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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronologija_anti%C4%8Dkog_Rima" title="Hronologija antičkog Rima – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hronologija antičkog Rima" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_de_l%27antiga_Roma" title="Cronologia de l'antiga Roma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cronologia de l'antiga Roma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_d%C4%9Bjin_starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9ho_%C5%98%C3%ADma" title="Chronologie dějin starověkého Říma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chronologie dějin starověkého Říma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidslinje_for_Romerriget" title="Tidslinje for Romerriget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tidslinje for Romerriget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeittafel_Rom" title="Zeittafel Rom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeittafel Rom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_Antigua_Roma" title="Anexo:Cronología de la Antigua Roma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología de la Antigua Roma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_Rome" title="Chronologie de Rome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chronologie de Rome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_starog_Rima" title="Kronologija starog Rima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kronologija starog Rima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_degli_eventi_dell%27antica_Roma" title="Cronologia degli eventi dell'antica Roma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cronologia degli eventi dell'antica Roma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient polities with their capitals at Rome and Constantinople. For the city, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_city_of_Rome" title="Timeline of the city of Rome">Timeline of the city of Rome</a>.</div> <p>This is a <b> timeline of Roman history</b>, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empires</a>. To read about the background of these events, see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History of the Byzantine Empire</a>. </p><p>Events and persons of the Kingdom of Rome (and to some degree of the early Republic) are negros, and their accounts are considered to have varying degrees of veracity. </p><p>Following tradition, this timeline marks the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> as the end of Rome in the west and east, respectively. See <a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a> for a discussion of claimants to the succession of Rome. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of Roman history">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <div class="toc"> <b>Millennia</b>: <a href="#1st_millennium_BC">1st <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#1st_millennium">1st–2nd</a></div> <div class="toc"> <b>Centuries</b>: <a href="#7th_century_BC">7th <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#6th_century_BC">6th <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#5th_century_BC">5th <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#4th_century_BC">4th <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#3rd_century_BC">3rd <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#2nd_century_BC">2nd <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#1st_century_BC">1st <small>BC</small></a> <b>·</b> <a href="#1st_century">1st</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#2nd_century">2nd</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#3rd_century">3rd</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#4th_century">4th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#5th_century">5th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#6th_century">6th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#7th_century">7th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#8th_century">8th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#9th_century">9th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#10th_century">10th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#11th_century">11th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#12th_century">12th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#13th_century">13th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#14th_century">14th</a> <b>·</b> <a href="#15th_century">15th</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="8th_and_7th_centuries_BC">8th and 7th centuries BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 8th and 7th centuries BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%”"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/754_BC" title="754 BC">754 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_Longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alba Longa">Battle of Alba Longa</a>. King of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amulius" title="Amulius">Amulius</a>, who had previously usurped power is defeated and killed along with his sons by his Brother <a href="/wiki/Numitor" title="Numitor">Numitor</a>, and great-nephew <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, who led a sizable warband. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/753_BC" title="753 BC">753 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>21 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Rome was founded</a>. According to Roman legend, <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> was the founder and first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/752_BC" title="752 BC">752 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, first king of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, celebrates the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Roman triumph</a> after his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Caenina_(Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caenina (Town)">Caeninenses</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a>. He celebrates a further triumph later in the year over the <a href="/wiki/Antemnae" title="Antemnae">Antemnates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-AUC-1-10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-AUC-1-10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <p>Rome's first <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonies</a> were established.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy-AUC-1-10_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-AUC-1-10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/715_BC" title="715 BC">715 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a> became the second King of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/673_BC" title="673 BC">673 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> became the third King of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/667_BC" title="667 BC">667 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megarian</a> colonists. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/642_BC" title="642 BC">642 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The Curiate Assembly, one of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom">legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom</a>, elected <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a> King of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/617_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="617 BC">617 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancus_Grodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancus Grodus (page does not exist)">Ancus Grodus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/616_BC" title="616 BC">616 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The Curiate Assembly elected <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a> King of Rome. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="6th_century_BC">6th century BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 6th century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/575_BC" title="575 BC">575 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Senate of the Roman Kingdom">Senate</a> accepted the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King</a> of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/535_BC" title="535 BC">535 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> was murdered by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Tullia_Minor" title="Tullia Minor">Tullia Minor</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>, who declared himself King of Rome on the steps of the <i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/509_BC" title="509 BC">509 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucretia" title="Lucretia">Lucretia</a> was raped by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus'</a> son <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Tarquinius" title="Sextus Tarquinius">Sextus Tarquinius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">Overthrow of the Roman monarchy</a></i>: Following <a href="/wiki/Lucretia" title="Lucretia">Lucretia's</a> suicide, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a> called the Curiate Assembly, one of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom">legislative assemblies of the Roman Kingdom</a>. The latter agreed to the overthrow and expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> and to a provisional constitution under which two <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> acted as a joint <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate Assembly</a> held legislative power, and swore never again to let a <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King</a> rule Rome. It further elected Lucius Junius Brutus and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Collatinus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus">Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus</a>, Lucretia's husband, Died . </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Arsia" title="Battle of Silva Arsia">Battle of Silva Arsia</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veientine</a> forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Silva_Arsia" title="Silva Arsia">Silva Arsia</a> by a Roman army. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a> was killed. <a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Publicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Valerius Publicola">Publius Valerius Publicola</a>, returning to Rome with the spoils of war, Died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Publicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Valerius Publicola">Publius Valerius Publicola</a> promulgated a number of liberal reforms, including opening the office of consul to all Roman citizens and placing the treasury under the administration of appointed <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 September</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a> was ceremonially dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">Capitoline Triad</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/508_BC" title="508 BC">508 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusian</a> army failed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/504_BC" title="504 BC">504 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></i>: Roman victory over the sabines in the battle of 504 BC by consul Publicus. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/501_BC" title="501 BC">501 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>In the face of a potential <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabine</a> invasion, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> passed a <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">senatus consultum</a></i> authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> to appoint a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_dictator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian dictator (page does not exist)">dictator</a>, a magistrate who held absolute power during a national emergency. The dictator would in turn appoint the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">cavalry</a>. The consuls <a href="/wiki/Titus_Larcius" title="Titus Larcius">Titus Larcius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postumus_Cominius_Auruncus" title="Postumus Cominius Auruncus">Postumus Cominius Auruncus</a> selected the former as dictator. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="5th_century_BC">5th century BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 5th century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/496_BC" title="496 BC">496 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Regillus" title="Battle of Lake Regillus">Battle of Lake Regillus</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a> invasion near modern <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a> which sought to reinstall <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/494_BC" title="494 BC">494 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_secessio_plebis" title="First secessio plebis"><i>First</i> secessio plebis</a>: <p><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Sicinius_Vellutus" title="Lucius Sicinius Vellutus">Lucius Sicinius Vellutus</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a></i> abandoned <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> for the nearby <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sacro" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Sacro">Monte Sacro</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/471_BC" title="471 BC">471 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>After a law allowing organization of the <i><a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">tribe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a> was reorganized by tribes rather than <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">curiae</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/459_BC" title="459 BC">459 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>Under popular pressure, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> increased the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune of the Plebs">tribunes of the <i>plebs</i></a> from two to ten. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/458_BC" title="458 BC">458 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>During the first dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnatus">Cincinnatus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequians</a> staged an offensive, breaking a truce. Cincinnatus defeated the Aquians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Algidus" title="Battle of Mount Algidus">Battle of Mount Algidus</a> and after a triumph, returned to his farm after sixteen days.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/449_BC" title="449 BC">449 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>Resolutions of the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a> were given the full force of law subject to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> veto. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The second of two <a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">decemviri</a>, specially-elected ten man commissions, issued the last of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a>, the fundamental laws of the Republic. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/447_BC" title="447 BC">447 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal Assembly</a> was established, and granted the right to elect <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/445_BC" title="445 BC">445 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Canuleia" title="Lex Canuleia">Lex Canuleia</a>:</i> Marriage between <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a> was legalized. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/443_BC" title="443 BC">443 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The offices of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</a></i> were established. A <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">collegium</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunes</a>, one each from specific <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Roman tribes</a> (the Titienses, the Ramnenses, and the Luceres), would hold the power of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> from year to year, subject to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The office of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> magistrate responsible for conducting the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> in years without a <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>, was established. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/439_BC" title="439 BC">439 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>Cincinnatus was called upon to accept a second dictatorship by the patricians to prevent <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Maelius" title="Spurius Maelius">Spurius Maelius</a> from seizing power; the patricians suspected Spurius of using wheat to purchase the support of the plebeians, to set himself up as a king. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Ahala" title="Gaius Servilius Ahala">Gaius Servilius Ahala</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a> in order to stop Maelius; following an attack by Maelius, Ahala slew him. Cincinnatus again resigned his dictatorship and returned to his farm after 21 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/435_BC" title="435 BC">435 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fidenae_(435_BC)" title="Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)">Fidenae</a>, an important trade post on the Tiber, was captured from the Veii.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/408_BC" title="408 BC">408 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</a></i> held office. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="4th_century_BC">4th century BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 4th century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/396_BC" title="396 BC">396 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Veii" title="Battle of Veii">Battle of Veii</a></i>: Roman forces led by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Marcus Furius Camillus</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Roman soldiers first earned a salary ("salary" from Latin for "salt"). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/394_BC" title="394 BC">394 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> held office. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/391_BC" title="391 BC">391 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</a></i> held office. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/390_BC" title="390 BC">390 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>18 July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a> routed a Roman force at the confluence of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Allia" title="Allia">Allia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a> sacked <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Among other artifacts, books were destroyed. The history of Rome up to this point had to be mostly reconstructed and is sometimes unreliable or mythological. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/367_BC" title="367 BC">367 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a> was reintroduced. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/366_BC" title="366 BC">366 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Sextius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Sextius">Lucius Sextius</a> was elected the first <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The office of <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></i>, which took the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> responsibilities of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> and could be held only by a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>, was established. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/351_BC" title="351 BC">351 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The first <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> was elected. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The first <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> was elected. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/343_BC" title="343 BC">343 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></i>: Rome marched against the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, probably after an appeal from the <a href="/wiki/Campanians" title="Campanians">Campanians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gaurus" title="Battle of Mount Gaurus">Battle of Mount Gaurus</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> force was routed by a Roman army near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Barbaro" title="Mount Barbaro">Mount Barbaro</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/342_BC" title="342 BC">342 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Leges_Genuciae" title="Leges Genuciae">Leges Genuciae</a></i> were passed, banning a person from holding two offices at the same time, or during any ten-year period; charging interest on loans was also banned. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/341_BC" title="341 BC">341 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> agreed a peace, following an appeal by the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> to a previous treaty of friendship. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/340_BC" title="340 BC">340 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/339_BC" title="339 BC">339 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>A law was passed which required the election of at least one <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> every five years. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/338_BC" title="338 BC">338 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Latin War</i>: Rome defeated the <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a> armies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/337_BC" title="337 BC">337 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The first <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></i> was elected. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/328_BC" title="328 BC">328 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: Rome declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> after their failure to prevent their subjects raiding <a href="/wiki/Fregellae" title="Fregellae">Fregellae</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/321_BC" title="321 BC">321 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caudine_Forks" title="Battle of the Caudine Forks">Battle of the Caudine Forks</a></i>: After being trapped in a mountain pass near <a href="/wiki/Caudium" title="Caudium">Caudium</a> without a water supply, Roman forces were allowed to retreat by a <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> army. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/315_BC" title="315 BC">315 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lautulae" title="Battle of Lautulae">Battle of Lautulae</a></i>: A decisive <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> victory near <a href="/wiki/Terracina" title="Terracina">Terracina</a> split Roman territory in two. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/311_BC" title="311 BC">311 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Sutri" title="Sutri">Sutri</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/310_BC" title="310 BC">310 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Vadimo_(310_BC)" title="Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)">Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)</a></i>: Rome inflicted a substantial military defeat on the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vadimo" title="Lake Vadimo">Lake Vadimo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/308_BC" title="308 BC">308 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> against Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/306_BC" title="306 BC">306 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Hernici" title="Hernici">Hernici</a> declared their independence from Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/304_BC" title="304 BC">304 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>Rome conquered the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: The treaty of friendship between the Romans and <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> was restored. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3rd_century_BC">3rd century BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3rd century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/300_BC" title="300 BC">300 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Ogulnia" title="Lex Ogulnia">Lex Ogulnia</a></i> was passed, allowing <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a> to become priests. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/298_BC" title="298 BC">298 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: Rome declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> after an appeal by the <a href="/wiki/Lucani_(ancient_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucani (ancient people)">Lucani</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: Rome captured the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Bojano" title="Bojano">Bojano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castel_di_Sangro" title="Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/297_BC" title="297 BC">297 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tifernum" title="Battle of Tifernum">Battle of Tifernum</a></i>: A Roman army defeated a numerically superior <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> force at <a href="/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_Castello" title="Città di Castello">Città di Castello</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/295_BC" title="295 BC">295 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sentinum" title="Battle of Sentinum">Battle of Sentinum</a></i>: A Roman army decisively defeated a numerically superior force of <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a> in coalition at <a href="/wiki/Sentinum" title="Sentinum">Sentinum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Decius_Mus_(consul_312_BC)" title="Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC)">Publius Decius Mus (consul 312 BC)</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/294_BC" title="294 BC">294 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: Roman and <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> forces battled at <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/293_BC" title="293 BC">293 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquilonia" title="Battle of Aquilonia">Battle of Aquilonia</a></i>: A Roman army destroyed the majority of <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> forces, probably in modern <a href="/wiki/Agnone" title="Agnone">Agnone</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>A census counted about 270,000 residents of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/291_BC" title="291 BC">291 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: Rome conquered and colonized the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venosa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/290_BC" title="290 BC">290 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Samnite Wars</i>: The last effective <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> resistance was eliminated. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/287_BC" title="287 BC">287 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></i>: A <i><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">secessio plebis</a></i> took place. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Conflict of the Orders</i>: The <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" title="Lex Hortensia">Lex Hortensia</a></i> was passed, made resolutions of the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plebiscites" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscites">plebiscites</a>) binding on all Romans, they formally only applied to plebeians.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/283_BC" title="283 BC">283 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Vadimo_(283_BC)" title="Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)">Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC)</a></i>: A Roman army defeated a combined force of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vadimo" title="Lake Vadimo">Lake Vadimo</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/281_BC" title="281 BC">281 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> appealed to <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a> for aid against Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/280_BC" title="280 BC">280 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></i>: An <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirote</a> army of some 25,000 landed at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heraclea" title="Battle of Heraclea">Battle of Heraclea</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greek</a> coalition force led by the <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirote</a> king <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a> defeated a Roman army after their deployment of war elephants at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/279_BC" title="279 BC">279 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asculum" title="Battle of Asculum">Battle of Asculum</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greek</a> force led by the <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirote</a> king <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> defeated a Roman army at modern <a href="/wiki/Ascoli_Satriano" title="Ascoli Satriano">Ascoli Satriano</a>, despite suffering heavy losses. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/275_BC" title="275 BC">275 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(275_BC)" title="Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)">Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)</a></i>: Roman and <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirote</a> armies met in a bloody battle at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/272_BC" title="272 BC">272 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Pyrrhic War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> withdrew with his army to <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Pyrrhic War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> surrendered to Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/267_BC" title="267 BC">267 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The number of <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> was raised from four to ten. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/264_BC" title="264 BC">264 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messana" title="Battle of Messana">Battle of Messana</a></i>: A Roman force defeated a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Siracusani</a> garrison at <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/242_BC" title="242 BC">242 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The office of the <i>praetor qui inter peregrinos ius dicit</i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></i> with jurisdiction over foreigners, was created. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/241_BC" title="241 BC">241 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> was organized as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/238_BC" title="238 BC">238 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> surrendered its claims on <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> to Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/229_BC" title="229 BC">229 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Wars" title="Illyrian Wars">Illyrian Wars</a></i>: Rome invaded the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/228_BC" title="228 BC">228 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Illyrian Wars</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> surrendered some territory, including strategically significant ports, to Rome, ending the war. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/225_BC" title="225 BC">225 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon" title="Battle of Telamon">Battle of Telamon</a></i>: A Roman army decisively defeated a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> invasion near modern <a href="/wiki/Talamone" title="Talamone">Talamone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Atilius_Regulus_(consul_225_BC)" title="Gaius Atilius Regulus (consul 225 BC)">Gaius Atilius Regulus</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/219_BC" title="219 BC">219 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Illyrian Wars</i>: Rome invaded <a href="/wiki/Hvar" title="Hvar">Hvar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/218_BC" title="218 BC">218 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> army departed <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Illyrian Wars</i>: <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/216_BC" title="216 BC">216 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>2 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman force at <a href="/wiki/Cannae" title="Cannae">Cannae</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/214_BC" title="214 BC">214 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> fleet captured <a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(214%E2%80%93212_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)">Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)</a></i>: Rome laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/212_BC" title="212 BC">212 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)</i>: Roman forces breached the inner citadel of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and slaughtered its inhabitants. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/205_BC" title="205 BC">205 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>First Macedonian War</i>: Rome and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Phoenice" title="Treaty of Phoenice">Treaty of Phoenice</a>, according to which Macedonia renounced its alliance with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> in exchange for Roman recognition of its gains in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/204_BC" title="204 BC">204 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Second Punic War</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> landed an invasion fleet at <a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/202_BC" title="202 BC">202 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>19 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a></i>: A Roman army decisively defeated <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>, probably near modern <a href="/wiki/Sakiet_Sidi_Youssef" title="Sakiet Sidi Youssef">Sakiet Sidi Youssef</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/201_BC" title="201 BC">201 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Second Punic War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> accepted Roman conditions for peace, including disarmament, a war indemnity of ten thousand talents, and the cession of <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Iberia</a>, ending the war. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2nd_century_BC">2nd century BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2nd century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/200_BC" title="200 BC">200 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second Macedonian War</a></i>: A Roman fleet arrived in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> to relieve a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> siege of <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/197_BC" title="197 BC">197 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> were organized. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The number of <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> was increased to twelve. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The number of <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetors</a></i> was increased to six. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/196_BC" title="196 BC">196 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Second Macedonian War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> surrendered its conquests in Greece and agreed to pay a war indemnity, ending the war. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/192_BC" title="192 BC">192 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Seleucid War">Roman–Seleucid War</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> invaded Greece. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/188_BC" title="188 BC">188 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman–Seleucid War</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Apamea" title="Treaty of Apamea">Treaty of Apamea</a>, under which it surrendered all territory west of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> to the Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">clients</a> Rhodes and <a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Pergamon</a> and agreed to disarm its navy and pay a war indemnity of fifteen thousand talents of silver to Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/180_BC" title="180 BC">180 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Villia_annalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Villia annalis">Lex Villia annalis</a></i>, which established minimum ages for high office and required a minimum of two years in private life between offices, was passed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/172_BC" title="172 BC">172 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a></i>: Rome declared war on <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/167_BC" title="167 BC">167 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Third Macedonian War</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus of Macedon</a> was captured. Macedonia was divided into four districts subject to Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/155_BC" title="155 BC">155 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a> rebelled against Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/150_BC" title="150 BC">150 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth Macedonian War</a></i>: An <a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Andriscus</a> rebelled against Rome, claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus's</a> son and the rightful <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/149_BC" title="149 BC">149 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a></i>: Rome declared war on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Calpurnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Calpurnia">Lex Calpurnia</a></i> was passed, establishing a <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></i>-led court to hear appeals against extortionate taxes levied by governors in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/148_BC" title="148 BC">148 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Fourth Macedonian War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Andriscus</a> was surrendered to Rome to be executed. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/146_BC" title="146 BC">146 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Third Punic War</i>: Roman forces breached the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, burned it, and enslaved its surviving inhabitants. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></i>: Roman forces decisively defeated the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_(146_BC)" title="Battle of Corinth (146 BC)">Corinth</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> was organized. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> was organized on captured <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> territory. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/139_BC" title="139 BC">139 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Lusitanian War</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Viriatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viriatus">Viriatus</a> was assassinated by his three <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> to Rome <a href="/wiki/Audax,_Ditalcus_and_Minurus" title="Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus">Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ballot_laws_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Ballot laws of the Roman Republic">Lex Gabinia tabellaria</a></i>: required a secret ballot in elections of all magistrates. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/133_BC" title="133 BC">133 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune of the Plebs">Tribune of the Plebs</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> was beaten to death by a mob of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a> led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Nasica_Serapio_(consul_138_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC)">Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BC)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/121_BC" title="121 BC">121 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> was organized. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The first <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i> was passed, granting the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Opimius" title="Lucius Opimius">Lucius Opimius</a> emergency powers to defeat the partisans of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/112_BC" title="112 BC">112 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></i>: Rome declared war on <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/107_BC" title="107 BC">107 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/106_BC" title="106 BC">106 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> was reelected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Jugurthine War</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a> was imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Mamertine_Prison" title="Mamertine Prison">Mamertine Prison</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/105_BC" title="105 BC">105 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>6 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arausio" title="Battle of Arausio">Battle of Arausio</a></i>: A coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a> inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modern <a href="/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Orange</a>. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/104_BC" title="104 BC">104 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> for the first of three years in a row. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/102_BC" title="102 BC">102 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquae_Sextiae" title="Battle of Aquae Sextiae">Battle of Aquae Sextiae</a></i>: Rome decisively defeated the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a> and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/101_BC" title="101 BC">101 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercellae" title="Battle of Vercellae">Battle of Vercellae</a></i>: An invasion of Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their king <a href="/wiki/Boiorix" title="Boiorix">Boiorix</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1st_century_BC">1st century BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1st century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>100 BC </td> <td>12-13 July </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> was born </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/100_BC" title="100 BC">100 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 December</td> <td>Assassins hired by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Appuleius Saturninus">Lucius Appuleius Saturninus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Glaucia" title="Gaius Servilius Glaucia">Gaius Servilius Glaucia</a> beat to death <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_(proconsul_of_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Memmius (proconsul of Macedonia)">Gaius Memmius</a>, a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/91_BC" title="91 BC">91 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War (91–87 BC)</a></i>: The Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">clients</a> in Italy the <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paeligni" title="Paeligni">Paeligni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vestini" title="Vestini">Vestini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marrucini" title="Marrucini">Marrucini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frentani" title="Frentani">Frentani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hirpini" title="Hirpini">Hirpini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iapyges" class="mw-redirect" title="Iapyges">Iapyges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a> rebelled against Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/88_BC" title="88 BC">88 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>Sulla's march on Rome: The <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> led an army of his partisans across the <a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a> into <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Social War (91–89 BC)</i>: The war ended. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/87_BC" title="87 BC">87 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a></i>: Roman forces landed at <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/85_BC" title="85 BC">85 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>First Mithridatic War</i>: A peace was agreed between Rome and <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus (kingdom)">Pontus</a> under which the latter returned to its pre-war borders. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/83_BC" title="83 BC">83 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> landed with an army at <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second Mithridatic War</a></i>: The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Murena_(praetor_88_BC)" title="Lucius Licinius Murena (praetor 88 BC)">Lucius Licinius Murena</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus (kingdom)">Pontus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/82_BC" title="82 BC">82 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Sulla's civil war</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> was declared <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/81_BC" title="81 BC">81 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Second Mithridatic War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Murena_(praetor_88_BC)" title="Lucius Licinius Murena (praetor 88 BC)">Murena</a> withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus (kingdom)">Pontus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> resigns <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatorship</a> after enacting numerous reforms in the same year. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/80_BC" title="80 BC">80 <small>BC</small></a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Final <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, he leaves Rome once the year is over. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Quintus Sertorius</a> landed on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in support of a <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> rebellion. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/73_BC" title="73 BC">73 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus (kingdom)">Pontus</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></i>: Some seventy <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a>, slaves of <a href="/wiki/Lentulus_Batiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentulus Batiatus">Lentulus Batiatus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>, made a violent escape. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/72_BC" title="72 BC">72 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Sertorian War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Perpenna_Vento" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Perpenna Vento">Marcus Perpenna Vento</a>, by now the leader of the Romans in revolt in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, was executed by the general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/71_BC" title="71 BC">71 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Third Servile War</i>: The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces near <a href="/wiki/Petelia" title="Petelia">Petelia</a>. Their leader <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/66_BC" title="66 BC">66 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The last of the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a> were wiped out by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/63_BC" title="63 BC">63 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Third Mithridatic War</i>: Defeated, the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus (kingdom)">Pontic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI of Pontus</a> ordered his friend and bodyguard to kill him. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and entered the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Catilinarian_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Catilinarian conspiracy">Second Catilinarian conspiracy</a></i>: A conspiracy led by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Catiline" title="Catiline">Catiline</a> to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate. The five conspirators present were summarily executed in the <a href="/wiki/Mamertine_Prison" title="Mamertine Prison">Mamertine Prison</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/60_BC" title="60 BC">60 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> joined a political alliance, the so-called <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/59_BC" title="59 BC">59 <small>BC</small></a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consulship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/58_BC" title="58 BC">58 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></i>: Roman forces barred the westward migration of the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/55_BC" title="55 BC">55 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">1st Invasion of Britain</a></i>: Julius Caesar's first invasion of Britain. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/54_BC" title="54 BC">54 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">2nd Invasion of Britain</a></i>: Julius Caesar's second invasion of Britain. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/53_BC" title="53 BC">53 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>6 May</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force near <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/50_BC" title="50 BC">50 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Gallic Wars</i>: The last <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> rebels were defeated. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/49_BC" title="49 BC">49 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>10 January</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> illegally crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> into Italy with his army. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/48_BC" title="48 BC">48 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>4 January</td> <td><i>Caesar's Civil War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> landed at <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and his partisans the <a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">optimates</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/46_BC" title="46 BC">46 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> left Africa for <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s sons <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_(son_of_Pompey_the_Great)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great)">Gnaeus Pompeius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/44_BC" title="44 BC">44 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>15 March</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination of Julius Caesar</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> was assassinated in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a> by a conspiracy of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/43_BC" title="43 BC">43 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>27 November</td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">Lex Titia</a></i> was passed, granting the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a> the power to make and annul laws and appoint magistrates. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/42_BC" title="42 BC">42 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> led some thirty <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> to northern Greece in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s assassins <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger">Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></i>: Brutus committed suicide after being defeated in battle. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/39_BC" title="39 BC">39 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Livia_Drusilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Livia Drusilla">Livia Drusilla</a>, biological mother of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> making <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> the step-son of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/33_BC" title="33 BC">33 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony's Parthian War">Antony's Parthian War</a></i>: A campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> ended in failure. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> expired. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/31_BC" title="31 BC">31 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>2 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></i>: Forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> and his lover <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Egypt</a>, in a naval battle near <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/30_BC" title="30 BC">30 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>1 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Final War of the Roman Republic">Final War of the Roman Republic</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a>'s forces defected to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. He committed suicide. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> committed suicide, probably in Roman custody and by snakebite. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a> was organized. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> took the title <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/29_BC" title="29 BC">29 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> was annexed to Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></i>: Rome deployed some eighty thousand soldiers against the <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/27_BC" title="27 BC">27 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td>16 January</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> the titles <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>, majestic, and <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i>, first. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/25_BC" title="25 BC">25 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> indicated his nephew <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(Julio-Claudian_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)</a> as his chosen successor by marrying him to his only daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a> <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_of_Galatia" title="Amyntas of Galatia">Amyntas of Galatia</a> died. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> organized his territory as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/24_BC" title="24 BC">24 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a>, ended. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/23_BC" title="23 BC">23 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform of Augustus</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> centralized the minting of and reformed the composition and value of the Roman currency. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(Julio-Claudian_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)">Marcellus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/21_BC" title="21 BC">21 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> married <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> to his <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/19_BC" title="19 BC">19 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Cantabrian Wars</i>: The last major combat operations ended. The <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a> were pacified. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/17_BC" title="17 BC">17 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> adopted the sons of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>, his grandsons <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a>, as his own sons. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/16_BC" title="16 BC">16 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> were conquered and annexed to Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/12_BC" title="12 BC">12 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Wars">Germanic Wars</a></i>: Roman forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> into <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> died of fever. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11_BC" title="11 BC">11 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> married <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> to his <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> and stepson <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/9_BC" title="9 BC">9 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td>The Roman <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> died from injuries sustained falling from a horse. