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Chad - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>French colonial period (1900–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tombalbaye_rule_(1960–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tombalbaye_rule_(1960–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tombalbaye rule (1960–1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tombalbaye_rule_(1960–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chad's_first_civil_war_(1979–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chad's_first_civil_war_(1979–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chad's first civil war (1979–1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chad's_first_civil_war_(1979–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Largest cities, towns, and municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Internal opposition and foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Media and cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 253 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-253" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">253 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad" title="Tjad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ'אד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in North-Central Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Chad_(name)" title="Chad (name)">Chad (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chad (disambiguation)">Chad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tchad" redirects here. For the American record producer, see <a href="/wiki/Tchad_Blake" title="Tchad Blake">Tchad Blake</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Chad</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">جمهورية تشاد</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Tchad</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Chad"><img alt="Flag of Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/250px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chad" title="Flag of Chad">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Chad"><img alt="Coat of arms of Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad" title="Coat of arms of Chad"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Unité, Travail, Progrès"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li>"Unity, Work, Progress"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/La_Tchadienne" title="La Tchadienne">La Tchadienne</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">نشيد تشاد الوطني</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Arabic)</span></li><li>"The Song of Chad"</li></ul></div><div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="La_Tchadienne_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية (ar)" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français (fr)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文(繁體) (zh-hant)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Chad_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Location_Chad_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Chad_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Location_Chad_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Chad_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=12_06_19_N_15_02_41_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°06′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">15°02′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.10528°N 15.04472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.10528; 15.04472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-:religions2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:religions2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">55.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">41.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.3% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">Animism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.1% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian people">Chadian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chad" title="Politics of Chad">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary dictatorship">hereditary dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad" title="List of heads of state of Chad">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Chad" title="List of prime ministers of Chad">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allamaye_Halina" title="Allamaye Halina">Allamaye Halina</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">Bicameral Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chad" title="Senate of Chad">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Chad">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Colony</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 September 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Autonomy granted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Sovereign state </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (500,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.9</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad" title="Demographics of Chad">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19,093,595<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">66th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.4/km<sup>2</sup> (37.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $32.375 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">147th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1,806<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">179th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $12.596 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $702<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">183rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/40px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 37.4<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.394<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">189th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XAF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+01:00</span> (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">West Africa Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Chad" title="Telephone numbers in Chad">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B235" class="mw-redirect" title="+235">+235</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TD" title="ISO 3166-2:TD">TD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chad</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Chad</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Chad–Libya border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Chad–Sudan border">the east</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Chad_border" title="Central African Republic–Chad border">the south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Chad_border" title="Cameroon–Chad border">the southwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Nigeria_border" title="Chad–Nigeria border">the southwest</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Chad–Niger border">the west</a>. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>. With a total area of around 1,300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (500,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-area_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">twentieth largest nation by area</a>. </p><p>Chad has several regions: the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert in the north, an arid zone in the centre known as the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, and a more fertile <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_Savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanian Savanna">Sudanian Savanna</a> zone in the south. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, after which the country is named, is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> in Africa. Chad's official languages are <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to over 200 different <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="List of ethnic groups in Chad">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">linguistic groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Islam</a> (55.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Christianity</a> (41.1%) are the main <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">religions practiced in Chad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:religions2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:religions2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a>. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)">civil war</a> in 1965. In 1979 <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)" title="Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)">the rebels</a> conquered the capital and put an end to the South's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> defeated his rivals. The <a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chadian–Libyan conflict</a> erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention (<a href="/wiki/Operation_%C3%89pervier" title="Operation Épervier">Operation Épervier</a>). Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>. With French support, a modernisation of the <a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad National Army">Chad National Army</a> was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">Darfur crisis</a> in Sudan spilt over the border and <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">destabilised the nation</a>. Already poor, the nation struggled to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese refugees">Sudanese refugees</a> in eastern Chad. </p><p>While many political parties participated in Chad's legislature, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">National Assembly</a>, power laid firmly in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a> during the presidency of Idriss Déby, whose rule was described as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After President Déby was killed by <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad" title="Front for Change and Concord in Chad">FACT rebels</a> in April 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)" title="Transitional Military Council (Chad)">Transitional Military Council</a> led by his son <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Déby</a> assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad remains plagued by <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> and recurrent attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a>. Chad ranks the 4th lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> and is among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">poorest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">most corrupt</a> countries. Most of its inhabitants live in poverty as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad" title="Agriculture in Chad">subsistence herders and farmers</a>. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings. Chad has a poor <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chad" title="Human rights in Chad">human rights record</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">History of Chad</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7th millennium BC</a>, ecological conditions in the northern half of Chadian territory favoured human settlement, and its population increased considerably. Some of the most important <a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African archaeological</a> sites are found in Chad, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region</a>; some date to earlier than 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/220px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/330px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/440px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption>Group of Kanem-Bu warriors. The <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> controlled almost all of what is today Chad</figcaption></figure> <p>For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> people. The region became a crossroads of civilisations. The earliest of these was the legendary <a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao</a>, known from artifacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the <a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lange88_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. Two other states in the region, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Sultanate of Bagirmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai Empire</a>, emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> routes that passed through the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These states, at least tacitly <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Muslim</a>, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kanem, about a third of the population were slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)"><span id="French_colonial_period_.281900.E2.80.931960.29"></span>French colonial period (1900–1960)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">French Chad</a></div> <p>French colonial expansion led to the creation of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad</i></span> in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Chad">French rule in Chad</a> was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation compared to other French colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a> of the south was governed effectively; French presence in the Islamic north and east was nominal. The educational system was affected by this neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French administration's focus on cotton led to the formation of a precarious underclass of poorly-paid rural workers, a decrease in food production and even to <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-lemarchand_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemarchand-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions between farmers and elites culminated in the 1952 <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9balem_massacre" title="Bébalem massacre">Bébalem massacre</a> by colonial authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/250px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/330px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/500px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>A Chadian soldier fighting for <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The Free French Forces included 15,000 soldiers from Chad<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, France granted Chad the status of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas territory</a> and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">Chadian assembly</a>. The largest political party was the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Progressive_Party" title="Chadian Progressive Party">Chadian Progressive Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti Progressiste Tchadien</i>, PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with the PPT's leader, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a>, as its first <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state of Chad">president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tombalbaye_rule_(1960–1979)"><span id="Tombalbaye_rule_.281960.E2.80.931979.29"></span>Tombalbaye rule (1960–1979)</h3></div> <p>Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated inter-ethnic tensions. In 1965, Muslims in the north, led by the <a href="/wiki/FROLINAT" title="FROLINAT">National Liberation Front of Chad</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Front de libération nationale du Tchad</i>, FRONILAT), began a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)" title="Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)">civil war</a>. Tombalbaye was <a href="/wiki/1975_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Chadian coup d'état">overthrown and killed</a> in 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions led by <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> took the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chad's_first_civil_war_(1979–1987)"><span id="Chad.27s_first_civil_war_.281979.E2.80.931987.29"></span>Chad's first civil war (1979–1987)</h3></div> <p>The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> moved to fill the power vacuum and became <a href="/wiki/Chadian-Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian-Libyan conflict">involved in Chad's civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libya's adventure <a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">ended in disaster</a> in 1987; the French-supported president, <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a>, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)"><span id="Dictatorship_of_Habr.C3.A9_.281987.E2.80.931990.29"></span>Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)</h3></div> <p>Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence with thousands of people estimated to have been killed under his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president favoured his own <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a> ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a>. His general, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>, overthrew him in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to prosecute Habré led to his placement under house arrest in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> in 2005; in 2013, Habré was formally charged with war crimes committed during his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2016, he was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)"><span id="D.C3.A9by_lineage_.26_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_.281990.