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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期修飾手法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期修飾手法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>早期修飾手法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期修飾手法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治與道德問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治與道德問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>政治與道德問題</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治與道德問題-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治與道德問題子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治與道德問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-用於新聞工作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用於新聞工作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>用於新聞工作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用於新聞工作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用於魅力攝影" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用於魅力攝影"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>用於魅力攝影</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用於魅力攝影-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反對修飾照片的名人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反對修飾照片的名人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>反對修飾照片的名人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反對修飾照片的名人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反對修飾照片的組織" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反對修飾照片的組織"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>反對修飾照片的組織</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反對修飾照片的組織-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反對照片過度修飾的政府" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反對照片過度修飾的政府"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>反對照片過度修飾的政府</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反對照片過度修飾的政府-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對媒體修飾照片的支持" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對媒體修飾照片的支持"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>對媒體修飾照片的支持</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對媒體修飾照片的支持-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對修飾照片的研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對修飾照片的研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>對修飾照片的研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對修飾照片的研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會與文化影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會與文化影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>社會與文化影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社會與文化影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-修飾數位照片" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#修飾數位照片"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>修飾數位照片</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-修飾數位照片-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P圖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P圖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>P圖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P圖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-畫廊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#畫廊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>畫廊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-畫廊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考來源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">修飾照片</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。23种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تلاعب بالصور – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلاعب بالصور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retoc_fotogr%C3%A0fic" title="Retoc fotogràfic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Retoc fotogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomanipulace" title="Fotomanipulace – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotomanipulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billedmanipulation" title="Billedmanipulation – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Billedmanipulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomanipulation" title="Fotomanipulation – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fotomanipulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photograph manipulation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulaci%C3%B3n_fotogr%C3%A1fica" title="Manipulación fotográfica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manipulación fotográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotot%C3%B6%C3%B6tlus" title="Fototöötlus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fototöötlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B4" title="رتوش – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رتوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvamanipulaatio" title="Kuvamanipulaatio – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvamanipulaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retouche_d%27image" title="Retouche d'image – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Retouche d'image" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulaci%C3%B3n_fotogr%C3%A1fica" title="Manipulación fotográfica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manipulación fotográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99" title="עיבוד תמונה מגמתי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיבוד תמונה מגמתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retus%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Retusálás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Retusálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulasi_foto" title="Manipulasi foto – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manipulasi foto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86" title="写真編集 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="写真編集" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84_%EC%A1%B0%EC%9E%91" title="사진 조작 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사진 조작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldmanipulatie" title="Beeldmanipulatie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beeldmanipulatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomanipulasjon" title="Fotomanipulasjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotomanipulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratamento_de_imagem" title="Tratamento de imagem – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratamento de imagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Обрада дигиталне слике – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обрада дигиталне слике" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildmanipulering" title="Bildmanipulering – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bildmanipulering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto_manip%C3%BClasyon" title="Foto manipülasyon – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Foto manipülasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Glass_Ashtray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blue_Glass_Ashtray.jpg/200px-Blue_Glass_Ashtray.