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Baill</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Coula edulis Baill"> <meta name="keywords" content="Coula edulis Baill"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Coula edulis Baill"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Coula edulis Baill</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Preventive Effect of Stem Back Extracts of Coula edulis Baill. against High-Fat / High Sucrose Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Beyegue">Eric Beyegue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Azantza"> Boris Azantza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judith%20Laure%20Ngondi"> Judith Laure Ngondi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julius%20E.%20Oben"> Julius E. Oben</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Insulin resistance (IR) and oxidative stress are associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and other cardio metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Coula edulis extracts (CEE) on insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers in high-fat/high sucrose diet-induced insulin resistance in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each fed, received daily oral administration of CE extracts for 8 weeks as follows: Group 1 or negative control group, fed with standard diet (SD); Group 2 fed with high-fat/high sucrose diet (HFHS) only; Group3 fed with HFHS + CEAq 200; Group 4 fed with HFHS + CEAq 400; Group 5 fed with HFHS + CEEt 200; Group 6 fed with HFHS + CEEt 400. At the end of the experiment (8 weeks), animals were sacrificed plasma lipid profile, glucose, insulin, oxidative marker and digestive enzyme activities were measured. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined. Results: Feedings with HFHS significantly (p < 0.01) induced plasma hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, increased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels, decreased high-density lipoprotein levels, alterations of α amylase, and glucose-6-phosphatase activities, and oxidative stress. Daily oral administration with CEE for eight weeks after insulin resistance induction had a hypolipidaemic action, antioxidative activities and modulated metabolic markers. Ethanolic extract at the higher dose had the best effect on body weight gain and insulin resistance, whereas aqueous extract showed the better activity on hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: These results suggest that CEAq and CEEt at 400mg/kg are promising complementary supplements that can be used to protect better from metabolic disorders associated with HFHS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coula%20edulis%20Baill" title="Coula edulis Baill">Coula edulis Baill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-fat%20%2F%20high%20sucrose%20diet" title=" high-fat / high sucrose diet"> high-fat / high sucrose diet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulin%20resistance" title=" insulin resistance"> insulin resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title=" oxidative stress"> oxidative stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64504/preventive-effect-of-stem-back-extracts-of-coula-edulis-baill-against-high-fat-high-sucrose-diet-induced-insulin-resistance-and-oxidative-stress-in-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Free Radical Scavenging, Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic, Alkaloids Contents and Inhibited Properties against α-Amylase and Invertase Enzymes of Stem Bark Extracts Coula edulis B</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Beyegue">Eric Beyegue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Azantza"> Boris Azantza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judith%20Laure%20Ngondi"> Judith Laure Ngondi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julius%20E.%20Oben"> Julius E. Oben</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: It is clearly that phytochemical constituents of plants in relation exhibit free radical scavenging, antioxidant and glycosylation properties. This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging, inhibited activities against α-amylase and invertase enzymes of stem bark extracts C. edulis (Olacaceae). Methods: Four extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol and aqueous) from the barks of C. edulis were used in this study. Colorimetric in vitro methods were using for evaluate free radical scavenging activity DPPH, ABTS, NO, OH, antioxidant capacity, glycosylation activity, inhibition of α-amylase and invertase activities, phenolic, flavonoid and alkaloid contents. Results: C. edulis extracts (CEE) had a higher scavenging potential on the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), nitrite oxide (NO), 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and glucose scavenging with the IC50 varied between 41.95 and 36694.43 µg/ml depending on the solvent of extraction. The ethanol extract of C. edulis stem bark (CE EtOH) showed the highest polyphenolic (289.10 + 30.32), flavonoid (1.12 + 0.09) and alkaloids (18.47 + 0.16) content. All the tested extracts demonstrated a relative high inhibition potential against α-amylase and invertase digestive enzymes activities. Conclusion: This study suggests that CEE exhibited higher antioxidant potential and significant inhibition potential against digestive enzymes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coula%20edulis" title="Coula edulis">Coula edulis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scavenging%20activity" title=" scavenging activity"> scavenging activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amylase" title=" amylase"> amylase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invertase" title=" invertase"> invertase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65106/free-radical-scavenging-antioxidant-activity-phenolic-alkaloids-contents-and-inhibited-properties-against-a-amylase-and-invertase-enzymes-of-stem-bark-extracts-coula-edulis-b" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Isolation and Biological Activity of Betulinic and Oleanolic Acids from the Aerial Plant Parts of Maesobotrya Barteri (Baill)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christiana%20Ene%20Ogwuche">Christiana Ene Ogwuche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Amupitan"> Joseph Amupitan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Ndukwe"> George Ndukwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachael%20Ayo"> Rachael Ayo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maesobotrya barteri (Baill), belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, is a medicinal plant growing widely in tropical Africa. The Aerial plant parts of Maesobotrya barteri (Baill) were collected fresh from Orokam, Ogbadibo local Government of Benue State, Nigeria in July 2013. Taxonomical identification was done by Mallam Musa Abdullahi at the Herbarium unit of Biological Sciences Department, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria. Pulverized aerial parts of Maesobotrya barteri (960g) was exhaustively extracted successively using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol and concentrated in the rotary evaporator at 40°C. The Petroleum ether extract had the second highest activity against test microbes from preliminary crude microbial screenings. The Petroleum ether extract was subjected to phytochemical studies, antimicrobial analysis and column chromatography (CC). The column chromatography yielded fraction PE, which was further purified using preparative thin layer chromatography to give PE1. The structure of the isolated compound was established using 1-D NMR and 2-D NMR spectroscopic analysis and by direct comparison with data reported in literature was confirmed to be a mixture, an isomer of Betulinic acid and Oleanolic acid, both with the molecular weight (C₃₀H₄₈O₃). The bioactivity of this compound was carried out using some clinical pathogens and the activity compared with standard drugs, and this was found to be comparable with the standard drug. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maesobotrya%20barteri" title="Maesobotrya barteri">Maesobotrya barteri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plant" title=" medicinal plant"> medicinal plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactivity" title=" bioactivity"> bioactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20spirit%20extract" title=" petroleum spirit extract"> petroleum spirit extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butellinic%20acid" title=" butellinic acid"> butellinic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oleanilic%20acid" title=" oleanilic acid"> oleanilic acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79031/isolation-and-biological-activity-of-betulinic-and-oleanolic-acids-from-the-aerial-plant-parts-of-maesobotrya-barteri-baill" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Inhibition of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. By Traditional Phytomedicines That Are Commonly Used to Treat Gastroenteritis in Zimbabwe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Constance%20Chivengwa">Constance Chivengwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tinashe%20Mandimutsira"> Tinashe Mandimutsira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jephris%20Gere"> Jephris Gere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Magogo"> Charles Magogo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irene%20Chikanza"> Irene Chikanza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerneja%20Vidmar"> Jerneja Vidmar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Walter%20Chingwaru"> Walter Chingwaru</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of traditional methods in the management of diarrhoea has remained a common practice among the indigenous African tribes of Southern Africa. Despite the widespread use of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe, very little research validating the activities of phytomedicines against diarrhoea, as claimed by the Shona people of Zimbabwe, has been reported. This study sought to determine the efficacies of the plants that are frequently used to treat stomach complaints, namely Dicoma anomala, Cassia abbreviata, Lannea edulis and Peltophorum africanum against Escherichia coli (an indicator of faecal contamination of water, and whose strains such as EHEC (O157), ETEC and EPEC, are responsible for a number of outbreaks of diarrhoea) and Salmonella spp. Ethanol and aqueous extracts from these plants were obtained, evaporated, dried and stored. The dried extracts were reconstituted and diluted 10-fold in nutrient broth (from 100 to 0.1 microgram/mL) and tested for inhibition against the bacteria. L. edulis exhibited the best antimicrobial effect (minimum inhibition concentration = 10 microgram/mL for both extracts and microorganisms). Runners up to L. edulis were C. abbreviata (20 microgram/mL for both microorganisms) and P. africanum (20 and 30 microgram/mL respectively). Interestingly, D. anomala, which is widely considered panacea in African medicinal practices, showed low antimicrobial activity (60 and 100 microgram/mL respectively). The high antimicrobial activity of L. edulis can be explained by its content of flavonoids, tannins, alkylphenols (cardonol 7 and cardonol 13) and dihydroalkylhexenones. The antimicrobial activities of C. abbreviata can be linked to its content of