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/250px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/330px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/340px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Despite internal political opposition, coup attempts, and a civil war, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> continuously ruled Chad from 1990 until his death in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politics. Chadians approved a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">new constitution</a> by <a href="/wiki/1996_Chadian_constitutional_referendum" title="1996 Chadian constitutional referendum">referendum</a>, and in 1996, Déby easily won a <a href="/wiki/Chadian_presidential_election,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian presidential election, 1996">competitive presidential election</a>. He won a <a href="/wiki/Chadian_presidential_election,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian presidential election, 2001">second term</a> five years later.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would, at last, have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Chad_(2005%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Chad (2005–present)">new civil war</a> broke out. Déby <a href="/wiki/Chadian_constitutional_referendum,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian constitutional referendum, 2005">unilaterally modified the constitution</a> to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006 Déby won <a href="/wiki/Chadian_presidential_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian presidential election, 2006">a third mandate</a> in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> has warned that a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> like that in <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur</a> may yet occur in Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2006)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2006)">In 2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2008)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2008)">in 2008</a> rebel forces attempted to take the capital by force, but failed on both occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement for the restoration of harmony between Chad and Sudan, signed 15 January 2010, marked the end of a five-year war.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fix in relations led to the Chadian rebels from Sudan returning home, the opening of the border between the two countries after seven years of closure, and the deployment of a joint force to secure the border. In May 2013, security forces in Chad foiled a coup against President <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> that had been in preparation for several months.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad is one of the leading partners in a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">West African coalition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">fight</a> against <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> and other Islamist militants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad's army announced the death of Déby on 20 April 2021, following an <a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">incursion</a> in the northern region by the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad" title="Front for Change and Concord in Chad">FACT</a> group, during which the president was killed amid fighting on the front lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Déby's son, <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">General Mahamat Idriss Déby</a>, has been named interim president by a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)" title="Transitional Military Council (Chad)">Transitional Council of military officers</a>. That transitional council has replaced the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">Constitution</a> with a new charter, granting Mahamat Déby the powers of the presidency and naming him head of the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 May 2024, Mahamat Idriss Déby was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Chad">President of Chad</a> after the disputed 6 May <a href="/wiki/2024_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2024 Chadian presidential election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Geography of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/170px-Chad_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/255px-Chad_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/340px-Chad_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Chad is divided into three distinct zones, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a> in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> in the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Sahelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian">Sahelian</a> belt in the centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Chad is a large landlocked country spanning north-central <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It covers an area of 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-area_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/7th_parallel_north" title="7th parallel north">7°</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24°N</a>, and <a href="/wiki/13th_meridian_east" title="13th meridian east">13°</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_meridian_east" title="24th meridian east">24°E</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">twentieth-largest country</a> in the world. Chad is, by size, slightly smaller than <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and slightly larger than South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad is bounded to the north by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, to the west by <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, and to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>. The country's capital is 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) from the nearest seaport, <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>, Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this distance from the sea and the country's largely <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> climate, Chad is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Emi Koussi</a>, a dormant <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201 ft) above sea level. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, after which the country is named (and which in turn takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a> word for "lake"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is the remains of an immense lake that occupied 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a> 7,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in the 21st century it covers only 17,806 square kilometres (6,875 sq mi), and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lake is Africa's second largest wetland.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_flooded_savanna" title="Lake Chad flooded savanna">Lake Chad flooded savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="East Saharan montane xeric woodlands">East Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="South Saharan steppe and woodlands">South Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibesti-Jebel_Uweinat_montane_xeric_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands">Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes make it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers—the <a href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logone_River" title="Logone River">Logone</a> and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each year a tropical weather system known as the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">intertropical front</a> crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones. The <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under 50 millimetres (2.0 in); only occasional spontaneous palm groves survive, all of them south of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sahara gives way to a <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> belt in Chad's centre; precipitation there varies from 300 to 600 mm (11.8 to 23.6 in) per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacias</a>) gradually gives way to the south to <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a> in Chad's <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudanese</a> zone. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900 mm (35.4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Chad" title="Wildlife of Chad">Wildlife of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/250px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/330px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/500px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the date-palm groves of the oasis. Palms and <a href="/wiki/Acacia_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia tree">acacia trees</a> grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. As of 2002,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were at least 134 species of mammals, 509 species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants), and over 1,600 species of plants throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flora_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flora-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, and many species of <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> are found here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LTQ_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTQ-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant poaching</a>, particularly in the south of the country in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Zakouma_National_Park" title="Zakouma National Park">Zakouma National Park</a>, is a severe problem. The small group of surviving <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">West African crocodiles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a> represents one of the last colonies known in the Sahara today.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chad <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 3% of the total land area, equivalent to 4,313,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 6,730,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 4,293,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 19,800 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.18/10, ranking it 83rd globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extensive deforestation has resulted in loss of trees such as acacias, baobab, dates and palm trees. This has also caused loss of natural habitat for wild animals; one of the main reasons for this is also hunting and livestock farming by increasing human settlements. Populations of animals like lions, leopards and rhino have fallen significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts have been made by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> to improve relations between farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, and Aouk reserve in southeastern Chad to promote sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the national conservation effort, more than 1.2 million trees have been replanted to check the advancement of the desert, which incidentally also helps the local economy by way of financial return from acacia trees, which produce <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>, and also from fruit trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poaching is a serious problem in the country, particularly of elephants for the profitable <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> industry and a threat to lives of rangers even in the national parks such as Zakouma. Elephants are often massacred in herds in and around the parks by organized poaching.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem is worsened by the fact that the parks are understaffed and that a number of wardens have been murdered by poachers.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad" title="Demographics of Chad">Demographics of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/250px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/330px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/500px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a> nomads in the <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Mountains</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Chad's national statistical agency projected the country's 2015 population between 13,630,252 and 13,679,203, with 13,670,084 as its medium projection; based on the medium projection, 3,212,470 people lived in urban areas and 10,457,614 people lived in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-INSEEDproj_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEEDproj-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's population is young: an estimated 47% is under 15. The birth rate is estimated at 42.35 births per 1,000 people, and the mortality rate at 16.69. The life expectancy is 52 years.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency assessed the population as at mid 2017 at 15,775,400, of whom just over 1.5 million were in N'Djaména. </p><p>Chad's population is unevenly distributed. Density is 0.1/km<sup>2</sup> (0.26/sq mi) in the Saharan <a href="/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region</a> but 52.4/km<sup>2</sup> (136/sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Logone_Occidental_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Logone Occidental Region">Logone Occidental Region</a>. In the capital, it is even higher.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of the nation's population lives in the southern fifth of its territory, making this the most densely populated region.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban life is concentrated in the capital, whose population is mostly engaged in commerce. The other major towns are <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doba,_Chad" title="Doba, Chad">Doba</a>, which are considerably smaller but growing rapidly in population and economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2003, 230,000 <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Chad" title="Sudanese refugees in Chad">Sudanese refugees</a> have fled to eastern Chad from war-ridden Darfur. With the 172,600 Chadians displaced by the civil war in the east, this has generated increased tensions among the region's communities.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. This is sanctioned by law, which automatically permits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although violence against women is prohibited, domestic violence is common. <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital cutting">Female genital mutilation</a> is also prohibited, but the practice is widespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45% of Chadian women undergo the procedure, with the highest rates among <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadjarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadjarai">Hadjarai</a>, and Ouaddaians (90% or more). Lower percentages were reported among the <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a> (38%) and the <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">Toubou</a> (2%). Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Although property and inheritance laws based on the French code do not discriminate against women, local leaders adjudicate most inheritance cases in favour of men, according to traditional practice.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities"><span id="Largest_cities.2C_towns.2C_and_municipalities"></span>Largest cities, towns, and municipalities</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cities of Chad </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank</th> <th rowspan="2">City</th> <th colspan="2">Population</th> <th rowspan="2">Region </th></tr> <tr> <th>1993 Census<sup id="cite_ref-auto_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2009 Census<sup id="cite_ref-auto_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></td> <td align="right">530,965</td> <td align="right">951,418</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a></td> <td align="right">99,530</td> <td align="right">137,251</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Occidental_(region)" title="Logone Occidental (region)">Logone Occidental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a></td> <td align="right">54,628</td> <td align="right">97,963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouaddaï Region">Ouaddaï</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a></td> <td align="right">75,496</td> <td align="right">97,224</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moyen-Chari_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen-Chari Region">Moyen-Chari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kélo">Kélo</a></td> <td align="right">31,319</td> <td align="right">57,859</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandjilé Region">Tandjilé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Am Timan</a></td> <td align="right">21,269</td> <td align="right">52,270</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salamat_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamat Region">Salamat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doba,_Chad" title="Doba, Chad">Doba</a></td> <td align="right">17,920</td> <td align="right">49,647</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Oriental_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Logone Oriental Region">Logone Oriental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Chad" title="Pala, Chad">Pala</a></td> <td align="right">26,116</td> <td align="right">49,461</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayo-Kebbi Ouest">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongor" title="Bongor">Bongor</a></td> <td align="right">20,448</td> <td align="right">44,578</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est" title="Mayo-Kebbi Est">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goz_Be%C3%AFda" title="Goz Beïda">Goz Beïda</a></td> <td align="right">3,083</td> <td align="right">41,248</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sila_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sila Region">Sila</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 2024 Global Hunger Index, Chad ranks 125th out of the 127 countries with sufficient data to calculate 2024 GHI scores, having a score of 36.4.