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blue_Glass_Ashtray.jpg/300px-Blue_Glass_Ashtray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blue_Glass_Ashtray.jpg/400px-Blue_Glass_Ashtray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1310" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Glass_Ashtray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Red_Glass_Ashtray.jpg/200px-Red_Glass_Ashtray.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Red_Glass_Ashtray.jpg/300px-Red_Glass_Ashtray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Red_Glass_Ashtray.jpg/400px-Red_Glass_Ashtray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1310" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">透過圖片編輯軟體，可以將玻璃菸灰缸的顏色從藍色調整成紅色，也可以調整成其他顏色。</div></div></div></div> <p><b>修飾照片</b>，俗稱<b>修圖</b>，是指使用各種方式和技術<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="图像编辑">修改照片</a>以達到預期的目的。依據動機和應用方式不同，一些修飾照片的作品被認為是巧妙的藝術品，而一些則有不道德的用途，例如用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%A3%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="政治宣傳">政治宣傳</a>、或使商品看起來更好。被視為藝術品的經修飾照片是因為它涉及創作獨特的圖像，而在某些情況下，這是影像藝術家的個性簽名形式。例如美國攝影師<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" title="安塞尔·亚当斯">安塞爾·亞當斯</a>使用暗房曝光技術，如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="閃避和燃燒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dodging and burning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%83%E9%81%BF%E5%92%8C%E7%87%83%E7%87%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="閃避和燃燒（页面不存在）">閃避和燃燒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodging_and_burning" class="extiw" title="en:Dodging and burning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dodging and burning</span></a></span>）</span></span>來修飾照片使其變暗或變亮<sup id="cite_ref-Dziamba_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dziamba-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其它修飾照片的手法包括使用墨水、油漆、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙重曝光（页面不存在）">雙重曝光</a>、拼接照片或底片、應用軟體修改數位圖像等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg/220px-Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg/330px-Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg/440px-Ulysses_S._Grant_at_City_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5139" data-file-height="3743" /></a><figcaption>這張圖是由三張在不同地點拍攝的照片所組成。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg/220px-Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg/330px-Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg/440px-Episode_after_Battle_of_Zonnebeke_1918_Hurley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>這張關於<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>的照片是由多張照片組合而成的。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-086-03,_Joseph_Goebbels_mit_Familie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-086-03%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_mit_Familie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-086-03%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_mit_Familie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-086-03%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_mit_Familie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-086-03%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_mit_Familie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-086-03%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_mit_Familie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-086-03%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_mit_Familie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%9F%B9%E7%88%BE" title="約瑟夫·戈培爾">戈培爾</a>一家的全家福照片，後方穿軍服的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈羅德·匡特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harald Quandt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8C%A1%E7%89%B9" title="哈罗德·匡特">哈羅德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Quandt" class="extiw" title="en:Harald Quandt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harald Quandt</span></a></span>）</span></span>是合成進去的。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai_Yezhov_with_Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal,_orignal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nikolai_Yezhov_with_Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_orignal.jpg/218px-Nikolai_Yezhov_with_Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_orignal.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nikolai_Yezhov_with_Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_orignal.jpg/327px-Nikolai_Yezhov_with_Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_orignal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nikolai_Yezhov_with_Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_orignal.jpg/436px-Nikolai_Yezhov_with_Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_orignal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="997" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal,_Nikolai_Yezhov_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_Nikolai_Yezhov_removed.jpg/218px-Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_Nikolai_Yezhov_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_Nikolai_Yezhov_removed.jpg/327px-Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_Nikolai_Yezhov_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_Nikolai_Yezhov_removed.jpg/436px-Stalin_and_Molotov_along_the_Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal%2C_Nikolai_Yezhov_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">「被消失」的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E8%8B%A5%E5%A4%AB" title="尼古拉·叶若夫">叶若夫</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期修飾手法"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E4.BF.AE.E9.A3.BE.E6.89.8B.E6.B3.95"></span>早期修飾手法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：早期修飾手法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一件照片修飾的早期案例發生在1860年代的美國，當時的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亞伯拉罕·林肯">亞伯拉罕·林肯</a>肖像是使用美國第七任副總統<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%AE%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰·考宏">約翰·考宏</a>的身體和林肯的頭所組成，林肯的頭則取自攝影師<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%AA" title="马修·布雷迪">馬修·布雷迪</a>的作品，而該原始照片亦被用於舊版的<a href="/wiki/5%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83%E7%BA%B8%E5%B8%81" title="5美元纸币">5美元紙幣</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Farid_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farid-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治與道德問題"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E8.88.87.E9.81.93.E5.BE.B7.