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Phelan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Phelan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James D. Phelan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AF%DB%8C._%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جیمز دی. فلان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز دی. فلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James D. Phelan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duval_Phelan" title="James Duval Phelan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Duval Phelan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James D. Phelan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AF._%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جيمس د. فيلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس د. فيلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James D. Phelan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James D. Phelan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James D. 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former United States Senator and 25th Mayor of San Francisco</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James D. Phelan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PHELAN,_JAMES_D._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858166_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PHELAN%2C_JAMES_D._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858166_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-PHELAN%2C_JAMES_D._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858166_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PHELAN%2C_JAMES_D._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858166_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-PHELAN%2C_JAMES_D._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858166_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PHELAN%2C_JAMES_D._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858166_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-PHELAN%2C_JAMES_D._HONORABLE_LCCN2016858166_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="4656" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Clement_Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="George Clement Perkins">George Clement Perkins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Samuel M. Shortridge</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">25th <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor of San Francisco</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 4, 1897 – January 7, 1902</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Sutro" title="Adolph Sutro">Adolph Sutro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz" title="Eugene Schmitz">Eugene Schmitz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Duval Phelan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1861-04-20</span>)</span>April 20, 1861<br /><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 7, 1930<span style="display:none">(1930-08-07)</span> (aged 69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Unmarried</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">St. Ignatius College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California-Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California-Berkeley">University of California-Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Duval Phelan</b> (April 20, 1861 – August 7, 1930) was an American politician, civic leader, and banker. He served as nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor of San Francisco</a> from 1897 to 1902. As mayor he advocated municipally run utilities and tried to protect his constituents from the monopolistic practices of the trusts. He represented <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1915 to 1921 as a Democrat. Phelan was a progressive supporter of the policies of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and was a leader in the movement to restrict Japanese and Chinese immigration to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phelan was born in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, the son of Irish immigrant and banker, James Phelan and Alice Kelly.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1881 Phelan graduated from the Catholic Jesuit college in San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">St. Ignatius College</a>. He had two sisters, Alice Phelan Sullivan and Mary Louis Phelan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phelan studied law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> and then became a banker. He was elected Mayor of San Francisco and served from 1897 until 1902, in three 2-year terms. He pushed for the reform City Charter of 1898 in San Francisco. He served as the first president of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_California_Cities" title="League of California Cities">League of California Cities</a>, which was created in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate in <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1900 United States Senate special election in California">1900</a>, but lost to Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Bard" title="Thomas R. Bard">Thomas R. Bard</a>. </p><p>Phelan was elected as a Senator of the United States and served from 1915 to 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Phelan established himself as a leader in what fellow anti-Japanese agitator <a href="/wiki/Valentine_S._McClatchy" title="Valentine S. McClatchy">V. S. McClatchy</a> described as the "holy cause" of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese exclusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained active in the anti-Japanese movement after leaving office, securing then-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s support for restricting Japanese immigration in 1912 and helping to push through California's discriminatory <a href="/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913" title="California Alien Land Law of 1913">alien land law</a> in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phelan was also an advocate for excluding Chinese from the United States. He promoted the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882</a> and wrote an article "Why the Chinese Should Be Excluded"(1901)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a>, to increase support for the extension of these laws. In a debate with Imperial Chinese Consul Ho Yow, Phelan mentioned that the Chinese were an undesirable population because they had strong ties to their native country and were incapable of assimilating to the American society. This debate occurred just nineteen months after the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_plague_of_1900-1904" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco plague of 1900-1904">outbreak of plague in San Francisco's Chinatown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phelan mentioned that the Chinese had different mindsets and that after twenty years, they remained unchanged in their values. He concluded that American progress would be stunted if the United States continued to allow Chinese immigrants to remain in the country, and that the Chinese workers were taking work away from white workers because they worked for so much lower wages and an accustomed lower standard of living, allowing their labor to be exploited unfairly, driving down conditions of labor and standards of living generally.