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Ethnic groups in Chad">Ethnic groups in Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/220px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/330px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/440px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Mboum girls dancing in Chad</figcaption></figure> <p>The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups,<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. Nevertheless, Chad's people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south live sedentary people such as the <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a>, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social unit</a> is the lineage. In the Sahel, sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. The north is inhabited by nomads, mostly <a href="/wiki/Toubous" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubous">Toubous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Languages of Chad</a></div> <p>Chad's official languages are <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, but over 100 languages are spoken. The <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> gets its name from Chad, and is represented by dozens of languages native to the country. Chad is also home to <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maban_languages" title="Maban languages">Maban</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> languages. </p><p>Due to the important role played by itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in local communities, <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian Arabic</a> has become a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Religion in Chad</a></div> <p>Chad is a religiously diverse country. Various estimates, including from <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> in 2010, found that 52–58% of the population was Muslim, while 39–44% were Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 22% being Catholic and a further 17% being Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Christians_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Christians-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Muslims-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2012 Pew Research survey, 48% of Muslim Chadians professed to be <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, 21% <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and 23% <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslim</a>. Islam is expressed in diverse ways; for example, 55% of Muslim Chadians belong to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">orders</a>. Its most common expression is the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyah">Tijaniyah</a>, an order followed by the 35% of Chadian Muslims which incorporates some local African religious elements.<sup id="cite_ref-pew128_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew128-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">ARDA</a> estimated the vast majority of Muslims Chadians to be Sunni belonging to the Sufi brotherhood Tijaniyah.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small minority of the country's Muslims (5–10%) hold more fundamentalist practices, which, in some cases, may be associated with Saudi-oriented <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> </p> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Chad</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> 55.1 (53.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Blue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 41.1 (40.0%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Gray;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">No Religion</a> 2.4 (2.34%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Red;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Animism</a> 4 (3.89%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:purple;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Others 0.1 (0.10%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:purple;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Others 0.1 (0.10%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:Green;color:#000" title="Islam 55.1 (53.7%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.037turn)" title="Islam 55.1 (53.7%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.537turn)" title="Christianity 41.1 (40.0%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.687turn)" title="Christianity 41.1 (40.0%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.937turn); background:Gray;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 14.55277465% 0%, 0 100%)" title="No Religion 2.4 (2.34%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.960turn); background:Red;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 25.00696627% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Animism 4 (3.89%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> represent the largest Christian denomination in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Protestants, including the Nigeria-based "Winners' Chapel", are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> religious communities also are present in the country. Both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small proportion of the population continues to practice indigenous religions. <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a> arrived in Chad with the French and American missionaries; as with Chadian Islam, it <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretises</a> aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Religion in Chad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cia_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pew_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:57%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:39%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">39%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">None</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Folk</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad" title="Freedom of religion in Chad">Other</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Muslims are largely concentrated in northern and eastern Chad, and animists and Christians live primarily in southern Chad and <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guéra Region">Guéra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Muslims also reside in southern Chad but the Christian presence in the north is minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communities generally co-exist without problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad is home to foreign missionaries representing both <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and Islamic groups. Itinerant <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> preachers, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, also visit. Saudi Arabian funding generally supports social and educational projects and extensive mosque construction.<sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Educators</a> face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68 percent of boys attend primary school, and more than half of the population is illiterate. <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Chad" title="List of universities in Chad">Higher education</a> is provided at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_N%27Djamena" title="University of N'Djamena">University of N'Djamena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 33 percent, Chad has one of the lowest literacy rates of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>'s Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Chad reported that school attendance of children aged 5 to 14 was as low as 39%. This can also be related to the issue of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> as the report also stated that 53% of children aged 5 to 14 were working, and that 30% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school. A more recent DOL <a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">report</a> listed cattle herding as a major agricultural activity that employed underage children.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chad" title="Politics of Chad">Politics of Chad</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/220px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/330px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/440px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election</figcaption></figure> <p>Chad's constitution provides for a strong executive branch headed by a president who dominates the political system. The president has the power to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Chad">prime minister</a> and the cabinet, and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and heads of Chad's para-statal firms.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">National Assembly</a>, may declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. The president is <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chad" title="Elections in Chad">directly elected</a> by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005, constitutional term limits were removed,<sup id="cite_ref-Term2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Term2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing a president to remain in power beyond the previous two-term limit.<sup id="cite_ref-Term2_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Term2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Déby's key advisers are members of the Zaghawa ethnic group, although southern and opposition personalities are represented in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chad" title="Government of Chad">government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad's legal system is based on <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French civil law</a> and Chadian customary law where the latter does not interfere with public order or constitutional guarantees of equality. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. The legal system's highest jurisdictions, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Chad" title="Supreme Court of Chad">Supreme Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of Chad">Constitutional Council</a>, have become fully operational since 2000. The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice, named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. The Constitutional Court is headed by nine judges elected to nine-year terms. It has the power to review legislation, treaties and international agreements prior to their adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 155 members elected for four-year terms who meet three times per year. The Assembly holds regular sessions twice a year and can hold special sessions when called by the prime minister. Deputies elect a National Assembly president every two years. The president must sign or reject newly passed laws within 15 days. The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's plan of government and may force the prime minister to resign through a majority vote of no confidence. However, if the National Assembly rejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, the president may disband the Assembly and call for new legislative elections. In practice, the president exercises considerable influence over the National Assembly through his party, the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a> (MPS), which holds a large majority.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the legalisation of opposition parties in 1992, Déby's MPS was the sole legal party in Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chad" title="List of political parties in Chad">78 registered political parties</a> have become active.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisations supported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed Déby to stand for re-election for a third term<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent media outlets during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondents judged the 2006 presidential elections a mere formality, as the opposition deemed the polls a farce and boycotted them.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fund_for_Peace" title="Fund for Peace">Fund for Peace</a> (FFP). Chad had the seventh-highest rank in the <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption is rife at all levels; <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> for 2021 ranked Chad 164th among the 180 countries listed.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of former President Déby had accused him of <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tribe_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribe-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In southern Chad, bitter conflicts over land are becoming more common. They frequently turn violent. Long-standing community culture is being eroded – and so are the livelihoods of many farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-D+C_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D+C-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Longtime Chad President <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>'s death on 20 April 2021 resulted in both the nation's National Assembly and government being dissolved and national leadership being replaced with a transitional military council consisting of military officers and led by his son <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Kaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newgovernment_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newgovernment-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newgvernment2021_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newgvernment2021-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution is currently suspended, pending replacement with one drafted by a civilian National Transitional Council, yet to be appointed. The military council has stated that elections will be held at the end of an 18-month transitional period.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (February 2025)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> According to 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Chad is 16th lowest ranked electoral democracy worldwide and 4th lowest ranked <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">electoral democracy in Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations">Internal opposition and foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chad" title="Foreign relations of Chad">Foreign relations of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Chad_(Washington,_D.C.).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/220px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/330px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/440px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Chad_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Déby faced armed opposition from groups who are deeply divided by leadership clashes but were united in their intention to overthrow him.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2006)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2006)">stormed the capital</a> on 13 April 2006, but were ultimately repelled. Chad's greatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 soldiers in the country. Déby relied on the French to help repel the rebels, and France gives the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian army">Chadian army</a> logistical and intelligence support for fear of a complete collapse of regional stability.<sup id="cite_ref-PINR_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PINR-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Franco-Chadian relations were soured by the granting of oil drilling rights to the American <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon</a> company in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2025, the French military handed over its last base in Chad to the Chadian military, ending its presence in the country, which it had since 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been numerous rebel groups in Chad throughout the last few decades. In 2007, a peace treaty was signed that integrated <a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_Democratic_Change" title="United Front for Democratic Change">United Front for Democratic Change</a> soldiers into the Chadian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Democracy_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad">Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad</a> also clashed with government forces in 2003 in an attempt to overthrow President <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>. In addition, there have been various conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> rebels in eastern Chad, who killed civilians by use of <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_gunship" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter gunship">helicopter gunships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Resistance_Forces" title="Union of Resistance Forces">Union of Resistance Forces</a> (UFR) are a rebel group that continues to battle with the government of Chad. In 2010, the UFR reportedly had a force estimating 6,000 men and 300 vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UAE foreign <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a> was inaugurated in the Chadian city of Amdjarass on 3 August 2023. The UAE's continuous efforts to provide assistance to the Chadian people and support endeavors to provide <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> and relief aid through the UAE's humanitarian institutions to Sudanese refugees in Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad National Army">Chad National Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_(50111204252).