anthraquinones and triterpenoids. P. africanum is known to contain benzenoids, flavanols, flavonols, terpenes, xanthone and coumarins. This study therefore demonstrated that, among the plants that are used against diarrhoea in African traditional medicine, L. edulis is a clear winner against E. coli and Salmonella spp. Activity guided extraction is encouraged to establish the complement of compounds that have antimicrobial activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhoea" title="diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Escherichia%20coli" title=" Escherichia coli"> Escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella" title=" Salmonella"> Salmonella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytomedicine" title=" phytomedicine"> phytomedicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIC" title=" MIC"> MIC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zimbabwe" title=" Zimbabwe"> Zimbabwe</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52095/inhibition-of-escherichia-coli-and-salmonella-spp-by-traditional-phytomedicines-that-are-commonly-used-to-treat-gastroenteritis-in-zimbabwe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Nutrient and Trace Element Content in Some Wild Boletus Taxa from Marmara Region (Turkey)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murad%20Aydin%20%C5%9Eanda">Murad Aydin Şanda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20H%C3%BCseyin%20Do%C4%9Fan"> Hasan Hüseyin Doğan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96yk%C3%BCm%20%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk"> Öyküm Öztürk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Element contents were analysed in some wild Boletus taxa [Boletus fechtnerii, Boletus edulis, Boletus dupainii, Boletus calopus, Boletus pulverulentus, Boletus rhodoxanthus] from Marmara region of Turkey by ICP-AES equipment. The element uptake levels were observed at different amounts in each Boletus species. The highest Fe, Ca, Ni, Cd, and Cr concentrations were determined as 4927, 1927, 3.56, 2.69 and 2.63 mg.kg-1 in B. fechtnerii respectively. B. dupainii has highest K, Mg, Mn, and Zn concentrations as 41910, 2757, 476, and 125 mg.kg-1 respectively, whereas B. calopus has highest P, Cu, and B concentrations as 4982, 48.6, and 28.3 mg.kg-1 respectively. B. edulis has highest Na and S contents as 1666 and 5544 mg.kg-1 respectively. Although B. pulverulentus has only the highest Al content as 871 mg.kg-1, on the other hand B. rhodoxanthus has highest Mo concentrations as 0.86 mg.kg-1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boletus" title="Boletus">Boletus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=element" title=" element"> element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macrofungi" title=" macrofungi"> macrofungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey "> Turkey </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33127/nutrient-and-trace-element-content-in-some-wild-boletus-taxa-from-marmara-region-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Dietary Supplementation with Coula edulis B. Walnuts Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Beyegue">Eric Beyegue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Azantza"> Boris Azantza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judith%20Laure%20Ngondi"> Judith Laure Ngondi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julius%20E.%20Oben"> Julius E. Oben</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Dietary supplement may potentially help to fight obesity and other metabolic disorders such as adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and inflammation. The present study aimed to test whether supplementation with African walnuts (Aw) could have an effect on adipogenesis and others dysfunctions associated with obesity in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were fed with standard diet (SD) or high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFS) and HFS with supplemented (HFS-Aw) for eight weeks. Results: HFS diet-induced body weight gain and increased fat mass compared to SD. In addition HFS-fed rats developed fasting hyperglycaemia and insulinaemia as well as insulin resistance. Aw supplementation in HFS rats had a protective effect against adipose tissues weigh gain but slightly against body weight gain and major study related disorders. This could be mainly due to decreased food intake dependently of effect in food intake in central nervous system, which decreased in HFS rats supplemented with African walnut compared to the HFS-diet group. Interestingly, African walnut supplementation induced a slight decrease of fasting glycaemia, insulinaemia and Nitric Oxide which could partially explain its minor protective effect against diet-induced insulin resistance. Additionally a decrease in hepatic TG and transaminases levels suggesting a protective effect against liver injury. Conclusion: Taken together these data suggested that supplementation of African walnut could be used to prevent adipose weight gain and related disorders on the other hand, minimally reduced insulin resistance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20walnut" title="African walnut">African walnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dietary%20fiber" title=" dietary fiber"> dietary fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulin%20resistance" title=" insulin resistance"> insulin resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title=" oxidative stress"> oxidative stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64502/dietary-supplementation-with-coula-edulis-b-walnuts-prevents-diet-induced-obesity-and-insulin-resistance-in-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64502.