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_and_land_rights">Water and land rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Water and land rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1900s, Phelan bought land and water acreage in various places around the San Francisco Bay Area, and he obtained the rights to the water flow of the <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetch Hetchy Valley">Hetch Hetchy Valley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, tried to stop Phelan, but Roosevelt decided that the wild area could be used for "the permanent material development of the region."<sup id="cite_ref-WRCA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRCA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phelan's plans for the region included publicly funded water and electricity for a geographical entity he called "Greater San Francisco."<sup id="cite_ref-WRCA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRCA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Club" title="Bohemian Club">Bohemian Club</a> fellows, Phelan sought to annex land at the perimeter of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WRCA_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRCA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="San_Francisco_Plague">San Francisco Plague</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: San Francisco Plague"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Exempt_firemen_of_San_Francisco;_their_unique_and_gallant_record_(1900)_(14580769397).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Exempt firemen of San Francisco; their unique and gallant record (1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Exempt_firemen_of_San_Francisco%3B_their_unique_and_gallant_record_%281900%29_%2814580769397%29.jpg/220px-The_Exempt_firemen_of_San_Francisco%3B_their_unique_and_gallant_record_%281900%29_%2814580769397%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Exempt_firemen_of_San_Francisco%3B_their_unique_and_gallant_record_%281900%29_%2814580769397%29.jpg/330px-The_Exempt_firemen_of_San_Francisco%3B_their_unique_and_gallant_record_%281900%29_%2814580769397%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Exempt_firemen_of_San_Francisco%3B_their_unique_and_gallant_record_%281900%29_%2814580769397%29.jpg/440px-The_Exempt_firemen_of_San_Francisco%3B_their_unique_and_gallant_record_%281900%29_%2814580769397%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1834" /></a><figcaption>Phelan during his term as Mayor</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1900, San Francisco citizens distrusted government for previous waste of taxpayers' money as well as previous refusal to enhance community resources.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government officials refused to invest in public health because health was seen as a personal concern or even a commodity. For this reason, citizens had a lot of hope in Mayor Phelan, who had previously declared the need for healthier living conditions as well as the need for "health departments to provide salutary environments."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his tenure as the Mayor of San Francisco, Phelan and his administration were faced with dealing with the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_plague_of_1900%E2%80%931904" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco plague of 1900–1904">plague of 1900–1904</a> that infected the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">city's Chinatown community</a>. Prior to the plague outbreak in Chinatown, Phelan was an active advocate for improving public health in San Francisco. On October 25, 1897, Phelan addressed the California health board in San Francisco and stated that government intervention was needed in order to establish healthier living conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that public health departments required more funding to help improve living conditions. Furthermore, in 1899, Phelan continued his strong advocacy for public health and the prevention of disease through city measures. Later that year, in a shocking move, he opted instead to support an $18 million bond to create a new hospital, schools, and city parks.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1899, Phelan and the San Francisco Board of Supervisors further defunded the cities health department. The San Francisco health department was only allocated $155,960 with two-thirds of that going towards the operation of a municipal hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, the health board members were released from their duties due to political in-house fighting and excessive patronage. After being sworn in, Phelan's new health department board members discovered that the department was broke and that within the first six months of fiscal year 1899-1900 the department had already spent the majority of its budget.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the defunding and mishandling of the department, Phelan and his administration left the health department and the city ill-prepared for what was looming around the corner. </p><p>In June 1900 San Francisco's city hall received the news that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Kinyoun" title="Joseph J. Kinyoun">Joseph J. Kinyoun</a> had instituted a travel ban in hopes of preventing the spread of the plague to the rest of the country. Mayor Phelan confirmed the news by stating that Kinyoun had notified him personally about the travel ban. Phelan went on to blame the federal court ruling that restricted the ability of the local government to deal with the plague.