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>政治與道德問題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：政治與道德問題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>修飾照片已經被用於欺騙觀眾、說服觀眾、強化敘事和自我表現<sup id="cite_ref-Rotman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有時甚至只是一些細微變化都能讓觀眾對判斷或解釋照片產生很深遠的影響，而當觀眾發現自己所看的照片動過手腳後，其重要度會更為顯著。早在美國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南北戰爭">南北戰爭</a>期間，照片就已經不是一種出版品，而是雕塑品了。<sup id="cite_ref-Palmquist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmquist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·维萨里奥诺维奇·斯大林">約瑟夫·史達林</a>曾利用修飾照片進行政治宣傳<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1920年5月5日，他的前任領導人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列宁">列寧</a>為蘇聯軍隊發表演說，史達林和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基">列夫·托洛斯基</a>皆出席該次活動，有照片為證<sup id="cite_ref-Ammann_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而原本出現在該張照片裡的還有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E9%83%A8" title="內務人民委員部">內務人民委員部</a>部長<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E8%8B%A5%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·伊万诺维奇·叶若夫">尼古拉·葉若夫</a>，在他於1940年被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">處決</a>後，照片中的他亦被抹去，是次事件成為一個廣為人知的將照片修飾用於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84%E6%8A%B9%E7%85%9E" title="記錄抹煞">記錄抹煞</a>的案例<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（更多資料可見<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇聯圖像審查" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯圖像審查（页面不存在）">蘇聯圖像審查</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Censorship of images in the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Censorship of images in the Soviet Union</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。試圖透過修飾照片來獲取新聞價值的先驅之一是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博納爾‧麥克法登" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bernarr Macfadden"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%E2%80%A7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%B3%95%E7%99%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博納爾‧麥克法登（页面不存在）">博納爾‧麥克法登</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" class="extiw" title="en:Bernarr Macfadden"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bernarr Macfadden</span></a></span>）</span></span>，1924年，他以<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拼貼法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Composograph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%BC%E8%B2%BC%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拼貼法（页面不存在）">拼貼法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composograph" class="extiw" title="en:Composograph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Composograph</span></a></span>）</span></span>將經修改過的照片進行拼貼，此乃照片修飾的早期技法。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2007年10月，中國陕西省一名村民宣稱自己拍攝到瀕危的野生<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="華南虎">華南虎</a>的照片，但照片公布後引發許多質疑<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，儘管陝西省林業廳相關官員一度堅稱照片為真，但經過多方專家鑑定後，<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="陝西省人民政府">陝西省人民政府</a>於2008年6月召開記者會，宣布該照片裡的老虎出自一幅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%BB" title="年画">年畫</a>。 </p><p>2012年，一張攝有中華民國國旗<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A3%E9%AD%9A%E8%87%BA%E5%88%97%E5%B6%BC%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="釣魚臺列嶼主權問題">登上釣魚台</a>的照片遭中國媒體《廈門商報》塗改成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國國旗">中華人民共和國國旗</a>，此舉引發包括中華民國和中國的網友不滿，批評《廈門商報》缺乏媒體道德。此外，中國多家媒體也都以各種方式掩飾了中華民國國旗登上釣魚台的事實。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一些倫理理論已被應用於照片操作。奧德‧奧利瓦（Aude Oliva）在圖像處理倫理學專題小組期間提出的看法是，照片在修改前後的差異必須要明確，才能將該修飾視為照片操作<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。卡森‧雷諾在《圖像行為理論》一書中以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="言語行為理論">言語行為理論</a>探討對照片編輯和操作的行為<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而威廉‧米切爾（William Mitchell）在《如何對照片動手腳》（How to Do Things with Pictures）一書裡探究了操作照片的悠久歷史，並對照片修飾提出批判性的論述<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="用於新聞工作"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E6.96.BC.E6.96.B0.E8.81.9E.E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C"></span>用於新聞工作</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：用於新聞工作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下是一些將修飾照片用於新聞工作並引發議論的案例：1982年，一張攝入兩座埃及金字塔的照片在經調整後，照片裡的金字塔比實際上的金字塔靠得更近了一點，這麼做是為了讓它能擺進《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86_(%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97)" title="国家地理 (杂志)">國家地理</a>》雜誌的封面<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這項做法引起偽造圖片是否得當的爭論<sup id="cite_ref-BRONXDOC_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRONXDOC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>該雜誌的可信度也受到質疑。事件發生後不久，《國家地理》雜誌攝影導演Tom Kennedy出面坦承使用技術來修飾照片以博得眾人關注是錯誤的行為，並承諾不會再犯。<sup id="cite_ref-BRONXDOC_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRONXDOC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2005年，美國作家<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E9%83%BD%E8%8F%AF" title="瑪莎·史都華">瑪莎·史都華</a>出獄之後，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E9%80%B1%E5%88%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞週刊">新聞週刊</a>》拍了一張史都華的照片，將她的臉移花接木至另一個較瘦的女體上，掩飾了史都華在獄中攀升的體重<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。《新聞周刊》副總編輯Lynn Staley在接受採訪時表示「我們接受到的委託是展現出瑪莎的目標，而那不見得是她現在的形象」，Staley還說明該期週刊的第三頁裡明白地寫著封面上的照片是合成之作。<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2005_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>隨著圖像處理軟體的普及，越來越多人了解到「眼見不一定為憑」，照片是可以動手腳的<sup id="cite_ref-IntlNYT2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntlNYT2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。修飾照片的動機可以是單純取樂、增進美感或改善主體的形象<sup id="cite_ref-Photo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過並非所有的修飾之舉都是無害的，如在<a href="/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="2004年美國總統選舉">2004年美國總統選舉</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凱瑞芳達競選照片爭議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B1%E7%91%9E%E8%8A%B3%E9%81%94%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凱瑞芳達競選照片爭議（页面不存在）">凱瑞芳達競選照片爭議</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Fonda_2004_election_photo_controversy" class="extiw" title="en:Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy</span></a></span>）</span></span>中，總統候選人<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E7%91%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰·凱瑞">約翰·凱瑞</a>陣營發佈一張凱瑞與<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%C2%B7%E8%8A%B3%E9%81%94" title="珍·芳達">珍·芳達</a>出席1971年一場反越戰集會的合照，企圖影響公眾決策，但後來證實該照片是由兩張在不同時間點拍下的照片所剪輯而成<sup id="cite_ref-IntlNYT2004_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntlNYT2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除此之外，有越來越多規章相應而生。