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Polk (1845–1849) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_James_K._Polk_(1845–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_Soil_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Soil_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Free Soil split </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Soil_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taylor_and_Fillmore_(1849–1853)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taylor_and_Fillmore_(1849–1853)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Taylor and Fillmore (1849–1853) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taylor_and_Fillmore_(1849–1853)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_presidencies_of_Franklin_Pierce_(1853–1857)_and_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_presidencies_of_Franklin_Pierce_(1853–1857)_and_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 The presidencies of Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) and James Buchanan (1857–1861) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_presidencies_of_Franklin_Pierce_(1853–1857)_and_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The presidencies of Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) and James Buchanan (1857–1861) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_presidencies_of_Franklin_Pierce_(1853–1857)_and_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Young_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Young America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakdown_of_the_Second_Party_System_(1854–1859)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakdown_of_the_Second_Party_System_(1854–1859)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Breakdown of the Second Party System (1854–1859) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakdown_of_the_Second_Party_System_(1854–1859)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_South_pull_apart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_South_pull_apart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 North and South pull apart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_and_South_pull_apart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Presidency of Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_interlude_1869–1885" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_interlude_1869–1885"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Republican interlude 1869–1885 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_interlude_1869–1885-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleveland,_Harrison,_Cleveland_(1885–1897)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleveland,_Harrison,_Cleveland_(1885–1897)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland (1885–1897) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cleveland,_Harrison,_Cleveland_(1885–1897)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland (1885–1897) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cleveland,_Harrison,_Cleveland_(1885–1897)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 The first presidency of Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_second_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1893–1897)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_second_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1893–1897)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 The second presidency of Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_second_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1893–1897)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_and_fall_of_William_Jennings_Bryan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_and_fall_of_William_Jennings_Bryan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 The rise and fall of William Jennings Bryan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_rise_and_fall_of_William_Jennings_Bryan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The rise and fall of William Jennings Bryan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_rise_and_fall_of_William_Jennings_Bryan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_silver_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_silver_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Free silver movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_silver_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_GOP_presidencies_of_William_McKinley_(1897–1901),_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909),_and_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_GOP_presidencies_of_William_McKinley_(1897–1901),_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909),_and_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 The GOP presidencies of William McKinley (1897–1901), Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), and William Howard Taft (1909–1913) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_GOP_presidencies_of_William_McKinley_(1897–1901),_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909),_and_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1908:_"Yet_another_farewell_tour"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1908:_"Yet_another_farewell_tour""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 1908: "Yet another farewell tour" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1908:_"Yet_another_farewell_tour"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Roaring_Twenties:_Democratic_defeats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Roaring_Twenties:_Democratic_defeats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 The Roaring Twenties: Democratic defeats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Roaring_Twenties:_Democratic_defeats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Roaring Twenties: Democratic defeats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Roaring_Twenties:_Democratic_defeats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture_conflict_and_Al_Smith_(1924–1928)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_conflict_and_Al_Smith_(1924–1928)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Culture conflict and Al Smith (1924–1928) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_conflict_and_Al_Smith_(1924–1928)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Depression_and_a_Second_World_War:_Democratic_hegemony_(1930–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Depression_and_a_Second_World_War:_Democratic_hegemony_(1930–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 The Great Depression and a Second World War: Democratic hegemony (1930–1953) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Great_Depression_and_a_Second_World_War:_Democratic_hegemony_(1930–1953)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Great Depression and a Second World War: Democratic hegemony (1930–1953) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Depression_and_a_Second_World_War:_Democratic_hegemony_(1930–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 The second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 The Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5 Presidency of Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_1946–1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1946–1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5.1 The 1946–1948 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1946–1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McGovern-Fraser_Commission_and_George_McGovern's_presidential_campaign_(1969–1972)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McGovern-Fraser_Commission_and_George_McGovern's_presidential_campaign_(1969–1972)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 McGovern-Fraser Commission and George McGovern's presidential campaign (1969–1972) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McGovern-Fraser_Commission_and_George_McGovern's_presidential_campaign_(1969–1972)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidencies_of_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)_and_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidencies_of_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)_and_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Presidencies of Richard Nixon (1969–1974) and Gerald Ford (1974–1977) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidencies_of_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)_and_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s:_Battling_Reaganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Battling_Reaganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 1980s: Battling Reaganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Battling_Reaganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_becomes_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_becomes_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.2 South becomes Republican </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_becomes_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush_(1989–1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush_(1989–1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Presidency of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush_(1989–1993)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush_(1989–1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22.1 Opposition to Gulf War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Presidency of Bill Clinton (1993–2001) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency of Bill Clinton (1993–2001) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23.1 Free markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23.2 Election of 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Presidency of George W. Bush (2001–2009) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_of_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency of George W. Bush (2001–2009) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.1 Election of 2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Howard_Dean_and_the_fifty-state_strategy_(2005–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Howard_Dean_and_the_fifty-state_strategy_(2005–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.2 Howard Dean and the fifty-state strategy (2005–2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Howard_Dean_and_the_fifty-state_strategy_(2005–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.3 2008 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 Presidency of Barack Obama (2009–2017) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency of Barack Obama (2009–2017) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2016_United_States_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_United_States_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.1 2016 United States elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_United_States_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.1.1 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideological_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.1.1.1 Ideological differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 First presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.1 Initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_the_Donald_Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.2 Response to the Donald Trump administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_the_Donald_Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.2.1 Protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachments_of_Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.2.2 Impeachments of Donald Trump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachments_of_Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-116th_United_States_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#116th_United_States_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26.3 116th United States Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-116th_United_States_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_United_States_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"History of the Democrats" redirects here. For other groups known as "Democrats", see <a href="/wiki/Democrat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Democrat (disambiguation)">Democrat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For information about the current Democratic Party, including its current composition and ideology, as well as a concise history of the party, see <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (United States)</a>.</div> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> is one of the two major political parties of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_political_system" class="mw-redirect" title="United States political system">United States political system</a> and the oldest active <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political party in the country</a>, as well as in the world. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It is also the oldest active voter-based <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the world. The party has changed significantly during its nearly two centuries of existence. Once known as the party of the "common man", the early Democratic Party stood for individual rights and state sovereignty, and opposed banks and high tariffs. In the first decades of its existence, from 1832 to the mid-1850s (known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>), under Presidents <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, the Democrats usually bested the opposition <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> by narrow margins. Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the party generally supported slavery or insisted it be left to the states. After the war until the 1940s, the party opposed civil rights reforms in order to retain the support of Southern white voters. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> was organized in the mid-1850s from the ruins of the Whig Party and Free Soil Democrats. It was dominant in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential politics</a> from 1860 to 1928. The Democrats elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">only two Presidents</a> during this period: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (in 1884 and 1892) and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (in 1912 and 1916). Over the same period, the Democrats proved more competitive with the Republicans in <a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Congressional politics</a>, enjoying <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> majorities (as in the <a href="/wiki/65th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Congress">65th Congress</a>) in 15 of the 36 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congresses</a> elected owing largely to their dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, although only in five of these they formed the majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. Furthermore, the Democratic Party was split between the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a>, representing Eastern business interests, and the agrarian party elements representing poor farmers in the South and West. After the Republican landslide in the <a href="/wiki/1894_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1894 United States House of Representatives elections">1894 House elections</a>, the agrarian element, marching behind the slogan of <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> (i.e. in favor of inflation), captured the party. They nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in the 1896, 1900, and 1908 presidential elections, although he lost every time. Both Bryan and Wilson were leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive movement in the United States</a> (1890s–1920s) and opposed imperialistic expansion abroad while sponsoring liberal reforms at home despite supporting racism and discrimination against African Americans in government offices and elsewhere. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the party dominated during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a>, which lasted from 1932 until about the 1970s. In response to the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the party employed <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberal</a> policies and programs with the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a> to combat financial crises and emergency bank closings, with policies continuing into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The party kept the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> after Roosevelt's death in April 1945, electing <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in 1948 to a full term. During this period, the Republican Party only elected one president (<a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in 1952 and 1956) and was the minority in Congress all but twice (the exceptions being 1947–49 and 1953–55). Powerful committee chairmanships were awarded automatically on the basis of seniority, which gave power especially to long-serving Southerners. Important Democratic leaders during this time included Presidents Truman (1945–1953), <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963), and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969). Republican <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> won the White House in 1968 and 1972, leading to the end of the New Deal era; however, the party became extremely successful in the House, holding it with a majority for 42 years (from 1953 until the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a> in 1995). Democrats have won five out of the last twelve presidential elections, winning in the presidential elections of <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, 1993–2001), <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, 2009–2017), and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, 2021–2025). Democrats have also won the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">popular vote</a> in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> but lost the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> in both elections (with candidates <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, respectively). These were two of the four <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">presidential elections in which Democrats won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College</a>, the others being the presidential elections in <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> and <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation:_1820–1828">Foundation: 1820–1828</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundation: 1820–1828">edit</a>]</div> The modern Democratic Party emerged in the late 1820s from former factions of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1793, and had largely collapsed by <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It was built by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> who assembled many state organizations to form a new party as a vehicle to elect <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> of Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The pattern and speed of formation differed from state to state.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> By the mid-1830s almost all the state Democratic parties were uniform.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jacksonian_ascendancy:_1829–1840">Jacksonian ascendancy: 1829–1840</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jacksonian ascendancy: 1829–1840">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson_(1829–1837)">Presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency of Andrew Jackson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg/150px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg/225px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg/300px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerrotype-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="4337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, founder of the Democratic Party and the first president it elected.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_modern_balaam_and_his_ass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_modern_balaam_and_his_ass.jpg/230px-The_modern_balaam_and_his_ass.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_modern_balaam_and_his_ass.jpg/345px-The_modern_balaam_and_his_ass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_modern_balaam_and_his_ass.jpg/460px-The_modern_balaam_and_his_ass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>An 1837 cartoon depicted Jackson leading a donkey which refused to follow, portraying that Democrats would not be led by the previous president</figcaption></figure> The spirit of <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a> animated the party from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> as the main opposition. After the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist party">Federalists</a> after 1815 and the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> (1816–1824), there was a hiatus of weakly organized personal factions until about 1828–1832, when the modern Democratic Party emerged along with its rival, the Whigs. The new Democratic Party became a coalition of farmers, city-dwelling laborers and Irish Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Both parties worked hard to build grassroots organizations and maximize the turnout of voters, which often reached 80 percent or 90 percent of eligible voters. Both parties used <a href="/wiki/Patronage#Politics" title="Patronage">patronage</a> extensively to finance their operations, which included emerging big city <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a> as well as national networks of newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Behind the party platforms, acceptance speeches of candidates, editorials, pamphlets and <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">stump speeches</a>, there was a widespread consensus of political values among Democrats. As a textbook coauthored by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Norton" title="Mary Beth Norton">Mary Beth Norton</a> explains: <blockquote>The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a> concept of an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a>. They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty. The 1824 "<a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Bargain" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt Bargain">corrupt bargain</a>" had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics. ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power. They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich. They sought to restore the independence of the individual – the artisan and the ordinary farmer – by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper currency</a>, which they distrusted. Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative, and Jackson's political power was largely expressed in negative acts. He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined. Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement. Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government. But Democrats tended to oppose programs like <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">educational reform</a> and the establishment of a public school system....Nor did Jackson share reformers' humanitarian concerns. He had no sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a>, initiating the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokees</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></blockquote> The party was weakest in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, but strong everywhere else and won most national elections thanks to strength in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia (by far the most populous states at the time) and the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>. Democrats opposed elites and aristocrats, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Bank of the United States</a> and the whiggish modernizing programs that would build up industry at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> or independent small farmer.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The party was known for its populism.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Historian Frank Towers has specified an important ideological divide: <blockquote>Democrats stood for the 'sovereignty of the people' as expressed in popular demonstrations, constitutional conventions, and majority rule as a general principle of governing, whereas Whigs advocated the rule of law, written and unchanging constitutions, and protections for minority interests against majority tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></blockquote> At its inception, the Democratic Party was the party of the "common man". It opposed the abolition of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> From 1828 to 1848, banking and tariffs were the central domestic policy issues. Democrats strongly favored—and Whigs opposed—expansion to new farm lands, as typified by their expulsion of eastern <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a> and acquisition of vast amounts of new land in the West after 1846. The party favored the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">war with Mexico</a> and opposed anti-immigrant <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>. In the 1830s, the <a href="/wiki/Locofocos" title="Locofocos">Locofocos</a> in New York City were radically democratic, anti-monopoly and were proponents of <a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">hard money</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Their chief spokesman was <a href="/wiki/William_Leggett_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Leggett (USA)">William Leggett</a>. At this time, <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> were few and some were loosely affiliated with the party.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren_(1837–1841)">Presidency of Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidency of Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Presidency of Martin Van Buren</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_Van_Buren.jpg/150px-Martin_Van_Buren.