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of the Biosorption of Textile Dye (Yellow Bemacid) onto Brahea edulis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Henini">G. Henini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Laidani"> Y. Laidani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Souahi"> F. Souahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Labbaci"> A. Labbaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Hanini"> S. Hanini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental contamination is a major problem being faced by the society today. Industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastes, due to the rapid development in the technology, are discharged in the several receivers. Generally, this discharge is directed to the nearest water sources such as rivers, lakes, and seas. While the rates of development and waste production are not likely to diminish, efforts to control and dispose of wastes are appropriately rising. Wastewaters from textile industries represent a serious problem all over the world. They contain different types of synthetic dyes which are known to be a major source of environmental pollution in terms of both the volume of dye discharged and the effluent composition. From an environmental point of view, the removal of synthetic dyes is of great concern. Among several chemical and physical methods, adsorption is a promising technique due to the ease of use and low cost compared to other applications in the process of discoloration, especially if the adsorbent is inexpensive and readily available. The focus of the present study was to assess the potentiality of <em>Brahea</em><em> edulis</em> (BE) for the removal of synthetic dye Yellow bemacid (YB) from aqueous solutions. The results obtained here may transfer to other dyes with a similar chemical structure. Biosorption studies were carried out under various parameters such as mass adsorbent particle, pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature. The biosorption kinetic data of the material (BE) was tested by the pseudo first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic parameters including the Gibbs free energy ΔG, enthalpy ΔH, and entropy ΔS have revealed that the adsorption of YB on the BE is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. The equilibrium data were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, and Temkin isotherm models. The experimental results show that the percentage of biosorption increases with an increase in the biosorbent mass (0.25 g: 12 mg/g; 1.5 g: 47.44 mg/g). The maximum biosorption occurred at around pH value of 2 for the YB. The equilibrium uptake was increased with an increase in the initial dye concentration in solution (C<sub>o</sub> = 120 mg/l; q = 35.97 mg/g). Biosorption kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The best fit was obtained by the Langmuir model with high correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.998) and a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 35.97 mg/g for YB. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brahea%20edulis" title=" Brahea edulis"> Brahea edulis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isotherm" title=" isotherm"> isotherm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yellow%20Bemacid" title=" yellow Bemacid"> yellow Bemacid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49783/equilibrium-kinetic-and-thermodynamic-studies-of-the-biosorption-of-textile-dye-yellow-bemacid-onto-brahea-edulis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49783.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Extracellular Hydrolase-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Chilca Salterns in Peru</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carol%20N.%20Flores-Fern%C3%A1ndez">Carol N. Flores-Fernández</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guadalupe%20Espilco"> Guadalupe Espilco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cynthia%20Esquerre"> Cynthia Esquerre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amparo%20I.%20Zavaleta"> Amparo I. Zavaleta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Saline environments represent a valuable source of enzymes with novel properties and particular features for application in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry. This study focuses on the isolation and screening of hydrolase-producing bacteria from Chilca salterns and the evaluation of their biotechnological potential. Soil samples were collected from Chilca salterns in Peru. For the isolation, medium containing 0.2 % of yeast extract, 5 % of NaCl and 10 % of the soil sample was used. After 72 h of incubation at 37 °C, serial dilutions were made up to 10−12 dilutions, spread on agar plates with 0.5 % of yeast extract and 5 % of NaCl, and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Screening of hydrolase-producing bacteria was carried out for cellulases, amylases, lipases, DNase, and proteases on specific media. Moreover, protease-producing bacteria were tested using protein extracted from the following legumes as substrate: Glycine max, Lupinus mutabilis, Pisum sativum, Erythrina edulis, Cicer arietinum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia faba. A total of 16 strains were isolated from soil samples. On the screening media; 75, 44, 81 and 50 % were cellulase, amylase, DNase and protease producers, respectively. Also, 19 % of the isolates produced all the hydrolytic enzymes above mentioned. Lipase producers were not found. The 37 % and 12 % of the strains grew at 20 % and 30 % of salt concentration, respectively. In addition, 75 % of the strains grew at pH range between 5 and 10. From the total of protease-producing bacteria, 100 % hydrolyzed Glycine max, Lupinus mutabilis, and Pisum sativum protein, while 87 % hydrolyzed Erythrina edulis and Cicer arietinum protein. Finally, 75 % and 50 % of the strains hydrolyzed Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia faba protein, respectively. Hydrolase-producing bacteria isolated from Chilca salterns in Peru grew at high salt concentrations and wide range of pH. In addition, protease-producing bacteria hydrolyzed protein from different sources such as leguminous. These enzymes have great biotechnological potential and could be used for different industrial processes and applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracellular" title=" extracellular"> extracellular</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolases" title=" hydrolases"> hydrolases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peru" title=" Peru"> Peru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salterns" title=" salterns"> salterns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72791/extracellular-hydrolase-producing-bacteria-isolated-from-chilca-salterns-in-peru" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Screening of Phytochemicals Compounds from Chasmanthera dependens and Carissa edulis as Potential Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases CA II (3HS4) Receptor using a Target-Based Drug Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Owonikoko%20Abayomi%20Dele">Owonikoko Abayomi Dele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Epilepsy is an unresolved disease that needs urgent attention. It is a brain disorder that affects over sixty-five (65) million people around the globe. Despite the availability of commercial anti-epileptic drugs, the war against this unmet condition is yet to be resolved. Most epilepsy patients are resistant to available anti-epileptic medications thus the need for affordable novel therapy against epilepsy is a necessity. Numerous phytochemicals have been reported for their potency, efficacy and safety as therapeutic agents against many diseases. This study investigated 99 isolated phytochemicals from Chasmanthera dependens and Carissa edulis against carbonic anhydrase (ii) drug target. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) of the isolated compounds were examined using admet SAR-2 web server while Swiss ADME was used to analyze the oral bioavailability, drug-likeness and lead-likeness properties of the selected leads. PASS web server was used to predict the biological activities of selected leads while other important physicochemical properties and interactions of the selected leads with the active site of the target after successful molecular docking simulation with the pyrx virtual screening tool were also examined. The results of these study identified seven lead compounds; C49- alpha-carissanol (-7.6 kcal/mol), C13- Catechin (-7.4 kcal/mol), C45- Salicin (-7.4 kcal/mol), C6- Bisnorargemonine (-7.3 kcal/mol), C36- Pallidine (-7.1 kcal/mol), S4- Lacosamide (-7.1 kcal/mol), and S7- Acetazolamide (-6.4 kcal/mol) for CA II (3HS4 receptor). These leads compounds are probable inhibitors of this drug target due to the observed good binding affinities and favourable interactions with the active site of the drug target, excellent ADMET profiles, PASS Properties, drug-likeness, lead-likeness and oral bioavailability properties. The identified leads have better binding energies as compared to the binding energies of the two standards. Thus, seven identified lead compounds can be developed further towards the development of new anti-epileptic medications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug-likeness" title="drug-likeness">drug-likeness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytochemicals" title=" phytochemicals"> phytochemicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonic%20anhydrases" title=" carbonic anhydrases"> carbonic anhydrases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metalloeazymes" title=" metalloeazymes"> metalloeazymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20site" title=" active site"> active site</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADMET" title=" ADMET"> ADMET</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186547/screening-of-phytochemicals-compounds-from-chasmanthera-dependens-and-carissa-edulis-as-potential-inhibitors-of-carbonic-anhydrases-ca-ii-3hs4-receptor-using-a-target-based-drug-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Nectariferous Plant Genetic Resources for Apicultural Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Prerequisite for Conservation, Sustainable Management and Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20V.%20Nnamani">C. V. Nnamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20L.%20Adedeji"> O. L. Adedeji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The contemporary global economic meltdown has devastating effect on the Nigerian’s economy and its frantic search for alternative source of national revenue aside from oil and gas has become imperative for economic emancipation for Nigerians. Apicultural entrepreneurship could provide a source of livelihood if the basic knowledge of those plant genetic resources needed by bees is made available. A palynological evaluation of those palynotaxa which honey bees forage for pollen and nectar was carried out after standard acetolysis method. Results showed that the honey samples were highly diversified and rich in honey plants. A total of 9544.3 honey pollen, consisting of 39 honey plants belonging to 21 plant families and distributed within 38 genera were identified excluding 238 unidentified pollen grains. Data from the analysis equally revealed that Elaeis guineensis Jacq, Anacardium occidentale L, Diospyros mespiliformis