例如美國的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國家新聞攝影協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Press Photographers Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家新聞攝影協會（页面不存在）">國家新聞攝影協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Photographers_Association" class="extiw" title="en:National Press Photographers Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Press Photographers Association</span></a></span>）</span></span>（NPPA）制定《道德準則》用以規範圖像的準確性，要求攝影師不要企圖透過操弄圖像來誤導閱聽者或新聞主體<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在作品曾被提名至普立茲獎的攝影師<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾倫·迪特利希" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allan Detrich"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾倫·迪特利希（页面不存在）">艾倫·迪特利希</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Detrich" class="extiw" title="en:Allan Detrich"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allan Detrich</span></a></span>）</span></span>遭披露會為自己的照片動手腳後便辭職的例子可以說明NPPA對此不會寬容以對，倘若經由修飾的照片已被公開發表過，則更會嚴正以待。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="用於魅力攝影"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E6.96.BC.E9.AD.85.E5.8A.9B.E6.94.9D.E5.BD.B1"></span>用於魅力攝影</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：用於魅力攝影"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>魅力攝影是一門大幅度地運用照片修飾技術的學問，這項工作會拍攝委託者的照片，並將照片調整成對方心中所理想的模樣。可以調整的範圍包羅萬象，例如膚色、髮色、牙齒顏色、身材、去除斑點和傷疤、服裝等<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這門技術通常會使用專業的照片編輯軟體。許多人依靠這種方式來體現理想的自我<sup id="cite_ref-photo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，不過這也常被指責為煽動人們追尋不切實際的自我形象。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="反對修飾照片的名人"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E5.B0.8D.E4.BF.AE.E9.A3.BE.E7.85.A7.E7.89.87.E7.9A.84.E5.90.8D.E4.BA.BA"></span>反對修飾照片的名人</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：反對修飾照片的名人"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>修飾照片已經引發一般觀眾和名人的反感，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国医学会">美國醫學會</a>對此也公開發表論述：「廣告裡充斥著僅能透過照片編輯軟體才能形塑的身材，（我們）必須阻止青少年和兒童受到那些廣告感染」<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，包括綺拉·奈特莉、布萊德・彼特、安迪·洛迪克和潔西卡·辛普森在內的許多名人都支持美國醫學會。 </p><p>為了支持這項聲明，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="布萊德·彼特">布萊德·彼特</a>請攝影師<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="查克·克洛斯">查克·克洛斯</a>為自己拍攝了一系列的照片，這些照片的共通點是強調了布萊德・彼特在皮膚上的缺陷，布萊德・彼特以這種方式反對那些使用修圖軟體試圖隱藏自己缺點的人。另外、凱特·溫斯蕾也曾經因為《<a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a>》雜誌刊登了自己的照片、卻因為修圖使之不自然後，於媒體上公開反對對照片進行操作。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2010年4月，美國歌手<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="布蘭妮·斯皮爾斯">布蘭妮·斯皮爾斯</a>發布了她自己的「修圖前後對比照片」<sup id="cite_ref-photo_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這項舉動的動機是「強調女性必須完美示人的壓力」。<sup id="cite_ref-photo_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>此外，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="智生活">智生活</a>》2012年3-4月號的封面上也曾刊登過未經數位修飾的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E7%90%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="凱特·布蘭琪">凱特·布蘭琪</a>的照片。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="反對修飾照片的組織"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E5.B0.8D.E4.BF.AE.E9.A3.BE.E7.85.A7.E7.89.87.E7.9A.84.E7.B5.84.E7.B9.94"></span>反對修飾照片的組織</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：反對修飾照片的組織"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC" title="多芬">多芬</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國之鷹服飾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Eagle Outfitters"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E9%B7%B9%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國之鷹服飾（页面不存在）">美國之鷹服飾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters" class="extiw" title="en:American Eagle Outfitters"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American Eagle Outfitters</span></a></span>）</span></span>在內的企業已經主動公開反對在廣告產品時進行照片修飾，多芬創立了多芬自尊基金會（Dove Self-Esteem Fund）並推動多芬真美人運動（ Dove Campaign for Real Beauty），以此協助年輕女性建立自信心，並試圖在媒體中強調所謂真正的美以及未經修飾的照片<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而美國之鷹服飾則推行了#AerieREAL活動，並出品了一款以此為名的內衣<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它還以「真正的你無比性感」（The real you is sexy.）為廣告詞，並宣稱自己廣告裡的模特兒是沒有經過任何修飾的。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国医学会">美國醫學會</a>採取反對照片修飾的立場，麥克安尼（McAneny ）醫生聲明，將透過修飾而不合常理的模特兒呈現給兒童和青少年，會讓他們對身體產生不切實際的期望，他還說，我們不應再把模特兒修飾成那些僅能透過照片修飾技術才能呈現的模樣。對此、美國醫學會採取的政策是在與廣告商合作時簽訂契約，限制廣告商使用photoshop的程度以達到上述的目標。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="反對照片過度修飾的政府"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E5.B0.8D.E7.85.A7.E7.89.87.E9.81.8E.E5.BA.A6.E4.BF.AE.E9.A3.BE.E7.9A.84.E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C"></span>反對照片過度修飾的政府</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：反對照片過度修飾的政府"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>部份國家的政府試圖禁止某些修飾過度的廣告，並對廣告商施壓。例如英國<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廣告標準局 (英國)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B1%80_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣告標準局 (英國)（页面不存在）">廣告標準局</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" class="extiw" title="en:Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)</span></a></span>）</span></span>曾下令禁止<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E8%94%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="蘭蔻">蘭蔻</a>一則關於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%8B%83%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="茱莉亞·羅勃茲">茱莉亞·羅勃茲</a>的廣告，理由是照片中那毫無瑕疵的皮膚實在太不真實<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；美國雜誌《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="封面女郎 (期刊)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="CoverGirl"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="封面女郎 (期刊)（页面不存在）">封面女郎 (期刊)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoverGirl" class="extiw" title="en:CoverGirl"><span lang="en" dir="auto">CoverGirl</span></a></span>）</span></span>》也曾因為推出被認為誇大不實的廣告而遭政府禁止。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對媒體修飾照片的支持"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E5.AA.92.E9.AB.94.E4.BF.AE.E9.A3.BE.E7.85.A7.E7.89.87.E7.9A.84.E6.94.AF.E6.8C.81"></span>對媒體修飾照片的支持</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：對媒體修飾照片的支持"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>某些雜誌社的編輯不會將修飾照片並用於雜誌封面視為一件問題。