CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_glossy+ret_img+to_auto/www.article19.org/apple-touch-icon.png" data-spai-egr="1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_glossy+ret_img+to_auto/www.article19.org/favicon-32x32.png" data-spai-egr="1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_glossy+ret_img+to_auto/www.article19.org/favicon-16x16.png" data-spai-egr="1"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/ret_img/www.article19.org/safari-pinned-tab.svg" data-spai-egr="1" color="#da291c"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#da291c"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script> /*! modernizr 3.5.0 (Custom Build) | MIT * * https://modernizr.com/download/?-flexbox-objectfit-srcset-svg-touchevents-printshiv-setclasses !*/ !function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){return typeof e===t}function o(){var e,t,n,o,i,a,s;for(var l in S)if(S.hasOwnProperty(l)){if(e=[],t=S[l],t.name&&(e.push(t.name.toLowerCase()),t.options&&t.options.aliases&&t.options.aliases.length))for(n=0;n<t.options.aliases.length;n++)e.push(t.options.aliases[n].toLowerCase());for(o=r(t.fn,"function")?t.fn():t.fn,i=0;i<e.length;i++)a=e[i],s=a.split("."),1===s.length?Modernizr[s[0]]=o:(!Modernizr[s[0]]||Modernizr[s[0]]instanceof Boolean||(Modernizr[s[0]]=new Boolean(Modernizr[s[0]])),Modernizr[s[0]][s[1]]=o),E.push((o?"":"no-")+s.join("-"))}}function i(e){var t=C.className,n=Modernizr._config.classPrefix||"";if(x&&(t=t.baseVal),Modernizr._config.enableJSClass){var r=new RegExp("(^|\\s)"+n+"no-js(\\s|$)");t=t.replace(r,"$1"+n+"js$2")}Modernizr._config.enableClasses&&(t+=" "+n+e.join(" "+n),x?C.className.baseVal=t:C.className=t)}function a(){return"function"!=typeof t.createElement?t.createElement(arguments[0]):x?t.createElementNS.call(t,"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",arguments[0]):t.createElement.apply(t,arguments)}function s(e){return e.replace(/([a-z])-([a-z])/g,function(e,t,n){return t+n.toUpperCase()}).replace(/^-/,"")}function l(){var e=t.body;return e||(e=a(x?"svg":"body"),e.fake=!0),e}function u(e,n,r,o){var i,s,u,c,f="modernizr",d=a("div"),p=l();if(parseInt(r,10))for(;r--;)u=a("div"),u.id=o?o[r]:f+(r+1),d.appendChild(u);return i=a("style"),i.type="text/css",i.id="s"+f,(p.fake?p:d).appendChild(i),p.appendChild(d),i.styleSheet?i.styleSheet.cssText=e:i.appendChild(t.createTextNode(e)),d.id=f,p.fake&&(p.style.background="",p.style.overflow="hidden",c=C.style.overflow,C.style.overflow="hidden",C.appendChild(p)),s=n(d,e),p.fake?(p.parentNode.removeChild(p),C.style.overflow=c,C.offsetHeight):d.parentNode.removeChild(d),!!s}function c(e,t){return!!~(""+e).indexOf(t)}function f(e,t){return function(){return e.apply(t,arguments)}}function d(e,t,n){var o;for(var i in e)if(e[i]in t)return n===!1?e[i]:(o=t[e[i]],r(o,"function")?f(o,n||t):o);return!1}function p(e){return e.replace(/([A-Z])/g,function(e,t){return"-"+t.toLowerCase()}).replace(/^ms-/,"-ms-")}function m(t,n,r){var o;if("getComputedStyle"in e){o=getComputedStyle.call(e,t,n);var i=e.console;if(null!==o)r&&(o=o.getPropertyValue(r));else if(i){var a=i.error?"error":"log";i[a].call(i,"getComputedStyle returning null, its possible modernizr test results are inaccurate")}}else o=!n&&t.currentStyle&&t.currentStyle[r];return o}function h(t,r){var o=t.length;if("CSS"in e&&"supports"in e.CSS){for(;o--;)if(e.CSS.supports(p(t[o]),r))return!0;return!1}if("CSSSupportsRule"in e){for(var i=[];o--;)i.push("("+p(t[o])+":"+r+")");return i=i.join(" or "),u("@supports ("+i+") { #modernizr { position: absolute; } }",function(e){return"absolute"==m(e,null,"position")})}return n}function v(e,t,o,i){function l(){f&&(delete k.style,delete k.modElem)}if(i=r(i,"undefined")?!1:i,!r(o,"undefined")){var u=h(e,o);if(!r(u,"undefined"))return u}for(var f,d,p,m,v,g=["modernizr","tspan","samp"];!k.style&&g.length;)f=!0,k.modElem=a(g.shift()),k.style=k.modElem.style;for(p=e.length,d=0;p>d;d++)if(m=e[d],v=k.style[m],c(m,"-")&&(m=s(m)),k.style[m]!