CINXE.COM
Murray Gell-Mann - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Murray Gell-Mann - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )simplewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c1eee145-509f-4220-8bc4-0a0f732c11b1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Murray_Gell-Mann","wgTitle":"Murray Gell-Mann","wgCurRevisionId":8124336,"wgRevisionId":8124336,"wgArticleId":553981,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the JsonConfig extension","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with hCards","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with FAST identifiers","Articles with ISNI identifiers","Articles with VIAF identifiers","Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers","Articles with BIBSYS identifiers","Articles with BNE identifiers","Articles with BNF identifiers","Articles with BNFdata identifiers","Articles with CANTICN identifiers" ,"Articles with GND identifiers","Articles with ICCU identifiers","Articles with J9U identifiers","Articles with KANTO identifiers","Articles with KBR identifiers","Articles with LCCN identifiers","Articles with Libris identifiers","Articles with LNB identifiers","Articles with NDL identifiers","Articles with NKC identifiers","Articles with NTA identifiers","Articles with PLWABN identifiers","Articles with CINII identifiers","Articles with DBLP identifiers","Articles with MATHSN identifiers","Articles with MGP identifiers","Articles with Scopus identifiers","Articles with ZBMATH identifiers","Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers","Articles with DTBIO identifiers","Articles with Trove identifiers","Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers","Articles with SUDOC identifiers","Nobel Prize in Physics winners","1929 births","2019 deaths","People from Manhattan","Scientists from New York City","American theoretical physicists"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Murray_Gell-Mann","wgRelevantArticleId":553981,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":8000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q172840","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/1200px-Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1888"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/800px-Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1258"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/640px-Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1007"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Murray Gell-Mann - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="change this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.simple"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Murray_Gell-Mann rootpage-Murray_Gell-Mann skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Getting around </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_start" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Simple start</span></a></li><li id="n-Simple-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk"><span>Simple talk</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of new changes in the wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-simple.svg" width="101" height="18" style="width: 6.3125em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Murray+Gell-Mann" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Murray+Gell-Mann" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Murray+Gell-Mann" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Murray+Gell-Mann" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Murray Gell-Mann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="موري جيلمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موري جيلمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86" title="ماری گل-من – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماری گل-من" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মারি গেল-ম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারি গেল-ম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мюрэй Гел-Ман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мюрэй Гел-Ман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мъри Гел-Ман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъри Гел-Ман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8B_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Μάρεϋ Γκελ-Μαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρεϋ Γκελ-Μαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86" title="ماری گل-من – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماری گل-من" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B2%94%EB%A7%8C" title="머리 겔만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머리 겔만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարի Գել-Ման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարի Գել-Ման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मरे गेलमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मरे गेलमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מארי גל-מאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארי גל-מאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარი გელ-მანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარი გელ-მანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Марри Гелл-Ман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марри Гелл-Ман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Марри Гелл-Ман – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Марри Гелл-Ман" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijs_Gells-Manns" title="Marijs Gells-Manns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marijs Gells-Manns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мари Гел-Ман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мари Гел-Ман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मरे गेल-मान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मरे गेल-मान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარი გელ-მანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარი გელ-მანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مورى جيلمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مورى جيلمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="موری گل-مان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موری گل-مان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="मुरे जेल-म्यान् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मुरे जेल-म्यान्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="マレー・ゲルマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マレー・ゲルマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%92_%DA%AF%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مرے گل-مان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مرے گل-مان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Гелл-Ман, Марри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гелл-Ман, Марри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मरे गेलमन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मरे गेलमन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мари Гел-Ман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мари Гел-Ман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மாரி ஜெல் மேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாரி ஜெல் மேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Мюррей Гел-Мән – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мюррей Гел-Мән" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Марри Гелл-Ман – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Марри Гелл-Ман" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маррі Гелл-Ман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маррі Гелл-Ман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماری گیل مین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماری گیل مین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="默里·盖尔曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="默里·盖尔曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Murray Gell-Mann" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" title="默里·蓋爾曼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="默里·蓋爾曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="默里·盖尔曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="默里·盖尔曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172840#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Murray_Gell-Mann" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Murray_Gell-Mann" rel="nofollow" title="New changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&oldid=8124336" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Murray_Gell-Mann&id=8124336&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMurray_Gell-Mann"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMurray_Gell-Mann"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Murray+Gell-Mann"><span>Make a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Page for printing</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Murray_Gell-Mann" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172840" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Murray Gell-Mann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/225px-Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/338px-Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/450px-Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3898" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gell-Mann at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> Annual Meeting, 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-09-15</span>)</span>September 15, 1929<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 24, 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-05-24)</span> (aged 89)<sup id="cite_ref-tnyt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnyt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Coining the term 'quark'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effective_complexity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Effective complexity (not yet started)">Effective complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gell-Mann_and_Low_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gell-Mann and Low theorem (not yet started)">Gell-Mann and Low theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gell-Mann_matrices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gell-Mann matrices (not yet started)">Gell-Mann matrices</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renormalization_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renormalization group (not yet started)">Gell-Mann−Low renormalization group equation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gell-Mann%E2%80%93Nishijima_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (not yet started)">Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gell-Mann%E2%80%93Okubo_mass_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula (not yet started)">Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangeness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strangeness (not yet started)">Strangeness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plectics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plectics (not yet started)">Plectics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9640852">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">J. Margaret Dow</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955; died 1981)<wbr />​</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9640852"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Marcia Southwick</div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1992)<wbr />​</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Two + 1 stepchild</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (not yet started)">Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award (not yet started)">E. O. Lawrence Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science (not yet started)">John J. Carty Award</a> <small>(1968)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span><sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Fe Institute (not yet started)">Santa Fe Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12195"><i>Coupling strength and nuclear reactions</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafe.edu/~mgm">www<wbr />.santafe<wbr />.edu<wbr />/~mgm</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Murray Gell-Mann</b> (September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-tnyt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnyt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who received the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his work on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">elementary particles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Fe Institute (not yet started)">Santa Fe Institute</a>, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a>, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gell-Mann has also worked at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (not yet started)">John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation</a> Fellow in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Works" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Works"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was known for his study of <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, the smallest parts that make up the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>. These small particles behaved in ways that did not appear to follow the known laws of physics, and Gell-Mann came up with the idea of giving them a strangeness number which could allow them to be compared and put into categories. He also came up with idea that parts of an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> ad the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> were made up of even smaller particles. He called the <a href="/wiki/Quarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarks">quarks</a>, a nonsense work from <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s book, <i>Finnigan's Wake</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-achievement.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achievement.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gell-Mann then developed the idea that quarks were held together inside the nucleus by a force he called "color", and this force could be given a quantum number.<sup id="cite_ref-achievement.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achievement.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> he discovered a <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a> between sub-atomic particles. He researched string theory which could explain what makes up the smallest particles and forces.<sup id="cite_ref-achievement.org_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achievement.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Personal life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Personal life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gell-Mann was an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gell-Mann supported <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> for the United States presidency in October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gell-Mann died on May 24, 2019 at his home in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>, aged 89.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tnyt-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tnyt_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tnyt_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, George (May 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/24/obituaries/murray-gell-mann-died-.html">"Murray Gell-Mann, Who Peered at Particles and Saw the Universe, Dies at 89"</a>. Obituaries. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Murray+Gell-Mann%2C+Who+Peered+at+Particles+and+Saw+the+Universe%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F24%2Fobituaries%2Fmurray-gell-mann-died-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Gell-Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024845/https://royalsociety.org/people/murray-gell-mann-11485/">"Professor Murray Gell-Mann ForMemRS"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/murray-gell-mann-11485/">the original</a> on 2015-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Murray+Gell-Mann+ForMemRS&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fmurray-gell-mann-11485%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Gell-Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/gell-mann-bio.html">"Murray Gell-Mann - Biographical"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. Nobel Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Murray+Gell-Mann+-+Biographical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1969%2Fgell-mann-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Gell-Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919003453/http://uscnews.usc.edu/university/nobel_prize_winner_appointed_presidential_professor_at_usc.html">"Nobel Prize Winner Appointed Presidential Professor at USC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uscnews.usc.edu/university/nobel_prize_winner_appointed_presidential_professor_at_usc.html">the original</a> on 2010-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Winner+Appointed+Presidential+Professor+at+USC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscnews.usc.edu%2Funiversity%2Fnobel_prize_winner_appointed_presidential_professor_at_usc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Gell-Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4034-5_20">"CERN-affiliated article by Gell-Mann"</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-4034-5_20">10.1007/978-3-7091-4034-5_20</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CERN-affiliated+article+by+Gell-Mann&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-7091-4034-5_20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-7091-4034-5_20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Gell-Mann" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/M.Gell.Mann.1">Scientific publications of M. Gell-Mann on INSPIRE-HEP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-achievement.