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_Van_Buren.jpg/225px-Martin_Van_Buren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_Van_Buren.jpg/300px-Martin_Van_Buren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></figcaption></figure> The Presidency of Martin Van Buren was hobbled by a long economic depression called the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>. The presidency promoted hard money based on gold and silver, an independent federal treasury, a reduced role for the government in the economy, and a liberal policy for the sale of public lands to encourage settlement; they opposed high tariffs to encourage industry. The Jackson policies were kept, such as Indian removal and the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Van Buren personally disliked slavery but he kept the slaveholder's rights intact. Nevertheless, he was distrusted across the South.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 Democratic convention</a> was the first at which the party adopted a platform. Delegates reaffirmed their belief that the Constitution was the primary guide for each state's political affairs. To them, this meant that all roles of the federal government not specifically defined fell to each respective state government, including such responsibilities as debt created by local projects. Decentralized power and states' rights pervaded each and every resolution adopted at the convention, including those on slavery, taxes, and the possibility of a central bank.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Regarding slavery, the Convention adopted the following resolution:<blockquote>Resolved, That congress has no power under the Constitution, to interfere with or control the domestic institutions of the several states, and that such states are the sole and proper judges of every thing appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the Constitution: that all efforts of the abolitionists or others, made to induce congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most alarming and dangerous consequences, and that all such efforts have an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people, and endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not to be countenanced by any friend to our political institutions.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harrison_and_Tyler_(1841–1845)">Harrison and Tyler (1841–1845)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Harrison and Tyler (1841–1845)">edit</a>]</div> The Panic of 1837 led to Van Buren and the Democrats' drop in popularity. The Whigs nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> as their candidate for the 1840 presidential race. Harrison won as the first president of the Whigs. However, he died in office a month later and was succeeded by his Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>. Tyler had recently left the Democrats for the Whigs and thus his beliefs did not align much with the Whig Party. During his presidency, he vetoed most of the key Whig bills. The Whigs disowned him. This allowed for the Democrats to retake power in 1845. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_James_K._Polk_(1845–1849)">Presidency of James K. Polk (1845–1849)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presidency of James K. Polk (1845–1849)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Presidency of James K. Polk</a></div> Foreign policy was a major issue in the 1840s as war threatened with Mexico over Texas and with Britain over Oregon. Democrats strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> and most Whigs strongly opposed it. The <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 election</a> was a showdown, with the Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> narrowly defeating Whig <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> on the Texas issue.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Mack_Faragher" title="John Mack Faragher">John Mack Faragher</a>'s analysis of the political polarization between the parties is: <blockquote>Most Democrats were wholehearted supporters of expansion, whereas many Whigs (especially in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a>) were opposed. Whigs welcomed most of the changes wrought by <a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">industrialization</a> but advocated strong government policies that would guide growth and development within the country's existing boundaries; they feared (correctly) that expansion raised a contentious issue the extension of slavery to the <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">territories</a>. On the other hand, many Democrats feared industrialization the Whigs welcomed....For many Democrats, the answer to the nation's social ills was to continue to follow Thomas Jefferson's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories in order to counterbalance industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Soil_split">Free Soil split</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Free Soil split">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a> a major innovation was the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC) to coordinate state activities in the presidential contest. Senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>, who held many offices over the years, lost to General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> of the Whigs. A major cause of the defeat was that the new <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, which opposed slavery expansion, split the Democratic vote.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Free Soil Party attracted Democrats and some Whigs and had considerable support in the Northeast. Former Democratic President Van Buren ran as the Free Soil nominee in 1848 and finished second ahead of Cass in the anti-slavery states of Vermont and Massachusetts and in his home state of New York. Had Cass won New York as Polk had 4 years prior, he would have won the election. Free Soils warned that rich slave owners would move into new territories such as Nebraska and buy up the best lands and work them with slaves. To protect the white farmer it was essential therefore to keep the soil "free"—that is without slavery. In 1852, with a less well known nominee than Van Buren, the free soil movement was much smaller, consisting primarily of former members of the Liberty Party and some abolitionists. It hedged on the question of full equality, as the majority wanted some form of racial separation to allow space for black activism without alienating the overwhelming northern opposition to equal rights for black men.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taylor_and_Fillmore_(1849–1853)">Taylor and Fillmore (1849–1853)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taylor and Fillmore (1849–1853)">edit</a>]</div> When Whig Vice President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> replaced Taylor, Democrats in Congress led by Stephen Douglas passed the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> designed to avoid civil war by putting the slavery issue to rest while resolving issues involving territories gained following the War with Mexico. However, in state after state the Democrats gained small but permanent advantages over the Whig Party, which finally collapsed in 1852, fatally weakened by division on slavery and <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>. The fragmented opposition could not stop the election of Democrats <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> in <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> in <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_presidencies_of_Franklin_Pierce_(1853–1857)_and_James_Buchanan_(1857–1861)">The presidencies of Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) and James Buchanan (1857–1861)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The presidencies of Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) and James Buchanan (1857–1861)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Presidency of Franklin Pierce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Presidency of James Buchanan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustbelmont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Augustbelmont.jpg/150px-Augustbelmont.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Augustbelmont.jpg/225px-Augustbelmont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Augustbelmont.jpg/300px-Augustbelmont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>August Belmont: DNC Chair for 12 years during and after the Civil war</figcaption></figure> The eight years during which Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan held the presidency were disasters; historians agree that they rank as among the worst presidents. The Party increasingly split along regional lines on the issue of slavery in the territories. When the new Republican Party formed in 1854, many anti-slavery ("Free Soil") Democrats in the North switched over and joined it. In 1860 two Democrats ran for president and the United States was moving rapidly toward civil war.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_America">Young America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Young America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></div> The 1840s and 1850s were the heyday of a new faction of young Democrats called "<a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America</a>". It was led by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce and New York financier <a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">August Belmont</a>. This new faction broke with the agrarian and <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">strict constructionist</a> orthodoxies of the past and embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform and internationalism. The movement attracted a circle of outstanding writers, including <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>. They sought independence from European standards of <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a> and wanted to demonstrate the excellence and <a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">America's own literary tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In economic policy, Young America saw the necessity of a modern infrastructure with railroads, canals, telegraphs, turnpikes and harbors. They endorsed the "<a href="/wiki/Market_Revolution" title="Market Revolution">market revolution</a>" and promoted <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. They called for Congressional land grants to the states, which allowed Democrats to claim that <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> were locally rather than federally sponsored. Young America claimed that modernization would perpetuate the agrarian vision of <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a> by allowing yeomen farmers to sell their products and therefore to prosper. They tied internal improvements to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, while accepting moderate tariffs as a necessary source of government revenue. They supported the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a> (the Jacksonian alternative to the Second Bank of the United States) not as a scheme to quash the special privilege of the Whiggish monied elite, but as a device to spread prosperity to all <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakdown_of_the_Second_Party_System_(1854–1859)">Breakdown of the Second Party System (1854–1859)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Breakdown of the Second Party System (1854–1859)">edit</a>]</div> Sectional confrontations escalated during the 1850s, the Democratic Party split between <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> grew deeper. The conflict was papered over at the <a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852</a> and <a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 conventions</a> by selecting men who had little involvement in sectionalism, but they made matters worse. Historian <a href="/wiki/Roy_F._Nichols" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy F. Nichols">Roy F. Nichols</a> explains why <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> was not up to the challenges a Democratic president had to face: <dl><dd>As a national political leader Pierce was an accident. He was honest and tenacious of his views but, as he made up his mind with difficulty and often reversed himself before making a final decision, he gave a general impression of instability. Kind, courteous, generous, he attracted many individuals, but his attempts to satisfy all factions failed and made him many enemies. In carrying out his principles of strict construction he was most in accord with Southerners, who generally had the <a href="/wiki/Letter_and_spirit_of_the_law" title="Letter and spirit of the law">letter of the law</a> on their side. He failed utterly to realize the depth and the sincerity of Northern feeling against the South and was bewildered at the general flouting of the law and the Constitution, as he described it, by the people of his own New England. At no time did he catch the popular imagination. His inability to cope with the difficult problems that arose early in his administration caused him to lose the respect of great numbers, especially in the North, and his few successes failed to restore public confidence. He was an inexperienced man, suddenly called to assume a tremendous responsibility, who honestly tried to do his best without adequate training or temperamental fitness.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></dd></dl> In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois—a key Democratic leader in the Senate—pushed the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> through Congress. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> signed the bill into law in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Act opened <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territory</a> to a decision by the residents on whether slavery would be legal or not. Previously it had been illegal there. Thus the new law implicitly repealed the prohibition on slavery in territory north of <a href="/wiki/36%C2%B0_30%E2%80%B2_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="36° 30′ latitude">36° 30′ latitude</a> that had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820.<a href="#cite_note-senate.gov-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-37">[37]</a> Supporters and enemies of slavery poured into Kansas to vote slavery up or down. The armed conflict was <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> and it shook the nation. A major realignment took place among voters and politicians. The Whig Party fell apart and the new Republican Party was founded in opposition to the expansion of slavery and to the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>. The new party had little support in the South, but it soon became a majority in the North by pulling together former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-William_E._Gienapp_1987-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_and_South_pull_apart">North and South pull apart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North and South pull apart">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Party" title="Northern Democratic Party">Northern Democratic Party</a></div> The crisis for the Democratic Party came in the late 1850s as Democrats increasingly rejected national policies demanded by the Southern Democrats. The demands were to support slavery outside the South. Southerners insisted that full equality for their region required the government to acknowledge the legitimacy of slavery outside the South. The Southern demands included a fugitive slave law to recapture runaway slaves; opening Kansas to slavery; forcing a pro-slavery constitution on Kansas; acquire Cuba (where slavery already existed); accepting the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott" title="Dred Scott">Dred Scott</a> decision of the Supreme Court; and adopting a federal slave code to protect slavery in the territories. President Buchanan went along with these demands, but Douglas refused and proved a much better politician than Buchanan, though the bitter battle lasted for years and permanently alienated the Northern and Southern wings.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> When the new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a> formed in 1854 on the basis of refusing to tolerate the expansion of slavery into the territories, many northern Democrats (especially <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soilers</a> from 1848) joined it. The formation of the new short-lived <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing Party">Know-Nothing Party</a> allowed the Democrats to win the presidential election of 1856.<a href="#cite_note-William_E._Gienapp_1987-38">[38]</a> Buchanan, a Northern "<a href="/wiki/Doughface#The_1850s" title="Doughface">Doughface</a>" (his base of support was in the pro-slavery South), split the party on the issue of slavery in Kansas when he attempted to pass a federal slave code as demanded by the South. Most Democrats in the North rallied to Senator Douglas, who preached "<a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular Sovereignty</a>" and believed that a Federal slave code would be undemocratic.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEM1860.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DEM1860.JPG/230px-DEM1860.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/DEM1860.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>To vote for <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> in Virginia, a man deposited the ticket issued by the party in the official ballot box</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>, the Democrats split over the choice of a successor to President Buchanan along Northern and Southern lines.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election#Constitutional_(Southern)_Democratic" title="1860 United States presidential election">Southern Democratic</a> delegates followed the lead of the <a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a> by walking out of the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Democratic National Convention</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>'s Institute Hall in April 1860. They were later joined by those who, once again led by the Fire-Eaters, left the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention#Baltimore_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Democratic National Convention">Baltimore Convention</a> the following June when the convention rejected a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it. The Southern Democrats, also referred to as Seceders, nominated <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> of Kentucky, the pro-slavery incumbent vice president, for president and General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a>, former governor of Oregon, for vice president.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election#National_(Northern)_Democratic" title="1860 United States presidential election">Northern Democrats</a> proceeded to nominate Douglas of Illinois for president and former governor of Georgia <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">Herschel Vespasian Johnson</a> for vice president, while some southern Democrats joined the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a>, backing former Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> of Tennessee for president and politician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> of Massachusetts for vice president. This fracturing of the Democratic Party left it powerless. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States. Douglas campaigned across the country calling for unity and came in second in the popular vote, but carried only Missouri and New Jersey. Breckinridge carried 11 <a href="/wiki/Slave_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave states">slave states</a>, coming in second in the Electoral vote, but third in the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Civil War</a>, Northern Democrats divided into two factions: the <a href="/wiki/War_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="War Democrats">War Democrats</a>, who supported the military policies of Republican President Lincoln; and the <a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a>, who strongly opposed them. In the South party politics ended in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. The political leadership, mindful of the fierce divisions in antebellum American politics and with a pressing need for unity, rejected organized political parties as inimical to good governance and as being especially unwise in wartime. Consequently, the Democratic Party halted all operations during the life of the Confederacy (1861–1865).<a href="#cite_note-Jennifer_L._Weber_2006-44">[44]</a> Partisanship flourished in the North and strengthened the Lincoln Administration as Republicans automatically rallied behind it. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attack on Fort Sumter</a>, Douglas rallied <a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Party" title="Northern Democratic Party">Northern Democrats</a> behind the Union, but when Douglas died the party lacked an outstanding figure in the North and by 1862 an anti-war peace element was gaining strength. The most intense anti-war elements were the Copperheads.<a href="#cite_note-Jennifer_L._Weber_2006-44">[44]</a> The Democratic Party did well in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_elections,_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House elections, 1862">1862 congressional elections</a>, but in <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> it nominated General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George McClellan</a> (a War Democrat) on a peace platform and lost badly because many War Democrats bolted to <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a> candidate Abraham Lincoln. Many former Douglas Democrats became Republicans, especially soldiers such as generals <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)">Presidency of Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Presidency of Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Presidency of Andrew Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democraticjackass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Democraticjackass.jpg/200px-Democraticjackass.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Democraticjackass.jpg/300px-Democraticjackass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Democraticjackass.jpg/400px-Democraticjackass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>'s January 1870 depiction of the Democratic donkey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NastRepublicanElephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/200px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/300px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NastRepublicanElephant.jpg/400px-NastRepublicanElephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>'s 1874 depiction of the Republican elephant [at left] and the Democratic donkey [at center in the lion's skin).</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1866">1866 elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican (USA)">Radical Republicans</a> won two-thirds majorities in Congress and took control of national affairs. The large Republican majorities made Congressional Democrats helpless, though they unanimously opposed the Radicals' <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction policies</a>. The Senate passed the 14th Amendment by a vote of 33 to 11 with every Democratic senator opposed.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Realizing that the old issues were holding it back, the Democrats tried a "<a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Democrats)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Departure (Democrats)">New Departure</a>" that downplayed the War and stressed such issues as stopping corruption and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, which it wholeheartedly supported. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">President Johnson</a>, elected on the fusion Union Party ticket, did not rejoin the Democratic Party, but Democrats in Congress supported him and voted against his impeachment in 1868. After his term ended in 1869 he rejoined the Democrats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republican_interlude_1869–1885">Republican interlude 1869–1885</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Republican interlude 1869–1885">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></div> War hero <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> led the Republicans to <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslides</a> in <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> and <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> When a major economic depression hit the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, the Democratic Party made major gains across the country, took full control of the South, and took control of Congress. The Democrats lost consecutive presidential elections from 1860 through 1880, nevertheless Democrats have won the popular vote in <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>. Although the races after 1872 were very close they did not win the presidency until <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>. The party was weakened by its record of opposition to the war, but nevertheless benefited from <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a>' resentment of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> and consequent hostility to the Republican Party. The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">nationwide depression of 1873</a> allowed the Democrats to retake control of the House in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1874">1874 Democratic landslide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a> gave the Democrats control of every Southern state (by the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a>), but the <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchisement of blacks</a> took place (1880–1900). From 1880 to 1960, the "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>" voted Democratic in presidential elections (except 1928). After 1900, a victory in a Democratic primary was "<a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to election">tantamount to election</a>" because the Republican Party was so weak in the South.