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_%2850111204252%29.jpg/220px-Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_%2850111204252%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_%2850111204252%29.jpg/330px-Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_%2850111204252%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_%2850111204252%29.jpg/440px-Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_%2850111204252%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024" /></a><figcaption>Chadian soldiers at the Flintlock 2020 exercise in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, organized by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Africa_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Africa Command">U.S. Africa Command</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2024 Chad was estimated to have 33,250 active military personnel, including 27,500 in the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Ground_Forces" title="Chadian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a>, 350 in the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Air_Force" title="Chadian Air Force">Air Force</a>, and 5,400 in the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_the_Security_Services_of_State_Institutions" title="General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions">General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions</a> (DGSSIE). There are also 4,500 in the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_National_Gendarmerie" title="Chadian National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a> and 7,400 in the <a href="/wiki/National_and_Nomadic_Guard" title="National and Nomadic Guard">National and Nomadic Guard</a>. The Ground Forces are organized into seven military regions and twelve battalions, including one armored, seven infantry, one artillery, and three logistical. Chad is a member of the <a href="/wiki/G5_Sahel" title="G5 Sahel">G5 Sahel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">Multinational Joint Task Force</a>, which were formed to fight against Islamic insurgent groups in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-IISS2024_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS2024-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has contributed troops to the <a href="/wiki/MINUSMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MINUSMA">MINUSMA</a> mission in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> before it was dissolved. As of 2023, its last year in the mission, 1,449 Chadian soldiers were deployed there.<sup id="cite_ref-IISS2023_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS2023-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> has been Chad's main security partner for years, including in training the Chadian military.<sup id="cite_ref-IISS2023_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS2023-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad ended its military cooperation agreement with France in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CIA World Factbook estimates the military budget of Chad to be 4.2% of GDP as of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the then GDP ($7.095 bln) of the country, military spending was estimated to be about $300 million. This estimate however dropped after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Chad_(2005%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Chad (2005–2010)">Civil war in Chad (2005–2010)</a> to 2.0%<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as estimated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> for 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Chad" title="Provinces of Chad">Provinces of Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Chad" title="Departments of Chad">Departments of Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Chad" title="Sub-prefectures of Chad">Sub-prefectures of Chad</a></div> <p>Since 2012 Chad has been divided into <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Chad">23 regions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statoids_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statoids-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subdivision of Chad in regions came about in 2003 as part of the decentralisation process, when the government abolished the previous <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Chad" title="Prefectures of Chad">14 prefectures</a>. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Prefects administer the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Chad" title="Departments of Chad">61 departments</a> within the regions.<sup id="cite_ref-circonscritions_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circonscritions-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The departments are divided into <a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Chad" title="Sub-prefectures of Chad">200 sub-prefectures</a>, which are in turn composed of 446 cantons.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by <i>communautés rurales</i>, but the legal and regulatory framework has not yet been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-WB1_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB1-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to play an active role in their own development.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, the constitution declares that each administrative subdivision be governed by elected local assemblies,<sup id="cite_ref-decentralisation_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decentralisation-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no local elections have taken place,<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communal elections scheduled for 2005 have been repeatedly postponed.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Pop'n<br />(2009) </th> <th>Pop'n<br /> <p>(1 July 2023) </p> </th> <th>Est. Area <br /> (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Departments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batha_(region)" title="Batha (region)">Batha</a></td> <td align="right">488,458</td> <td align="right">748,395</td> <td align="right">93,732</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ati,_Chad" title="Ati, Chad">Ati</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batha_Est" title="Batha Est">Batha Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batha_Ouest" title="Batha Ouest">Batha Ouest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitri_Department" title="Fitri Department">Fitri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chari-Baguirmi_(region)" title="Chari-Baguirmi (region)">Chari-Baguirmi</a></td> <td align="right">578,425</td> <td align="right">884,924</td> <td align="right">47,226</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massenya" title="Massenya">Massenya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baguirmi_Department" title="Baguirmi Department">Baguirmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chari_Department" title="Chari Department">Chari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loug_Chari" title="Loug Chari">Loug Chari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadjer-Lamis_(region)" title="Hadjer-Lamis (region)">Hadjer-Lamis</a></td> <td align="right">566,858</td> <td align="right">870,231</td> <td align="right">31,376</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massakory" title="Massakory">Massakory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dababa" title="Dababa">Dababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagana_Department,_Chad" title="Dagana Department, Chad">Dagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haraze_Al_Biar" title="Haraze Al Biar">Haraze Al Biar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Fira_(region)" title="Wadi Fira (region)">Wadi Fira</a></td> <td align="right">508,383</td> <td align="right">792,394</td> <td align="right">56,362</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biltine,_Chad" title="Biltine, Chad">Biltine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biltine_Department" title="Biltine Department">Biltine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_Tama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar Tama">Dar Tama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kob%C3%A9" title="Kobé">Kobé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Gazel_(region_of_Chad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr el Gazel (region of Chad)">Bahr el Gazel</a></td> <td align="right">257,267</td> <td align="right">407,256</td> <td align="right">58,525</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moussoro" title="Moussoro">Moussoro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barh_El_Gazel_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Barh El Gazel Nord">Barh El Gazel Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barh_El_Gazel_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Barh El Gazel Sud">Barh El Gazel Sud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borkou_(region_of_Chad)" title="Borkou (region of Chad)">Borkou</a></td> <td align="right">93,584</td> <td align="right">154,865</td> <td align="right">271,513</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faya-Largeau" title="Faya-Largeau">Faya-Largeau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borkou_Department" title="Borkou Department">Borkou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borkou_Yala" title="Borkou Yala">Borkou Yala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ennedi-Est_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennedi-Est (region)">Ennedi-Est</a></td> <td align="right">107,302</td> <td align="right">175,321</td> <td align="right">81,696</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amdjarass_(city)" title="Amdjarass (city)">Am-Djarass</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am-Djarass_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Am-Djarass (department)">Am-Djarass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hawar" title="Wadi Hawar">Wadi Hawar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ennedi-Ouest_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennedi-Ouest (region)">Ennedi-Ouest</a></td> <td align="right">60,617</td> <td align="right">109,753</td> <td align="right">117,686</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fada,_Chad" title="Fada, Chad">Fada</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fada_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fada Department (page does not exist)">Fada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourtcha" title="Mourtcha">Mourtcha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guéra (region)">Guéra</a></td> <td align="right">538,359</td> <td align="right">824,161</td> <td align="right">62,678</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongo,_Chad" title="Mongo, Chad">Mongo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abtouyour" title="Abtouyour">Abtouyour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barh_Signaka" title="Barh Signaka">Barh Signaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Guéra Department">Guéra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalm%C3%A9_(department)" title="Mangalmé (department)">Mangalmé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanem_(region)" title="Kanem (region)">Kanem</a></td> <td align="right">333,387</td> <td align="right">505,839</td> <td align="right">70,516</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao,_Chad" title="Mao, Chad">Mao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Department">Kanem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nord_Kanem" title="Nord Kanem">Nord Kanem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Bissam" title="Wadi Bissam">Wadi Bissam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac (region)">Lac</a></td> <td align="right">331,496</td> <td align="right">509,258</td> <td align="right">20,543</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bol,_Chad" title="Bol, Chad">Bol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamdi_Department" title="Mamdi Department">Mamdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayi" title="Wayi">Wayi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Occidental_(region)" title="Logone Occidental (region)">Logone Occidental</a></td> <td align="right">689,044</td> <td align="right">1,053,958</td> <td align="right">8,969</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodj%C3%A9" title="Dodjé">Dodjé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ni" title="Guéni">Guéni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lac_Wey_Department" title="Lac Wey Department">Lac Wey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngourkosso" title="Ngourkosso">Ngourkosso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logone_Oriental_(region)" title="Logone Oriental (region)">Logone Oriental</a></td> <td align="right">779,339</td> <td align="right">1,184,567</td> <td align="right">24,119</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doba,_Chad" title="Doba, Chad">Doba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Nya" class="mw-redirect" title="La Nya">La Nya</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Nya_Pend%C3%A9" title="La Nya Pendé">La Nya Pendé</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Pend%C3%A9" title="La Pendé">La Pendé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouh-Est" title="Kouh-Est">Kouh-Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouh-Ouest" title="Kouh-Ouest">Kouh-Ouest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monts_de_Lam" title="Monts de Lam">Monts de Lam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandoul_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandoul Region">Mandoul</a></td> <td align="right">628,065</td> <td align="right">1,002,346</td> <td align="right">17,761</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koumra" title="Koumra">Koumra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barh_Sara" title="Barh Sara">Barh Sara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandoul_Occidental" title="Mandoul Occidental">Mandoul Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandoul_Oriental" title="Mandoul Oriental">Mandoul Oriental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est" title="Mayo-Kebbi Est">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a></td> <td align="right">774,782</td> <td align="right">1,179,260</td> <td align="right">18,458</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongor" title="Bongor">Bongor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabbia" title="Kabbia">Kabbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Boneye" title="Mayo-Boneye">Mayo-Boneye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Lemie" title="Mayo Lemie">Mayo-Lémié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_d%27Illi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont d'Illi">Mont d'Illi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest_Region" title="Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a></td> <td align="right">564,470</td> <td align="right">858,593</td> <td align="right">12,787</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Chad" title="Pala, Chad">Pala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lac_L%C3%A9r%C3%A9_Department" title="Lac Léré Department">Lac Léré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Dallah" title="Mayo-Dallah">Mayo-Dallah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moyen-Chari_(region)" title="Moyen-Chari (region)">Moyen-Chari</a></td> <td align="right">588,008</td> <td align="right">902,311</td> <td align="right">42,307</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barh_K%C3%B6h" class="mw-redirect" title="Barh Köh">Barh Kôh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grande_Sido" title="Grande Sido">Grande Sido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lac_Iro_Department" title="Lac Iro Department">Lac Iro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouaddaï Region">Ouaddaï</a></td> <td align="right">721,166</td> <td align="right">1,102,467</td> <td align="right">30,790</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Department" title="Abdi Department">Abdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assoungha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assoungha">Assoungha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouara_Department" title="Ouara Department">Ouara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salamat_(region)" title="Salamat (region)">Salamat</a></td> <td align="right">302,301</td> <td align="right">470,256</td> <td align="right">69,631</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Am Timan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aboude%C3%AFa_Department" title="Aboudeïa Department">Aboudeïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barh_Azoum" title="Barh Azoum">Barh Azoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haraze_Mangueigne_Department" title="Haraze Mangueigne Department">Haraze-Mangueigne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sila_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sila Region">Sila</a></td> <td align="right">387,461</td> <td align="right">591,300</td> <td align="right">36,745</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goz_Be%C3%AFda" title="Goz Beïda">Goz Beïda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djourf_Al_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Djourf Al Ahmar">Djourf Al Ahmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimiti" title="Kimiti">Kimiti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_(region)" title="Tandjilé (region)">Tandjilé</a></td> <td align="right">661,906</td> <td align="right">1,007,812</td> <td align="right">17,891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AF" title="Laï">Laï</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_Est" title="Tandjilé Est">Tandjilé Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9_Ouest" title="Tandjilé Ouest">Tandjilé Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibesti Region">Tibesti</a></td> <td align="right">25,483</td> <td align="right">52,626</td> <td align="right">135,896</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barda%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardaï">Bardaï</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Est" title="Tibesti Est">Tibesti Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Ouest" title="Tibesti Ouest">Tibesti Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> (capital)</td> <td align="right">951,418</td> <td align="right">1,434,592</td> <td align="right">408</td> <td>N'Djamena</td> <td>10 <i>dawāʾir</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement#Nations_of_Africa" title="Arrondissement">arrondissements</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Economy of Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad" title="Agriculture in Chad">Agriculture in Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Chad" title="Petroleum industry in Chad">Petroleum industry in Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development of Chad, since 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> ranks Chad as the seventh poorest country in the world, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line. The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>) per capita was estimated as <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,651 in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad is part of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States" title="Bank of Central African States">Bank of Central African States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Customs_and_Economic_Union_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa">Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa</a> (UDEAC) and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/OHADA" title="OHADA">OHADA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad's currency is the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">CFA franc</a>. In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Chad" title="Mining industry of Chad">mining industry of Chad</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, or natron. There have also been reports of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>-bearing quartz in the <a href="/wiki/Biltine_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Biltine Prefecture">Biltine Prefecture</a>. However, years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000, major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting the country's economic prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/250px-Mao_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/330px-Mao_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/440px-Mao_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Women in <a href="/wiki/Mao,_Chad" title="Mao, Chad">Mao</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Utilities_in_Chad" title="Utilities in Chad">water</a> is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uneven inclusion in the global political economy as a site for colonial resource extraction (primarily cotton and crude oil), a global economic system that does not promote nor encourage the development of Chadian industrialisation,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the failure to support local agricultural production has meant that the majority of Chadians live in daily uncertainty and hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crops grown and the locations of herds are determined by the local climate. In the southernmost 10% of the territory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with rich yields of <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow, and with much lower yields than in the south. On the other hand, the Sahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercial cattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. The Sahara's scattered <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> support only some dates and legumes.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad's cities face serious difficulties of municipal infrastructure; only 48% of urban residents have access to potable water and only 2% to basic sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB1_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB1-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton remains a primary export, although exact figures are not available. Rehabilitation of <a href="/wiki/Cotontchad" title="Cotontchad">Cotontchad</a>, a major cotton company weakened by a decline in world cotton prices, has been financed by France, the Netherlands, the European Union, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD). The <a href="/wiki/Parastatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastatal">parastatal</a> is now expected to be privatised.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than cotton, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> are dominant. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, Chad has been affected by a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a> since at least 2001. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the country of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> region, over 55,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, as well as over 170,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2008 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2008)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2008)">Battle of N'Djamena</a>, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs <a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(British_diplomat)" title="John Holmes (British diplomat)">John Holmes</a> expressed "extreme concern" that the crisis would have a negative effect on the ability of humanitarians to deliver life-saving assistance to half a million beneficiaries, most of whom – according to him – heavily rely on humanitarian aid for their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Giuliano" title="Maurizio Giuliano">Maurizio Giuliano</a> stated to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>: "If we do not manage to provide aid at sufficient levels, the humanitarian crisis might become a humanitarian catastrophe".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> have suspended activities due to killings of aid workers.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad has made some progress in reducing poverty, there was a decline in the national poverty rate from 55% to 47% between 2003 and 2011. However, the number of poor people increased from 4.7 million (2011) to 6.5 million (2019) in absolute numbers. By 2018, 4.2 out of 10 people still live below the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/220px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/330px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/440px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chad" title="Transport in Chad">Transport in Chad</a></div> <p>Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Chad: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli-Cape Town Highway">Tripoli-Cape Town Highway</a> (3)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Dakar-Ndjamena_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Ndjamena Highway">Dakar-Ndjamena Highway</a> (5)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ndjamena-Djibouti_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway">Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway</a> (6)</li></ul> <p>Civil war crippled the development of <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chad" title="Transport in Chad">transport infrastructure</a>; in 1987, Chad had only 30 kilometres (19 mi) of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 550 kilometres (340 mi) by 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of Chadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geography_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geography-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Chad had an estimated 59 airports, only 9 of which had paved runways.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-WFB_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-WFB-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena_International_Airport" title="N'Djamena International Airport">international airport</a> serves the capital and provides regular nonstop flights to Paris and several African cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Chad" title="Energy in Chad">Energy in Chad</a></div> <p>Chad's energy sector has had years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society (STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> leads a consortium of <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> that has invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the <a href="/wiki/Chad-Cameroon_Petroleum_Development_and_Pipeline_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project">completion of a pipeline</a> (financed in part by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_81-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OECD_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 July 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the Government of Chad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Telecommunications in Chad</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Chad">telecommunication system</a> is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company <a href="/wiki/SotelTchad" title="SotelTchad">SotelTchad</a>. In 2000, there were only 14 fixed telephone lines per 10,000 inhabitants in the country, one of the lowest telephone densities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Communications" title="Gateway Communications">Gateway Communications</a>, a pan-African wholesale connectivity and telecommunications provider also has a presence in Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2013, Chad's Ministry for Posts and Information & Communication Technologies (PNTIC) announced that the country will be seeking a partner for <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> technology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (February 2025)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chad is ranked last in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2010 the mobile phone penetration rate was estimated at 24.3% over a population estimate of 10.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <p>Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. The Chadian government has actively promoted Chadian culture and national traditions by opening the <a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Museum" title="Chad National Museum">Chad National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chad_Cultural_Centre" title="Chad Cultural Centre">Chad Cultural Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Chad" title="Public holidays in Chad">national holidays</a> are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include the Christian holiday of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a> and the Muslim holidays of <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Eid Milad Nnabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/250px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/330px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/500px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Chad">Cuisine of Chad</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> is the staple food of <a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian cuisine</a>. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north this dish is known as <i>alysh</i>; in the south, as <i>biya</i>. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as <i>salanga</i> (sun-dried and lightly smoked <i><a href="/wiki/Alestes" title="Alestes">Alestes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrocynus" title="Hydrocynus">Hydrocynus</a></i>) or as <i>banda</i> (smoked large fish).<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Carcaje</i> is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink <a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">millet beer</a>, known as <i>billi-billi</i> when brewed from red millet, and as <i>coshate</i> when from <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">white millet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Music of Chad</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">music of Chad</a> includes a number of instruments such as the <i>kinde</i>, a type of bow harp; the <i><a href="/wiki/Kakaki" title="Kakaki">kakaki</a></i>, a long tin horn; and the <i>hu hu</i>, a stringed instrument that uses <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabashes</a> as loudspeakers. Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, <a href="/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon">balafons</a>, harps and <i>kodjo</i> drums; and the <a href="/wiki/Kanembu_people" title="Kanembu people">Kanembu</a> combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The music group <a href="/wiki/Chari_Jazz" title="Chari Jazz">Chari Jazz</a> formed in 1964 and initiated Chad's modern music scene. Later, more renowned groups such as African Melody and International Challal attempted to mix modernity and tradition. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on <i>sai</i>, a traditional style of music from southern Chad. The people of Chad have customarily disdained modern music. However, in 1995 greater interest has developed and fostered the distribution of CDs and audio cassettes featuring Chadian artists. Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the Chadian music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/220px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/330px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/440px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Fried or grilled grasshoppers</figcaption></figure> <p>As in other Sahelian countries, <a href="/wiki/Chadian_literature" title="Chadian literature">literature in Chad</a> has seen an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writers. Chadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status and have generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962, 20 Chadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brahim_Se%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Brahim Seïd">Joseph Brahim Seïd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Moustapha" title="Baba Moustapha">Baba Moustapha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bangui" title="Antoine Bangui">Antoine Bangui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koulsy_Lamko" title="Koulsy Lamko">Koulsy Lamko</a>. In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, <a href="/wiki/Ahmat_Taboye" title="Ahmat Taboye">Ahmat Taboye</a>, published his <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne</i></span> to further knowledge of Chad's literature.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_cinema">Media and cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Chad">Media of Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Cinema of Chad</a></div> <p>Chad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned Télé Tchad. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small due to transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIA_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began to enact a system of prior <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> on the media.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of a <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chadian film</a> industry, which began with the short films of <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Sailly" title="Edouard Sailly">Edouard Sailly</a> in the 1960s, was hampered by the devastations of civil wars and from the lack of <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinemas</a>, of which there is currently only one in the whole country.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chadian <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a> industry began growing again in the 1990s, with the work of directors <a href="/wiki/Mahamat-Saleh_Haroun" title="Mahamat-Saleh Haroun">Mahamat-Saleh Haroun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issa_Serge_Coelo" title="Issa Serge Coelo">Issa Serge Coelo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abakar_Chene_Massar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abakar Chene Massar (page does not exist)">Abakar Chene Massar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haroun's film <i><a href="/wiki/Abouna_(film)" title="Abouna (film)">Abouna</a></i> was critically acclaimed, and his <i><a href="/wiki/Daratt" class="mw-redirect" title="Daratt">Daratt</a></i> won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the <a href="/wiki/63rd_Venice_International_Film_Festival" title="63rd Venice International Film Festival">63rd Venice International Film Festival</a>. The 2010 feature film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Screaming_Man" title="A Screaming Man">A Screaming Man</a></i> won the <a href="/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)" title="Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)">Jury Prize</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2010 Cannes Film Festival">2010 Cannes Film Festival</a>, making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as well as win, an award in the main Cannes competition.