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to improve sanitary living conditions in Chinatown, Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gage" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Gage">Henry Gage</a> proposed to hire inspectors and workers to eradicate the plague. Gage requested for Mayor Phelan and his administration to match the state's $25,000 contribution. However, Phelan informed Governor Gage that the city did not have the resources to match the state's contribution. After meeting with Governor Gage, Phelan and his Board of Supervisors agreed to contribute $6,000.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1901, Mayor Phelan publicly announced that he would not run for another term. "During his final address before leaving office, Phelan praised the health board, claiming that because of its vigilance the city 'was saved from Oriental infection.'" <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phelan concluded by thanking the federal government and their efforts to help the city endure the crisis. </p><p>Although the San Francisco Plague in Chinatown was reported in journalism, the material printed was prone to exaggerations, biased information, and focused on making the Chinese population look substandard. Newspapers were heavily averse to the Phelan administration and believed the health officials were corrupt and wasteful. For this reason, publications refused to print public health initiatives to prevent disease outbreaks and instead would focus on the community's lack of sanitation. Acts of racism were apparent because publications were heavily inclined to use offensive images and headlines to attract attention of readers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earthquake_recovery_efforts">Earthquake recovery efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Earthquake recovery efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> Phelan was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Fifty_(1906)" title="Committee of Fifty (1906)">Committee of Fifty</a>, called into existence by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz" title="Eugene Schmitz">Mayor Schmitz</a> to manage the crisis. Afterward, when Dr. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thomas_Devine" title="Edward Thomas Devine">Edward Thomas Devine</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> by appointment of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a>, was responsible for Relief and Red Cross Funds, ex-Mayor Phelan was allowed to assist Devine, thus keeping the money out of the hands of Schmitz and <a href="/wiki/Abe_Ruef" title="Abe Ruef">Abe Ruef</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senate">U.S. Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_California_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Keep_California_White.jpg/220px-Keep_California_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Keep_California_White.jpg/330px-Keep_California_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Keep_California_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>A 1920 reelection campaign pamphlet touting Phelan's white supremacy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Re-elect_James_D._Phelan,_U.S._Senator,_and_let_him_finish_the_work_he_now_has_under_way_to_stop_the_silent_invasion_-_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Re-elect_James_D._Phelan%2C_U.S._Senator%2C_and_let_him_finish_the_work_he_now_has_under_way_to_stop_the_silent_invasion_-_1920.png/220px-Re-elect_James_D._Phelan%2C_U.S._Senator%2C_and_let_him_finish_the_work_he_now_has_under_way_to_stop_the_silent_invasion_-_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Re-elect_James_D._Phelan%2C_U.S._Senator%2C_and_let_him_finish_the_work_he_now_has_under_way_to_stop_the_silent_invasion_-_1920.png/330px-Re-elect_James_D._Phelan%2C_U.S._Senator%2C_and_let_him_finish_the_work_he_now_has_under_way_to_stop_the_silent_invasion_-_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Re-elect_James_D._Phelan%2C_U.S._Senator%2C_and_let_him_finish_the_work_he_now_has_under_way_to_stop_the_silent_invasion_-_1920.png/440px-Re-elect_James_D._Phelan%2C_U.S._Senator%2C_and_let_him_finish_the_work_he_now_has_under_way_to_stop_the_silent_invasion_-_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Political poster for 1920 reelection campaign depicting the hand of Uncle Sam grabbing the wrist of a Japanese-American reaching for a map of California</figcaption></figure> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, Phelan ran for the U.S. Senate against <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Knowland" title="Joseph R. Knowland">Joseph R. Knowland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Heney" title="Francis J. Heney">Francis J. Heney</a>. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1914 and served from March 4, 1915, to March 3, 1921. Although he had toned down his anti-Japanese rhetoric during World War I, when the United States had allied with Japan, in 1919, Phelan once again began to speak out against the "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>," delivering a speech in favor of Japanese exclusion before a special session of the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920, defeated by Republican <a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Samuel M. Shortridge</a>, coming in second with 40% of the vote. His re-election campaign relied on racial fears; one of his reelection campaign posters contained the headline "Keep California White."<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This poster is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_National_Museum" title="Japanese American National Museum">Japanese American National Museum</a>). During his time in the Senate, he was chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Railroads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Railroads (page does not exist)">U.S. Senate Committee on Railroads</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fourth_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fourth United States Congress">64th Congress</a> and of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Irrigation_and_Reclamation_of_Arid_Lands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands (page does not exist)">U.S. Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fifth_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fifth United States Congress">65th Congress</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his time in the Senate, Phelan returned to banking and collected art. He remained active in the anti-Japanese movement, collaborating with McClatchy and the Japanese Exclusion League of California to successfully ban Japanese immigrants from entering the country with the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niiya_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niiya-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First National Bank of San Francisco merged with <a href="/wiki/Crocker_National_Bank" title="Crocker National Bank">Crocker National Bank</a> in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phelan died at his country estate <i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Montalvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Montalvo">Villa Montalvo</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga</a> in 1930. He is buried in the family mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Cemetery,_Colma" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Cross Cemetery, Colma">Holy Cross Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colma,_California" title="Colma, California">Colma, California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Upon his death, Phelan bequeathed the Villa Montalvo estate for use as a public park. Since 1930, it has been a center for the performing and visual arts called <a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center" title="Montalvo Arts Center">Montalvo Arts Center</a>. Some of his mementos and correspondence are on display in the library at Villa Montalvo.</li> <li>Phelan Avenue, the main thoroughfare on the Ocean Campus of the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_San_Francisco" title="City College of San Francisco">City College of San Francisco</a>, named after him was changed in 2018 to <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> Way after a public vote.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The unincorporated community of <a href="/wiki/Phelan,_California" title="Phelan, California">Phelan, California</a> was named for him and his brother.</li> <li>The James D. Phelan awards, given to young California writers and artists, were established by a bequest in his will.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A dormitory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a> used to be called Phelan Hall but was renamed in 2017 after protests by students concerned about Phelan's racist views.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1887, James D. Phelan's father bought an 11-acre parcel on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Point Santa Cruz</a> as a family summer retreat, called Phelan Park. The property stayed in the family until a great-niece, Alice Sullivan Doyle, died in 1932. A year earlier Mrs. Doyle had funded construction of the Mission Santa Cruz chapel replica, and she is buried in an alcove off the chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of Phelan Park was given to the <a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Joseph" title="Oblates of St. Joseph">Oblates of St. Joseph</a>, and the rest became <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Field_State_Beach" title="Lighthouse Field State Beach">Lighthouse Field State Beach</a> in 1978.</li> <li>As mayor, he promoted bond issues for new sewer systems, city hospitals, and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Despite his contributions to San Francisco’s economic and industrial growth, James D. Phelan's white nativist ideology has caused controversy. His infamous slogan while running for re-election in the US Senate, “Keep California White”,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earned allies as well as enemies and he was defeated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Irish" title="John P. Irish">John P. Irish</a>, who opposed Phelan over the latter's anti-Japanese proposals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrice2023" class="citation web cs1">Price, Emily (September 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/china-beach-san-francisco-18277313.php">"Discover China Beach, a hidden San Francisco gem with stellar views"</a>. <i>San Francisco Gate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111053452/https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/china-beach-san-francisco-18277313.php">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Gate&rft.atitle=Discover+China+Beach%2C+a+hidden+San+Francisco+gem+with+stellar+views&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2Fchina-beach-san-francisco-18277313.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://group.irishecho.com/2011/02/hibernian-chronicle-phelan-and-the-gold-rush-2/">Irish Echo:2911/02:Hibernian Chronicle the Phelans and the Gold Rush</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Legacy of a Native Son: James Duval Phelan & Villa Montalvo, pg. 10, (1993), by James P. Walsh and Timothy J. O'Keefe; "Creating the Fortune, Creating the Family," Journal of the West, (Spring, 1992) by James P. Walsh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cacities.org/Top/About-Us/Mission-History">"League of California Cities - Mission & History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=League+of+California+Cities+-+Mission+%26+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacities.org%2FTop%2FAbout-Us%2FMission-History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherny" class="citation web cs1">Cherny, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Mayor_James_Phelan">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"CITY COMMERCIAL, CITY BEAUTIFUL, CITY PRACTICAL: The San Francisco Visions Of William C. Ralston, James D. Phelan, And Michael M. O'Shaughnessy,"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>FoundSF</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoundSF&rft.atitle=%22CITY+COMMERCIAL%2C+CITY+BEAUTIFUL%2C+CITY+PRACTICAL%3A+The+San+Francisco+Visions+Of+William+C.+Ralston%2C+James+D.+Phelan%2C+And+Michael+M.+O%27Shaughnessy%2C%22&rft.aulast=Cherny&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundsf.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMayor_James_Phelan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, Roger. <i>The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niiya-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niiya_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiiya" class="citation web cs1">Niiya, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/James%20D.%20Phelan/">"James D. Phelan"</a>. Densho Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+D.+Phelan&rft.pub=Densho+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Niiya&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.densho.org%2FJames%2520D.