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cleveland,_Harrison,_Cleveland_(1885–1897)">Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland (1885–1897)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland (1885–1897)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies of Grover Cleveland</a></div> After being out of office since 1861, the Democrats won the popular vote in three consecutive elections, and the electoral vote (and thus the White House) in 1884 and 1892. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889)">The first presidency of Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The first presidency of Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § First presidency (1885–1889)</a></div> Although Republicans continued to control the White House until 1884, the Democrats remained competitive (especially in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">mid-Atlantic</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>) and controlled the House of Representatives for most of that period. In the election of <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, the reforming Democratic Governor of New York, won the Presidency, a feat he repeated in <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>, having lost in the election of <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1893polittooncleveland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1893polittooncleveland.JPG/230px-1893polittooncleveland.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1893polittooncleveland.JPG/345px-1893polittooncleveland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1893polittooncleveland.JPG/460px-1893polittooncleveland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Typewriters were new in 1893 and this Gillam cartoon from Puck shows that <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> can not get the Democratic "machine" to work as the keys (key politicians) will not respond to his efforts</figcaption></figure> Cleveland was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Democrats">Bourbon Democrats</a>. They represented business interests, supported banking and railroad goals, promoted <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> capitalism, opposed <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">imperialism</a> and U.S. overseas expansion, opposed the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, fought for the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and opposed <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a>. They strongly supported reform movements such as <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform</a> and opposed corruption of city bosses, leading the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Tweed_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed Ring">Tweed Ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The leading Bourbons included <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David Bennett Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_C._Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Whitney">William C. Whitney</a> of New York, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Arthur Pue Gorman</a> of Maryland, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> of Delaware, <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Mathews" title="Henry M. Mathews">Henry M. Mathews</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">William L. Wilson</a> of West Virginia, <a href="/wiki/John_Griffin_Carlisle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griffin Carlisle">John Griffin Carlisle</a> of Kentucky, <a href="/wiki/William_Freeman_Vilas" class="mw-redirect" title="William Freeman Vilas">William F. Vilas</a> of Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">J. Sterling Morton</a> of Nebraska, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a> of Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Boies" title="Horace Boies">Horace Boies</a> of Iowa, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (II)">Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar</a> of Mississippi and railroad builder <a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</a> of Minnesota. A prominent intellectual was <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Addkison-52">[52]</a> Republican Benjamin Harrison won a narrow victory in 1888. The party pushed through a large agenda, and raised the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a> and federal spending so high it was used against them as Democrats scored a landslide in <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_elections" title="1890 United States elections">the 1890 elections.</a> Harrison was easily defeated for reelection in 1892 by Cleveland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_second_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland_(1893–1897)">The second presidency of Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The second presidency of Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § Second presidency (1893–1897)</a></div> The Bourbons were in power when the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> hit and they took the blame. The party polarized between the pro-gold pro-business Cleveland faction and the anti-business silverites in the West and South. A fierce struggle inside the party ensued, with catastrophic losses for both the Bourbon and agrarian factions in 1894, leading to the showdown in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Just before the 1894 election, President Cleveland was warned by an advisor: <dl><dd>We are on the eve of very dark night, unless a return of commercial prosperity relieves popular discontent with what they believe Democratic incompetence to make laws, and consequently with Democratic Administrations anywhere and everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></dd></dl> Aided by the deep nationwide economic depression that lasted from 1893 to 1897, the Republicans won their biggest landslide ever, taking full control of the House. The Democrats lost nearly all their seats in the Northeast. The third party Populists also were ruined. However, Cleveland's silverite enemies gained control of the Democratic Party in state after state, including full control in Illinois and Michigan and made major gains in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and other states. Wisconsin and Massachusetts were two of the few states that remained under the control of Cleveland's allies.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_rise_and_fall_of_William_Jennings_Bryan">The rise and fall of William Jennings Bryan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The rise and fall of William Jennings Bryan">edit</a>]</div> The opposition Democrats were close to controlling two-thirds of the vote at the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 national convention</a>, which they needed to nominate their own candidate. However, they were not united and had no national leader, as Illinois governor <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Altgeld" title="John Peter Altgeld">John Peter Altgeld</a> had been born in Germany and was ineligible to be nominated for president.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> However, a young (35 years old) upstart, Congressman <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> made the magnificent "cross of gold" speech, which brought the crowd at the convention to its feet and got him the nomination. He would lose the election, but remained the Democratic hero and was renominated and lost again in 1900 and a third time in 1908. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_silver_movement">Free silver movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Free silver movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">Free silver</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg/200px-William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg/300px-William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg/400px-William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="2854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> at age 36 was the youngest candidate, October 1896</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> led the party faction of conservative, pro-business <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a>, but as the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">depression of 1893</a> deepened his enemies multiplied. At the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 convention</a>, the silverite-agrarian faction repudiated the President and nominated the crusading orator <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> on a platform of <a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">free coinage of silver</a>. The idea was that minting silver coins would flood the economy with cash and end the depression. Cleveland supporters formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a> (Gold Democrats), which attracted politicians and intellectuals (including <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>) who refused to vote Republican.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Bryan, an overnight sensation because of his "<a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Gold">Cross of Gold</a>" speech, waged a new-style crusade against the supporters of the gold standard. Criss-crossing the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">East</a> by special train – he was the first candidate since 1860 to go on the road – he gave over 500 speeches to audiences in the millions. In St. Louis he gave 36 speeches to workingmen's audiences across the city, all in one day. Most Democratic newspapers were hostile toward Bryan, but he seized control of the media by making the news every day as he hurled thunderbolts against Eastern monied interests.<a href="#cite_note-free_online_edition-58">[58]</a> The rural folk in the South and Midwest were ecstatic, showing an enthusiasm never before seen, but ethnic Democrats (especially <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a>) were alarmed and frightened by Bryan. The middle classes, businessmen, newspaper editors, factory workers, railroad workers and prosperous farmers generally rejected Bryan's crusade. Republican <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> promised a return to prosperity based on the gold standard, support for industry, railroads and banks and pluralism that would enable every group to move ahead.<a href="#cite_note-free_online_edition-58">[58]</a> Although Bryan lost the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">election</a> in a landslide, he did win the hearts and minds of a majority of Democrats, as shown by his renomination in 1900 and 1908. As late as 1924, the Democrats put his brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a> on their national ticket.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The victory of the Republican Party in the election of 1896 marked the start of the "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>", which lasted from 1896 to 1932, in which the Republican Party usually was dominant.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_GOP_presidencies_of_William_McKinley_(1897–1901),_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909),_and_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)">The GOP presidencies of William McKinley (1897–1901), Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), and William Howard Taft (1909–1913)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The GOP presidencies of William McKinley (1897–1901), Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), and William Howard Taft (1909–1913)">edit</a>]</div> The 1896 election marked a political realignment in which the Republican Party controlled the presidency for 28 of 36 years. The Republicans dominated most of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and Midwest and half the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>. Bryan, with a base in the South and <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Plains states</a>, was strong enough to get the nomination in <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a> (losing to <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>) and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a> (losing to <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>). <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> dominated the first decade of the century and to the annoyance of Democrats "stole" the trust issue by <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">crusading against trusts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> With Bryan taking a hiatus and <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Roosevelt">Teddy Roosevelt</a> the most popular president since Lincoln, the conservatives who controlled the <a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">convention in 1904</a>, nominated the little-known <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> before succumbing to <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">Roosevelt's landslide</a>. Religious divisions were sharply drawn.<a href="#cite_note-Kleppner_1979-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietists</a> in the North were closely linked to the Republican Party. In sharp contrast, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> groups, especially the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a> and German Lutherans, looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism, especially <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a>. Both parties cut across the class structure, with the Democrats gaining more support from the lower classes and Republicans more support from the upper classes.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Cultural issues, especially prohibition and foreign language schools, became matters of contention because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate. In the North, about 50 percent of voters were pietistic Protestants (Methodists, Scandinavian Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a>) who believed the government should be used to reduce social sins, such as drinking.<a href="#cite_note-Kleppner_1979-62">[62]</a> Liturgical churches (Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, and German Lutherans) comprised over a quarter of the vote and wanted the government to stay out of the morality business. Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decade, as national prohibition was finally passed in 1918 (repealed in 1932), serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Kleppner_1979-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1908:_"Yet_another_farewell_tour"">1908: "Yet another farewell tour"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1908: "Yet another farewell tour"">edit</a>]</div> With the wildly popular President Roosevelt sticking to his promise to step down after seven and a half years, and his chosen successor, War Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> somewhat popular as well, the Democratic Party gave Bryan the nomination for a third time. He was again defeated. The Democrats held together while the Republican Party bitterly split between the Roosevelt-oriented progressives and the Taft-oriented conservatives. Taft defeated Roosevelt for the 1912 nomination, but Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate. That split the GOP vote so that the Democrats were inevitably the winners, electing their first Democratic president and fully Democratic Congress in 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Meanwhile, Democrats in Congress, with their base among poor farmers and the working class, generally supported Progressive Era reforms, such as antitrust, regulation of railroads, direct election of Senators, the income tax, the restriction of child labor, and the Federal Reserve system.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)">Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson,_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/150px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/225px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/300px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Woodrow Wilson</figcaption></figure> Taking advantage of a deep split in the Republican Party, the Democrats took control of the House in 1910 and elected the intellectual reformer <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> in <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> and <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Wilson successfully led Congress to a series of progressive laws, including a <a href="/wiki/Underwood_Tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwood Tariff">reduced tariff</a>, stronger <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anti-Trust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Anti-Trust Act">antitrust laws</a>, new programs for farmers, hours-and-pay benefits for railroad workers and the outlawing of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">child labor</a> (which was reversed by the Supreme Court).<a href="#cite_note-John_Milton_Cooper_2009-68">[68]</a> Wilson tolerated the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">federal Civil Service</a> by Southern cabinet members. Furthermore, bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">constitutional amendments for prohibition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">women's suffrage</a> were passed in his second term. In effect, Wilson laid to rest the issues of tariffs, money and antitrust that had dominated politics for 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-John_Milton_Cooper_2009-68">[68]</a> Wilson oversaw the U.S. role in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and helped write the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. However, in 1919 Wilson's political skills faltered and suddenly everything turned sour. The Senate rejected Versailles and the League, a nationwide wave of violent, unsuccessful strikes and race riots caused unrest and Wilson's health collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The Democrats lost by a landslide in <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>, doing especially poorly in the cities, where the German-Americans deserted the ticket; and the Irish Catholics, who dominated the party apparatus, were unable to garner traction for the party in this election cycle.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Roaring_Twenties:_Democratic_defeats">The Roaring Twenties: Democratic defeats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Roaring Twenties: Democratic defeats">edit</a>]</div> The entire decade saw the Democrats as an ineffective minority in Congress and as a weak force in most Northern states.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After the massive defeat in 1920, the Democrats recovered most of their lost territory in <a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1922 United States House of Representatives elections">the Congressional elections of 1922</a>. They especially recovered in the border states, as well as the industrial cities, where the Irish and German element returned to that party. In addition, there was growing support among the more recent immigrants, who had become more Americanized. Many ethnic families now had a veteran in their midst, and paid closer attention to national issues, such as the question of <a href="/wiki/World_War_Adjusted_Compensation_Act" title="World War Adjusted Compensation Act">a bonus for veterans</a>. There was also an expression of annoyance with the federal prohibition of beer and wine, and the closing of most saloons.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_conflict_and_Al_Smith_(1924–1928)">Culture conflict and Al Smith (1924–1928)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture conflict and Al Smith (1924–1928)">edit</a>]</div> At the <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 Democratic National Convention</a>, a resolution denouncing the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> was introduced by Catholic and liberal forces allied with <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_W._Underwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar W. Underwood">Oscar W. Underwood</a> in order to embarrass the front-runner, <a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a>. After much debate, the resolution failed by a single vote. The KKK faded away soon after, but the deep split in the party over cultural issues, especially prohibition, facilitated Republican landslides in <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a> and <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> However, Al Smith did build a strong Catholic base in the big cities in 1928 and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s election as Governor of New York that year brought a new leader to center stage.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The internal battles and repeated defeats left the party discouraged and demoralized. To a considerable extent, the challenge of restoring morale was the province of historian <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Claude Bowers</a>. His histories of the Democratic Party in its formative years from the 1790s to the 1830s helped shape the party's self-image as a powerful force against monopoly and privilege. In his enormously popular books Party Battles of the Jackson Period (1922) and Jefferson and Hamilton: The Struggle for Democracy in America (1925) he argued for the political and moral superiority of the Democratic Party since the days of Jefferson versus the almost un-American faults of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, as bastions of aristocracy. Jefferson and Hamilton especially impressed his friend <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D Roosevelt">Franklin D Roosevelt</a>. It inspired Roosevelt when he became president to build a great monument to the party's founder in the national capital, the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a>. According to Historian <a href="/wiki/Merrill_D._Peterson" title="Merrill D. Peterson">Merrill D. Peterson</a>, the book conveyed: <blockquote>the myth of the Democratic Party masterfully re-created, a fresh awareness of the elemental differences between the parties, and ideology with which they might make sense of the two often senseless conflicts of the present, and a feeling for the importance of dynamic leadership. The book was a mirror for Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Great_Depression_and_a_Second_World_War:_Democratic_hegemony_(1930–1953)">The Great Depression and a Second World War: Democratic hegemony (1930–1953)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Great Depression and a Second World War: Democratic hegemony (1930–1953)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></div> The Great Depression marred Hoover's term as the Democratic Party made large gains in the 1930 congressional elections and garnered a landslide win in 1932. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/180px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/270px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/360px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the longest-serving president of the United States (1933–1945)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash 1929">stock market crash of 1929</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> set the stage for a more progressive government and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">election of 1932</a>, campaigning on a platform of "Relief, Recovery, and Reform", that is relief of unemployment and rural distress, recovery of the economy back to normal and long-term structural reforms to prevent a repetition of the Depression. This came to be termed "<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">The New Deal</a>" after a phrase in Roosevelt's acceptance speech.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Democrats also swept to large majorities in both houses of Congress and among state governors. Roosevelt altered the nature of the party, away from laissez-faire capitalism and towards an ideology of economic regulation and insurance against hardship. Two old words took on new meanings: "liberal" now meant a supporter of the New Deal while "conservative" meant an opponent.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a> were outraged and led by <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> they formed the <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a> in 1934 and counterattacked. They failed and either retired from politics or joined the Republican Party. A few of them, such as <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>, found their way back to the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The 1933 programs, called "the First New Deal" by historians, represented a broad consensus. Roosevelt tried to reach out to business and labor, farmers and consumers, cities and countryside. However, by 1934 he was moving toward a more confrontational policy. After making gains in state governorships and in Congress, in 1934 Roosevelt embarked on an ambitious legislative program that came to be called "The <a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a>". It was characterized by building up labor unions, nationalizing welfare by the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a>, setting up <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, imposing more regulations on business (especially transportation and communications) and raising taxes on business profits.