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Issa_Serge_Coelo" title="Issa Serge Coelo">Issa Serge Coelo</a> directed the films <i><a href="/wiki/Daresalam" title="Daresalam">Daresalam</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/DP75:_Tartina_City" title="DP75: Tartina City">DP75: Tartina City</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Chad" title="Sports in Chad">Sports in Chad</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is Chad's most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Chad">sport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's <a href="/wiki/Chad_national_football_team" title="Chad national football team">national team</a> is closely followed during international competitions<sup id="cite_ref-culture_150-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chadian footballers have played for French teams. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a> are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers put on traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_150-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Chad" title="Outline of Chad">Outline of Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chad-related_articles" title="Index of Chad-related articles">Index of Chad-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/23\/En-us-Chad.ogg\/En-us-Chad.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Chad.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-Chad.ogg/En-us-Chad.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Chad.ogg" title="File:En-us-Chad.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHAD</span></i></a><br /><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تشاد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tšād</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tʃaːd]</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Tchad</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[tʃa(d)]</a></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية<span class="nowrap"> </span>تْشَاد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jumhūriyyat Tšād</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République du Tchad</i></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:religions2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:religions2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:religions2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World&rft.atitle=ExxonMobil+and+Chad%27s+Authoritarian+Regime%3A+An+%27Unholy+Bargain%27&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.aulast=Werman&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2012-06-05%2Fexxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamadane2021" class="citation news cs1">Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G">"Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military"</a>. 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Collelo, <i>Chad</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lange88-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lange88_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+president+Idriss+D%C3%A9by+dies+%27in+clashes+with+rebels%27&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-56815708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/chad-swears-in-president-ending-years-of-military-rule/7624040.html">"Chad transitional ruler inaugurated amid legitimacy concerns"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i>. 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Chad+transitional+ruler+inaugurated+amid+legitimacy+concerns&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fchad-swears-in-president-ending-years-of-military-rule%2F7624040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_49-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chad". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CIA, "Chad", 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Rank Order – Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Archived</a> 9 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The World Factbook</i>. United States Central Intelligence Agency.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCHR-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155418/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. 12 December 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBotha,_D.J.J.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992). "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist (Review Article)". <i>South African Journal of Economics</i>. <b>60</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">246–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x">10.1111/j.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2280">0038-2280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=S.H.+Frankel%3A+Reminiscences+of+an+Economist+%28Review+Article%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x&rft.issn=0038-2280&rft.au=Botha%2C+D.J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kperogi, F.A. (2015) <i>Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World.</i> Peter Lang, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-2926-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-2926-1">978-1-4331-2926-1</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chad, Lake". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6">0-8213-3321-6</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">534–</span>545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Chapelle, Jean (1981) <i>Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Important+Bird+Areas+in+Africa+and+associated+islands+%E2%80%93+Chad&rft.pub=Birdlife+International+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fdatazone%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FIBAs%2FAfricaCntryPDFs%2FChad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flora-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flora_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunduCamarda2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brundu, Giuseppe; Camarda, Ignazio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pensoft.net/journal_home_page.php?journal_id=3&page=article&SESID=98556166bbcb445ae7ccd99343b1434e&type=show&article_id=4752&issue_id=410&ttar=da&search=wildlife%20of%20chad&IN=&TIP=&Image100_x=-678&Image100_y=-48&">"The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis"</a>. <i>PhytoKeys</i> (23). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+and+Animal+Life&rft.pub=The+Living+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F16645%2Fthe_land%2Fchad_plant.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritoMartínez-FreiríaSierraSillero2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brito, José C.; Martínez-Freiría, Fernando; Sierra, Pablo; Sillero, Neftalí; Tarroso, Pedro; Fenton, Brock (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045445">"Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): e14734. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...614734B">2011PLoSO...614734B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734">10.1371/journal.pone.0014734</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045445">3045445</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364897">21364897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Crocodiles+in+the+Sahara+Desert%3A+An+Update+of+Distribution%2C+Habitats+and+Population+Status+for+Conservation+Planning+in+Mauritania&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e14734&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21364897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...614734B&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Freir%C3%ADa%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Sierra%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Sillero%2C+Neftal%C3%AD&rft.au=Tarroso%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Brock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content"><i>Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194</i></a>. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Our-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Our_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Our_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.our-africa.org/chad/geography-wildlife">"Our Africa"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livestock-wildlife-environment+interactions+in+Chad&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fagriculture%2Flead%2Fthemes0%2Fdrylands%2Fchad1%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017173341/http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2006/08/060830-elephants-chad.html">"African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 30 August 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=African+Elephants+Slaughtered+in+Herds+Near+Chad+Wildlife+Park&rft.date=2006-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2006%2F08%2F060830-elephants-chad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw">"Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 31 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717201107/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rangers+in+Isolated+Central+Africa+Uncover+Grim+Cost+of+Protecting+Wildlife&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F01%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcentral-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html%3Fadxnnl%3D1%26adxnnlx%3D1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INSEEDproj-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INSEEDproj_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222154146/http://www.inseedtchad.com/IMG/pdf/projections_demographiques_nationales.pdf">Projections demographiques 2009–2050 Tome 1: Niveau national</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (in French). INSEED. July 2014. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inseedtchad.com/IMG/pdf/projections_demographiques_nationales.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Projections+demographiques+2009%E2%80%932050+Tome+1%3A+Niveau+national&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=INSEED&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseedtchad.com%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fprojections_demographiques_nationales.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN">Life expectancy at birth, total (years)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010232815/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". October 2016. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Chad Livelihood Profiles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504133937/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). March 2005. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf">"COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Commission. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMMISSION+DECISION+of+on+the+financing+of+a+Global+Plan+for+humanitarian+operations+from+the+budget+of+the+European+Union+in+CHAD&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fecho%2Ffiles%2Ffunding%2Fdecisions%2F2008%2Fchad_gp_01000_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714031528/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 14 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 8 January 2007. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). <i>Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights" title="Center for Reproductive Rights">Center for Reproductive Rights</a>. 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRP-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRP_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRP_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRP_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016194338/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Archived</a> 16 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> 2006, 6 March 2007. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, U.S. Department of State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022216/http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">"INSEED-TCHAD – Document"</a>. Inseed-td.net. 24 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">the original</a> on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INSEED-TCHAD+%E2%80%93+Document&rft.pub=Inseed-td.net&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseed-td.net%2Findex.php%2Fblog-with-right-sidebar%2Fdocument%2Fsend%2F7-documents-et-publications-demographique%2F20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html">"Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank"</a>. <i>Global Hunger Index (GHI) – peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Hunger+Index+%28GHI%29+%E2%80%93+peer-reviewed+annual+publication+designed+to+comprehensively+measure+and+track+hunger+at+the+global%2C+regional%2C+and+country+levels&rft.atitle=Global+Hunger+Index+Scores+by+2024+GHI+Rank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalhungerindex.org%2Franking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaberMezzavillaBergströmPrado-Martinez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112">"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>99</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1316–</span>1324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012">10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112">5142112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889059">27889059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Chad+Genetic+Diversity+Reveals+an+African+History+Marked+by+Multiple+Holocene+Eurasian+Migrations&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1316-%3C%2Fspan%3E1324&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Mezzavilla%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Prado-Martinez%2C+Javier&rft.au=Hallast%2C+Pille&rft.au=Saif-Ali%2C+Riyadh&rft.au=Al-Habori%2C+Molham&rft.au=Dedoussis%2C+George&rft.au=Zeggini%2C+Eleftheria&rft.au=Blue-Smith%2C+Jason&rft.au=Wells%2C+R.+Spencer&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre+A.&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGN-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGN_81-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Background Note: Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222182200/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ". September 2006. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Christians-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Christians_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124911/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/">"Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country"</a>. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/">the original</a> on 11 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Christian+Population+as+Percentages+of+Total+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Ftable-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Muslims-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/">"Table: Muslim Population by Country"</a>. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406100706/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Muslim+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Ftable-muslim-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew128-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pew128_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>129. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religious+%26+Public+life&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FMuslim%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=45c">"Religious demographics (Chad)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a></i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005616/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=45c">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft.atitle=Religious+demographics+%28Chad%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D45c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223022124/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2006</i>. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/chad/">"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chad"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute&rft.atitle=Chad+1996+%28rev.+2005%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FChad_2005%3Flang%3Den%23286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Term2-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Term2_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Term2_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4118482.stm">"Chad votes to end two-term limit"</a>. 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Freedom House, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Chad leader's victory confirmed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331070008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Archived</a> 31 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 14 May 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fragilestatesindex.org/">"Fragile States Index | The Fund for Peace"</a>. <i>fragilestatesindex.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730175714/https://fragilestatesindex.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Chad+President+Idriss+Deby+dies+on+front+lines%2C+according+to+an+army+statement&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement%2Fa-57262804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2021/07/19/calm-and-order-in-chad-three-months-after-idriss-deby-s-death/">"Calm and order in Chad three months after Idriss Déby's death"</a>. <i>Africanews</i>. 