%2520Phelan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Phelan" class="citation web cs1">D. Phelan, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/alien-land-laws-in-california-1913-1920/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Why The Chinese Should Be Excluded"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The American Yawp Paper</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Yawp+Paper&rft.atitle=%22Why+The+Chinese+Should+Be+Excluded%22&rft.aulast=D.+Phelan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimmigrationhistory.org%2Fitem%2Falien-land-laws-in-california-1913-1920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan2007" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Elliott Robert (May 11, 2007). <i>From All Points: America's Immigrant West, 1870s-1952</i>. 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"Why the Chinese Should Be Excluded". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>173</b> (540): 663–676. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25105245">25105245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Why+the+Chinese+Should+Be+Excluded&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=540&rft.pages=663-676&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25105245%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRCA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRCA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRCA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRCA_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brechin, Gray. WRCA News, October 2000, Volume 7, Number 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/news73.pdf"><i>Populist Rhetoric, Private Gain</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719171108/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/news73.pdf">Archived</a> July 19, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on July 2, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2012" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Guenter B. (2012). <i>Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague%2C+fear%2C+and+politics+in+San+Francisco%27s+Chinatown&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0510-0&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Guenter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2012" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Guenter B. 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague%2C+fear%2C+and+politics+in+San+Francisco%27s+Chinatown&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0510-0&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Guenter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2012" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Guenter B. 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague%2C+fear%2C+and+politics+in+San+Francisco%27s+Chinatown&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0510-0&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Guenter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2012" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Guenter B. 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague%2C+fear%2C+and+politics+in+San+Francisco%27s+Chinatown&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0510-0&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Guenter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2012" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Guenter B. 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 179–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague%2C+fear%2C+and+politics+in+San+Francisco%27s+Chinatown&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=179-181&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0510-0&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Guenter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2012" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Guenter B. 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 193–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague%2C+fear%2C+and+politics+in+San+Francisco%27s+Chinatown&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=193-194&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0510-0&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Guenter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2012" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Guenter B. 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0510-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague%2C+fear%2C+and+politics+in+San+Francisco%27s+Chinatown&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0510-0&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Guenter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Cumulative Daily Digest of Corporation News</i>. Moody manual Company. 1925. p. 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cumulative+Daily+Digest+of+Corporation+News&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Moody+manual+Company&rft.date=1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfexaminer.com/phelan-avenue-renamed-frida-kahlo-way-public-vote/">"Phelan Avenue to be renamed Frida Kahlo Way after public vote"</a>. <i>The San Francisco Examiner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=Phelan+Avenue+to+be+renamed+Frida+Kahlo+Way+after+public+vote&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfexaminer.com%2Fphelan-avenue-renamed-frida-kahlo-way-public-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UBAvAAAAIBAJ&pg=4756,1759174&dq=james+d+phelan+award&hl=en">"Judges announced in Phelan contest"</a>. <i>Berkeley Daily Gazette</i>. January 18, 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Daily+Gazette&rft.atitle=Judges+announced+in+Phelan+contest&rft.date=1935-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DUBAvAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4756%2C1759174%26dq%3Djames%2Bd%2Bphelan%2Baward%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfexaminer.com/usf-drops-former-sf-mayors-name-dorms-racist-views/">"USF drops former SF mayor's name from dorms over racist views"</a>. <i>The San Francisco Examiner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=USF+drops+former+SF+mayor%27s+name+from+dorms+over+racist+views&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfexaminer.com%2Fusf-drops-former-sf-mayors-name-dorms-racist-views%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holycrosssantacruz.com/mission-santa-cruz/santa-cruz-mission-today/">"Santa Cruz Mission Today – Holy Cross Catholic Church of Santa Cruz"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santa+Cruz+Mission+Today+%E2%80%93+Holy+Cross+Catholic+Church+of+Santa+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholycrosssantacruz.com%2Fmission-santa-cruz%2Fsanta-cruz-mission-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p849j6">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Phelan, James D. (James Duval), 1861-1930"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Social Networks and Archival Context (snac)</i>. James Duval Phelan Papers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Networks+and+Archival+Context+%28snac%29&rft.atitle=%22Phelan%2C+James+D.