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Roosevelt's New Deal programs focused on job creation through <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> projects as well as on social welfare programs such as Social Security. It also included sweeping reforms to the banking system, work regulation, transportation, communications and stock markets, as well as attempts to regulate prices. His policies soon paid off by uniting a diverse coalition of Democratic voters called the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a>, which included labor unions, <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a>, minorities (most significantly, Catholics and Jews) and liberal white Southerners. This united voter base allowed Democrats to be elected to Congress and the presidency for much of the next 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_second_term">The second term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The second term">edit</a>]</div> After a triumphant re-election in <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, he announced plans to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">enlarge the Supreme Court</a>, which tended to oppose his New Deal, by five new members. A firestorm of opposition erupted, led by his own Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a>. Roosevelt was defeated by an alliance of Republicans and conservative Democrats, who formed a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> that managed to block nearly all liberal legislation (only a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage law</a> got through). Annoyed by the conservative wing of his own party, Roosevelt made an attempt to rid himself of it and in 1938 he actively campaigned against five incumbent conservative Democratic senators, though all five senators won re-election.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Party">The Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The Party">edit</a>]</div> Under Roosevelt, the Democratic Party became identified more closely with modern liberalism, which included the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, and the regulation of business, as well as support for farmers and promotion of ethnic leaders. The opponents, who stressed long-term growth and support for entrepreneurship and low taxes, now started calling themselves "conservatives".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> With a near disaster in 1937 with the so-called "recession" and the near defeat in Congress in 1938, things looked bleak for the Democrats, but FDR decided that with the upcoming crisis that would become World War II, he was irreplaceable, and he broke tradition and ran for a third, and later 4th term, taking a Democratic congress with him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)">Presidency of Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Presidency of Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency of Harry S. Truman</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> took over after Roosevelt's death in 1945 and the rifts inside the party that Roosevelt had papered over began to emerge. Major components included the big city machines, the Southern state and local parties, the far-left and the "Liberal coalition" or "Liberal-Labor coalition" comprising the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">AFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">CIO</a> and ideological groups such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a> (representing <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Blacks</a>), the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a> (AJC) and the <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a> (ADA) (representing liberal intellectuals).<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> By 1948, the unions had expelled nearly all the far-left and communist elements.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1946–1948">The 1946–1948</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: The 1946–1948">edit</a>]</div> On the right, the Republicans blasted Truman's domestic policies. "Had Enough?" was the winning slogan as Republicans recaptured Congress in 1946 for the first time since 1928.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Many party leaders were ready to dump Truman in 1948, but after General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> rejected their invitation they lacked an alternative. Truman counterattacked, pushing <a href="/wiki/J._Strom_Thurmond" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Strom Thurmond">J. Strom Thurmond</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a> out, as well as taking advantage of the splits inside the Republican Party and was thus <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">reelected in a stunning surprise</a>. However, all of Truman's <a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a> proposals, such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>, were defeated by the Southern Democrats in Congress. His seizure of the steel industry was <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">reversed by the Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931953)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War (1947–1953)">Cold War (1947–1953)</a></div> On the far-left, former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> denounced Truman as a war-monger for his anti-Soviet programs, the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Wallace quit the party and ran for <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">president as an independent in 1948</a>. He called for <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a>, but much of his campaign was controlled by communists who had been expelled from the main unions. Wallace fared poorly and helped turn the anti-communist vote toward Truman.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> By cooperating with internationalist Republicans, Truman succeeded in defeating <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationists</a> on the right and supporters of softer lines on the Soviet Union on the left to establish a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> program that lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. Wallace supporters and other Democrats who were farther left were pushed out of the party and the CIO in 1946–1948 by young anti-communists like <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur Schlesinger Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> emerged in the 1940s as an important new base in the party and was led by movie-star politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who strongly supported Roosevelt and Truman at this time.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In foreign policy, Europe was safe, but troubles mounted in Asia as China fell to the communists in 1949. Truman entered the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> without formal Congressional approval. When the war turned to a stalemate and he fired General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> in 1951, Republicans blasted his policies in Asia. A series of petty scandals among friends and buddies of Truman further tarnished his image, allowing the Republicans in 1952 to crusade against "Korea, Communism and Corruption". Truman dropped out of the Presidential race early in 1952, leaving no obvious successor. The convention nominated <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, only to see him overwhelmed by two Eisenhower landslides.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)">Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adlai_Stevenson_1952_campaign_poster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Adlai_Stevenson_1952_campaign_poster.JPG/180px-Adlai_Stevenson_1952_campaign_poster.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Adlai_Stevenson_1952_campaign_poster.JPG/270px-Adlai_Stevenson_1952_campaign_poster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Adlai_Stevenson_1952_campaign_poster.JPG/360px-Adlai_Stevenson_1952_campaign_poster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> warns against a return of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> policies of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, 1952 campaign poster</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_the_Democratic_Nationall_Convention_in_Chicago,_Illinois_-_NARA_-_195997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_the_Democratic_Nationall_Convention_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois_-_NARA_-_195997.jpg/220px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_the_Democratic_Nationall_Convention_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois_-_NARA_-_195997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_the_Democratic_Nationall_Convention_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois_-_NARA_-_195997.jpg/330px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_the_Democratic_Nationall_Convention_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois_-_NARA_-_195997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_the_Democratic_Nationall_Convention_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois_-_NARA_-_195997.jpg/440px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_at_the_Democratic_Nationall_Convention_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois_-_NARA_-_195997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2083" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 Democratic National Convention</a> in Chicago</figcaption></figure> The landslide of General Dwight D. Eisenhower over Adlai Stevenson brought to the White House one of the most liked and most experienced leaders of the era. It also brought brief Republican control to both houses of Congress for one term. In Congress, the powerful team of Texans House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> and Senate Majority leader <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> held the party together, often by compromising with Eisenhower. In 1958, the party made dramatic gains in the midterms and seemed to have a permanent lock on Congress, thanks largely to organized labor. Indeed, Democrats had majorities in the House every election from 1930 to 1992 (except 1946 and 1952).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Most Southern Congressmen were <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Democrats">conservative Democrats</a> and they usually worked with conservative Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The result was a conservative coalition that blocked practically all liberal domestic legislation from 1937 to the 1970s, except for a brief spell 1964–1965, when Johnson neutralized its power. The counterbalance to the conservative coalition was the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Study_Group" title="Democratic Study Group">Democratic Study Group</a>, which led the charge to liberalize the institutions of Congress and eventually pass a great deal of the Kennedy–Johnson program.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Although the Republicans gained brief control of Congress in 1952, the Democrats were back in control in 1954. House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> and Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> worked closely with President Eisenhower, so the partisanship was at the lowest intensity in the 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)">Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_bros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kennedy_bros.jpg/200px-Kennedy_bros.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kennedy_bros.jpg/300px-Kennedy_bros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Kennedy_bros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> with his brothers, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> and later <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></figcaption></figure> The election of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> over then-Vice President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> re-energized the party. His youth, vigor and intelligence caught the popular imagination. New programs like the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> harnessed idealism. In terms of legislation, Kennedy was stalemated by the conservative coalition.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Though Kennedy's term in office lasted only about a thousand days, he tried to hold back communist gains after the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a> in Cuba and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and sent 16,000 soldiers to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> to advise the hard-pressed <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> army. He challenged America in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> to land an American man on the Moon by 1969. After the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> he moved to de-escalate tensions with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Kennedy also pushed for <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>, one example being Kennedy assigning federal marshals to protect the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a> in the South. His election did mark the coming of age of the Catholic component of the New Deal Coalition. After 1964, middle class Catholics started voting Republican in the same proportion as their Protestant neighbors. Except for the Chicago of <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a>, the last of the Democratic machines faded away. <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy was assassinated</a> on November 22, 1963, in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_(1963–1969)">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></div> Then-vice president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was sworn in as the new president. Johnson, heir to the New Deal ideals, broke the conservative coalition in Congress and passed a remarkable number of laws, known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>. Johnson succeeded in passing major <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> laws that restarted racial integration in the South. At the same time, Johnson escalated the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, leading to an inner conflict inside the Democratic Party that shattered the party in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">elections of 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lbj2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/180px-Lbj2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/270px-Lbj2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/360px-Lbj2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="5552" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> foresaw the end of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> when he signed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></figcaption></figure> The Democratic Party platform of the 1960s was largely formed by the ideals of President Johnson's "<a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>" The New Deal coalition began to fracture as more Democratic leaders voiced support for civil rights, upsetting the party's traditional base of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> and Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a> cities. Segregationist <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> capitalized on Catholic unrest in Democratic primaries in 1964 and 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Macinnes1996-98">[98]</a> After Harry Truman's platform gave strong support to civil rights and anti-<a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> laws during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a>, many Southern Democratic delegates decided to split from the party and formed the "<a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a>", led by <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> (who as Senator would later join the Republican Party). Thurmond carried the Deep South in the election, but Truman carried the rest of the South. Meanwhile, in the North far left elements were leaving the Democrats to join <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> in his new Progressive Party. They possibly cost Truman New York, but he won reelection anyway.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, who had traditionally given strong support to the Republican Party since its inception as the "anti-slavery party", after switching the vast majority of their votes in the thirties due to the New Deal benefits, continued to shift to the Democratic Party, largely due to the advocacy of and support for civil rights by such prominent Democrats as <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, and the switch of local machines to the Democrats as in Chicago. Although Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> carried half the South in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> also carried five Southern states in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> carried all of the South except Virginia and there was no long-term realignment until <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s sweeping victories in the South in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_(02)_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/220px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/330px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg/440px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Signing_of_the_Immigration_Act_of_1965_%2802%29_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5607" data-file-height="3772" /></a><figcaption>President Johnson signing the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Act of 1965">Immigration Act of 1965</a></figcaption></figure> The party's dramatic reversal on civil rights issues culminated when Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. The act was passed in both the House and Senate by Republican and Democratic majorities. Most Democrats and all Republicans from the South opposed the act.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The year 1968 marked a major crisis for the party. In January, even though it was a military defeat for the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> began to turn American public opinion against the Vietnam War. Senator <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> rallied intellectuals and <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> students on college campuses and came within a few percentage points of defeating Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>:Johnson was permanently weakened. Four days later, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, brother of the late President, entered the race.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Johnson stunned the nation on March 31 when he withdrew from the race and four weeks later his Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Hubert H. Humphrey</a>, entered the race, though he did not run in any primary. Kennedy and McCarthy traded primary victories while Humphrey gathered the support of labor unions and the big-city bosses. Kennedy won the critical California primary on June 4, but <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">he was assassinated</a> that night. Even as Kennedy won California, Humphrey had already amassed 1,000 of the 1,312 delegate votes needed for the nomination, while Kennedy had about 700.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Army_National_Guard" title="Illinois Army National Guard">Illinois Army National Guard</a> violently confronted anti-war protesters on the streets and parks of Chicago, the Democrats nominated Humphrey. Meanwhile, Alabama's Democratic governor <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Wallace">George C. Wallace</a> launched a third-party campaign and at one point was running second to the Republican candidate Richard Nixon. Nixon barely won, with the Democrats retaining control of Congress. The party was now so deeply split that it would not again win a majority of the popular vote for president until <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>, when Jimmy Carter won the popular vote in 1976 with 50.1%.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The degree to which the Southern Democrats had abandoned the party became evident in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a> when the electoral votes of every former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> state except <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> went to either Republican Richard Nixon or independent Wallace. Humphrey's electoral votes came mainly from the Northern states, marking a dramatic reversal from the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 election</a> 20 years earlier, when the losing Republican electoral votes were concentrated in the same states.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="McGovern-Fraser_Commission_and_George_McGovern's_presidential_campaign_(1969–1972)">McGovern-Fraser Commission and George McGovern's presidential campaign (1969–1972)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: McGovern-Fraser Commission and George McGovern's presidential campaign (1969–1972)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/McGovern%E2%80%93Fraser_Commission" title="McGovern–Fraser Commission">McGovern–Fraser Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign</a></div> Following the party's defeat in 1968, the <a href="/wiki/McGovern-Fraser_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="McGovern-Fraser Commission">McGovern-Fraser Commission</a> proposed and the party adopted far-reaching changes in how national convention delegates were selected. More power over the presidential nominee selection accrued to the rank and file and presidential primaries became significantly more important.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> The Democrats moved left and nominated Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (SD) as the presidential candidate on a platform which advocated, among other things, immediate U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam (with his anti-war slogan "Come Home, America!") and a <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a> for all Americans. McGovern's forces at the national convention ousted Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a> and the entire Chicago delegation, replacing them with insurgents led by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>. After it became known that McGovern's running mate <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a> had received electric shock therapy, McGovern said he supported Eagleton "1000%", but he was soon forced to drop him and find a new running mate.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Numerous top names turned him down, but McGovern finally selected <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, a Kennedy in-law who was close to Mayor Daley. On July 14, 1972, McGovern appointed his campaign manager, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Jean Westwood</a>, as the first woman chair of the Democratic National Committee. McGovern was defeated in a landslide by incumbent Richard Nixon, winning only Massachusetts and Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidencies_of_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)_and_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)">Presidencies of Richard Nixon (1969–1974) and Gerald Ford (1974–1977)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Presidencies of Richard Nixon (1969–1974) and Gerald Ford (1974–1977)">edit</a>]</div> The effects that <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>'s defeat in the 1972 election had on the Democratic Party would be long lasting, but was interrupted by the Nixon scandal which temporarily halted the party's decline in ways that were entirely unexpected.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> soon destroyed the Nixon Presidency. With <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>'s pardon of Nixon soon after his resignation in 1974, the Democrats used the "corruption" issue to make major gains in the off-year elections. In <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>, mistrust of the administration, complicated by a combination of economic recession and inflation, sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>", led to Ford's defeat by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, a former Governor of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. Carter won as a little-known outsider by promising honesty in Washington, a message that played well to voters as he swept the South and won narrowly.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter_(1977–1981)">Presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency of Jimmy Carter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/150px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/225px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/300px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="4109" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> was elected in 1976 and defeated in 1980</figcaption></figure> Carter was a peanut farmer, a state senator and a one-term governor with minimal national experience. President Carter's major accomplishments consisted of the creation of a national energy policy and two new cabinet departments, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a>. Carter also successfully deregulated the trucking, airline, rail, finance, communications and oil industries (thus reversing the New Deal approach to regulation of the economy), bolstered the <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> system and appointed record numbers of women and minorities to significant posts. He also enacted strong legislation on environmental protection through the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> in Alaska, creating 103 million acres (417,000 km2) of park land.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In foreign affairs, Carter's accomplishments consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Canal Treaties">Panama Canal Treaties</a>, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China</a> and the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/SALT_II" class="mw-redirect" title="SALT II">SALT II</a> Treaty. In addition, he championed <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> throughout the world and used human rights as the center of his administration's foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-John_Dumbrell_1995-112">[112]</a> Carter's successes were overshadowed by failures. He was unable to implement a national health plan or to reform the tax system as he had promised. His popularity fell as inflation soared and unemployment remained stubbornly high, Abroad, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hostage crisis">Iranians held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days</a>, an embarrassment rehearsed practically every day on television. Worse, his military rescue of the hostages was a fiasco.