19 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810085451/https://www.africanews.com/2021/07/19/calm-and-order-in-chad-three-months-after-idriss-deby-s-death/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Calm+and+order+in+Chad+three+months+after+Idriss+D%C3%A9by%27s+death&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2021%2F07%2F19%2Fcalm-and-order-in-chad-three-months-after-idriss-deby-s-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf">Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf">Archived</a> 5 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 1 June 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PINR-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PINR_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfe, Adam; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">"Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">the original</a> on 5 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instability+on+the+March+in+Sudan%2C+Chad+and+Central+African+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinr.com%2Freport.php%3Fac%3Dview_report%26report_id%3D592%26language_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>, PINR, 6 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manley, Andrew; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Chad's vulnerable president</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219005442/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Archived</a> 19 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 15 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogerVincent2025" class="citation web cs1">Roger, Benjamin; Vincent, Elise (2 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2025/02/02/chad-departure-of-the-last-french-soldiers-brings-an-end-to-a-special-relationship_6737701_124.html">"Departure of last French soldiers from Chad brings an end to a 'special relationship'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Departure+of+last+French+soldiers+from+Chad+brings+an+end+to+a+%27special+relationship%27&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft.aulast=Roger&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fle-monde-africa%2Farticle%2F2025%2F02%2F02%2Fchad-departure-of-the-last-french-soldiers-brings-an-end-to-a-special-relationship_6737701_124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2007" class="citation book cs1">Human Rights Watch (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6of6GZ1nUPAC&pg=PA13"><i>Early to War: Child Soldiers in the Chad Conflict</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. pp. 13–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+to+War%3A+Child+Soldiers+in+the+Chad+Conflict&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6of6GZ1nUPAC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves, Eric (9 August 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=28211">Victims of Genocide in Darfur: Past, Present, and Future – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233143/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=28211">Archived</a> 22 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved on 28 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321">Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180216/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/21/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. 21 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://african.business/2023/08/apo-newsfeed/united-arab-emirates-uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad">"United Arab Emirates (UAE) Opens Coordination Office for Foreign Aid in Chad"</a>. 3 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804093725/https://african.business/2023/08/apo-newsfeed/united-arab-emirates-uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Arab+Emirates+%28UAE%29+Opens+Coordination+Office+for+Foreign+Aid+in+Chad&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrican.business%2F2023%2F08%2Fapo-newsfeed%2Funited-arab-emirates-uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zawya.com/en/world/africa/uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad-tndsgr02">"UAE opens coordination office for foreign aid in Chad"</a>. 3 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804095447/https://www.zawya.com/en/world/africa/uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad-tndsgr02">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAE+opens+coordination+office+for+foreign+aid+in+Chad&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fuae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad-tndsgr02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISS2024-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IISS2024_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">IISS</a> (2024). <i>The Military Balance 2024</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">481–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-78004-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-78004-7"><bdi>978-1-032-78004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2024&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-032-78004-7&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISS2023-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IISS2023_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS2023_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">IISS</a> (2023). <i>The Military Balance 2023</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Military+expenditure+%28%25+of+GDP%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FMS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statoids-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statoids_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaw" class="citation web cs1">Law, Gwillim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/utd.html">"Regions of Chad"</a>. <i>Statoids</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404143736/http://www.statoids.com/utd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statoids&rft.atitle=Regions+of+Chad&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Gwillim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoids.com%2Futd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-circonscritions-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-circonscritions_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tableau des codes des circonscritions – Ministère de l'Intérieur", April 2008. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228052246/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm">Archived</a> 28 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). <i>4th PEP Research Network General Meeting</i>. Poverty and Economic Policy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB1-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WB1_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WB1_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080632/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Tchad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515005634/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Education for All.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decentralisation-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decentralisation_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">"La decentralisation au Tchad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">the original</a> on 8 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+decentralisation+au+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefod.org%2FFichiers%2520web%2Fdecentralisationtchad.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). <i>African Economic Outlook 2007</i>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. May 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3">978-92-64-02510-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohada.com-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohada.com_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohada.com/index.php">"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHADA.com%3A+The+business+law+portal+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohada.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBush2007" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=347BAAAAIAAJ"><i>Poverty and neoliberalism: persistence and reproduction in the global south</i></a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745319605" title="Special:BookSources/9780745319605"><bdi>9780745319605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+neoliberalism%3A+persistence+and+reproduction+in+the+global+south&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780745319605&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D347BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmin1990" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Samir (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC"><i>Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University_Press" title="United Nations University Press">United Nations University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862329310" title="Special:BookSources/9780862329310"><bdi>9780862329310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maldevelopment%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Global+Failure&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780862329310&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_5HjgjpmmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBond2006" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC"><i>Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842778111" title="Special:BookSources/9781842778111"><bdi>9781842778111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looting+Africa%3A+The+Economics+of+Exploitation&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781842778111&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBXF3IIcBwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080313030132/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/YSAR-7CGP7Z?OpenDocument"><i>Humanitarian Action in Chad: Facts and Figures – Snapshot Report</i></a>, UN, 6 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080214062840/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SHES-7BLMXD?OpenDocument"><i>Eastern Chad: Concerns over vital humanitarian needs</i></a> (press release), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, 7 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timberg, Craig (6 February 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020500461.html"><i>Chadian Rebels Urge Cease-Fire As Push Falters</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073146/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020500461.html">Archived</a> 14 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad">Crisis in Chad | Save the Children UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422131848/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad">Archived</a> 22 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Savethechildren.org.uk. Retrieved on 28 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1">"The World Bank in Chad"</a>. <i>The World Bank</i>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527032342/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+in+Chad&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fchad%2Foverview%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf">Lettre d'information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf">Archived</a> 24 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geography_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">"<i>Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: United Nations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1">92-1-104540-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-WFB-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-WFB_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad">"Chad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2017.zip">(Archived 2017 edition.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCG-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Uncle+Boonmee%27+wins+Palme+d%27Or&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2010%2Ffilm%2Fawards%2Funcle-boonmee-wins-palme-d-or-1118019731%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: <i>On a encore du travail à faire</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">Archived</a> 30 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>256</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Neil (23 March 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304045323/http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. jigsawlounge.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Archived</a> 28 September 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2007" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629234229/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html">"Chad"</a>. FIFA, Goal Programme. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=FIFA%2C+Goal+Programme&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fassociations%2Fassociation%3Dcha%2Fgoalprogramme%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Archived</a> 28 September 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Background Note: Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222182200/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". September 2006. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: <i>On a encore du travail à faire</i></span></span></a>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</i></span> <b>256</b>.</li> <li>Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", <i>The South African Journal of Economics</i> <b>60</b> (4): 246–255.</li> <li>Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); <i>Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures</i>. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2">0-86543-757-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad">"Chad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2010.zip">(Archived 2010 edition.)</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016194338/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Archived</a> 16 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> 2006, 6 March 2007. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228052246/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm">Archived</a> 28 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Chad"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704130456/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2014%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D52%26pr.y%3D1%26sy%3D2013%26ey%3D2017%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D628%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223022124/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2006</i>. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en"><i>Amnesty International Report 2006</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025418/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en">Archived</a> 13 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> Publications.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). <i>African Economic Outlook 2007</i>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. May 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3">978-92-64-02510-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 15 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Chad</a>" (PDF). <i>Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa</i>. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102856/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">"Chad (2006)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+%282006%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Finc%2Fcontent%2Fpubs%2Fpfs%2Finc_country_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3D6939%26year%3D2006%26pf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition</i>. Freedom House, Inc.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155418/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. 12 December 1997.</li> <li>"Chad". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></li> <li>"Chad, Lake". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2000).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080632/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">"Chad: A Cultural Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad%3A+A+Cultural+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fchad%2Fchad_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3">0-7727-9102-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf">Chad Urban Development Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226204520/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf">Archived</a> 26 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714031528/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 14 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). 8 January 2007. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Chad Livelihood Profiles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504133937/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). March 2005. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Chad (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174004/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Country Report: 2006 Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">"Chad and Cameroon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+and+Cameroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FChad_Cameroon%2FFull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Chad leader's victory confirmed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331070008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Archived</a> 31 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 14 May 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm">Chad may face genocide, UN warns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217010136/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm">Archived</a> 17 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 16 February 2007.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Chapelle, Jean (1981); <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne</i></span>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4">2-85802-169-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">"<i>Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+Against+Development%3A+A+Case+for+Landlocked+Developing+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww0.un.org%2Fspecial-rep%2Fohrlls%2Fohrlls%2FUNOHRLLS%2Fnew%2FUserFiles%2FFile%2FPublications%2FLLDC%2F05-33151_geography_sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. New York: United Nations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1">92-1-104540-1</a></li> <li>Collelo, Thomas (1990); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad: A Country Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990117024614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Archived</a> 17 January 1999 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 2d ed. Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">U.S. GPO</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5">0-16-024770-5</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">"La decentralisation au Tchad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">the original</a> on 8 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+decentralisation+au+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefod.org%2FFichiers%2520web%2Fdecentralisationtchad.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Decalo" class="citation book cs1">Decalo, Samuel (1987). <i>Historical Dictionary of Chad</i> (2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1937-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-1937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Chad&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Metuchen%3A+The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-1937-5&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); <i>Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X">1-85743-126-X</a></li> <li>Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6">0-8213-3321-6</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530061624/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La musique recherche son identité</i></span></a>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</i></span> <b>214</b>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">"Chad: the Habré Legacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041028/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">Archived</a> 13 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 16 October 2001.</li> <li>Lange, Dierk (1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf">The Chad region as a crossroad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080301040122/http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf">Archived</a> 1 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF), in <i>UNESCO <a href="/wiki/General_History_of_Africa" title="General History of Africa">General History of Africa</a> – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</i>, vol. 3: 436–460. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03914-8">978-0-520-03914-8</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Lettre d'information</i></span></a> (PDF). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad</i></span>. N. 3. September 2004.</li> <li>Macedo, Stephen (2006); <i>Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3">0-8122-1950-3</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063643/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche</i></span></a>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</i></span> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>Manley, Andrew; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Chad's vulnerable president</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219005442/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Archived</a> 19 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 15 March 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</i></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). <i>4th PEP Research Network General Meeting</i>. Poverty and Economic Policy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Nolutshungu" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nolutshungu" title="Sam Nolutshungu">Nolutshungu, Sam C.</a> (1995). <i>Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1628-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1628-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-1628-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Anarchy%3A+Intervention+and+State+Formation+in+Chad&rft.pub=Charlottesville%3A+University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1628-6&rft.au=Nolutshungu%2C+Sam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Pollack">Pollack, Kenneth M.</a> (2002); <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</i>. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2">0-8032-3733-2</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Rank Order – Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Archived</a> 9 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The World Factbook</i>. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022324/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">"Circonscriptions Administratives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chad" title="Government of Chad">Government of Chad</a>. 3 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circonscriptions+Administratives&rft.pub=Government+of+Chad&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature-tchad.org%2FCIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm">Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072025/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. 29 November – 1 December 1972.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchad</i></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515005634/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Education for All.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?</i></span></a>" (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 1 June 2006.</li> <li>Wolfe, Adam; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">"Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">the original</a> on 5 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instability+on+the+March+in+Sudan%2C+Chad+and+Central+African+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinr.com%2Freport.php%3Fac%3Dview_report%26report_id%3D592%26language_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>, PINR, 6 December 2006.</li> <li>World Bank (14 July 2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/News_release" class="mw-redirect" title="News release">Press release</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm">World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database</a></i>. 2006. United Nations Population Division.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm">Worst corruption offenders named</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901030455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm">Archived</a> 1 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", BBC News, 18 November 2005.</li> <li>Young, Neil (August 2002); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304045323/http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Chad</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Chad">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" class="extiw" title="c:Tchad">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Chad" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Chad">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Chad">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Chad">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Chad">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Chad">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad" class="extiw" title="voy:Chad">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Chad</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chad">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chad&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Chad</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad country study</a> from <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=chad">Chad</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13164686">Chad profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Chad" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Chad">Wikimedia Atlas of Chad</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2361304">Chad</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TD">Key Development Forecasts for Chad</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chad_articles501" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chad_topics" title="Template:Chad topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chad_topics" title="Template talk:Chad topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chad_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chad topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chad_articles501" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chad-related_articles" title="Index of Chad-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem-Bornu Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Baguirmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Baguirmi">Kingdom of Baguirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouaddai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouaddai Empire">Ouaddai Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Chad">French Colonial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombalbaye_government" title="Tombalbaye government">Tombalbaye government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)">Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Chadian coup d'état">1975 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_under_F%C3%A9lix_Malloum" title="Chad under Félix Malloum">Malloum government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)" title="Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)">Transitional government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chadian–Libyan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Chadian coup d'état">1990 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)</a> <ul><li>Battle of N'Djamena <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2006)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2008)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2008)">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chad_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)">Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chad">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chad" title="List of cities in Chad">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Chad">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Chad" title="Departments of Chad">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Chad" title="Geology of Chad">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Chad" title="List of lakes of Chad">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Chad" title="Prefectures of Chad">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Chad" title="Provinces of Chad">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Chad" title="List of rivers of Chad">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Chad" title="Wildlife of Chad">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chad" title="Politics of Chad">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Chad" title="Template:Borders of Chad">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chad" title="Corruption in Chad">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chad" title="Elections in Chad">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chad" title="Foreign relations of Chad">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chad" title="Human rights in Chad">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chad">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Chad" title="Law enforcement in Chad">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_National_Army" title="Chadian National Army">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Chad)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Chad)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chad" title="Senate of Chad">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chad" title="List of political parties in Chad">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad" title="List of heads of state of Chad">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Chad" title="Vice President of Chad">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Chad" title="List of prime ministers of Chad">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad" title="Agriculture in Chad">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Chad" title="List of companies of Chad">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Chad">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chad" title="Tourism in Chad">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Chad" title="Trade unions in Chad">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chad" title="Transport in Chad">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad" title="Demographics of Chad">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Ethnic groups in Chad">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chad" title="Flag of Chad">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Chad" title="Health in Chad">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chad">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chadians" title="List of Chadians">List of Chadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Chad">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Chad">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Chad" title="Public holidays in Chad">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Chad" title="Sports in Chad">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Chad" title="Outline of Chad">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chad-related_articles" title="Index of Chad-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chad" title="Category:Chad">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Education,_Science,_Technology_and_Innovation" title="African Union Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation">Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Political_Affairs,_Peace_and_Security" title="African Union Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security">Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Department of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)">Department of Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Health,_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Social_Development" title="African Union Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development">Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Agriculture" title="African Union Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Blue Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Economic_Development,_Trade,_Tourism,_Industry,_Mining" title="African Union Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining">Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_African_Union" title="Agencies of the African Union">Specialised agencies and institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Civil_Aviation_Commission" title="African Civil Aviation Commission">African Civil Aviation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Energy_Commission" title="African Energy Commission">African Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afripol" title="Afripol">Afripol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network" title="Trans-African Highway network">Trans-African Highway network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Africa">Federal Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121851881">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151207935">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208478/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxjqpd9Kdc6GXVtDkv73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061074-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80049721">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865632d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865632d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573565">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Čad"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131640&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX453071">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3545s91js3154">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810699901405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548069105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6ce82d72-8123-3365-ab34-7b20581a34cf">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e0fa349a-38e0-4a49-be80-96b98470e937">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/lQvgRy4L">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026402106">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003471">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035839">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cad">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=15_N_19_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°N</span> <span class="longitude">19°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15°N 19°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15; 19</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65585cc8dc‐wxxrq Cached time: 20250331223844 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.030 seconds Real time usage: 2.373 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 20342/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 565840/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 92543/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 63/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 552794/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.176/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22179946/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 260 ms 22.0% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 180 ms 15.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 100 ms 8.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 100 ms 8.5% recursiveClone 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