+%28James+Duval%29%2C+1861-1930%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnaccooperative.org%2Fark%3A%2F99166%2Fw6p849j6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelan2018" class="citation web cs1">Phelan, Mark (June 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/keep-california-white-james-d-phelan-and-the-yellow-peril-race-controversy/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Keep California White'—James D. Phelan and the 'Yellow Peril' race controversy"</a>. <i>History Ireland</i>. History Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=%27Keep+California+White%27%E2%80%94James+D.+Phelan+and+the+%27Yellow+Peril%27+race+controversy&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fvolume-26%2Fkeep-california-white-james-d-phelan-and-the-yellow-peril-race-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Legacy of a Native Son: James Duval Phelan & Villa Montalvo (1993) by James P. Walsh and Timothy O'Keefe and</li> <li>"Creating the Fortune, Creating the Family," Journal of the West, (April 1992), by James P. Walsh</li></ul> <p><b>Works cited</b> </p> <ul><li>Gordon Thomas & Max Morgan Witts: <i>The San Francisco Earthquake</i> (Stein and Day, New York; Souvenir Press, London, 1971; reprinted Dell, 1972, SBN 440-07631)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cherny, Robert W. "City Commercial, City Beautiful, City Practical: The San Francisco Visions of William C. Ralston, James D. Phelan, and Michael M. O’Shaughnessy." in <i>The Pacific World</i> (Routledge, 2017) pp. 355–366.</li> <li>Elrick, John. "Social conflict and the politics of reform: Mayor James D. Phelan and the San Francisco waterfront strike of 1901." <i>California History</i> 88.2 (2011): 4-27.</li> <li>Hennings, Robert E. "James D. Phelan and the Woodrow Wilson Anti-Oriental Statement of May 3, 1912." <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i> 42.4 (1963): 291-300.</li> <li>Hennings, Robert E. <i>James D. Phelan and the Wilson Progressives of California</i> (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171319">online review</a></li> <li>Issel, William, and Robert W. Cherny. <i>San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development</i> (1986)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Phelan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_D._Phelan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James D. 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Phelan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Phelan%2C%20James%20D.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Phelan%2C%20James%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Phelan%2C%20J%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20D.%20Phelan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20D.%20Phelan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20D.%20Phelan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phelan%2C%20James%20D.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phelan%2C%20James%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phelan%2C%20J%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phelan%2C%20J%2E%20D.%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20D.%20Phelan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20D.%20Phelan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20D%2E%20Phelan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Phelan%2C%20James%20D.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Phelan%2C%20James%20D%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221861-1930%22%20AND%20Phelan%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James D. Phelan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb2v19n9q3/">Guide to the James D. Phelan Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf587008t8/?query=James%2520D.%2520Phelan">James D. Phelan Photograph Albums, 1902-1929</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressP000290" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000290">"James D. Phelan (id: P000290)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=James+D.+Phelan+%28id%3A+P000290%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DP000290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+D.+Phelan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">after direct election of Senators was <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">adopted in 1913</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1914 United States Senate election in California">1914</a>, <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1920 United States Senate election in California">1920</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John B. Elliott</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Sutro" title="Adolph Sutro">Adolph Sutro</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor of San Francisco</a> </b><br />1897–1902 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz" title="Eugene Schmitz">Eugene Schmitz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Clement_Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="George Clement Perkins">George C. Perkins</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from California">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from California</a> </b><br />1915–1921 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_D._Works" title="John D. Works">John D. Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Samuel M. Shortridge</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Francisco</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFCityHall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SFCityHall.png/75px-SFCityHall.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SFCityHall.png/113px-SFCityHall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SFCityHall.png/150px-SFCityHall.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">John W. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Brenham" title="Charles James Brenham">Charles J. Brenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Randall_Harris" title="Stephen Randall Harris">Stephen R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Brenham" title="Charles James Brenham">Charles J. Brenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Garrison" title="C. K. Garrison">C. K. Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Palfrey_Webb" title="Stephen Palfrey Webb">Stephen Palfrey Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Ness" title="James Van Ness">James Van Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Whelan" title="George J. Whelan">George J. Whelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Willard_Burr" title="Ephraim Willard Burr">Ephraim Willard Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Teschemacher" title="Henry F. Teschemacher">Henry F. Teschemacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Perrin_Coon" title="Henry Perrin Coon">Henry P. Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McCoppin" title="Frank McCoppin">Frank McCoppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Selby" title="Thomas Henry Selby">Thomas Henry Selby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alvord" title="William Alvord">William Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Otis_(mayor)" title="James Otis (mayor)">James Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hewston" title="George Hewston">George Hewston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Bryant" title="Andrew Jackson Bryant">Andrew Jackson Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Smith_Kalloch" title="Isaac Smith Kalloch">Isaac Smith Kalloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Carey_Blake" title="Maurice Carey Blake">Maurice Carey Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bartlett" title="Washington Bartlett">Washington Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Pond" title="Edward B. Pond">Edward B. Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Sanderson" title="George Henry Sanderson">George Henry Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Richard_Ellert" title="Levi Richard Ellert">Levi Richard Ellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Sutro" title="Adolph Sutro">Adolph Sutro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James D. Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schmitz" title="Eugene Schmitz">Eugene Schmitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boxton" title="Charles Boxton">Charles Boxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robeson_Taylor" title="Edward Robeson Taylor">Edward Robeson Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._H._McCarthy" title="P. H. McCarthy">P. H. McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">James Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Joseph_Rossi" title="Angelo Joseph Rossi">Angelo Joseph Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lapham" title="Roger Lapham">Roger Lapham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Robinson" title="Elmer Robinson">Elmer Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_(mayor)" title="George Christopher (mayor)">George Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Shelley" title="John F. Shelley">John F. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alioto" title="Joseph Alioto">Joseph Alioto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Moscone" title="George Moscone">George Moscone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Agnos" title="Art Agnos">Art Agnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jordan" title="Frank Jordan">Frank Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lee" title="Ed Lee">Ed Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Farrell_(politician)" title="Mark Farrell (politician)">Mark Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">London Breed</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg/75px-Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg/113px-Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg/150px-Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template talk:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">United States senators from California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators#Class_1" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Broderick" title="David C. Broderick">Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Haun" title="Henry P. Haun">Haun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conness" title="John Conness">Conness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Casserly" title="Eugene Casserly">Casserly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Hager" title="John S. Hager">Hager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Williams" title="Abram Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Felton" title="Charles N. Felton">Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._White" title="Stephen M. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Bard" title="Thomas R. Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Flint" title="Frank Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Works" title="John D. Works">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Salinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V._Tunney" title="John V. Tunney">Tunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa" title="S. I. 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Gwin">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McDougall" title="James A. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cole" title="Cornelius Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farley" title="James T. Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Shortridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Storke" title="Thomas M. Storke">Storke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Kuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1680239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1680239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1680239#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083566931">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10670816">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/158461/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7Y3gkF6QHMR6MBVpkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120175746">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85180577">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16644117t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16644117t">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000290">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p849j6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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