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> later that year further disenchanted some Americans with Carter, and athletes were disappointed when he cancelled American participation in the 1980 Moscow Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Liberal Senator Ted Kennedy attacked Carter as too conservative but failed to block Carter's renomination in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">November 1980 election</a>, Carter lost to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. The Democrats lost 12 Senate seats and for the first time since 1954 the Republicans controlled the Senate, though the House remained in Democratic hands. Voting patterns and poll result indicate that the substantial Republican victory was the consequence of poor economic performance under Carter and the Democrats and did not represent an ideological shift to the right by the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Iran released all the American hostages minutes after Reagan was inaugurated, ending a 444-day crisis.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)">Presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Battling_Reaganism">1980s: Battling Reaganism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 1980s: Battling Reaganism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpeakerO%27Neill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SpeakerO%27Neill.jpg/150px-SpeakerO%27Neill.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SpeakerO%27Neill.jpg/225px-SpeakerO%27Neill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SpeakerO%27Neill.jpg/300px-SpeakerO%27Neill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Representative <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Thomas "Tip" O'Neill</a> was Speaker of the House (1977–1987) and was the highest ranking Democrat in Washington, D.C. during most of Reagan's term</figcaption></figure> Democrats who supported many conservative policies were instrumental in the election of Republican <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">President Ronald Reagan</a> in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>. The "<a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrat" title="Reagan Democrat">Reagan Democrats</a>" were Democrats before the Reagan years and afterward, but they voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> and for <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>, producing their landslide victories. Reagan Democrats were mostly white ethnics in the Northeast and Midwest who were attracted to Reagan's <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> on issues such as abortion and to his strong foreign policy. They did not continue to vote Republican in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> or <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>, so the term fell into disuse except as a reference to the 1980s. The term is not used to describe <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> who became permanent Republicans in presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_B._Greenberg_1996-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stan_Greenberg" title="Stan Greenberg">Stan Greenberg</a>, a Democratic pollster, analyzed white ethnic voters – largely unionized auto workers – in suburban <a href="/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb County, Michigan</a>, just north of Detroit. The county voted 63 percent for Kennedy in 1960 and 66 percent for Reagan in 1984. He concluded that Reagan Democrats no longer saw Democrats as champions of their middle class aspirations, but instead saw it as a party working primarily for the benefit of others, especially African Americans, <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> and the very poor.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_B._Greenberg_1996-118">[118]</a> The failure to hold the Reagan Democrats and the white South led to the final collapse of the New Deal coalition. In <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>, Reagan carried 49 states against former vice president and Minnesota senator <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, a New Deal stalwart.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In response to these landslide defeats, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a> (DLC) was created in 1985. It worked to move the party rightwards to the ideological center in order to recover some of the fundraising that had been lost to the Republicans due to corporate donors supporting Reagan. The goal was to retain left-of-center voters as well as moderates and conservatives on social issues to become a <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">catch all party</a> with widespread appeal to most opponents of the Republicans. Despite this, Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a>, running not as a New Dealer but as an efficiency expert in public administration, lost by a landslide in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> to Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_becomes_Republican">South becomes Republican</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: South becomes Republican">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/220px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/330px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/440px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>How the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> voted from 1876 to 1964.</figcaption></figure> For nearly a century after <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, the white South identified with the Democratic Party. The Democrats' lock on power was so strong the region was called the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, although the Republicans controlled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and they competed for statewide office in the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>. Before 1948, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> believed that their party, with its respect for <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and appreciation of traditional southern values, was the defender of the Southern way of life. Southern Democrats warned against aggressive designs on the part of Northern liberals and Republicans and civil rights activists whom they denounced as "outside agitators".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The adoption of the strong civil rights plank by the 1948 convention and the integration of the armed forces by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a>, which provided for equal treatment and opportunity for African American servicemen, drove a wedge between the Northern and Southern branches of the party. The party was sharply divided in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">following election</a>, as Southern Democrat <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> ran for the "States' Rights Democratic Party". With the presidency of John F. Kennedy the Democratic Party began to embrace the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and its lock on the South was irretrievably broken. Kennedy's narrow election victory and small working margin in Congress contributed to his cautious navigation of civil rights issues. He was reluctant to lose southern support for legislation on many fronts by pushing too hard on civil rights legislation.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Upon signing the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, President Lyndon B. Johnson prophesied: "We have lost the South for a generation".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Modernization had brought factories, national businesses and larger, more cosmopolitan cities such as <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> to the South, as well as millions of migrants from the North and more opportunities for higher education. Meanwhile, the cotton and tobacco economy of the traditional rural South faded away, as former farmers commuted to factory jobs. As the South became more like the rest of the nation, it could not stand apart in terms of racial segregation. Integration and the Civil Rights Movement caused enormous controversy in the white South, with many attacking it as a violation of states' rights. When segregation was outlawed by court order and by the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965, a die-hard element resisted integration, led by Democratic governors <a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a> of Arkansas, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a> of Georgia and especially <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> of Alabama. These populist governors appealed to a less-educated, blue-collar electorate that on economic grounds favored the Democratic Party and opposed desegregation. After 1965, most Southerners accepted integration (with the exception of public schools).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Believing themselves betrayed by the Democratic Party, traditional <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> joined the new middle-class and the Northern transplants in moving toward the Republican Party. Meanwhile, newly enfranchised black voters began supporting Democratic candidates at the 80–90 percent levels, producing Democratic leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> of Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> of Texas. Just as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> had promised, integration had brought about a new day in Southern politics.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In addition to its white middle-class base, Republicans attracted strong majorities among <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christians</a>, who prior to the 1980s were largely apolitical. Exit polls in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a> showed that <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> led <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> by 70–30% among White Southerners, who were 71% of the voters. Kerry had a 90–9 lead among the 18% of Southern voters who were black. One-third of the Southern voters said they were white Evangelicals and they voted for Bush by 80–20.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush_(1989–1993)">Presidency of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Presidency of George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Gulf_War">Opposition to Gulf War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Opposition to Gulf War">edit</a>]</div> The Democrats included a strong element that came of age in opposition to the Vietnam War and remained hostile toward American military interventions. On August 1, 1990, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. President Bush formed an international coalition and secured United Nations approval to expel Iraq. Congress on January 12, 1991, authorized by a narrow margin the use of military force against Iraq, with Republicans in favor and Democrats opposed. The vote in the House was 250–183 and in the Senate 52–47. In the Senate, 42 Republicans and 10 Democrats voted yes to war, while 45 Democrats and two Republicans voted no. In the House, 164 Republicans and 86 Democrats voted yes and 179 Democrats, three Republicans and one Independent voted no.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton_(1993–2001)">Presidency of Bill Clinton (1993–2001)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Presidency of Bill Clinton (1993–2001)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency of Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/225px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/300px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>During <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s presidency, the Democratic Party moved ideologically toward the center</figcaption></figure> In the 1990s, the Democratic Party revived itself, in part by moving to the right on economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>, for the first time in 12 years the United States had a Democrat in the White House. During President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s term, the Congress balanced the federal <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> for the first time since the Kennedy Presidency and presided over a robust American economy that saw incomes grow across the board. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a> advocated a <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">realignment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">triangulation</a>, moving to the center on economic issues, under the re-branded "<a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrat</a>" label to adapt to the post-Reagan era.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 1994, the economy had the lowest combination of unemployment and inflation in 25 years. President Clinton also signed into law several <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a> bills, including the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Bill</a>, which imposed a five-day waiting period on handgun purchases; and he also signed into legislation a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">ban</a> on many types of <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm" title="Semi-automatic firearm">semi-automatic firearms</a> (which expired in 2004). His <a href="/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act_of_1993" title="Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993">Family and Medical Leave Act</a>, covering some 40 million Americans, offered workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-guaranteed leave for childbirth or a personal or family illness. He deployed the U.S. military to <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> to reinstate deposed president <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>, took a strong hand in <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Palestinian–Israeli peace negotiations</a>, brokered a historic cease-fire in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton accords</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>, Clinton became the first Democratic president to be re-elected since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. However, the Democrats lost their majority in both Houses of Congress in 1994. Clinton vetoed two Republican-backed <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a> bills before signing the third, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act">Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act</a> of 1996. The <a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">tort reform</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_Securities_Litigation_Reform_Act" title="Private Securities Litigation Reform Act">Private Securities Litigation Reform Act</a> passed over his veto. Labor unions, which had been steadily losing membership since the 1960s, found they had also lost political clout inside the Democratic Party and Clinton enacted the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> over unions' strong objections.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 1998, the Republican-led House of Representatives <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeached</a> Clinton on two charges, though he was subsequently <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">acquitted</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1999. Under Clinton's leadership, the United States participated in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">Operation Allied Force</a> against <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> that year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_markets">Free markets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Free markets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig_109_-_does_someone_in_house_belong_to_union.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fig_109_-_does_someone_in_house_belong_to_union.JPG/220px-Fig_109_-_does_someone_in_house_belong_to_union.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fig_109_-_does_someone_in_house_belong_to_union.JPG/330px-Fig_109_-_does_someone_in_house_belong_to_union.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fig_109_-_does_someone_in_house_belong_to_union.JPG/440px-Fig_109_-_does_someone_in_house_belong_to_union.JPG 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Higher percentages of Democrats than Republicans are members of union households.</figcaption></figure> In the 1990s, the Clinton administration continued the free market, or <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a>, reforms which began under the Reagan administration.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gary Gerstle</a> states that Reagan was the ideological architect of the neoliberal order which was formulated in the 1970s and 1980s, but it was Clinton who was its key facilitator, and as such this order achieved dominance following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> However, economist <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Mallaby" title="Sebastian Mallaby">Sebastian Mallaby</a> argues that the party increasingly adopted pro-business, pro free market principles after 1976: <dl><dd>Free-market ideas were embraced by Democrats almost as much as by Republicans. Jimmy Carter initiated the big push toward deregulation, generally with the support of his party in Congress. Bill Clinton presided over the growth of the loosely supervised shadow financial system and the repeal of Depression-era restrictions on commercial banks.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></dd></dl> Historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Walter Scheidel</a> also posits that both parties shifted to free markets in the 1970s: <dl><dd>In the United States, both of the dominant parties have shifted toward free-market capitalism. Even though analysis of roll call votes show that since the 1970s, Republicans have drifted farther to the right than Democrats have moved to the left, the latter were instrumental in implementing financial deregulation in the 1990s and focused increasingly on cultural issues such as gender, race, and sexual identity rather than traditional social welfare policies.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></dd></dl> Both Carter and Clinton quietly abandoned the New Deal style of aggressive support for welfare for the poor and support for the working-class and labor unions. They downplayed traditional Democratic hostility toward business, and aggressive regulation of the economy. Carter and Clinton agreed on a greater reliance on the market economy—As conservatives have long demanded. They gave control of inflation priority over reduction in unemployment. They both sought balanced budgets—and Clinton actually succeeded in generating a federal budget surplus. They both used monetary policy more than fiscal/spending policy to micromanage the economy, and they accepted the conservative emphasis on supply-side programs to encourage private investment, and the expectation it would produce long-term economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_2000">Election of 2000</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Election of 2000">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, the Democrats chose Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> to be the party's candidate for the presidency. Gore ran against <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, the Republican candidate and son of former President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. The issues Gore championed include <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">debt reduction</a>, tax cuts, foreign policy, public education, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, judicial appointments and <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>. Nevertheless, Gore's affiliation with Clinton and the DLC caused critics to assert that Bush and Gore were too similar, especially on free trade, reductions in social welfare and the death penalty. <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> in particular was very vocal in his criticisms. Gore won a popular plurality of over 540,000 votes over Bush, but lost in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> by four votes. Many Democrats blamed Nader's third-party <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler role</a> for Gore's defeat. They pointed to the states of New Hampshire (4 electoral votes) and Florida (25 electoral votes), where Nader's total votes exceeded Bush's margin of victory. In Florida, Nader received 97,000 votes and Bush defeated Gore by a mere 537. Controversy plagued the election and Gore largely dropped from elective politics. Despite Gore's close defeat, the Democrats gained five seats in the Senate (including the election of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in New York) to turn a 55–45 Republican edge into a 50–50 split (with a Republican vice president breaking a tie). However, when Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> of Vermont decided in 2001 to become an independent and vote with the Democratic caucus, the majority status shifted along with the seat, including control of the floor (by the Majority Leader) and control of all committee chairmanships. However, the Republicans regained their Senate majority with gains in 2002 and 2004, leaving the Democrats with only 44 seats, the fewest since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)">Presidency of George W. Bush (2001–2009)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Presidency of George W. Bush (2001–2009)">edit</a>]</div> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, the nation's focus was changed to issues of <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>. All but one Democrat (Representative <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Barbara Lee</a>) voted with their Republican counterparts to authorize President Bush's <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001 invasion of Afghanistan</a>. House leader <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gephardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Gephardt">Richard Gephardt</a> and Senate leader <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Daschle" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Daschle">Thomas Daschle</a> pushed Democrats to vote for the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>. The Democrats were split over invading Iraq in 2003 and increasingly expressed concerns about both the justification and progress of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terrorism</a> as well as the domestic effects from the Patriot Act.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Pelosi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nancy_Pelosi.jpeg/150px-Nancy_Pelosi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nancy_Pelosi.jpeg/225px-Nancy_Pelosi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Nancy_Pelosi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> of California was the first woman to serve as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a></figcaption></figure> In the wake of the financial fraud scandal of the <a href="/wiki/Enron_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enron Corporation">Enron Corporation</a> and other corporations, Congressional Democrats pushed for a legal overhaul of business accounting with the intention of preventing further <a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">accounting fraud</a>. This led to the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes-Oxley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbanes-Oxley Act">Sarbanes-Oxley Act</a> in 2002. With job losses and bankruptcies across regions and industries increasing in 2001 and 2002, the Democrats generally campaigned on the issue of economic recovery. That did not work for them in 2002, as the Democrats lost a few seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. They lost three seats in the Senate (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Max_Cleland" title="Max Cleland">Max Cleland</a> was unseated, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> as Paul Wellstone died and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">his succeeding Democratic candidate</a> lost the election and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Carnahan" title="Jean Carnahan">Jean Carnahan</a> was unseated). While Democrats gained governorships in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> was elected), <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a>), <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dave_Freudenthal" title="Dave Freudenthal">Dave Freudenthal</a>). Other Democrats lost governorships in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Hodges" title="Jim Hodges">Jim Hodges</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Don_Siegelman" title="Don Siegelman">Don Siegelman</a>) and—for the first time in more than a century—Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Roy_Barnes" title="Roy Barnes">Roy Barnes</a>). The election led to another round of soul searching about the party's narrowing base. Democrats had further losses in 2003, when a voter recall unseated the unpopular Democratic governor of California <a href="/wiki/Gray_Davis" title="Gray Davis">Gray Davis</a> and replaced him with Republican <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>. By the end of 2003, the four most populous states had Republican governors: California, Texas, New York and Florida.