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-achievement.org_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-achievement.org_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-achievement.org_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray Gell-Mann Biography -- Academy of Achievement: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/gel0bio-1">Murray Gell-Mann Biography -- Academy of Achievement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111095354/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/gel0bio-1">Archived</a> 2016-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessdate: September 17, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=iah&page=index">The International Academy of Humanism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424101318/http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=iah&page=index">Archived</a> 2008-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. Retrieved 18 October 2007. Some of this information is also at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iheu.org/american-humanist-association-building-momentum">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418195201/http://www.iheu.org/american-humanist-association-building-momentum">Archived</a> 2012-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFaTrOFXrs8">Nobel Laureate Murray Gell-Mann endorses Obama, at youtube.com</a> Retrieved 15 February 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2019" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Marshall, Jenna (May 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santafe.edu/news-center/news/murray-gell-mann-passes-away-89">"Murray Gell-Mann passes away at 89"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Fe Institute (not yet started)">Santa Fe Institute</a></i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Murray+Gell-Mann+passes+away+at+89&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantafe.edu%2Fnews-center%2Fnews%2Fmurray-gell-mann-passes-away-89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMurray+Gell-Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Murray_Gell-Mann" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> at Wikimedia Commons <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Murray_Gell-Mann" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> at Wikiquote </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafe.edu/~mgm/">Gell-Mann's Home Page at SFI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226173533/http://www.santafe.edu/~mgm/">Archived</a> 2007-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/murray_gell_mann_on_beauty_and_truth_in_physics">"Beauty, truth and ... physics?" (TED2007)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/murray_gell_mann_on_the_ancestor_of_language">"The ancestor of language" (TED2007)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412063007/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/gel0int-1">Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement</a> in 1990</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/video/2010/oct/22/murray-gell-mann-quarks">Murray Gell-Mann talks quarks (Video)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/FY17%20Membership%20Roster.pdf">Membership</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winners_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (1901) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> (1902) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1903) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a> (1904) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a> (1905) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a> (1906) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a> (1907) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a> (1908) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ferdinand_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun (not yet started)">Braun</a> (1909) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a> (1910) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Wien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Wien (not yet started)">Wien</a> (1911) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustaf Dalén (not yet started)">Dalén</a> (1912) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (not yet started)">Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max von Laue (not yet started)">Laue</a> (1914) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> (1915) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Glover_Barkla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Glover Barkla (not yet started)">Barkla</a> (1917) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> (1918) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Stark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Stark (not yet started)">Stark</a> (1919) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume (not yet started)">Guillaume</a> (1920) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (1921) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a> (1922) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a> (1923) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manne_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manne Siegbahn (not yet started)">M. Siegbahn</a> (1924) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Franck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Franck (not yet started)">Franck</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz (not yet started)">Hertz</a> (1925)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Perrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin (not yet started)">Perrin</a> (1926) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Compton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Compton (not yet started)">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a> (1927) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Willans_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Willans Richardson (not yet started)">O. Richardson</a> (1928) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a> (1929) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a> (1930) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> (1932) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> (1933) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> (1935) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Francis_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Francis Hess (not yet started)">Hess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_David_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl David Anderson (not yet started)">C. D. Anderson</a> (1936) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Davisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Davisson (not yet started)">Davisson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Paget_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Paget Thomson (not yet started)">Thomson</a> (1937) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> (1938) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (1939) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> (1943) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Isaac_Rabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi (not yet started)">Rabi</a> (1944) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> (1945) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Williams_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Williams