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Pannonia was annexed and incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/6_BC" title="6 BC">6 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> offered <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician</a> power and <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> over the eastern half of the Empire. Tiberius refused, announcing his retirement to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/2_BC" title="2 BC">2 <small>BC</small></a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> was acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></i>, father of the country, by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eck,_3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eck,_3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> convicted <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> of adultery and treason, annulled her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, and exiled her with her mother <a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Augustus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribonia (wife of Augustus)">Scribonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ventotene" title="Ventotene">Ventotene</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1st_century">1st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="0%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"></td> <td>20 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a> died of a sudden illness. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> to return to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as a private citizen. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"></td> <td>21 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a> died in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> from wounds suffered in battle. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> as his son and granted him <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician</a> power. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> deposed <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and Idumea, and organized the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> on his territories. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Bellum Batonianum</a></i>: The Daesitiates, an <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> people, rose up against Roman authority in <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"></td> <td></td> <td><i>Bellum Batonianum</i>: The Daesitiate <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftain</a> <a href="/wiki/Bato_(Daesitiate_chieftain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bato (Daesitiate chieftain)">Bato (Daesitiate chieftain)</a> surrendered to Roman forces. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a></i>: A coalition of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> forces ambushed and destroyed three Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Teutoburg_Forest" title="Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg Forest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a>, the commander of Roman forces in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, committed suicide. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_10" title="AD 10"><small>AD</small> 10</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> assumed command of Roman forces in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_13" title="AD 13"><small>AD</small> 13</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> was granted power equal to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> as co-<i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_14" title="AD 14"><small>AD</small> 14</a></td> <td>19 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> and adoptive son of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, was appointed commander of Roman forces in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius's</a> natural son <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a> were sent to suppress mutinies in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, respectively. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_15" title="AD 15"><small>AD</small> 15</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seius_Strabo" title="Lucius Seius Strabo">Lucius Seius Strabo</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a> remained as the sole <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">prefect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_16" title="AD 16"><small>AD</small> 16</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Weser_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Weser River">Battle of the Weser River</a></i>: A Roman army led by <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> decisively defeated a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> force on the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_17" title="AD 17"><small>AD</small> 17</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus of Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> and a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a>, died. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> annexed his territory, organizing it as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus III of Commagene">Antiochus III of Commagene</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a> and a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a>, died. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> annexed his territory to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_18" title="AD 18"><small>AD</small> 18</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> over the eastern half of the Empire. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_19" title="AD 19"><small>AD</small> 19</a></td> <td>10 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> died in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, possibly after being poisoned on <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius's</a> orders. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_22" title="AD 22"><small>AD</small> 22</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician</a> power, marking him as his choice as successor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_23" title="AD 23"><small>AD</small> 23</a></td> <td>14 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a> died, possibly after being poisoned by <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a> or his wife <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_26" title="AD 26"><small>AD</small> 26</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> retired to <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, leaving <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a> in control of Rome through his office. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_28" title="AD 28"><small>AD</small> 28</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the governor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_29" title="AD 29"><small>AD</small> 29</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus's</a> widow and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius's</a> mother, died. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_31" title="AD 31"><small>AD</small> 31</a></td> <td>18 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a> was executed on <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius's</a> orders. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> invited <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> to join him on <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_37" title="AD 37"><small>AD</small> 37</a></td> <td>16 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> died. His will left his offices jointly to <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar's</a> son, his grandson <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_38" title="AD 38"><small>AD</small> 38</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a> was murdered on <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula's</a> orders. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_40" title="AD 40"><small>AD</small> 40</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania" title="Ptolemy of Mauretania">Ptolemy of Mauretania</a>, <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> and a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a>, was murdered on <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula's</a> orders during a state visit to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. His slave <a href="/wiki/Aedemon" title="Aedemon">Aedemon</a> rose in revolt against Roman rule. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_41" title="AD 41"><small>AD</small> 41</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Paulinus" title="Gaius Suetonius Paulinus">Gaius Suetonius Paulinus</a> was appointed to suppress the rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">24 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> was assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Chaerea" title="Cassius Chaerea">Cassius Chaerea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> restored the <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judean</a> monarchy under <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_42" title="AD 42"><small>AD</small> 42</a></td> <td></td> <td>The territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> was organized into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_43" title="AD 43"><small>AD</small> 43</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Plautius" title="Aulus Plautius">Aulus Plautius</a> led four <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> into <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Verica" title="Verica">Verica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Claudius annexed <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> into the Empire as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_46" title="AD 46"><small>AD</small> 46</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian</a> <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhoemetalces_III" title="Rhoemetalces III">Rhoemetalces III</a>, a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a>, was killed by anti-Roman insurgents. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysia</a> was incorporated into the Empire as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_48" title="AD 48"><small>AD</small> 48</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius's</a> wife <a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a> was executed for conspiracy. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a> <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_49" title="AD 49"><small>AD</small> 49</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> married his niece, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus's</a> daughter <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_50" title="AD 50"><small>AD</small> 50</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> as his own son. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_54" title="AD 54"><small>AD</small> 54</a></td> <td>13 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> died. <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> succeeded him as <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_55" title="AD 55"><small>AD</small> 55</a></td> <td>11 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius's</a> young natural son <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a> died, probably by poison. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_58" title="AD 58"><small>AD</small> 58</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Roman–Parthian War of 58–63</a></i>: Roman forces attacked <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> in support of their preferred <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_VI_of_Armenia" title="Tigranes VI of Armenia">Tigranes VI of Armenia</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates I of Armenia">Tiridates I of Armenia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_59" title="AD 59"><small>AD</small> 59</a></td> <td>23 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a> died, probably murdered by her son <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_60" title="AD 60"><small>AD</small> 60</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a>, was appointed to lead a revolt of the Iceni and the <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a> against Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_61" title="AD 61"><small>AD</small> 61</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Watling_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Watling Street">Battle of Watling Street</a></i>: Some eighty thousand soldiers and civilians among the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a> were killed, probably in the modern <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica's</a> revolt. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_63" title="AD 63"><small>AD</small> 63</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman–Parthian War of 58–63</i>: The Roman and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empires</a> agreed that <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates I of Armenia">Tiridates</a> and his descendants would remain <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> as Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">clients</a>, ending the war. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_64" title="AD 64"><small>AD</small> 64</a></td> <td>18 July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a></i>: A fire began which would cause massive property damage and loss of life over six days in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> began construction of his large and extravagant villa the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_65" title="AD 65"><small>AD</small> 65</a></td> <td>19 April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy" title="Pisonian conspiracy">Pisonian conspiracy</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> was informed of a broad conspiracy to assassinate him and appoint the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso_(conspirator)" title="Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)">Gaius Calpurnius Piso</a> leader of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_66" title="AD 66"><small>AD</small> 66</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> revolted against Roman rule. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_68" title="AD 68"><small>AD</small> 68</a></td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">9 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, then in hiding in the villa of the <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> <a href="/wiki/Phaon_(freedman)" title="Phaon (freedman)">Phaon</a>, was notified that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> had declared him an enemy of the state and ordered him brought to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Forum</a> to be publicly beaten to death. He ordered his secretary <a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Nero)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)">Epaphroditus</a> to kill him. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, as ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot Temple Siege">Zealot Temple Siege</a></i>: The forces of <a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> former <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a>, laid siege to the <a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_69" title="AD 69"><small>AD</small> 69</a></td> <td>15 January</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> and acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 April</td> <td>Following his defeat by <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, the commander of the Roman army on the lower <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, near modern <a href="/wiki/Calvatone" title="Calvatone">Calvatone</a>, and to prevent further civil war, <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> committed suicide. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi" title="Revolt of the Batavi">Revolt of the Batavi</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Civilis" title="Gaius Julius Civilis">Gaius Julius Civilis</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a> auxiliaries in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>, turned against Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> recognized <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, the commander of Roman forces in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, as ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 December</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> was executed in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> by troops loyal to <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_70" title="AD 70"><small>AD</small> 70</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Revolt of the Batavi</i>: Following a series of battlefield reversals, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Civilis" title="Gaius Julius Civilis">Civilis</a> accepted peace terms from the Roman <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Quintus Petillius Cerialis</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)</a></i>: The Roman <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> breached the walls of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, sacked the city and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_71" title="AD 71"><small>AD</small> 71</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman conquest of Britain</i>: Roman forces entered modern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_73" title="AD 73"><small>AD</small> 73</a></td> <td>16 April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></i>: Roman forces breached the walls of <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, a mountain fortress held by the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> extremist sect the <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_77" title="AD 77"><small>AD</small> 77</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_79" title="AD 79"><small>AD</small> 79</a></td> <td>23 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> died. He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> erupted, destroying the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_80" title="AD 80"><small>AD</small> 80</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was partially destroyed by fire. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> was completed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_81" title="AD 81"><small>AD</small> 81</a></td> <td>13 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> died of fever. He was succeeded by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_85" title="AD 85"><small>AD</small> 85</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> was recalled to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_86" title="AD 86"><small>AD</small> 86</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian</a> <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_88" title="AD 88"><small>AD</small> 88</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Domitian's Dacian War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> agreed to return all Roman prisoners of war and accept his status as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a> in exchange for an annual subsidy of eight million <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sestertii</a>, ending the war. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_89" title="AD 89"><small>AD</small> 89</a></td> <td>1 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Antonius Saturninus">Lucius Antonius Saturninus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, revolted against <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian's</a> rule. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Antonius Saturninus">Saturninus</a> was executed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_96" title="AD 96"><small>AD</small> 96</a></td> <td>18 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> was assassinated by members of the royal household. <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> was declared ruler of Rome by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_97" title="AD 97"><small>AD</small> 97</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> as his son. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_98" title="AD 98"><small>AD</small> 98</a></td> <td>27 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> died and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2nd_century">2nd century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2nd century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_112" title="AD 112">112</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a> was inaugurated. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_113" title="AD 113">113</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman–Parthian Wars</i>: <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> launched an expedition against <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a> was erected in <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a> to commemorate the victory over <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_114" title="AD 114">114</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> deposed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia" title="Parthamasiris of Armenia">Parthamasiris of Armenia</a>, a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a>, and organized the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a> on his territory. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_115" title="AD 115">115</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Diaspora Revolt</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> rose up against Roman authority. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_116" title="AD 116">116</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a> were organized on territory conquered from <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Diaspora Revolt</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> of Egypt revolt </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> captured the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> and deposed its <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> in favor of his son <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_117" title="AD 117">117</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></i>: Roman forces captured the rebel stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a> and executed many of its inhabitants. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a>:</i> Roman forces suppressed the Jewish revolt in Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, resulting in the near-total elimination and expulsion of Jews from these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerkeslager200661–62_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerkeslager200661–62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 August</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> accepted the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> as ruler of Rome, following the appearance of documents indicating he had been adopted by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> deposed his son <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> and replaced him as <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_118" title="AD 118">118</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> withdrew from the territories of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>, allowing the return of their respective <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a> monarchies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_119" title="AD 119">119</a></td> <td></td> <td>A rebellion took place in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> which was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Falco" title="Quintus Pompeius Falco">Quintus Pompeius Falco</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_122" title="AD 122">122</a></td> <td></td> <td>The construction of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> at the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> began. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_123" title="AD 123">123</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> to suppress a local revolt. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_124" title="AD 124">124</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_126" title="AD 126">126</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>, its original builder. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_132" title="AD 132">132</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>, believed by his followers to be the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a>, launched a revolt against the Romans and established an independent Jewish state in <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, which he governed as <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">nasi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006111–112_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006111–112-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_135" title="AD 135">135</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></i>: the revolt is suppressed using substantial military force, culminating in the defeat and death of its leader during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Betar_(ancient_village)" title="Betar (ancient village)">Betar</a>, as well as heavy Roman losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006123,_126_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006123,_126-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suppression caused widespread devastation across Judaea, resulting in extensive destruction, significant loss of life, mass displacement, and enslavement, which substantially reduced the Jewish population. Following the revolt, the province was renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006125–127_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006125–127-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_136" title="AD 136">136</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Aelius">Lucius Aelius</a> as his son and successor. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_138" title="AD 138">138</a></td> <td>1 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Aelius">Lucius Aelius</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> as his son and successor and granted him <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician</a> power and <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>, on the condition that he in turn adopt <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> as his sons. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> died, probably from congestive heart failure. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_141" title="AD 141">141</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman conquest of Britain</i>: Roman forces invaded modern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus" title="Quintus Lollius Urbicus">Quintus Lollius Urbicus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_142" title="AD 142">142</a></td> <td></td> <td>The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> at the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> began. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/161" title="161">161</a></td> <td>7 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus</a> died. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Roman–Parthian War of 161–166</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> deposed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Armenia" title="Sohaemus of Armenia">Sohaemus of Armenia</a>, a Roman client, and installed <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_of_Armenia" title="Pacorus of Armenia">Bakur</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/165" title="165">165</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a></i>: A pandemic, probably of smallpox or measles, began which would kill some five million people throughout the Roman Empire. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/166" title="166">166</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman–Parthian War of 161–166</i>: Roman forces sacked the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/169" title="169">169</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> died of disease, leaving <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus</a> the sole ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></i>: A coalition of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes led by the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> invaded the Roman Empire across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/175" title="175">175</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Marcomannic Wars</i>: Rome and the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a> signed a treaty under which the latter agreed to return Roman prisoners of war and supply troops to the <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxilia</a>, ending the war. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/177" title="177">177</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus</a> named his natural son <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> co-ruler with himself. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a></td> <td>17 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Antonine Plague</i>: The pandemic ended. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/184" title="184">184</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> was abandoned by Roman forces. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/192" title="192">192</a></td> <td>31 December</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> was strangled to death. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/193" title="193">193</a></td> <td>1 January</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> acclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> ruler of Rome at the <a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">28 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> was assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> acclaimed the former <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a>, who had provided the highest bid, ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">legatus Augusti pro praetore</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, was proclaimed ruler of Rome by his <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 April</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina">Legio XIV Gemina</a> acclaimed its commander <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> ruler of Rome at <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>May</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> recognized <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> as ruler of Rome and sentenced <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Julianus</a> to death. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/194" title="194">194</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus_(194)" title="Battle of Issus (194)">Battle of Issus (194)</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Niger's</a> forces were decisively defeated by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Issus_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issus (town)">Issus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/196" title="196">196</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a>, the commander of Roman troops in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, took the title <i>Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/197" title="197">197</a></td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">19 February</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugdunum" title="Battle of Lugdunum">Battle of Lugdunum</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Albinus</a> met in battle at <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Albinus</a> committed suicide or was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Roman–Parthian Wars</i>: <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> sacked the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/198" title="198">198</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> appointed his eldest natural son <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> co-ruler with himself. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3rd_century">3rd century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 3rd century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/208" title="208">208</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_208%E2%80%93210" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210">Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> invaded modern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/209" title="209">209</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> named his youngest natural son <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a> co-ruler with himself and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/211" title="211">211</a></td> <td>4 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210</i>: <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> ended the campaign. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 December</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Geta</a> was murdered in his mother's arms by members of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> loyal to <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/212" title="212">212</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a> was an edict issued by <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and that all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman women. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/217" title="217">217</a></td> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">8 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> was assassinated by a member of his bodyguard. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> acclaimed their <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/218" title="218">218</a></td> <td>8 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> was captured and executed by an army loyal to <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, supposedly the illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/222" title="222">222</a></td> <td>11 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> was assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, which installed his young cousin <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> as ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/230" title="230">230</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a> and Syria. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/232" title="232">232</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman–Persian Wars</i>: <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Alexander</a> repelled the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> invasion. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/235" title="235">235</a></td> <td>19 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Alexander</a> was killed in a mutiny of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia" title="Legio XXII Primigenia">Legio XXII Primigenia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 March</td> <td>The army elected <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Italica" title="Legio IV Italica">Legio IV Italica</a>, ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/238" title="238">238</a></td> <td>22 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, accepted the rule of Rome at the urging of rebels in his <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a>. He appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a> to rule jointly with him. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 April</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a> as rulers of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(238)" title="Battle of Carthage (238)">Battle of Carthage (238)</a></i>: Forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a> were defeated by the army of <a href="/wiki/Capelianus" title="Capelianus">Capelianus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, who claimed fealty to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a>. Gordian II was killed. Gordian I committed suicide. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top">22 April</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> elected two senators, <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a>, as joint rulers of the Empire. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Facing popular opposition to <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I's</a> young grandson <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> the title <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus</a> was murdered with his son during a mutiny of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">Legio II Parthica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a> were tortured and murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> in their barracks. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/243" title="243">243</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena" title="Battle of Resaena">Battle of Resaena</a></i>: Roman forces defeated the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Resaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Resaena">Resaena</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/244" title="244">244</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche" title="Battle of Misiche">Battle of Misiche</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> decisively defeated a Roman force at Misiche, near modern <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> was killed, probably by a fellow Roman. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">prefect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, who was forced to cede <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> to the Sasanian Empire. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/249" title="249">249</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Phillip</a> was killed at <a href="/wiki/Verona,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Verona, Italy">Verona</a> in battle with <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a>, commander of Roman forces in Pannonia and <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/251" title="251">251</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> appointed his natural son <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a> co-ruler of Rome jointly with himself. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus" title="Battle of Abritus">Battle of Abritus</a></i>: Roman forces were dealt a bloody defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> near modern <a href="/wiki/Razgrad" title="Razgrad">Razgrad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius</a> were killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The armies of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> region acclaimed their commander <a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> recognized <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> as ruler of Rome. <a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Gallus</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> as his son. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> died, probably of plague. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Gallus</a> appointed his natural son <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a> co-ruler jointly with himself. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/253" title="253">253</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos" title="Battle of Barbalissos">Battle of Barbalissos</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> force destroyed a Roman army at <a href="/wiki/Barbalissos" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbalissos">Barbalissos</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Gallus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a> were killed in a mutiny at <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>. The army acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of Pannonia and <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a> was killed by his own soldiers in the face of the army of the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian (emperor)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> gave his son <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> the title <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/256" title="256">256</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> conquered and sacked <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/257" title="257">257</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> reconquered <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/258" title="258">258</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/260" title="260">260</a></td> <td></td> <td>Death of <a href="/wiki/Dacian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian kings">Dacian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Regalianus" title="Regalianus">Regalianus</a> that became Roman emperor for a brief period. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/260" title="260">260</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> was taken prisoner by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> during truce negotiations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> was declared ruler of Rome in the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/264" title="264">264</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> died in captivity. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/267" title="267">267</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Odaenathus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> and a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client</a>, was assassinated. His widow <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> took power as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for their son <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/268" title="268">268</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> was murdered by his soldiers during a siege of <a href="/wiki/Pontirolo_Nuovo" title="Pontirolo Nuovo">Pontirolo Nuovo</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a> was declared ruler of Rome by his soldiers. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/269" title="269">269</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> was killed by his soldiers, who in turn acclaimed one of their own, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marcus Aurelius Marius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Marius</a> was murdered by <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">prefect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus's</a> <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, who replaced him as <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus" title="Battle of Naissus">Battle of Naissus</a></i>: Roman forces decisively defeated the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> at modern <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, stalling an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/270" title="270">270</a></td> <td>January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a> died. He was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> became ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/271" title="271">271</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fano" title="Battle of Fano">Battle of Fano</a></i>: A Roman force defeated the <a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Metauro" title="Metauro">Metauro</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a> was murdered by an officer he had cuckolded. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">praeses</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a> was acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a>. He appointed his natural son <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">Tetricus II</a> to rule jointly with him. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/272" title="272">272</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> was arrested <i>en route</i> to refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/273" title="273">273</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> rebelled against Roman authority and was destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/274" title="274">274</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Battle of Châlons (274)</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> defeated the forces of <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">Tetricus II</a> at modern <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/275" title="275">275</a></td> <td>September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> was murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 September</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus (emperor)</a> ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/276" title="276">276</a></td> <td>June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Marcus Aurelius Probus</a>, commander of Roman forces in the east and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus's</a> half-brother, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">prefect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and commander of Roman forces in the west, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his troops. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a> was assassinated near <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> by his troops following a defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Probus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/279" title="279">279</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Probus</a> launched a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/282" title="282">282</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> elected their <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a> ruler of Rome. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Probus</a> was assassinated. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a> gave his sons <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> the title <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/283" title="283">283</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 November</td> <td>Roman forces in the east elected the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> their ruler and proclaimed him <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/285" title="285">285</a></td> <td>July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Margus" title="Battle of the Margus">Battle of the Margus</a></i>: Forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> in battle on the <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">Morava</a>. Carinus was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> the title <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/286" title="286">286</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Carausian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carausian Revolt">Carausian Revolt</a></i>: The naval commander <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a> declared himself <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>, ruling himself as <i>augustus</i> of the east. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/293" title="293">293</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>, appointing <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> to hold the office of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> under <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> to hold the title under himself in the east. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Carausian Revolt</i>: <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> territories. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a> was murdered by his finance minister <a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a>, who replaced him as <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/296" title="296">296</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Carausian Revolt</i>: <a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a> was defeated in battle and killed at <a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Calleva Atrebatum</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="4th_century">4th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 4th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/301" title="301">301</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_on_Maximum_Prices" title="Edict on Maximum Prices">Edict on Maximum Prices</a>, reforming the currency and setting price ceilings on a number of goods. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/303" title="303">303</a></td> <td>24 February</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> issued his first edict against <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, calling for the destruction of Christian holy books and places of worship and stripping Christians of their government positions and political rights. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/305" title="305">305</a></td> <td>1 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> abdicated. <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> were elevated to <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augusti</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a> and east. Galerius appointed <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Valerius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Valerius Severus">Flavius Valerius Severus</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus II</a> Caesar in the east. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/306" title="306">306</a></td> <td>25 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>. By his dying wish, his troops acclaimed his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> recognized <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Valerius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Valerius Severus">Flavius Valerius Severus</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a> and granted <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> the lesser title of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>, which he accepted. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a></i>: Rioters in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> ruler of Rome. He took the title <i>princeps invictus</i>, undefeated prince. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> invited <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> to reclaim the title <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/307" title="307">307</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</i>: <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Valerius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Valerius Severus">Flavius Valerius Severus</a> surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</i>: <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Many of his soldiers defected to <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> and he was forced to flee. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/308" title="308">308</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</i>: After a failed <i>coup</i> against his son <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> was forced to flee to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine's</a> court. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> resigned as <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> <i>augustus</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a> and confirmed his recognition of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> as <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> of the west. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/310" title="310">310</a></td> <td>July</td> <td><i>Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</i>: <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> was forced to commit suicide following a failed <i>coup</i> against <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/AD_311" title="AD 311">311</a></td> <td>May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> died. <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus</a> agreed to divide the eastern Empire between themselves. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</i>: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> concluded an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, offering his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a> to him in marriage. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</i>: <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus</a> entered a secret alliance with <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 December</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> died, possibly from suicide. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/312" title="312">312</a></td> <td>28 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> had a vision of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> appearing over the sun at the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a> with the words "in this sign, conquer." His forces defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/313" title="313">313</a></td> <td>February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>, providing for restitution to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> injured during the persecutions. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> married <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tzirallum" title="Battle of Tzirallum">Battle of Tzirallum</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> defeated a vastly numerically superior force loyal to <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus</a> at modern <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlu" title="Çorlu">Çorlu</a>. Maximinus fled to <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/314" title="314">314</a></td> <td>8 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cibalae" title="Battle of Cibalae">Battle of Cibalae</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> dealt a bloody defeat to <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius's</a> forces at modern <a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/317" title="317">317</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mardia" title="Battle of Mardia">Battle of Mardia</a></i>: After a bloody battle, probably at modern <a href="/wiki/Harmanli" title="Harmanli">Harmanli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> retreated from contact with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> recognized <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> as his superior, ceded all his territories outside of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, and agreed to depose and execute <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a>, whom he had raised to <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/324" title="324">324</a></td> <td>3 July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Battle of Adrianople (324)</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> suffered a bloody defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis" title="Battle of Chrysopolis">Battle of Chrysopolis</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> dealt a decisive defeat to the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius's</a> army. Licinius surrendered. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/325" title="325">325</a></td> <td>20 May</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></i>: An <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> called by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> opened which would establish the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, asserting <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> to be equal to and of the same substance as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> was executed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/326" title="326">326</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> ordered the death of his oldest son <a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/330" title="330">330</a></td> <td>11 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> moved his capital to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and renamed the city <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, city of Constantine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/332" title="332">332</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/334" title="334">334</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/337" title="337">337</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Roman–Persian Wars</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great's</a> three sons declared themselves <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augusti</a></i> and divided their father's empire into three parts, with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II (emperor)</a> receiving <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>. The young Constans was placed under Constantine II's guardianship. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/338" title="338">338</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> to his brother <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/340" title="340">340</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>. He was ambushed and slain at <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>, who inherited his territory. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/341" title="341">341</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> issued a ban against pagan sacrifice. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/344" title="344">344</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Singara" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Singara">Siege of Singara</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> forces failed to capture the Roman fortress of <a href="/wiki/Singara" title="Singara">Singara</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/350" title="350">350</a></td> <td>18 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Jovians_and_Herculians" title="Jovians and Herculians">Jovians and Herculians</a>, was acclaimed ruler of Rome by his <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a> was killed in <a href="/wiki/Elne" title="Elne">Elne</a> by followers of <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus's</a> grandson <a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> with a band of <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a> and there declared himself <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_(magister_officiorum)" title="Marcellinus (magister officiorum)">Marcellinus (magister officiorum)</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius's</a> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">generals</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and executed <a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/351" title="351">351</a></td> <td>15 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> granted his cousin <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> the title <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mursa_Major" title="Battle of Mursa Major">Battle of Mursa Major</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a> in a bloody battle in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/353" title="353">353</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Seleucus" title="Battle of Mons Seleucus">Battle of Mons Seleucus</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> dealt <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a> a decisive defeat at modern <a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%A2tie-Montsal%C3%A9on" title="La Bâtie-Montsaléon">La Bâtie-Montsaléon</a>. Magnentius committed suicide. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/354" title="354">354</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Gallus</a> was put to death. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/355" title="355">355</a></td> <td>6 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian (emperor)</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> and granted him command in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/357" title="357">357</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg" title="Battle of Strasbourg">Battle of Strasbourg</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> defeated a vastly superior <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> force near <a href="/wiki/Argentoratum" title="Argentoratum">Argentoratum</a>, solidifying Roman control west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_360" title="AD 360">360</a></td> <td>February</td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Petulantes" title="Petulantes">Petulantes</a></i>, ordered east from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in preparation for a war with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, instead mutinied and proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/361" title="361">361</a></td> <td>3 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> named <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> as his successor before dying of fever. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/363" title="363">363</a></td> <td>5 March</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian's Persian War">Julian's Persian War</a></i>: Roman forces embarked from <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> on a punitive expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 June</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samarra">Battle of Samarra</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> forces harassed a Roman army in retreat at <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> from a failed siege of their capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian's</a> army declared one of their generals, <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian (emperor)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td><i>Julian's Persian War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> agreed to cede the five <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, ending the war. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/364" title="364">364</a></td> <td>17 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 February</td> <td>The army acclaimed the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I the Great</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian the Great</a> appointed his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> with rule over the eastern Empire, and continued as <i>augustus</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/375" title="375">375</a></td> <td>17 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian the Great</a> died of a stroke. His son <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>, then junior <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>, succeeded him as senior <i>augustus</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 November</td> <td>The army acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian the Great's</a> young son <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/376" title="376">376</a></td> <td></td> <td>Fleeing <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> aggression, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftain</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritigern" title="Fritigern">Fritigern</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and entered the eastern Empire as political refugees. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War (376–382)</a></i>: Following the deaths of several Roman soldiers during civil unrest in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, the officer <a href="/wiki/Lupicinus_(comes_per_Thracias)" title="Lupicinus (comes per Thracias)">Lupicinus</a> arrested <a href="/wiki/Fritigern" title="Fritigern">Fritigern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftain</a> <a href="/wiki/Alatheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alatheus">Alatheus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/378" title="378">378</a></td> <td>9 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a></i>: A combined <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alanic</a> force decisively defeated the Roman army near <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/379" title="379">379</a></td> <td>19 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> named the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I the Great</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> in the east. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/380" title="380">380</a></td> <td>27 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius the Great</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/382" title="382">382</a></td> <td>3 October</td> <td><i>Gothic War (376–382)</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> were made <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> of Rome and granted land and autonomy in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, ending the war. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_383" title="AD 383">383</a></td> <td>25 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> was delivered by mutineers to the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Andragathius" title="Andragathius">Andragathius</a> and executed. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/392" title="392">392</a></td> <td>15 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> was found hanged in his residence. He may have been murdered by his guardian, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> and ruler in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/393" title="393">393</a></td> <td>23 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius the Great</a> appointed his younger son <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius (emperor)</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/394" title="394">394</a></td> <td>6 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Battle of the Frigidus</a></i>: Forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius the Great</a> defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a>, probably near the <a href="/wiki/Vipava_(river)" title="Vipava (river)">Vipava</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/395" title="395">395</a></td> <td>17 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius the Great</a> died. His elder son <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> succeeded him as <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. The young <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> became sole <i>augustus</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> under the regency of <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/398" title="398">398</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gildonic_War" title="Gildonic War">Gildonic War</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Gildo" title="Gildo">Gildo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa (province)">Africa</a>, was killed following a failed rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="5th_century">5th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 5th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/402" title="402">402</a></td> <td></td> <td>The capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> was moved to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/406" title="406">406</a></td> <td>31 December</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">Crossing of the Rhine</a></i>: A coalition of foreign tribes including the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/408" title="408">408</a></td> <td>1 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/410" title="410">410</a></td> <td>24 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> under their <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">End of Roman rule in Britain</a></i>: The last Roman forces left <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/421" title="421">421</a></td> <td>8 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> appointed his brother-in-law and <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a> co-ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> with himself. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/423" title="423">423</a></td> <td>15 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Castinus" title="Castinus">Castinus</a> declared the <i><a href="/wiki/Primicerius" title="Primicerius">primicerius</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/424" title="424">424</a></td> <td>23 October</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II the Younger, the Calligrapher</a> named the young <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>, his cousin and <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III's</a> son, <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> with rule over the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>. His mother <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a> was appointed regent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/425" title="425">425</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a> was executed in <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/447" title="447">447</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Utus" title="Battle of the Utus">Battle of the Utus</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> under <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> defeated a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> army in a bloody battle near the <a href="/wiki/Utus" class="mw-redirect" title="Utus">Utus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/450" title="450">450</a></td> <td>28 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius the Younger</a> died in a riding accident. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/452" title="452">452</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> abandoned his invasion of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a> following a meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Mincio" title="Mincio">Mincio</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/455" title="455">455</a></td> <td>16 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> was assassinated on orders of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 March</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Maximus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Maximus</a> was killed by a mob as he attempted to flee <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the face of a <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a> advance. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 June</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">Sack of Rome (455)</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandals</a> entered and began to sack <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 July</td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a> was pronounced <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic</a> <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_II" title="Theodoric II">Theodoric II</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/456" title="456">456</a></td> <td>17 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a> was forced to flee <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> following a military <i>coup</i> by the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Domesticus_(Roman_Empire)" title="Domesticus (Roman Empire)">domesticus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/457" title="457">457</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 January</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 February</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I the Thracian</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">west</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April</td> <td>The army acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/461" title="461">461</a></td> <td>7 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> was killed after torture near the <a href="/wiki/Staffora" title="Staffora">Staffora</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer's</a> orders. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 November</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Libius Severus</a> from among their number as <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/465" title="465">465</a></td> <td>15 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/467" title="467">467</a></td> <td>12 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo the Thracian</a> elevated the <i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> with rule over the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/468" title="468">468</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cap_Bon_(468)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cap Bon (468)">Battle of Cap Bon (468)</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> destroyed a combined <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> invasion fleet at <a href="/wiki/Cap_Bon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Bon">Cap Bon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/472" title="472">472</a></td> <td>11 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a> was killed in flight following <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer's</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Maximus's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a> was acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer's</a> nephew <a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a> succeeded him as <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i> and took the title <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patrician</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/473" title="473">473</a></td> <td>3 March</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> elements of the army elected the <i><a href="/wiki/Domesticus_(Roman_Empire)" title="Domesticus (Roman Empire)">domesticus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a> relinquished his <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> titles to succeed his father as <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">Burgundy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/474" title="474">474</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo the Thracian</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, his nephew and <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo the Thracian</a> died. He was succeeded by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II (emperor)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 February</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno (emperor)</a> became co-<i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> with his young son <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Nepos</a> deposed <a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a> died, possibly after being poisoned by his mother <a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne (empress)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/475" title="475">475</a></td> <td>January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> was forced to flee <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for his homeland <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a> in the face of a popular revolt. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo the Thracian's</a> widow <a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a>, was acclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Byzantine Senate</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Nepos</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> military. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a> took control of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, forcing <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Nepos</a> to flee to <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a> declared his young son <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/476" title="476">476</a></td> <td>August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> recaptured <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and accepted <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus's</a> surrender. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> under the command of the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> renounced <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> authority and declared Odoacer their <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> captured and executed <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, forced <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus</a> to abdicate and declared himself <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> of Italy. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> the imperial regalia of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/480" title="480">480</a></td> <td>25 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Nepos</a> was murdered in his residence in <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/491" title="491">491</a></td> <td>9 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> died. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="6th_century">6th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 6th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/518" title="518">518</a></td> <td>9 July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/527" title="527">527</a></td> <td>1 April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> appointed his older son <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I the Great</a> co-<i>augustus</i> with himself. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/529" title="529">529</a></td> <td>7 April</td> <td>The <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianeus">Codex Justinianeus</a></i>, which attempted to consolidate and reconcile contradictions in Roman law, was promulgated. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/532" title="532">532</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian the Great</a> ordered the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/533" title="533">533</a></td> <td>21 June</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a></i>: A Byzantine force under the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> departed for the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">Battle of Ad Decimum</a></i>: A Byzantine army defeated a <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a> force near <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 December</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Battle of Tricamarum</a></i>: The Byzantines defeated a <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a> army and forced their <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> into flight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/534" title="534">534</a></td> <td>March</td> <td><i>Vandalic War</i>: <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> and accepted his offer of a peaceful retirement in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, ending the war. The territory of the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Africa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/535" title="535">535</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a></i>: Byzantine forces crossing from <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Africa</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, then an <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a> possession. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/536" title="536">536</a></td> <td>December</td> <td><i>Gothic War (535–554)</i>: Byzantium took <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> with little <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a> resistance. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/537" title="537">537</a></td> <td>27 December</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> was completed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/552" title="552">552</a></td> <td>July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Battle of Taginae</a></i>: A Byzantine army dealt a decisive defeat to the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gualdo_Tadino" title="Gualdo Tadino">Gualdo Tadino</a>. The Ostrogoth <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/553" title="553">553</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Lactarius" title="Battle of Mons Lactarius">Battle of Mons Lactarius</a></i>: An <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a> force was ambushed and destroyed at <a href="/wiki/Monti_Lattari" title="Monti Lattari">Monti Lattari</a> on its way to relieve a Byzantine siege of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>. The Ostrogoth <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> <a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Teia</a> was killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/565" title="565">565</a></td> <td>March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian the Great</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/568" title="568">568</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/573" title="573">573</a></td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/574" title="574">574</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> began to suffer from fits of insanity. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/578" title="578">578</a></td> <td>5 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/582" title="582">582</a></td> <td>14 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a> died. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="7th_century">7th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 7th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/602" title="602">602</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> declared war on Byzantium. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/607" title="607">607</a></td> <td>1 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> dedicated the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/626" title="626">626</a></td> <td>June</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(626)" title="Siege of Constantinople (626)">Siege of Constantinople (626)</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar</a> forces laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/634" title="634">634</a></td> <td>April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> army departed <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/640" title="640">640</a></td> <td>January</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> force laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> were reorganized into <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/641" title="641">641</a></td> <td>8 November</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Siege of Alexandria (641)</a></i>: Byzantine authorities in the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egyptian</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> surrendered to the besieging <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> army. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/663" title="663">663</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/698" title="698">698</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Battle of Carthage (698)</a></i>: An <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> siege and blockade of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> forced the retreat of Byzantine forces. The city was conquered and destroyed. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="8th_century">8th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 8th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/717" title="717">717</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">Siege of Constantinople (717–718)</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> besieges the city of Constantinople. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/718" title="718">718</a> </td> <td>15 August </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">Siege of Constantinople (717–718)</a></i>: The Umayyad Caliphate lifts the siege of Constantinople due to Famine, Disease and an unusually hard winter. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/730" title="730">730</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> promulgated an edict forbidding the veneration of religious images, beginning the first <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AD_787" title="AD 787">787</a></td> <td>23 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></i>: An <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> ended which endorsed the veneration of images, ending the first <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="9th_century">9th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 9th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/813" title="813">813</a></td> <td>June</td> <td>A group of soldiers broke into the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> and pleaded with the body of the iconoclast <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> to restore the Empire, marking the beginning of the second <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/843" title="843">843</a></td> <td></td> <td>The Byzantine regent <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (wife of Theophilos)</a> restored the veneration of religious images, ending the second <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/867" title="867">867</a></td> <td>24 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> was assassinated by his co-<i>basileus</i> <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>, who became sole ruler of the Empire. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="10th_century">10th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 10th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/976" title="976">976</a></td> <td>10 January</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> died. His co-<i>basileus</i> and nephew <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> became sole ruler of the Empire. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="11th_century">11th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1002" title="1002">1002</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</a></i>: Byzantine forces invaded <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1014" title="1014">1014</a></td> <td>29 July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion" title="Battle of Kleidion">Battle of Kleidion</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil</a> dealt a decisive and bloody defeat to <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Belasica" title="Belasica">Belasica</a> near <a href="/wiki/Klyuch" title="Klyuch">Klyuch</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1018" title="1018">1018</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</i>: The <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> accepted the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Bulgaria</a> on the territory of the former Empire, with significant autonomy for themselves. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1025" title="1025">1025</a></td> <td>15 December</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1054" title="1054">1054</a></td> <td>16 July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida" title="Humbert of Silva Candida">Humbert of Silva Candida</a> laid on the altar of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> a document proclaiming the excommunication of <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I Cerularius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1071" title="1071">1071</a></td> <td>15 April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bari" title="Siege of Bari">Siege of Bari</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Italo-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Norman">Italo-Norman</a> forces captured <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, capital of the <i><a href="/wiki/Katepanikion" class="mw-redirect" title="Katepanikion">katepanikion</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Italy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 August</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></i>: The Byzantine Empire was decisively defeated by a <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> force near <a href="/wiki/Malazgirt" title="Malazgirt">Malazgirt</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> was captured. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1081" title="1081">1081</a></td> <td>1 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a> was deposed and replaced as <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a></td> <td>29 April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Levounion" title="Battle of Levounion">Battle of Levounion</a></i>: The Byzantine army dealt a bloody defeat to a <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg</a> invasion force. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1097" title="1097">1097</a></td> <td>19 June</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea" title="Siege of Nicaea">Siege of Nicaea</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Rum</a> occupants of <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> surrendered to Byzantine and <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusader</a> forces. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1098" title="1098">1098</a></td> <td></td> <td>Following the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusader</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I of Antioch</a> declared himself <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="12th_century">12th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 12th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a></td> <td>15 August</td> <td><i>Reign of <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II</a> begins</i>: Being considered the greatest <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenoi</a> emperor, he starts extensive damage control. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroia" title="Battle of Beroia">Battle of Beroia</a></i>: A Byzantine army wiped out the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1124" title="1124">1124</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>War with <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> begins</i>: Over the non-renewal of trading privileges by John II Komnenos. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>The war with Venice ends in defeat</i>: The Venetian fleet ravaged the coasts of Greece, forcing the emperor to back down. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarians</a> invade the Empire</i>: Invaders go far south as Philippolis. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1129" title="1129">1129</a></td> <td></td> <td>Invading Hungarins are repelled </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a></td> <td></td> <td>John II launches his first serious campaign in the east. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a></td> <td></td> <td>John II conquers the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1139" title="1139">1139</a></td> <td></td> <td>John II vassalizes the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Death of John II</i>: his death marks the beginning of straight decline. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1146" title="1146">1146</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Sack of <a href="/wiki/Philomelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Philomelion">Philomelion</a></i>: Under the orders from <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I</a>, before relocating the Christian population. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1167" title="1167">1167</a></td> <td>8 July</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium" title="Battle of Sirmium">Battle of Sirmium</a></i>: Byzantium decisively defeated a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a> force at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a></td> <td>17 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myriokephalon" title="Battle of Myriokephalon">Battle of Myriokephalon</a></i>: A Byzantine invasion force was ambushed and forced to retreat through a mountain pass by <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Rum</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Lake Beyşehir">Lake Beyşehir</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a></td> <td>24 September</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> died. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a></td> <td>26 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">Uprising of Asen and Peter</a></i>: A tax revolt began in <a href="/wiki/Paristrion" title="Paristrion">Paristrion</a> which would result in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="13th_century">13th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a></td> <td>13 April</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">Siege of Constantinople (1204)</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusaders</a> breached and sacked <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, deposed the <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> under their leader <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin I, Latin Emperor">Baldwin I, Latin Emperor</a> as <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> was acclaimed <i>basileus</i> but forced to flee with his court to establish the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I of Trebizond</a>, a grandson of the former <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a>, declared himself ruler of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>, established himself as <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a></td> <td>25 July</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaean</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> . </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael</a> was crowned <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> along with his infant son <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="14th_century">14th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a></td> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine–Ottoman Wars</a></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a></td> <td></td> <td><i>Byzantine–Ottoman Wars</i>: The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a></td> <td>26 October</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–47">Byzantine civil war of 1341–47</a></i>: The regent <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> was declared <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> by his supporters in opposition to the young <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a></td> <td>8 February</td> <td><i>Byzantine civil war of 1341–47</i>: <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI</a> concluded an arrangement under which he would rule as senior <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> alongside <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V</a> for ten years. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="15th_century">15th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a></td> <td>29 May</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman</a> forces entered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> was killed. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Livy-AUC-1-10-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-AUC-1-10_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy-AUC-1-10_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 1:10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2015" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2015). <i>A Companion to Livy</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">313–</span>329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Livy&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Roman+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1993" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1993). <i>The History of Rome</i>. Faber & Faber. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Roman+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/">"Oxford Reference - Answers with Authority"</a>. <i>www.oxfordreference.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordreference.com&rft.atitle=Oxford+Reference+-+Answers+with+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Roman+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eck,_3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eck,_3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Eck, Werner</a>; translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material by Sarolta A. Takács. (2003) <i>The Age of Augustus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: Blackwell Publishing (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22957-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22957-4">0-631-22957-4</a>; paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22958-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22958-2">0-631-22958-2</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerkeslager200661–62-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerkeslager200661–62_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerkeslager2006">Kerkeslager 2006</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006111–112-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006111–112_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006123,_126-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006123,_126_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 123, 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006125–127-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006125–127_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 125–127.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Roman_history&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2006" class="citation book cs1">Eshel, Hanan (2006). "The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.). <i>The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i>. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4th. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bar+Kochba+Revolt%2C+132%E2%80%93135&rft.btitle=The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Roman+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerkeslager2006" class="citation book cs1">Kerkeslager, Allen (2006). "The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.). <i>The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i>. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4th. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jews+in+Egypt+and+Cyrenaica%2C+66%E2%80%93c.+235+CE&rft.btitle=The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Kerkeslager&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Roman+history" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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