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_2004">Election of 2004</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Election of 2004">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> The 2004 campaign started as early as December 2002, when Gore announced he would not run again in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a>, a former Governor of Vermont and opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, was the front-runner at first. An unusual gaffe known as the "<a href="/wiki/Dean_Scream" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Scream">Dean Scream</a>" and subsequent negative media coverage doomed his candidacy. The nomination went to Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, a centrist with heavy support from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a>. Democrats pulled together in attacking Bush's war in Iraq. Kerry lost by a 3 million vote margin out of 120 million votes and lost four Senate seats. The Democrats had only 44 Senators, their fewest since the 1920s. A bright spot came with the win by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> After the 2004 election, prominent Democrats began to rethink the party's direction. Some Democrats proposed moving towards the right to regain seats in the House and Senate and possibly win the Presidency in 2008, while others demanded that the party move more to the left and become a stronger opposition party. One topic of deep debate was the party's policies surrounding <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In <a href="/wiki/What%27s_the_Matter_with_Kansas%3F_(book)" title="What's the Matter with Kansas? (book)">What's the Matter with Kansas?</a>, commentator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Thomas Frank</a> wrote that the Democrats needed to return to campaigning on economic populism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Howard_Dean_and_the_fifty-state_strategy_(2005–2007)">Howard Dean and the fifty-state strategy (2005–2007)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Howard Dean and the fifty-state strategy (2005–2007)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_elections" title="2006 United States elections">2006 United States elections</a></div> These debates were reflected in the 2005 campaign for Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> won over the objections of many party insiders. Dean sought to move the Democratic strategy away from the establishment and bolster support for the party's state organizations, even in <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red states</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Fifty-state_strategy" title="Fifty-state strategy">fifty-state strategy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/109th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="109th Congress">109th Congress</a> convened, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Senate_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Minority Leader">Senate Minority Leader</a>, tried to convince the Democratic Senators to vote more as a bloc on important issues and he forced the Republicans to abandon their push for <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Social Security debate in the United States">privatization of Social Security</a>. With scandals involving lobbyist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Jack Abramoff</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Duke_Cunningham" title="Duke Cunningham">Duke Cunningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Foley_scandal" title="Mark Foley scandal">Mark Foley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Taft" title="Bob Taft">Bob Taft</a>, the Democrats used the slogan "<a href="/wiki/2006_Republican_party_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Republican party scandals">Culture of corruption</a>" against the Republicans during the 2006 campaign. According to <a href="/wiki/Robin_Paul_Malloy" title="Robin Paul Malloy">Robin Paul Malloy</a>, negative public opinion on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, widespread dissatisfaction over the ballooning federal deficit and the inept handling of the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> disaster dragged down President Bush's job approval ratings.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> As a result of gains in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_general_elections,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="United States general elections, 2006">2006 midterm elections</a>, the Democratic Party gained control of both houses of Congress. The Democrats also went from controlling a minority of governorships to a majority. There were also gains in various state legislatures, giving the Democrats control of a plurality of them nationwide. No Democratic incumbent was defeated and no Democratic-held open seat was lost in a major race. Both conservative and populist candidates did well.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Exit polling suggested that corruption was a key issue for many voters.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> was elected as the first female House speaker and immediately pushed for passage of the <a href="/wiki/100-Hour_Plan" title="100-Hour Plan">100-Hour Plan</a> of eight new liberal programs.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_presidential_election">2008 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: 2008 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008">2008 Democratic presidential primaries</a> left two candidates in close competition: Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. Both had won more support within a major American political party than any previous African American or female candidate. Before official ratification at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 Democratic National Convention</a>, Obama emerged as the party's presumptive nominee. With President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> of the Republican Party ineligible for a third term and the Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> not pursuing his party's nomination, Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> of Arizona more quickly emerged as the GOP nominee.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, polls showed a close race between Obama and John McCain. However, Obama maintained a small but widening lead over McCain in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">liquidity crisis of September 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> On November 4, Obama defeated McCain by a significant margin in the Electoral College and the party also made further gains in the Senate and House, adding to its 2006 gains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)">Presidency of Barack Obama (2009–2017)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Presidency of Barack Obama (2009–2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/150px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/225px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/300px-Official_portrait_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>On November 4, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was elected as the first African American president of the United States</figcaption></figure> On January 20, 2009, Obama was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inaugurated</a> as the 44th president of the United States in a ceremony attended by nearly 2 million people, the largest congregation of spectators ever to witness the inauguration of a new president.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> That same day in Washington, D.C., Republican House of Representative leaders met in an "invitation only" meeting for four hours to discuss the future of the Republican Party under the Obama administration. One of the first acts by the Obama administration after assuming control was an order signed by <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> that suspended all pending federal regulations proposed by outgoing President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> so that they could be reviewed. This was comparable to prior moves by the Bush administration upon assuming control from <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, who in his final 20 days in office issued 12 <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive orders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In his first week, Obama also established a policy of producing a weekly Saturday morning video address available on <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">Whitehouse.gov</a> and YouTube, much like those released during his transition period. The policy is likened to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fireside chats</a> and George W. Bush's weekly radio addresses. President Obama signed into law the following significant legislation during his first 100 days in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a>, Children's Health Insurance Reauthorization Act of 2009 and the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>. Also during his first 100 days, the Obama administration reversed the following significant George W. Bush administration policies: supporting the <a href="/wiki/UN_declaration_on_sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity">UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity</a>, relaxing enforcement of cannabis laws and lifting the 7½-year ban on federal funding for <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic stem cell research">embryonic stem cell research</a>. Obama also issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13492" title="Executive Order 13492">Executive Order 13492</a>, ordering the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>, although it remained open throughout his presidency. He also lifted some travel and money restrictions to Cuba, ended the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City Policy">Mexico City Policy</a> and signed an order requiring the <a href="/wiki/Army_Field_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Field Manual">Army Field Manual</a> to be used as guide for terror interrogations, which banned <a href="/wiki/Tortures" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortures">tortures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a>. Obama also announced stricter guidelines regarding <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">lobbyists</a> in an effort to raise the ethical standards of the White House.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The new policy bans aides from attempting to influence the administration for at least two years if they leave his staff. It also bans aides on staff from working on matters they have previously lobbied on, or to approach agencies that they targeted while on staff. Their ban also included a gift-giving ban.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> However, one day later he nominated <a href="/wiki/William_J._Lynn_III" title="William J. Lynn III">William J. Lynn III</a>, a lobbyist for defense contractor <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>, for the position of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rulebreak-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Obama later nominated William Corr, an anti-tobacco lobbyist, for Deputy Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Human Services">Health and Human Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> During the beginning of Obama Presidency emerged the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> movement that began to heavily influence the Republican Party within the United States, shifting the GOP further right-wing and partisan in their ideology. On February 18, 2009, Obama announced that the US military presence in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> would be bolstered by 17,000 new troops by summer.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The announcement followed the recommendation of several experts including Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> that additional troops be deployed to the strife-torn South Asian country.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> On February 27, 2009, Obama addressed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Lejeune">Camp Lejeune</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and outlined an exit strategy for the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. Obama promised to withdraw all combat troops from <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> by August 31, 2010, and a "transitional force" of up to 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a>, advisory, training and support personnel by the end of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Obama signed two <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorandum" title="Presidential memorandum">presidential memoranda</a> concerning energy independence, ordering the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> to establish higher fuel efficiency standards before 2011 models are released and allowing states to raise their emissions standards above the national standard. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession">economic crisis</a>, the President enacted a pay freeze for senior White House staff making more than $100,000 per year.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The action affected approximately 120 staffers and added up to about a $443,000 savings for the United States government.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> On March 10, 2009, in a meeting with the <a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a>, Obama told them that he was a "<a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrat</a>", "pro-growth Democrat", "supports free and fair trade" and "very concerned about a return to protectionism".<a href="#cite_note-Obama:_'I_am_a_New_Democrat'-163">[163]</a> On May 26, 2009, President Obama <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">nominated</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. Sotomayor was confirmed by the Senate becoming the highest ranking government official of Puerto Rican heritage ever. On July 1, 2009, President Obama signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>. On July 7, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> was sworn into the Senate, thus Senate Democrats obtained the 60 vote threshold to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Senate_filibuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate filibuster">Senate filibuster</a>. On October 28, 2009, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which included in it the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, which expanded federal hate crime laws to include <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> and disability. On January 21, 2010, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision in the case of <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</a> that the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting <a href="/wiki/Independent_expenditure" title="Independent expenditure">independent political expenditures</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation" title="Nonprofit corporation">nonprofit corporation</a>. On February 4, 2010, Republican <a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Scott Brown</a> of Massachusetts was sworn into the Senate, thus ending Senate Democrats 60 vote threshold to overcome a filibuster. On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law his signature legislation of his presidency, the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010</a>, which represents the most significant regulatory overhaul of the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">U.S. healthcare system</a> since the passage of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> in 1965. On May 10, 2010, President Obama <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">nominated</a> <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> for <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a> and Elena Kagan was confirmed by the Senate on August 5, 2010, by a 63–37 vote. Kagan was sworn in by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> on August 7, 2010. On August 19, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Stryker_Brigade,_2nd_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Stryker Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division">4th Stryker Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division</a> was the last American combat brigade to withdraw from Iraq. In a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on August 31, 2010, Obama declared: "[T]he American combat mission in Iraq has ended. Operation Iraqi Freedom is over, and the Iraqi people now have lead responsibility for the security of their country".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> About 50,000 American troops remained in the country in an advisory capacity as part of "<a href="/wiki/Iraq_War#2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn" title="Iraq War">Operation New Dawn</a>", which ran until the end of 2011. New Dawn was the final designated US campaign of the war. The US military continued to train and advise the Iraqi forces, as well as participate in combat alongside them.<a href="#cite_note-last-166">[166]</a> On November 2, 2010, during <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2010">the 2010 midterm elections</a>, the Democratic Party had a net loss of six seats in the Senate and 63 seats in the House. Control of the House of Representatives switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. The Democrats lost a net of six state governorships and a net 680 seats in state legislatures. The Democrats lost control of seven state Senate legislatures and 13 state Houses. This was the worst performance of the Democratic Party in a national election since the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1946">1946 elections</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a> numbers in the House were reduced from 54 members in 2008 to 26 members in 2011 and were half of the Democratic defeats during the election. This was the first United States national election in which <a href="/wiki/Super_PACs" class="mw-redirect" title="Super PACs">Super PACs</a> were used by Democrats and Republicans. Many commentators contribute the electoral success of the Republican Party in 2010 to the conservative Super PACs' campaign spending, Tea Party movement, backlash against President Obama, failure to mobilize the Obama coalition to get out and vote and the failure of President Obama to enact many of his progressive and liberal campaign promises. On December 1, 2010, Obama announced at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">US Military Academy</a> in West Point that the US would send 30,000 more troops to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Anti-war organizations in the US responded quickly and cities throughout the US saw protests on 2 December.<a href="#cite_note-Fight_Back!_News-168">[168]</a> Many protesters compared the decision to deploy more troops in Afghanistan to the expansion of the Vietnam War under the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Vietnam_War" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> During the lame-duck session of the 111th United States Congress, President Obama signed into law the following significant legislation: <a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Zadroga_9/11_Health_and_Compensation_Act_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010">James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark_Conservation_Act_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Conservation Act of 2010">Shark Conservation Act of 2010</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act" title="FDA Food Safety Modernization Act">FDA Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010</a>. On December 18, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> began. On 22 December 2010, the US Senate gave its advice and consent to ratification of <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> by a vote of 71 to 26 on the resolution of ratification. The <a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th United States Congress</a> has been considered one of the most productive Congresses in history in terms of legislation passed since the <a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th Congress</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson's</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> On February 23, 2011, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> announced the United States federal government would no longer defend the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> within federal courts. In response to the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> joined with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> and Office of Multilateral and Human Rights Director <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> led the hawkish diplomatic team within the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> that helped convince President Obama in favor airstrikes against Libyan government. On March 19, 2011, the United States began <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention in Libya</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_domestic_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">United States domestic reaction to the 2011 military intervention in Libya</a> were mixed in the Democratic Party. Opponents to the 2011 military intervention in Libya within the Democratic Party include Rep. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a>, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Raul_Grijalva" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Grijalva">Raul Grijalva</a>, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Mike_Honda" title="Mike Honda">Mike Honda</a>, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Woolsey" title="Lynn Woolsey">Lynn Woolsey</a> and Rep. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Barbara Lee</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> (CPC), an organization of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> Democrats, said that the United States should conclude its campaign against Libyan air defenses as soon as possible. Support for the 2011 military intervention in Libya within the Democratic Party include President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Carl Levin</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader of the House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_Adviser_of_the_Department_of_State" title="Legal Adviser of the Department of State">Legal Adviser of the Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hongju_Koh" title="Harold Hongju Koh">Harold Hongju Koh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Schultz" title="Ed Schultz">Ed Schultz</a>. On April 5, 2011, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> was President Obama's choice to succeed <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> as the 52nd Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>. On May 26, 2011, President Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011</a>, which was strongly criticized by some in the Democratic Party as violation of civil liberties and a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>. House Democrats largely opposed the PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011, while Senate Democrats were slightly in favor of it. On October 21, 2011, President Obama signed into law three of the following <a href="/wiki/United_States_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="United States free trade agreements">United States free trade agreements</a>: <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement_between_the_United_States_of_America_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea">Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" title="Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement">Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Colombia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Colombia Free Trade Agreement">United States–Colombia Free Trade Agreement</a>. In the House of Representatives, Democratic Representatives largely opposed these agreements, while Senate Democrats were split on the agreements. This was a continuation of President Bill Clinton's policy of support for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade agreements">free trade agreements</a>. When asked by <a href="/wiki/David_Gregory_(journalist)" title="David Gregory (journalist)">David Gregory</a> about his views on <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> on <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> on May 5, 2012, Biden stated he supported same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Stein0506-174">[174]</a> On May 9, 2012, a day after <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> voters approved <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Amendment_1" title="North Carolina Amendment 1">Amendment 1</a>, President Obama became the first sitting United States president to come out in favor of same-sex marriage. The 2012 Democratic Party platform for Obama's reelection ran over 26,000 words and included his position on numerous national issues. On security issues, it pledges "unshakable commitment to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s security", says the party will try to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon. It calls for a strong military, but argues that in the current fiscal environment, tough budgetary decisions must include defense spending. On controversial social issues it supports abortion rights, same-sex marriage and says the party is "strongly committed to enacting comprehensive immigration reform". On the economic side the platform calls for extending the tax cuts for families earning under $250,000 and promises not to raise their taxes. It praises the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> ("Obamacare", but does not use that term). It "adamantly oppose any efforts to privatize <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>". On the rules of politics it attacks the recent Supreme Court decision <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</a> that allows much greater political spending. It demands "immediate action to curb the influence of lobbyists and special interests on our political institutions".