Bridgman (not yet started)">Bridgman</a> (1946) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Victor Appleton (not yet started)">Appleton</a> (1947) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett (not yet started)">Blackett</a> (1948) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hideki_Yukawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hideki Yukawa (not yet started)">Yukawa</a> (1949) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Frank_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil Frank Powell (not yet started)">Powell</a> (1950)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cockcroft (not yet started)">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Walton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Walton (not yet started)">Walton</a> (1951) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Mills_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Mills Purcell (not yet started)">Purcell</a> (1952) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Zernike (not yet started)">Zernike</a> (1953) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Bothe (not yet started)">Bothe</a> (1954) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Lamb (not yet started)">Lamb</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polykarp_Kusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polykarp Kusch (not yet started)">Kusch</a> (1955) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Houser Brattain (not yet started)">Brattain</a> (1956) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a> (1957) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Frank (not yet started)">Frank</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Tamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Tamm (not yet started)">Tamm</a> (1958) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio G. Segrè (not yet started)">Segrè</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Chamberlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Chamberlain (not yet started)">Chamberlain</a> (1959) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a> (1960) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> (1961) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> (1962) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> (1963) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Basov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Basov (not yet started)">Basov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Prokhorov (not yet started)">Prokhorov</a> (1964) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> (1965) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> (1966) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> (1967) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a> (1968) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gell-Mann</a> (1969) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Néel (not yet started)">Néel</a> (1970) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> (1971) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> (1972) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a> (1973) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> (1974) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a> (1975)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a> (1976) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a> (1977) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a> (1978) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> (1979) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a> (1980) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a> (1981) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a> (1982) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a> (1983) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a> (1984) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a> (1985) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> (1986) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a> (1987) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> (1988) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> (1989) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a> (1990) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a> (1991) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> (1992) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J. Taylor</a> (1993) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> (1994) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> (1995) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a> (1996) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> (1997) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a> (1998) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a> (1999) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a> (2000)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> (2001) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Davis, Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> (2002) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a> (2003) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> (2004) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a> (2005) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> (2006) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> (2007) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> (2008) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> (2009) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> (2010) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> (2011) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> (2012) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> (2013) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> (2014) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a> (2015) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> (2016) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> (2017) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> (2018) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> (2019) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a> (2020) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> (2021) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> (2022) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> (2023) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> (2024)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;'''"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_winners" title="Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners">Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners</a> <b>·</b>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Commons-logo-en.svg/16px-Commons-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Commons-logo-en.svg/24px-Commons-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Commons-logo-en.svg/32px-Commons-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172840#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172840#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172840#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/123494/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000118217679">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84617186">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4mJT4X8DKwMRfJvPPcP">WorldCat Entities</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90569757">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX945797">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12390991f">France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746659c">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12390991f">BnF data</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746659c">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517631406706">Catalonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119560437">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span title="Gell-Mann, Murray" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV054718">Italy</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261650705171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000125737">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14113706">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83828431">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnnqrs2c9n6s6">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000217319&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00651411">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005279396&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p100596037">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810693059705606">Poland</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03382570?