《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E9%BA%97%E4%BD%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="美麗佳人">美麗佳人</a>》雜誌編輯在接受採訪時表示讀者們不是白癡，他們也很清楚模特兒照什麼時候被動過手腳。另外，某些支持照片修飾的人認為修飾照片並不是問題，問題在於讀者那深不見底的慾望，他們渴望著能擁有像自己喜歡的雜誌封面上的名人一樣的身體。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對修飾照片的研究"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E4.BF.AE.E9.A3.BE.E7.85.A7.E7.89.87.E7.9A.84.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>對修飾照片的研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：對修飾照片的研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>照片修飾對社會大眾的影響已經被視為研究對象。英國時尚品牌<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新風貌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New Look (company)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%A2%A8%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新風貌（页面不存在）">新風貌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Look_(company)" class="extiw" title="en:New Look (company)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New Look (company)</span></a></span>）</span></span>進行的調查顯示，90%的受訪者希望可以在媒體裡看到更多樣化的身材。該調查還探討受眾如何看待經修飾過的圖片，15%的讀者認為封面上的圖像準確反映了現實中的主體。另外、調查也發現有33%的女性正朝著不可能的身材而努力<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC" title="多芬">多芬</a>也進行了一項研究經修飾的照片如何影響女性自尊心的調查，研究發現80%的受訪女性在看到媒體上的名人照片時會感到不安，而71%的受訪女性認為自己的外觀比不上那些封面上光彩奪目的模特兒。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社會與文化影響"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E8.88.87.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>社會與文化影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：社會與文化影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>修飾照片的概念普及之後所引發的關注之一，就是能否將虛構不實的圖片公諸於世，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC" title="苏珊·桑塔格">蘇珊·桑塔克</a>在其著作《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="論攝影" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="On Photography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論攝影（页面不存在）">論攝影</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Photography" class="extiw" title="en:On Photography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">On Photography</span></a></span>）</span></span>》裡探討攝影的客觀性和缺乏之處，並得出結論：「世上的照片都經過大小不一的削減、毀壞、裁切、修剪、潤飾、偽造和欺騙」<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據《<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%8A%AC%E7%99%BB%E9%83%B5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="哈芬登郵報">哈芬登郵報</a>》報導，「許多人認為修圖屬於美容業，就像化妝師、燈光師和造型師所做的一樣，修圖師透過販賣改變過後的形象給顧客」。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2021年七月，挪威通過一項新法，規定在網路社群上具影響力的用戶在發布經過修飾的照片時，必須標註該照片修飾了哪些部分。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="修飾數位照片"><span id=".E4.BF.AE.E9.A3.BE.E6.95.B8.E4.BD.8D.E7.85.A7.E7.89.87"></span>修飾數位照片</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：修飾數位照片"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當照片透過數位相機拍攝並傳送至電腦後，便可以透過數位編輯來調整照片內容，而透過底片或膠卷拍攝的照片也可以經由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F%E5%99%A8" title="影像掃描器">影像掃描器</a>數位化，進而進行數位編輯。隨著電腦、數位相機和各種圖像處理軟體日新月異，照片修飾這一用語的範圍所涵蓋的範圍也更廣泛了。圖片編輯軟體的功能包括加強或削弱圖片的彩度、對比、白平衡、漸層、雜點，將圖片任意變形，繪製任意的顏色，將多張不同的照片組成同一張等，透過這些編輯所產生的圖像甚至可能會與原本的圖片完全不同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P圖"><span id="P.E5.9C.96"></span>P圖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：P圖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>隨著圖片編輯軟體<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>的普及，開始出現一個新名詞「P圖」（photoshopped），該術語通常是指任何經過數位編輯的照片，即使不是以Photoshop編輯的圖片也包括在內<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而商標所有者<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>認為由於軟體受歡迎而將「photoshopped」和「photoshopping」這些英文詞彙做為名詞、動詞或術語並加以濫用是對其商標的侵權行為<sup id="cite_ref-AS-PR_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-PR-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，雖然Adobe試圖阻止公司的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%95%86%E6%A8%99" title="通用商標">商標通用化</a><sup id="cite_ref-io9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-io9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BIPLJ_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPLJ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但這無濟於事，「photoshop」、「photoshopped」、「photoshopping」等術語在涉及以數位方式修飾照片的一般文章和學術文章裡已經被廣泛地使用了。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="畫廊"><span id=".E7.95.AB.E5.BB.8A"></span>畫廊</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：畫廊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_-_Caricature_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="經過扭曲變形的巴拉克·歐巴馬照片。"><img alt="經過扭曲變形的巴拉克·歐巴馬照片。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Barack_Obama_-_Caricature_%282%29.jpg/143px-Barack_Obama_-_Caricature_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Barack_Obama_-_Caricature_%282%29.jpg/214px-Barack_Obama_-_Caricature_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Barack_Obama_-_Caricature_%282%29.jpg/286px-Barack_Obama_-_Caricature_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">經過扭曲變形的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="巴拉克·歐巴馬">巴拉克·歐巴馬</a>照片。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_priest.png" class="mw-file-description" title="將貓的頭合成在牧師的脖子上。"><img alt="將貓的頭合成在牧師的脖子上。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cat_priest.png/200px-Cat_priest.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cat_priest.png/300px-Cat_priest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cat_priest.png/400px-Cat_priest.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">將貓的頭合成在牧師的脖子上。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TIERRA2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="將荷包蛋與地球結合。"><img alt="將荷包蛋與地球結合。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TIERRA2.jpg/200px-TIERRA2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TIERRA2.jpg/300px-TIERRA2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TIERRA2.jpg/400px-TIERRA2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">將<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%8C%85%E8%9B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="荷包蛋">荷包蛋</a>與地球結合。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_real_me_by_Achraf_Baznani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一張用修飾照片手法創作的藝術品。"><img alt="一張用修飾照片手法創作的藝術品。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_real_me_by_Achraf_Baznani.jpg/200px-The_real_me_by_Achraf_Baznani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_real_me_by_Achraf_Baznani.jpg/300px-The_real_me_by_Achraf_Baznani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_real_me_by_Achraf_Baznani.jpg/400px-The_real_me_by_Achraf_Baznani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一張用修飾照片手法創作的藝術品。