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Intense budget negotiations in the divided <a href="/wiki/112th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="112th Congress">112th Congress</a>, wherein Democrats resolved to fight Republican demands for decreased spending and no tax hikes, threatened to <a href="/wiki/Government_shutdown" title="Government shutdown">shut down the government</a> in April 2011<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> and later spurred fears that the United States would <a href="/wiki/United_States_debt-ceiling_crisis_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011">default on its debt</a>. Continuing tight budgets were felt at the state level, where <a href="/wiki/Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public-sector unions</a>, a key Democratic constituency, battled Republican efforts to limit their <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> powers in order to save money and reduce union power. This led to <a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">sustained protests</a> by public-sector employees and walkouts by sympathetic Democratic legislators in states like <a href="/wiki/2011_Wisconsin_protests" title="2011 Wisconsin protests">Wisconsin</a> and Ohio. The 2011 "<a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a>", a campaign on the left for more accountable economic leadership, failed to have the impact on Democratic Party leadership and policy that the Tea Party movement had on the Republicans. Its leadership proved ineffective and the Occupy movement fizzled out. However, echoes could be found in the presidential nomination campaign of Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> in 2015–2016.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Conservatives criticized the president for "passive" responses to crises such as the <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Iranian protests">2009 Iranian protests</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>. Additionally, liberal and Democratic activists objected to Obama's decisions to send reinforcements to <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>, resume military trials of terror suspects at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> and to help enforce a <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">no-fly zone</a> over <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> during that country's <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan civil war">civil war</a>; however, the demands of anti-war advocates were heeded when Obama followed through on a campaign promise to <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdraw combat troops</a> from Iraq.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 election</a> was characterized by very high spending, especially on negative television ads in about ten critical states. Despite a weak economic recovery and high unemployment, the Obama campaign successfully mobilized its coalition of youth, blacks, Hispanics and women. The campaign carried all the same states as in 2008 except two, Indiana and North Carolina. The election continued the pattern whereby Democrats won more votes in all presidential elections after 1988, except for 2004. Obama and the Democrats lost control of the Senate in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2014">2014 midterm elections</a>, losing nine seats in that body and 13 in the GOP House.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_United_States_elections">2016 United States elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: 2016 United States elections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries">2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillary_Clinton_AIPAC_2016_Speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hillary_Clinton_AIPAC_2016_Speech.jpg/200px-Hillary_Clinton_AIPAC_2016_Speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hillary_Clinton_AIPAC_2016_Speech.jpg/300px-Hillary_Clinton_AIPAC_2016_Speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hillary_Clinton_AIPAC_2016_Speech.jpg/400px-Hillary_Clinton_AIPAC_2016_Speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3278" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_(20033841412_24d8796e44_c0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bernie_Sanders_%2820033841412_24d8796e44_c0%29.jpg/200px-Bernie_Sanders_%2820033841412_24d8796e44_c0%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bernie_Sanders_%2820033841412_24d8796e44_c0%29.jpg/300px-Bernie_Sanders_%2820033841412_24d8796e44_c0%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bernie_Sanders_%2820033841412_24d8796e44_c0%29.jpg/400px-Bernie_Sanders_%2820033841412_24d8796e44_c0%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016 primaries</a>.</div></div></div></div> National polling from 2013 to the summer of 2015 showed <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> with an overwhelming lead over all of her potential primary opponents. Her main challenger was <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Congress_–_House_of_Representatives_and_Senate" title="Independent politician">independent</a> Vermont Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, whose rallies grew larger and larger as he attracted strong support among Democrats under age 40. The sharp divide between the two candidates was cast as a conflict between the political establishment and an outsider, with Clinton considered the establishment candidate and Sanders the outsider. Clinton received the endorsements from an overwhelming majority of office holders. Clinton's core base voters during the primaries were women, African Americans, Latino Americans, sexual minorities, moderates and older voters, while Sanders' core base included younger voters under the age of 40 and progressives.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ideological_differences">Ideological differences</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Ideological differences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates</a></div> The ideological differences between the two candidates represented the ideological divide within the Democratic Party as a whole. Clinton aligned herself with the <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrat</a> wing of the Democratic Party, which had been its dominant ideological faction during the presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. Bernie Sanders, who remained an independent in the Senate throughout the primaries (despite running for president as a Democrat), is a self-described <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a>, and represented the progressive wing of the Democratic Party, which includes politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Rashida Tlaib</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> During the primaries, Sanders attacked Clinton for her ties to <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and her previous support of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, while Clinton attacked Sanders for voting against the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Modernization_Act_of_2000" title="Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000">Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_in_Arms_Act" title="Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act">Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Clinton generally moved to the left as the campaign progressed and adopted variations of some of Sanders' themes, such as opinions regarding trade and college tuition.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Although she was generally favored to win in polls, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">and won the popular vote by two percent</a>, she lost the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">general election</a> to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> votes by state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)">First presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: First presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First presidency of Donald Trump</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_photo_of_Speaker_Nancy_Pelosi_in_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Official_photo_of_Speaker_Nancy_Pelosi_in_2019.jpg/150px-Official_photo_of_Speaker_Nancy_Pelosi_in_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Official_photo_of_Speaker_Nancy_Pelosi_in_2019.jpg/225px-Official_photo_of_Speaker_Nancy_Pelosi_in_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Official_photo_of_Speaker_Nancy_Pelosi_in_2019.jpg/300px-Official_photo_of_Speaker_Nancy_Pelosi_in_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption>During her second term as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> (2019–2023), <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> was an outspoken critic of President Trump.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiatives">Initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Initiatives">edit</a>]</div> On January 12, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/527_organization" title="527 organization">527 organization</a> that focuses on <a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">redistricting</a> reform and is affiliated with the Democratic Party, was created. The chair, president and vice president of the umbrella organization is the 82nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a>, Elizabeth Pearson, and Alixandria "Ali" Lapp, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> President Obama has said he would be involved with the committee.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On May 15, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Onward_Together" title="Onward Together">Onward Together</a>, a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(4)_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(4) organization">political action organization</a> was launched by <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> to fundraise for liberal organizations, such as Swing Left, <a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerge_America" title="Emerge America">Emerge America</a>, and Run for Something.<a href="#cite_note-politicopalmerhillaryclinton-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_the_Donald_Trump_administration">Response to the Donald Trump administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Response to the Donald Trump administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protests">Protests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests against Donald Trump</a></div> At the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration of Donald Trump</a>, 67 Democratic members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> boycotted the inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> This was the largest boycott by members of the United States Congress since the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">second inauguration of Richard Nixon</a>, where it was estimated that between 80 and 200 Democratic members of United States Congress boycotted.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March" title="2017 Women's March">2017 Women's March</a> was a large-scale nationwide protest in favor of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and against the policies of the Trump administration. The march found much support within the Democratic Party including participation from sitting Senators <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">protests against police brutality</a> received backlash from the Trump administration but found support from many Democratic congresspeople.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impeachments_of_Donald_Trump">Impeachments of Donald Trump</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Impeachments of Donald Trump">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">First impeachment of Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment of Donald Trump</a></div> In 2019, the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives initiated <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump">impeachment inquiries</a> into President Trump's <a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">alleged coercion</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> by withholding military funds in order to gain politically sensitive material against <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The House of Representatives <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">voted to impeach Trump</a>, with most Democrats voting for both articles.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Trump <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">was acquitted</a> by the Republican-controlled Senate, with all Democratic Senators voting guilty.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In 2021, the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">voted again to impeach</a> Trump over his involvement in <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">the January 6th attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, with all Democrats voting to impeach.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Trump <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">was again acquitted</a> by the Republican-controlled Senate, with all Democratic Senators voting guilty.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="116th_United_States_Congress">116th United States Congress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: 116th United States Congress">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th United States Congress</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 midterm elections</a>, Democrats gained a net 41 seats in the House of Representatives, retaking the majority in the chamber. A record 102 women were elected to the House of Representatives, of which 90 were members of the Democratic Party. Nancy Pelosi was <a href="/wiki/2019_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" title="2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">reelected</a> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States">speaker of the House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a> was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Whips" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">majority whip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The House Democrats promised to focus on healthcare, voting rights and oversight of investigations into the myriad of alleged scandals of the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>. In addition, there is growing support for a <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a>: A set of laws, taxes, and projects that seek to drastically reduce carbon emissions and provide Americans with a plethora of jobs in the process. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_United_States_elections">2020 United States elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: 2020 United States elections">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg/150px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg/225px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg/300px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Joe Biden defeated incumbent President Donald Trump on November 3, 2020.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020 primaries</a> saw an unprecedentedly competitive field of 29 major candidates vie for the party's nomination, with the contest ultimately narrowing down to a binary race between Senator Sanders and former Vice President Biden after <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>, a similar dynamic to the entirety of the 2016 primary.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> However, the two-person period of this contest was never extended as long as in 2016, as the consolidation of the moderates in the party, a series of wins in key swing states by Biden, and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 global pandemic</a>, allowed Biden to finally defeat his last rival, Senator Sanders. Representing the more centrist side of the party, former Vice President Biden positioned himself as an elder statesman ready to lead in moments of crisis that demanded strong executive experience. Biden promised electability and the defeat of Trump.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In terms of voter support, Biden dominated with African Americans, suburban whites, voters over the age of 50, and newly minted conservative Democrats who had joined the party after leaving the GOP in response to <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump</a> and the stigma attached to his policies.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Senator Sanders led a similarly diverse coalition of Latinos, staunch progressives, and voters of all races under the age of 50.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Other major candidates were <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a>. Throughout all of the general election campaign, Biden was shown to have a significant advantage in public opinion polling.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> On November 3, 2020, Joe Biden defeated incumbent President Donald Trump by an Electoral College result of 306–232.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> His victory is the first time a challenger beat a president running for re-election since George H. W. Bush's loss in 1992. Biden's running mate, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, would be the first female and person of African and South Asian descent to become vice president in history. In Congress, Democrats retained their majority in the House and claimed the majority in the US Senate with a 50–50 split.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> This brought the House, Senate, and Presidency under simultaneous Democratic control for the first time since 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Joe_Biden_(2021–present)">Presidency of Joe Biden (2021–present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Presidency of Joe Biden (2021–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Presidency of Joe Biden</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Chuck_Schumer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Senator_Chuck_Schumer_%28cropped%29.jpg/154px-Senator_Chuck_Schumer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Senator_Chuck_Schumer_%28cropped%29.jpg/232px-Senator_Chuck_Schumer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Senator_Chuck_Schumer_%28cropped%29.jpg/309px-Senator_Chuck_Schumer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2781" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (2021–present).</figcaption></figure> On January 20, 2021, Biden was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inaugurated</a> as the 46th president of the United States. He came into office with a full <a href="/wiki/Government_trifecta" title="Government trifecta">government trifecta</a>, holding the House and Senate, with Democrats winning both <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia" title="2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia">regular</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Georgia" title="2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia">special</a> Senate elections in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> confirmation of Biden's election was disrupted by unrest including the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> President Biden signed into law the <a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">American Rescue Plan Act of 2021</a> during his first 100 days in the White House, an <a href="/wiki/Economic_stimulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic stimulus">economic stimulus</a> bill to address the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Biden signed the $1.2 trillion bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> which incorporated aspects of his <a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="American Jobs Plan">American Jobs Plan</a>. Although he was unable to secure an agreement to pass a sweeping social safety net expansion known as the Build Back Better Act, negotiations led to the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation Reduction Act of 2022">Inflation Reduction Act of 2022</a>, which contains expansive climate investments, tax enforcement reform, and prescription drug pricing reform.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Key negotiators were <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>, along with Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> He confirmed <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">Kentanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court</a>, and rejoined the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. In foreign policy, he completed the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="United States and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">supported Ukraine against Russia</a> with arms and aid.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> To bolster United States semiconductors against China, he signed the <a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a>;<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> he also signed the <a href="/wiki/Honoring_our_PACT_Act_of_2022" title="Honoring our PACT Act of 2022">Honoring our PACT Act of 2022</a> expanding veterans' healthcare benefits for toxic exposures.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Abortion law in the United States by state">abortion bans in much of the country</a>, the Democratic Party rallied behind <a href="/wiki/United_States_abortion-rights_movement" title="United States abortion-rights movement">abortion rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-224">[224]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 midterm elections">2022 midterm elections</a> the Democratic Party narrowly lost their majority in the House and Nancy Pelosi retired from party leadership after 20 years, with the party electing <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> as their leader in the House; however, the party gained a seat in the Senate and had some gains at the state level. In 2024, the party held the presidency and a majority in the Senate, as well as 24 <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States governors">state governorships</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">state legislatures</a>, and 17 state government trifectas (control of the governorship and both houses of the legislature). Three of the nine sitting Supreme Court justices were appointed by Democratic presidents. On 21 July 2024, Biden dropped out of the presidential election race, endorsing Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> to be the Democratic nominee.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> On August 5, 2024, Harris secured enough delegates to the <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 Democratic National Convention</a> to become the party's official nominee.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a>, Harris lost to Trump by a margin of 312–226 in the Electoral College, the worst for a Democrat since 1988. President Biden's unpopularity, decline of Democratic support among key racial and ethnic groups, and misguided campaign strategies contributed to her loss in the election.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Trump also won the popular vote first time after losing in 2016 and 2020 and became the first non-incumbent President since Cleveland to win back the White House. Like other Western democracies in <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">the inflationary post-COVID-19 era</a>, the country shifted to the right,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> joining the "graveyard of incumbents" for <a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_2024" title="List of elections in 2024">the election year</a>;<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> however, Democrats performed better in the down ballot races,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> where they kept Republican margins extremely narrow in the House of Representatives and carried Arizona, Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin in the Senate elections while Trump won those states.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="List of Democratic National Conventions">List of Democratic National Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of the Democratic Party">Political positions of the Democratic Party</a></li></ul> United States politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century" title="American election campaigns in the 19th century">American election campaigns in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History of the Republican Party (United States)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWitcover2003" class="citation cs2">Witcover, Jules (2003), "Chapter 1", Party of the People: A History of the Democrats</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Party+of+the+People%3A+A+History+of+the+Democrats&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Witcover&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a 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Maryland Historical Magazine 107 (Winter 2012) pp. 469–75, p. 472, citing Robert E, Shalhope, The Baltimore Bank Riot: Political Upheaval in Antebellum Maryland (2009) p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkop2014" class="citation web cs1">Prokop, Andrew (December 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/12/8/7328755/maps-democratic-party">"23 maps that explain how Democrats went from the party of racism to the party of Obama"</a>. Vox.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=23+maps+that+explain+how+Democrats+went+from+the+party+of+racism+to+the+party+of+Obama&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.aulast=Prokop&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2014%2F12%2F8%2F7328755%2Fmaps-democratic-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Earle (2004), p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Taylor (2006), p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850 (1984) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Major L. Wilson, The Presidency of Martin Van Buren (1984) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> William G. Shade, "'The Most Delicate and Exciting Topics': Martin Van Buren, Slavery, and the Election of 1836." Journal of the Early Republic 18.3 (1998): 459–484 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124674">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/polcon/democraticindex.html">"1840 Democratic Convention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25074581-2703,00.