Hochist xe ADC, Alchornea cordifolia Muell, Arg, Daniella oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz, Irvingia wombolu Okafor ex Baill, Treculia africana Decne, Nauclea latifolia Smith and Crossopteryx febrifuga Afzil ex Benth were the predominant honey plants. It provided a guide to the optimal utilization of floral resources by honeybees in these regions, showing the opportunity and amazing potentials for apiculture entrepreneurship of these palytaxa. Most of these plants are rare, threatened and endangered. It calls for urgent conservation techniques and step by all players. Critical awareness creation to ensure farmers knowledge of these palynotaxa to ensure proper understanding and attendance boost from them as economic empowerment is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palynotaxa" title="palynotaxa">palynotaxa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acetolysis" title=" acetolysis"> acetolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterprise" title=" enterprise"> enterprise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood" title=" livelihood"> livelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37455/nectariferous-plant-genetic-resources-for-apicultural-entrepreneurship-in-nigeria-prerequisite-for-conservation-sustainable-management-and-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> The Three-dimensional Response of Mussel Plaque Anchoring to Wet Substrates under Directional Tensions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yingwei%20Hou">Yingwei Hou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Liu"> Tao Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20Pang"> Yong Pang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper explored the three-dimensional deformation of mussel plaques anchor to wet polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates under tension stress with different angles. Mussel plaques exhibiting natural adhesive structures, have attracted significant attention for their remarkable adhesion properties. Understanding their behavior under mechanical stress, particularly in a three-dimensional context, holds immense relevance for biomimetic material design and bio-inspired adhesive development. This study employed a novel approach to investigate the 3D deformation of the PDMS substrates anchored by mussel plaques subjected to controlled tension. Utilizing our customized stereo digital image correlation technique and mechanical mechanics analyses, we found the distributions of the displacement and resultant force on the substrate became concentrated under the plaque. Adhesion and sucking mechanisms were analyzed for the mussel plaque-substrate system under tension until detachment. The experimental findings were compared with a developed model using finite element analysis and the results provide new insights into mussels’ attachment mechanism. This research not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of biological adhesion but also holds promising implications for the design of innovative adhesive materials with applications in fields such as medical adhesives, underwater technologies, and industrial bonding. The comprehensive exploration of mussel plaque behavior in three dimensions is important for advancements in biomimicry and materials science, fostering the development of adhesives that emulate nature's efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesion%20mechanism" title="adhesion mechanism">adhesion mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mytilus%20edulis" title=" mytilus edulis"> mytilus edulis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mussel%20plaque" title=" mussel plaque"> mussel plaque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stereo%20digital%20image%20correlation" title=" stereo digital image correlation"> stereo digital image correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182739/the-three-dimensional-response-of-mussel-plaque-anchoring-to-wet-substrates-under-directional-tensions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Agro-Morphological Traits Based Genetic Diversity Analysis of ‘Ethiopian Dinich’ Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew Populations Collected from Diverse Agro-Ecologies in Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fekadu%20Gadissa">Fekadu Gadissa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kassahun%20Tesfaye"> Kassahun Tesfaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kifle%20Dagne"> Kifle Dagne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mulatu%20Geleta"> Mulatu Geleta </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ‘Ethiopian dinich’ also called ‘Ethiopian potato’ is one of the economically important ‘orphan’ edible tuber crops indigenous to Ethiopia. We evaluated the morphological and agronomic traits performances of 174 samples from Ethiopia at multiple locations using 12 qualitative and 16 quantitative traits, recorded at the correct growth stages. We observed several morphotypes and phenotypic variations for qualitative traits along with a wide range of mean performance values for all quantitative traits. Analysis of variance for each quantitative trait showed a highly significant (p<0.001) variation among the collections with eventually non-significant variation for environment-traits interaction for all but flower length. A comparatively high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for plant height, days to flower initiation, days to 50% flowering and tuber number per hill. Moreover, the variability and coefficients of variation due to genotype-environment interaction was nearly zero for all the traits except flower length. High genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with a high estimate of broad