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/129/5052">DBLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/72305">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=22479">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22987931400">Scopus</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:gell-mann.murray">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ae86d0f5-a312-4b91-acc3-a5ddc9c73a95">MusicBrainz artist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119560437.html?language=en">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/831509">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ht2qqm">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032997795">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5fbff885f8‐vgdvf Cached time: 20241210192501 Cache expiry: 1830916 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.077 seconds Real time usage: 1.341 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4348/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 124376/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 24857/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 29/100 Expensive parser function count: 36/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 34538/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.609/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8784516/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1173.438 1 -total 48.97% 574.619 1 Template:Infobox_scientist 48.11% 564.573 1 Template:Infobox_person 20.13% 236.252 1 Template:Reflist 19.87% 233.127 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 16.97% 199.127 5 Template:Plainlist 16.23% 190.487 6 Template:If_empty 15.08% 176.962 2 Template:Marriage 13.93% 163.505 5 Template:Br_separated_entries 12.15% 142.599 1 Template:Cite_news --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key simplewiki:pcache:553981:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241210192501 and revision id 8124336. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&oldid=8124336">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&oldid=8124336</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_winners" title="Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners">Nobel Prize in Physics winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1929_births" title="Category:1929 births">1929 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2019_deaths" title="Category:2019 deaths">2019 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Manhattan" title="Category:People from Manhattan">People from Manhattan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Scientists from New York City">Scientists from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_theoretical_physicists" title="Category:American theoretical physicists">American theoretical physicists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with FAST identifiers">Articles with FAST identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ISNI identifiers">Articles with ISNI identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with VIAF identifiers">Articles with VIAF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers">Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BIBSYS identifiers">Articles with BIBSYS identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNE identifiers">Articles with BNE identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNF identifiers">Articles with BNF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNFdata identifiers">Articles with BNFdata identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CANTICN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with CANTICN identifiers">Articles with CANTICN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with GND identifiers">Articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ICCU_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ICCU identifiers">Articles with ICCU identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with J9U identifiers">Articles with J9U identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_KANTO_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with KANTO identifiers">Articles with KANTO identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_KBR_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with KBR identifiers">Articles with KBR identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LCCN identifiers">Articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Libris_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Libris identifiers">Articles with Libris identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LNB_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LNB identifiers">Articles with LNB identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NDL identifiers">Articles with NDL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NTA identifiers">Articles with NTA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PLWABN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with PLWABN identifiers">Articles with PLWABN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CINII_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with CINII identifiers">Articles with CINII identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DBLP_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with DBLP identifiers">Articles with DBLP identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MATHSN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with MATHSN identifiers">Articles with MATHSN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MGP_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with MGP identifiers">Articles with MGP identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Scopus_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Scopus identifiers">Articles with Scopus identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ZBMATH_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ZBMATH identifiers">Articles with ZBMATH identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers">Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DTBIO_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with DTBIO identifiers">Articles with DTBIO identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Trove_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Trove identifiers">Articles with Trove identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers">Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with SUDOC identifiers">Articles with SUDOC identifiers</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 22 March 2022, at 14:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/simple.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7959fbf7c4-p6xm9","wgBackendResponseTime":132,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.077","walltime":"1.341","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4348,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":124376,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24857,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":34538,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1173.438 1 -total"," 48.97% 574.619 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 48.11% 564.573 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 20.13% 236.252 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.87% 233.127 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 16.97% 199.127 5 Template:Plainlist"," 16.23% 190.487 6 Template:If_empty"," 15.08% 176.962 2 Template:Marriage"," 13.93% 163.505 5 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 12.15% 142.599 1 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.609","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8784516,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-5fbff885f8-vgdvf","timestamp":"20241210192501","ttl":1830916,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Murray Gell-Mann","url":"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murray_Gell-Mann","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172840","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172840","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2016-09-17T10:30:19Z","dateModified":"2022-03-22T14:37:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2c\/Murray_Gell-Mann_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg","headline":"American physicist (1929\u20132019)"}</script> </body> </html>