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+launches+Afghanistan+surge&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C25074581-2703%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> (If you receive a 403 "forbidden" error using the previous link, try <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820122329/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/obama-launches-afghanistan-surge/story-e6frg6t6-1111118893671">"Obama launches Afghanistan surge"</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306195308/http://www.nypost.com/seven/01272009/news/nationalnews/gates__more_troops_for_afghanistan_152275.htm">"Gates: More Troops For Afghanistan"</a>. The New York Post. January 27, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/seven/01272009/news/nationalnews/gates__more_troops_for_afghanistan_152275.htm">the original</a> on March 6, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gates%3A+More+Troops+For+Afghanistan&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fseven%2F01272009%2Fnews%2Fnationalnews%2Fgates__more_troops_for_afghanistan_152275.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7914061.stm">"Obama outlines Iraq pullout plan"</a>. BBC News. 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Retrieved February 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%27s+first+day%3A+Pay+freeze%2C+lobbying+rules&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna28767687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKravitz,_Derek2009" class="citation news cs1">Kravitz, Derek (January 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112222458/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/washingtonpostinvestigations/2009/01/_thanks_to_dan_froomkins.html">"Adding Up the White House Pay Freeze"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/washingtonpostinvestigations/2009/01/_thanks_to_dan_froomkins.html">the original</a> on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Adding+Up+the+White+House+Pay+Freeze&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.au=Kravitz%2C+Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fwashingtonpostinvestigations%2F2009%2F01%2F_thanks_to_dan_froomkins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obama:_'I_am_a_New_Democrat'-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Obama:_'I_am_a_New_Democrat'_163-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/obama-i-am-a-new-democrat-019862#ixzz3o9jykSUe">"Obama: 'I am a New Democrat'"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondoño2010" class="citation news cs1">Londoño, Ernesto (August 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/18/AR2010081805644.html">"Operation Iraqi Freedom ends as last combat soldiers leave Baghdad"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Operation+Iraqi+Freedom+ends+as+last+combat+soldiers+leave+Baghdad&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.aulast=Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F08%2F18%2FAR2010081805644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna38944049">"Obama's full speech: 'Operation Iraqi Freedom is over'"</a>. NBC News. August 31, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%27s+full+speech%3A+%27Operation+Iraqi+Freedom+is+over%27&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna38944049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-last-166"><a href="#cite_ref-last_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Jazeera_and_agencies2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a> and agencies (August 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/08/201081818840122963.html">"Last US combat brigade leaves Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a> and agencies. Retrieved August 19, 2010. <q>The 4th SBCT, 2ID left Baghdad and drove the entire distance to the Kuwaiti border in the same footprints that 3rd ID made during the invasion known as the "Race for Baghdad". I was one of those people driving out. We faced intense heat, the very real threat of the "final strike" against us and the possibility of breaking down in unsecured areas with very little support and the only combat power was what we brought with us. I crossed the border at 0548 in the morning and doing such, helped bring this war to an end, officially.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+US+combat+brigade+leaves+Iraq&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+and+agencies&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.au=Al+Jazeera+and+agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2010%2F08%2F201081818840122963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2009" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (December 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/world/asia/06reconstruct.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"How Obama Came to Plan for 'Surge' in Afghanistan"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Obama+Came+to+Plan+for+%27Surge%27+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F06reconstruct.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fight_Back!_News-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Fight_Back!_News_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fightbacknews.org/2009/12/1/anti-war-leaders-blast-escalation-afghanistan-war">"Anti-war Leaders Blast Escalation of Afghanistan War"</a>. Fight Back! News. December 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anti-war+Leaders+Blast+Escalation+of+Afghanistan+War&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fightbacknews.org%2F2009%2F12%2F1%2Fanti-war-leaders-blast-escalation-afghanistan-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/nation/stories/DN-afghanlbj_06met.ART.State.Edition2.4ba1fa7.html">Obama's Afghanistan decision evokes LBJ's 1965 order on Vietnam buildup</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulseHerzenhorn2010" class="citation news cs1">Hulse, Carl; Herzenhorn, David M. (December 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23cong.html">"111th Congress – One for the History Books"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=111th+Congress+%E2%80%93+One+for+the+History+Books&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Hulse&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Herzenhorn%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F23cong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahrentholdRuckerSonmez2010" class="citation news cs1">Fahrenthold, David A.; Rucker, Philip; Sonmez, Felicia (December 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/22/AR2010122205620.html">"Stormy 111th Congress was still the most productive in decades"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Stormy+111th+Congress+was+still+the+most+productive+in+decades&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Fahrenthold&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Rucker%2C+Philip&rft.au=Sonmez%2C+Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F12%2F22%2FAR2010122205620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLererLitvan2010" class="citation web cs1">Lerer, Lisa; Litvan, Laura (December 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-22/no-congress-since-1960s-makes-most-laws-for-americans-as-111th">"No Congress Since '60s Makes as Much Law as 111th Affecting Most Americans"</a>. Bloomberg News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Congress+Since+%2760s+Makes+as+Much+Law+as+111th+Affecting+Most+Americans&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.aulast=Lerer&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Litvan%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2010-12-22%2Fno-congress-since-1960s-makes-most-laws-for-americans-as-111th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaz2010" class="citation web cs1">Raz, Guy (December 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2010/12/26/132329542/this-congress-did-a-lot-but-whats-next#">"This Congress Did A Lot, But What's Next?"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Congress+Did+A+Lot%2C+But+What%27s+Next%3F&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2010-12-26&rft.aulast=Raz&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2010%2F12%2F26%2F132329542%2Fthis-congress-did-a-lot-but-whats-next%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein0506-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein0506_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2012" class="citation news cs1">Stein, Sam (May 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/06/vice-president-biden-gay-marriage_n_1489235.html">"Joe Biden Tells 'Meet The Press' He's 'Comfortable' With Marriage Equality"</a>. The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Joe+Biden+Tells+%27Meet+The+Press%27+He%27s+%27Comfortable%27+With+Marriage+Equality&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F05%2F06%2Fvice-president-biden-gay-marriage_n_1489235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/papers_pdf/101962.pdf">"Moving America Forward 2012 Democratic National Platform"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane,_PaulRucker,_PhilipFarenthold,_David_A.2011" class="citation news cs1">Kane, Paul; Rucker, Philip; Farenthold, David A. (April 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/reid-says-impasse-based-on-abortion-funding-boehner-denies-it/2011/04/08/AFO40U1C_story.html">"Government shutdown averted: Congress agrees to budget deal, stopgap funding"</a>. The Washington Post. 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Retrieved November 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Midterms%27+Hints%2C+Down-Ballot+Republicans+and+the+Race+for+the+House&rft.date=2024-11-13&rft.issn=1553-8095&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F11%2F13%2Fupshot%2Felection-trump-gallego-lake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>American National Biography (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online and paper copies at many academic libraries. Older Dictionary of American Biography.</li> <li>Dinkin, Robert J. Voting and Vote-Getting in American History (2016), expanded edition of Dinkin, Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. (Greenwood 1989)</li> <li>Kazin, Michael. What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0374200238/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Kurian, George Thomas ed. The Encyclopedia of the Democratic Party (4 vol. 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27%27The%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Party%27%27%20%29">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> The House: The History of the House of Representatives (2006), extensive coverage of the party; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi">online</a></li> <li>Sabato, Larry, ed. Encyclopedia of American political parties and elections (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam00saba">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meier_Schlesinger_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger Jr., Arthur Meier</a> ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). For each election includes history and selection of primary documents. Essays on some elections are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972)</li> <li>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume</li> <li>Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (2001), most recent collection of new essays by specialists on each time period: <ul><li>Includes: "State Development in the Early Republic: 1775–1840" by Ronald P. Formisano; "The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics: 1790–1840" by David Waldstreicher; "'To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs;": 1820–1865 by <a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Joel H. Silbey</a>; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson, Brown University; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_1932">Before 1932</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Before 1932">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Allen, Oliver E. The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall (1993)</li> <li>Baker, Jean. Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/affairsofpartypo0000bake">online</a></li> <li>Cole, Donald B. Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenam0000cole">online</a></li> <li>Bass, Herbert J. "I Am a Democrat": The Political Career of David B. Hill 1961.</li> <li>Craig, Douglas B. After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920–1934 (1992)</li> <li>Earle, Jonathan H. Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824–1854 (2004)</li> <li>Eyal, Yonatan. The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861 (2007) 252 pp.</li> <li>Flick, Alexander C. Samuel Jones Tilden: A Study in Political Sagacity 1939.</li> <li>Formisano, Ronald P. The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s (1983)</li> <li>Furniss, Jack. "To Save the Union 'in Behalf of Conservative Men': Horatio Seymour and the Democratic Vision for War," in New Perspectives on the Union War edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Elizabeth R. Varon (Fordham UP, 2019) pp. 63-90; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dnpx.6">online</a></li> <li>Gammon, Samuel Rhea. The Presidential Campaign of 1832 (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialcam01gammgoog">online</a></li> <li>Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (1960), Pulitzer prize. Pro-Bank</li> <li>Hettle, Wallace, The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War (UP of Georgia, 2001)., 240pp.</li> <li>Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (2009); Pulitzer Prize; 026pp</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983 (1983)</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC">online</a></li> <li>Keller, Morton. Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/affairsofstatepu0000kell">online</a></li> <li>Kleppner, Paul et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983), scholarly surveys 1790s to 1980s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse_v7c5">online</a></li> <li>Kleppner, Paul. The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures (1979), analysis of voting behavior, with emphasis on region, ethnicity, religion and class. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdelectoralsy0000klep">online</a></li> <li>Kurtz, William B. "The Union as It Was: Northern Catholics’ Conservative Unionism," in New Perspectives on the Union War edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Elizabeth R. Varon (Fordham UP, 2019) pp. 91-113 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dnpx.7">online</a></li> <li>McCormick, Richard P. The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondamericanpa0000mcco">online</a>.</li> <li>Merrill, Horace Samuel. Bourbon Democracy of the Middle West, 1865–1896 (1953).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a>. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage 1934. <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/groverclevelands0000nevi">online</a></li> <li>Neely, Mark E. Jr. Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War (2017)</li> <li>Remini, Robert V. Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (1959)</li> <li>Rhodes, James Ford. The History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 9 vol (1919), detailed political coverage to 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Rhodes%2C%20James%20Ford.%20The%20History%20of%20the%20United%20State">online</a></li> <li>Sanders, Elizabeth. Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877–1917 (1999). argues the Democrats were the true progressives and GOP was mostly conservative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarasohn" title="David Sarasohn">Sarasohn, David</a>. The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era (1989), covers 1910–1930.</li> <li>Sharp, James Roger. The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837 (1970)</li> <li>Silbey, Joel H. A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868 (1977)</li> <li>Silbey, Joel H. The American Political Nation, 1838–1893 (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Stampp, Kenneth M.</a> Indiana Politics during the Civil War (1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianapoliticsd00stam">online</a></li> <li>Trainor, Sean. Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System (Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018), 16 pp.</li> <li>Welch, Richard E. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (1988).</li> <li>Whicher, George F. William Jennings Bryan and the Campaign of 1896 (1953), primary and secondary sources.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a>. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (2005), highly detailed synthesis.</li> <li>Williams, R. Hal. Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896 (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a>. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 1951. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00007">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Since_1932">Since 1932</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Since 1932">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Almanac of American Politics 2022 (2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Almanac-American-Politics-Richard-Cohen/dp/195237409X/">details</a>; see <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics</a></li> <li>American National Biography (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/84/">Wikipedia Library</a>.</li> <li>Allswang, John M. New Deal and American Politics (1970)</li> <li>Andelic, Patrick. Donkey Work: Congressional Democrats in Conservative America, 1974–1994 (UP Kansas, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=54940">online review</a></li> <li>Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936 (1979)</li> <li>Bell, Jonathan. "Social Democracy and the Rise of the Democratic Party in California, 1950–1964." Historical Journal 49.2 (2006): 497–524. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4091625">online</a></li> <li>Brodkin, Kimberly, "'We are neither male nor female Democrats' Gender Difference and Women's Integration within the Democratic Party," Journal of Women's History, 19 (Summer 2007), 111–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/216963/pdf">online</a></li> <li>Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956), to 1940 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28The%20Lion%20and%20the%20Fox%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Burns%29">online</a></li> <li>Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), compilation of public opinion polls from US and elsewhere. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicopinion19300unse">online</a></li> <li>Crotty, William J. Winning the presidency 2008 (Routledge, 2015).</li> <li>Dallek, Robert. Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President (2004)</li> <li>Fraser, Steve, and Gary Gerstle, eds. The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980 (1990), essays.</li> <li>Grant, Keneshia Nicole. The Great Migration and the Democratic Party: Black Voters and the Realignment of American Politics in the 20th Century (Temple University Press, 2020).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Hamby" title="Alonzo Hamby">Hamby, Alonzo</a>. Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush (1992).</li> <li>Hilton, Adam. True Blues: The Contentious Transformation of the Democratic Party (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021), since 1972.</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983 (1983)</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System, 1932–1980," in Paul Kleppner, ed. Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1981)</li> <li>Judis, John B. and <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Teixeira" title="Ruy Teixeira">Ruy Teixeira</a>. The Emerging Democratic Majority (2004) demography is destiny <ul><li>"Movement Interruptus: September 11 Slowed the Democratic Trend That We Predicted, but the Coalition We Foresaw Is Still Taking Shape" The American Prospect Vol 16. Issue: 1. January 2005.</li></ul></li> <li>Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (2001), synthesis</li> <li>Kleppner, Paul et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983), essays, 1790s to 1980s.</li> <li>Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s 2nd ed. (1978).</li> <li>Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bartlow_Martin" title="John Bartlow Martin">Martin, John Bartlow</a>. Adlai Stevenson of Illinois: The Life of Adlai E. Stevenson (1976),</li> <li>Moscow, Warren. The Last of the Big-Time Bosses: The Life and Times of Carmine de Sapio and the Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall (1971)</li> <li>Panagopoulos, Costas, ed. Strategy, Money and Technology in the 2008 Presidential Election (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Patrick Andelic. Donkey Work: Congressional Democrats in Conservative America, 1974–1994 (UP of Kansas, 2019). xxvi, 274 pp.</li> <li>Patterson, James T. Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (1997) synthesis.</li> <li>Patterson, James T. Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore (2005) synthesis.</li> <li>Patterson, James. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39 (1967)</li> <li>Plotke, David. Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (1996).</li> <li>Rae, Nicol C. Southern Democrats Oxford University Press. 1994</li> <li>Reiter, Howard L. "The Building of a Bifactional Structure: The Democrats in the 1940s," Political Science Quarterly, 116 (Spring 2001), 107–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657822">online</a></li> <li>Riccards, Michael P., and Cheryl A. Flagg eds. Party Politics in the Age of Roosevelt: The Making of Modern America (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Party-Politics-Age-Roosevelt-America/dp/1793633452/">excerpt</a> emphasis on FDR and his Democratic Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_J._Sabato" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry J. Sabato">Sabato, Larry J.</a> Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election (2005), analytic.</li> <li>Saldin, Robert P., "Foreign Affairs and Party Ideology in America The Case of Democrats and World War II," Journal of Policy History, 22 #4 (2010), 387–422.</li> <li>Shafer, Byron E. Quiet Revolution: The Struggle for the Democratic Party and the Shaping of Post-Reform Politics (1983)</li> <li>Shelley II, Mack C. The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress (1983)</li> <li>Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofpartys00sund">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_histories">Popular histories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Popular histories">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ling, Peter J. The Democratic Party: A Photographic History (2003).</li> <li>Rutland, Robert Allen. The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton (1995).</li> <li>Schlisinger, Galbraith. Of the People: The 200 Year History of the Democratic Party (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Taylor_(politician)" title="Jeff Taylor (politician)">Taylor, Jeff</a>. Where Did the Party Go?: William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy (2006), for history and ideology of the party.</li> <li>Witcover, Jules. Party of the People: A History of the Democrats (2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). For each election includes history and selection of primary documents.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalbookindex.com/_search/search010histuspoliticspartiesdemocratica.asp">Digital Book Index</a> includes some newspapers for the main events of the 1850s, proceedings of state conventions (1850–1900), and proceedings of the Democratic National Conventions. Other references of the proceedings can be found in the linked article years on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="List of Democratic National Conventions">List of Democratic National Conventions</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bartlett" title="Bruce Bartlett">Bartlett, Bruce</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vb3Mx7GqAmwC">Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past</a>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60062-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60062-1"><bdi>978-0-230-60062-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrong+on+Race%3A+The+Democratic+Party%27s+Buried+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60062-1&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvb3Mx7GqAmwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Democratic+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Graff, Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidentprofiles.com//">online</a>, short scholarly biographies from George Washington to William Clinton.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="q:Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (United States)</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q29552" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q29552">Democratic Party (Q29552)</a>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Campaign text books</dt></dl> The national committees of major parties published a "campaign textbook" every presidential election from about 1856 to about 1932. They were designed for speakers and contain statistics, speeches, summaries of legislation, and documents, with plenty of argumentation. Only large academic libraries have them, but some are online: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/addresstodemocr00goog">Address to the Democratic Republican Electors of the State of New York</a> (1840). Published before the formation of party national committees.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmC4icmd_44C">The Campaign Text Book: Why the People Want a Change. The Republican Party Reviewed...</a> (1876)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqIGAAAAMAAJ">The Campaign Book of the Democratic Party</a> (1882) I HDFHKKL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalreform00unkngoog">The Political Reformation of 1884: A Democratic Campaign Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaigntextboo00usgoog">The Campaign Text Book of the Democratic Party of the United States, for the Presidential Election of 1888</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaigntextboo00goog">The Campaign Text Book of the Democratic Party for the Presidential Election of 1892</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticcampa00commgoog">Democratic Campaign Book. Presidential Election of 1896</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> 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