sense heritability and high genetic advance as a percent of collection mean were obtained for tuber weight per hill, number of primary branches per plant, tuber number per hill and number of plants per hill. Association of tuber yield per hectare of land showed a large magnitude of positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation with those traits. Principal components analysis revealed 76% of the total variation for the first six principal axes with high factor loadings again from tuber number per hill, number of primary branches per plant and tuber weight. The collections were grouped into four clusters with the weak region (zone) of origin based pattern. In general, there is high genetic-based variability for ‘Ethiopian dinich’ improvement and conservation. DNA based markers are recommended for further genetic diversity estimation for use in breeding and conservation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agro-morphological%20traits" title="agro-morphological traits">agro-morphological traits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopian%20dinich" title=" Ethiopian dinich"> Ethiopian dinich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20diversity" title=" genetic diversity"> genetic diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variance%20components" title=" variance components"> variance components</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86088/agro-morphological-traits-based-genetic-diversity-analysis-of-ethiopian-dinich-plectranthus-edulis-vatke-agnew-populations-collected-from-diverse-agro-ecologies-in-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> 3D Interactions in Under Water Acoustic Simulationseffect of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles on Gene Expression in an In-Vitro Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nendouvhada%20Livhuwani%20Portia">Nendouvhada Livhuwani Portia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicole%20Sibuyi"> Nicole Sibuyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwazikwakhe%20Gabuza"> Kwazikwakhe Gabuza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adewale%20Fadaka"> Adewale Fadaka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease (MASLD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver, distinct from conditions caused by alcohol, viral hepatitis, or medications. MASLD is often linked with metabolic syndrome, including obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This disease can progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), marked by liver inflammation and scarring, potentially leading to cirrhosis. However, only 43-44% of patients with steatosis develop MASH, and 7-30% of those with MASH progress to cirrhosis. The exact mechanisms underlying MASLD and its progression remain unclear, and there are currently no specific therapeutic strategies for MASLD/MASH. While anti-obesity and anti-diabetic medications can reduce progression, they do not fully treat or reverse the disease. As an alternative, green-synthesized metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are emerging as potential treatments for liver diseases due to their anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity properties with minimal side effects. MNPs like gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to improve metabolic processes by lowering blood glucose, body fat, and inflammation. The study aimed to explore the effects of green-synthesized MNPs on gene expression in an in vitro model of MASH using C3A/HepG2 liver cells. The MASH model was created by exposing these cells to free fatty acids (FFAs) followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. Cell viability was assessed with the Water-Soluble Tetrazolium (WST)-1 assay, and lipid accumulation was measured using the Oil Red O (ORO) assay. Additionally, mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed by the tetramethyl rhodamine, methyl ester (TMRE) assay, and inflammation was measured with an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The study synthesized AuNPs from Carpobrotus edulis fruit (CeF) and avocado seed (AvoSE) and AgNPs from Salvia africana-lutea (SAL) using optimized conditions. The MNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The nanoparticles were tested at various concentrations for their impact on the C3A/HepG2-induced MASH model. Among the MNPs tested, AvoSE-AuNPs showed the most promise. They reduced cell proliferation and intracellular lipid content more effectively than CeFE-AuNPs and SAL-AgNPs. Molecular analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that AvoSE-AuNPs could potentially reverse MASH effects by reducing the expression of key pro-inflammatory and metabolic genes, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, PPAR-γ, and Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBPF)-1. Further research is needed to confirm the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of these MNPs and to identify the specific phytochemicals responsible for their synthesis and bioactivities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title="gold nanoparticles">gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20nanotechnology" title=" green nanotechnology"> green nanotechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20nanoparticles" title=" metal nanoparticles"> metal nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obesity" title=" obesity"> obesity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190338/3d-interactions-in-under-water-acoustic-simulationseffect-of-green-synthesized-metal-nanoparticles-on-gene-expression-in-an-in-vitro-model-of-non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis" class="btn 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