rft.pub=CR+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-929626-16-8&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithn.d." class="citation web cs1">Smith, Marian L. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilw.com/articles/2005,0808-smith.shtm">"American Names: Declaring Independence"</a>. Immigration Daily. American Immigration LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Immigration+Daily&rft.atitle=American+Names%3A+Declaring+Independence&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Marian+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilw.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2C0808-smith.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzucsLuebking2006" class="citation book cs1">Szucs, Loretto Dennis; Luebking, Sandra Hargreaves (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/sourceguidebooko00lore">The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy</a> (3rd, rev. ed.). Provo, UT: Ancestry. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593312770?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781593312770"><bdi>9781593312770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Source%3A+A+Guidebook+of+American+Genealogy&rft.place=Provo%2C+UT&rft.edition=3rd%2C+rev.&rft.pub=Ancestry&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781593312770&rft.aulast=Szucs&rft.aufirst=Loretto+Dennis&rft.au=Luebking%2C+Sandra+Hargreaves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourceguidebooko00lore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorCrandall1986" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Robert M.; Crandall, Ralph S. (1986). Generations and Change: Genealogical Perspectives in Social History. Mercer University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generations+and+Change%3A+Genealogical+Perspectives+in+Social+History&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Crandall%2C+Ralph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2013" class="citation book cs1">Weil, François (2013). Family Trees: A History of Genealogy in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Trees%3A+A+History+of+Genealogy+in+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillardWillardWilson1997" class="citation book cs1">Willard, Jim; Willard, Terry; Wilson, Jane (1997). Ancestors: A Beginners Guide to Family History and Genealogy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestors%3A+A+Beginners+Guide+to+Family+History+and+Genealogy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Willard%2C+Terry&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenealogy" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Genealogy&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 November 2024, at 23:01 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogie" title="Genealogie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genealogie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn%25C4%2593owcr%25C3%25A6ft" title="Cnēowcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cnēowcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8" title="علم الأنساب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأنساب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenealox%25C3%25ADa" title="Xenealoxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenealoxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogiya" title="Genealogiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genealogiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="কুলজীশাস্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুলজীশাস্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C4%2593-ph%25C3%25B3%25CD%2598-ha%25CC%258Dk" title="Hē-phó͘-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hē-phó͘-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Генеалогия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генеалогия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Генеалогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генеалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2591%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Генэалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генэалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Генеалогия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генеалогия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogija" title="Genealogija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genealogija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignezouriezh" title="Lignezouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lignezouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25B3_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Уг гарбал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уг гарбал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8" title="Генеалоги – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генеалоги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogie" title="Genealogie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genealogie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambavabari" title="Ruambavabari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambavabari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyddiaeth" title="Achyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Achyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%25C3%25A6gtsforskning" title="Slægtsforskning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slægtsforskning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogie" title="Genealogie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genealogie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2582%25DE%25A6%25DE%2590%25DE%25A6%25DE%2584%25DE%25AA%25DE%258E%25DE%25AC_%25DE%25A2%25DE%25A8%25DE%258D%25DE%25B0%25DE%2589%25DE%25AA" title="ނަސަބުގެ ޢިލްމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނަސަބުގެ ޢިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealoogia" title="Genealoogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Genealoogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γενεαλογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενεαλογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealog%25C3%25ADa" title="Genealogía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genealogía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogio" title="Genealogio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genealogio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="تبارشناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبارشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9alogie" title="Généalogie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Généalogie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginealas" title="Ginealas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ginealas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenealox%25C3%25ADa" title="Xenealoxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenealoxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B3%2584%25EB%25B3%25B4%25ED%2595%2599" title="계보학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계보학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BE%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A3%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B4%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A2%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Ծագումնաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծագումնաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodoslovlje" title="Rodoslovlje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rodoslovlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogio" title="Genealogio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genealogio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogi" title="Genealogi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genealogi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2586ttfr%25C3%25A6%25C3%25B0i" title="Ættfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ættfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A0%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="גנאלוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנאלוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გენეალოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენეალოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B" title="Генеалогиялық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генеалогиялық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Генеалогия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генеалогия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25A2enealo%25C4%25A3ija" title="Ģenealoģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģenealoģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogija" title="Genealogija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genealogija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeneolojia" title="Jeneolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jeneolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneal%25C3%25B3gia_(t%25C3%25B6rt%25C3%25A9nelem)" title="Genealógia (történelem) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genealógia (történelem)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Генеалогија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генеалогија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiarana" title="Tetiarana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tetiarana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A0%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2582" title="വംശാവലിപഠനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശാവലിപഠനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogi" title="Genealogi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genealogi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogie_(geschiedkunde)" title="Genealogie (geschiedkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genealogie (geschiedkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E8%25AD%259C%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="系譜学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="系譜学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slektsforskning" title="Slektsforskning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slektsforskning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slektsforsking" title="Slektsforsking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slektsforsking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9alogie" title="Généalogie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Généalogie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogiya" title="Genealogiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genealogiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25BA%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D9%2587" title="نوغپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوغپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9alodjie" title="Généalodjie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Généalodjie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia" title="Genealogia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genealogia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogie" title="Genealogie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genealogie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Генеалогия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генеалогия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenealogjia" title="Gjenealogjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenealogjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catanannu_(antinatu)" title="Catanannu (antinatu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Catanannu (antinatu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genealogy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A" title="جينيالاجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جينيالاجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneal%25C3%25B3gia_(hist%25C3%25B3ria)" title="Genealógia (história) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genealógia (história)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodoslovje" title="Rodoslovje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rodoslovje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Генеалогија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генеалогија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogija" title="Genealogija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genealogija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9alogi" title="Généalogi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Généalogi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukututkimus" title="Sukututkimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukututkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogi" title="Genealogi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genealogi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasensuta" title="Tasensuta – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasensuta" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybilim" title="Soybilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soybilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogi%25C3%25BDa" title="Genealogiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Genealogiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Генеалогія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генеалогія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8" title="علم الانساب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علم الانساب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_ph%25E1%25BA%25A3_h%25E1%25BB%258Dc" title="Gia phả học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gia phả học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealog" title="Genealog – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Genealog" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeneyalodjeye" title="Djeneyalodjeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djeneyalodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henealohiya" title="Henealohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henealohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E8%25B0%25B1%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="系谱学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="系谱学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%25A1" title="ייחוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ייחוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E8%25AD%259C%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="系譜學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="系譜學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E8%25AD%259C%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="系譜學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="系譜學" 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