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irio_De_Paula_-_ritratto_polaroid_sx_70_di_Augusto_De_Luca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="《寶麗萊》，攝影者為奧古斯托·德·盧卡"><img alt="《寶麗萊》，攝影者為奧古斯托·德·盧卡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Irio_De_Paula_-_ritratto_polaroid_sx_70_di_Augusto_De_Luca.jpg/195px-Irio_De_Paula_-_ritratto_polaroid_sx_70_di_Augusto_De_Luca.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Irio_De_Paula_-_ritratto_polaroid_sx_70_di_Augusto_De_Luca.jpg/293px-Irio_De_Paula_-_ritratto_polaroid_sx_70_di_Augusto_De_Luca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Irio_De_Paula_-_ritratto_polaroid_sx_70_di_Augusto_De_Luca.jpg/390px-Irio_De_Paula_-_ritratto_polaroid_sx_70_di_Augusto_De_Luca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E9%BA%97%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="寶麗萊">寶麗萊</a>》，攝影者為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%9B%A7%E5%8D%A1" title="奧古斯托·德·盧卡">奧古斯托·德·盧卡</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E4%BB%99%E5%AD%90_(%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81)" title="花仙子 (攝影作品)">花仙子 (攝影作品)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="华南虎照片事件">華南虎照片事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E4%BD%8D%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="数位艺术">數位藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%8D%E7%AB%AF%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="科學不端行為">科學不端行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="来源批判">來源批判</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84%E6%8A%B9%E7%85%9E" title="記錄抹煞">記錄抹煞</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考來源"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>參考來源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：參考來源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dziamba-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dziamba_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jack Dziamba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitherthebook.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/ansel-adams-and-photography-before-photoshop/">Ansel Adams, and Photography Before Photoshop</a>. February 27, 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214162301/https://whitherthebook.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/ansel-adams-and-photography-before-photoshop/">存档</a>于2020-12-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.au=Jack+Dziamba&rft.btitle=Ansel+Adams%2C+and+Photography+Before+Photoshop&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitherthebook.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F02%2F27%2Fansel-adams-and-photography-before-photoshop%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation interview">Mia Fineman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/slide-show-what-did-we-do-before-photoshop/">Artbeat</a>. PBS Newshour. 访谈 with Tom Legro (South Florida: WPBT2). November 29, 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929210917/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/slide-show-what-did-we-do-before-photoshop/">存档</a>于2017-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=Artbeat&rft.au=Mia+Fineman&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+Newshour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fart%2Fslide-show-what-did-we-do-before-photoshop%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farid-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farid_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Farid, Hany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908155915/http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~beki/cs4001/history.pdf">Photo Tampering Throughout History</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~beki/cs4001/history.pdf/">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.aufirst=Hany&rft.aulast=Farid&rft.btitle=Photo+Tampering+Throughout+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc.gatech.edu%2F~beki%2Fcs4001%2Fhistory.pdf%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rotman, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQE0OLSIXsEC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=photograph+has+an+inherent+verisimilitude&source=bl&ots=jK-70MnrPz&sig=UBZKrOzqpvyLfuqnQLbRO2u4Gew&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3oqSs5sXKAhXEupQKHRoBD2YQ6AEINzAF#v=onepage&q=photograph%20has%20an%20inherent%20verisimilitude&f=false">Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being</a>. Duke University Press. 2008: 96–97. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0822341833" title="Special:网络书源/978-0822341833"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0822341833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.au=Rotman%2C+Brian&rft.btitle=Becoming+Beside+Ourselves%3A+The+Alphabet%2C+Ghosts%2C+and+Distributed+Human+Being&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0822341833&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQE0OLSIXsEC%26pg%3DPA96%26lpg%3DPA96%26dq%3Dphotograph%2Bhas%2Ban%2Binherent%2Bverisimilitude%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DjK-70MnrPz%26sig%3DUBZKrOzqpvyLfuqnQLbRO2u4Gew%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi3oqSs5sXKAhXEupQKHRoBD2YQ6AEINzAF%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dphotograph%2520has%2520an%2520inherent%2520verisimilitude%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmquist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmquist_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peter E. Palmquist, Thomas R. Kailbourn. Pioneer Photographers from the Mississippi to the Continental Divide: A Biographical Dictionary, 1839-1865. Stanford University Press. 2005: 55. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0804740579" title="Special:网络书源/978-0804740579"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0804740579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.au=Peter+E.+Palmquist%2C+Thomas+R.+Kailbourn&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Photographers+from+the+Mississippi+to+the+Continental+Divide%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary%2C+1839-1865&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0804740579&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">King, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commissarvanishe0000king">The Commissar Vanishes: the falsification of photographs and art in Stalin's Russia</a>. New York: Metropolitan Books. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8050-5294-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8050-5294-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8050-5294-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=The+Commissar+Vanishes%3A+the+falsification+of+photographs+and+art+in+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8050-5294-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommissarvanishe0000king&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammann-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ammann_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Daniel Ammann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iT5MZqDd5gC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=Stalin+had+Trotsky+retouched&source=bl&ots=R7OvH4WMPu&sig=-FF0xqbBolNWp_sxes4PBKdD03Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLgZT768XKAhVBzGMKHbAIDJYQ6AEIUzAK#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20had%20Trotsky%20retouched&f=false">The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich By Daniel Ammann</a>. Macmillan. 2009: 228 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1429986854" title="Special:网络书源/978-1429986854"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1429986854</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513051917/https://books.google.com/books?id=0iT5MZqDd5gC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=Stalin+had+Trotsky+retouched&source=bl&ots=R7OvH4WMPu&sig=-FF0xqbBolNWp_sxes4PBKdD03Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLgZT768XKAhVBzGMKHbAIDJYQ6AEIUzAK#v=onepage&q=Stalin%20had%20Trotsky%20retouched&f=false">存档</a>于2019-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.au=Daniel+Ammann&rft.btitle=The+King+of+Oil%3A+The+Secret+Lives+of+Marc+Rich+By+Daniel+Ammann&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1429986854&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iT5MZqDd5gC%26pg%3DPA228%26lpg%3DPA228%26dq%3DStalin%2Bhad%2BTrotsky%2Bretouched%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DR7OvH4WMPu%26sig%3D-FF0xqbBolNWp_sxes4PBKdD03Y%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiLgZT768XKAhVBzGMKHbAIDJYQ6AEIUzAK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DStalin%2520had%2520Trotsky%2520retouched%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Newseum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>The Commissar Vanishes" in The Vanishing Commissar</a>. 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Feb 27, 1950 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624134101/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812095,00.html">存档</a>于2013-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=The+Press%3A+Pastepot+Wonder&rft.date=1950-02-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C812095%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xys-reader.org/blogs/yush/?p=6664">伪华南虎照片现原形</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2008年5月13日]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%AA%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87%E7%8E%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%BD%A2&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xys-reader.org%2Fblogs%2Fyush%2F%3Fp%3D6664&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2019年3月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324233214/http://xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia8/tiger29.txt">看我，看我，再看我也不吃你！——照片背景证明那只华南虎是假的</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2008年5月13日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia8/tiger29.txt">原始内容</a>存档于2008年3月24日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E7%9C%8B%E6%88%91%EF%BC%8C%E7%9C%8B%E6%88%91%EF%BC%8C%E5%86%8D%E7%9C%8B%E6%88%91%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%83%E4%BD%A0%EF%BC%81%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E%E9%82%A3%E5%8F%AA%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E6%98%AF%E5%81%87%E7%9A%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxys.org%2Fxys%2Febooks%2Fothers%2Fscience%2Fdajia8%2Ftiger29.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/Ofvngfl4rPM/">陕西华南虎是纸老虎</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2008年5月13日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218195305/http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/Ofvngfl4rPM/">存档</a>于2007年12月18日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%99%8E%E6%98%AF%E7%BA%B8%E8%80%81%E8%99%8E&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tudou.com%2Fprograms%2Fview%2FOfvngfl4rPM%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20120817/34446014/">無恥陸媒做掉我國旗</a>. 蘋果日報. 2012-08-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127174911/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20120817/34446014">存档</a>于2012-11-27） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=%E7%84%A1%E6%81%A5+%E9%99%B8%E5%AA%92%E5%81%9A%E6%8E%89%E6%88%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appledaily.com.tw%2Fappledaily%2Farticle%2Fheadline%2F20120817%2F34446014%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Carlson, Kathryn; DeLevie, Brian; Oliva, Aude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1179176">Ethics in image manipulation</a>. 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The Reconfigured Eye: Visual Truth in the Post-Photographic Era. MIT Press. 1994 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318031208/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Mitchell/MitchellHow.html">存档</a>于2014-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=How+to+Do+Things+with+Pictures&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.btitle=The+Reconfigured+Eye%3A+Visual+Truth+in+the+Post-Photographic+Era&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fclass%2Fhistory34q%2Freadings%2FMitchell%2FMitchellHow.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fred Ritchin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/04/magazine/photography-s-new-bag-of-tricks.html?pagewanted=4">Photography's New Bag Of Tricks</a>. 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November 4, 1984 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828204653/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/04/magazine/photography-s-new-bag-of-tricks.html?pagewanted=4">存档</a>于2020-08-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.au=Fred+Ritchin&rft.btitle=Photography%27s+New+Bag+Of+Tricks&rft.date=1984-11-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F11%2F04%2Fmagazine%2Fphotography-s-new-bag-of-tricks.html%3Fpagewanted%3D4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRONXDOC-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRONXDOC_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRONXDOC_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alteredimagesbdc.org/national-geographic/">National Geographic — Altered Images</a>. Bronx Documentary Center. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122154141/http://www.alteredimagesbdc.org/national-geographic/">存档</a>于2020-11-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+%E2%80%94+Altered+Images&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bronx+Documentary+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alteredimagesbdc.org%2Fnational-geographic%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2005_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2005_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jonathan D. 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The New York Times Company. 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Boutwell, Allison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allisonlboutwell.wordpress.com/2012/02/05/photoshopapositiveandnegativeinnovation/">Photoshop: A Positive and Negative Innovation</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150726093843/https://allisonlboutwell.wordpress.com/2012/02/05/photoshopapositiveandnegativeinnovation/">存档</a>于2015-07-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft.aulast=L.+Boutwell&rft.btitle=Photoshop%3A+A+Positive+and+Negative+Innovation&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallisonlboutwell.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F02%2F05%2Fphotoshopapositiveandnegativeinnovation%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803070937/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-57721080">Influencers react to Norway photo edit law: 'Welcome honesty' or a 'shortcut'?</a>. BBC. 2021-07-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-07-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-57721080">原始内容</a>存档于2021-08-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=Influencers+react+to+Norway+photo+edit+law%3A+%27Welcome+honesty%27+or+a+%27shortcut%27%3F&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsbeat-57721080&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rodriguez, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K9RF1eCK3ccC&pg=PT127">Computer Graphic Artist</a>. Netlibrary. 2008: 163 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/81-89940-42-2" title="Special:网络书源/81-89940-42-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 81-89940-42-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329034725/http://books.google.com/books?id=K9RF1eCK3ccC&pg=PT127">存档</a>于2014-03-29）. <q>The term photoshopping is a neologism, meaning "editing an image", regardless of the program used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.btitle=Computer+Graphic+Artist&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=81-89940-42-2&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Netlibrary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK9RF1eCK3ccC%26pg%3DPT127&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Geelan, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIl5hit-RywC&pg=PA146&dq=photoshopping+intitle:Undead+intitle:Theories+intitle:Constructivism">Undead Theories: Constructivism, Eclecticism And Research in Education</a>. 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August 1, 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050315125811/http://www.macworld.com/2000/08/bc/28photoshop/">存档</a>于2005-03-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=Photoshop%3A+It%27s+Not+Just+a+Program+Anymore&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Blatner&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2F2000%2F08%2Fbc%2F28photoshop%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safari.adobepress.com/0321336585/ch02">Photoshop Essentials</a>. Graphic Design Portfolio-Builder: Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator Projects. Peachpit Press. August 15, 2005 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-30</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-321-33658-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-321-33658-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-321-33658-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323084333/http://safari.adobepress.com/0321336585/ch02">存档</a>于2008-03-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.atitle=Photoshop+Essentials&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design+Portfolio-Builder%3A+Adobe+Photoshop+and+Adobe+Illustrator+Projects&rft.date=2005-08-15&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-321-33658-3&rft.pub=Peachpit+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsafari.adobepress.com%2F0321336585%2Fch02&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Ades, Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/photomontage0000ades">Photomontage</a>. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-500-20208-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-500-20208-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-500-20208-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft.aulast=Ades&rft.btitle=Photomontage&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-500-20208-7&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphotomontage0000ades&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achraf_Baznani" class="mw-redirect" title="Achraf Baznani">Achraf Baznani</a>, <i>History of Surrealism</i>. Edilivre, France 2018, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9782414215102" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-2-414-21510-2</a></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/photoshop" class="extiw" title="wikt:photoshop">photoshop</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photo_manipulation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photo manipulation"><span style="font-weight:bold;">修飾照片</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804022639/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/research/digitaltampering/">Digital Tampering in the Media, Politics and Law</a> – a collection of digitally manipulated photos of political interest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/photo_database">Hoax Photo Gallery</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140713021418/http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/photo_database">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – more manipulated photos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pyramids.at/library/image%20manipulation.php">Erased figures in Kagemni's tomb</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200806103316/http://pyramids.at/library/image%20manipulation.php">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） — discusses political image manipulation with an example from Ancient Egypt</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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