==n){if(i||r(o,"undefined"))return l(),"pfx"==t?m:!0;try{k.style[m]=o}catch(y){}if(k.style[m]!=v)return l(),"pfx"==t?m:!0}return l(),!1}function g(e,t,n,o,i){var a=e.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+e.slice(1),s=(e+" "+N.join(a+" ")+a).split(" ");return r(t,"string")||r(t,"undefined")?v(s,t,o,i):(s=(e+" "+z.join(a+" ")+a).split(" "),d(s,t,n))}function y(e,t,r){return g(e,n,n,t,r)}var E=[],S=[],b={_version:"3.5.0",_config:{classPrefix:"",enableClasses:!0,enableJSClass:!0,usePrefixes:!0},_q:[],on:function(e,t){var n=this;setTimeout(function(){t(n[e])},0)},addTest:function(e,t,n){S.push({name:e,fn:t,options:n})},addAsyncTest:function(e){S.push({name:null,fn:e})}},Modernizr=function(){};Modernizr.prototype=b,Modernizr=new Modernizr,Modernizr.addTest("svg",!!t.createElementNS&&!!t.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg","svg").createSVGRect);var C=t.documentElement,x="svg"===C.nodeName.toLowerCase();x||!function(e,t){function n(e,t){var n=e.createElement("p"),r=e.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]||e.documentElement;return n.innerHTML="x<style>"+t+"</style>",r.insertBefore(n.lastChild,r.firstChild)}function r(){var e=w.elements;return"string"==typeof e?e.split(" "):e}function o(e,t){var n=w.elements;"string"!=typeof n&&(n=n.join(" ")),"string"!=typeof e&&(e=e.join(" ")),w.elements=n+" "+e,u(t)}function i(e){var t=x[e[b]];return t||(t={},C++,e[b]=C,x[C]=t),t}function a(e,n,r){if(n||(n=t),v)return n.createElement(e);r||(r=i(n));var o;return o=r.cache[e]?r.cache[e].cloneNode():S.test(e)?(r.cache[e]=r.createElem(e)).cloneNode():r.createElem(e),!o.canHaveChildren||E.test(e)||o.tagUrn?o:r.frag.appendChild(o)}function s(e,n){if(e||(e=t),v)return e.createDocumentFragment();n=n||i(e);for(var o=n.frag.cloneNode(),a=0,s=r(),l=s.length;l>a;a++)o.createElement(s[a]);return o}function l(e,t){t.cache||(t.cache={},t.createElem=e.createElement,t.createFrag=e.createDocumentFragment,t.frag=t.createFrag()),e.createElement=function(n){return w.shivMethods?a(n,e,t):t.createElem(n)},e.createDocumentFragment=Function("h,f","return function(){var n=f.cloneNode(),c=n.createElement;h.shivMethods&&("+r().join().replace(/[\w\-:]+/g,function(e){return t.createElem(e),t.frag.createElement(e),'c("'+e+'")'})+");return n}")(w,t.frag)}function u(e){e||(e=t);var r=i(e);return!w.shivCSS||h||r.hasCSS||(r.hasCSS=!!n(e,"article,aside,dialog,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section{display:block}mark{background:#FF0;color:#000}template{display:none}")),v||l(e,r),e}function c(e){for(var t,n=e.getElementsByTagName("*"),o=n.length,i=RegExp("^(?:"+r().join("|")+")$","i"),a=[];o--;)t=n[o],i.test(t.nodeName)&&a.push(t.applyElement(f(t)));return a}function f(e){for(var t,n=e.attributes,r=n.length,o=e.ownerDocument.createElement(_+":"+e.nodeName);r--;)t=n[r],t.specified&&o.setAttribute(t.nodeName,t.nodeValue);return o.style.cssText=e.style.cssText,o}function d(e){for(var t,n=e.split("{"),o=n.length,i=RegExp("(^|[\\s,>+~])("+r().join("|")+")(?=[[\\s,>+~#.:]|$)","gi"),a="$1"+_+"\\:$2";o--;)t=n[o]=n[o].split("}"),t[t.length-1]=t[t.length-1].replace(i,a),n[o]=t.join("}");return n.join("{")}function p(e){for(var t=e.length;t--;)e[t].removeNode()}function m(e){function t(){clearTimeout(a._removeSheetTimer),r&&r.removeNode(!0),r=null}var r,o,a=i(e),s=e.namespaces,l=e.parentWindow;return!N||e.printShived?e:("undefined"==typeof s[_]&&s.add(_),l.attachEvent("onbeforeprint",function(){t();for(var i,a,s,l=e.styleSheets,u=[],f=l.length,p=Array(f);f--;)p[f]=l[f];for(;s=p.pop();)if(!s.disabled&&T.test(s.media)){try{i=s.imports,a=i.length}catch(m){a=0}for(f=0;a>f;f++)p.push(i[f]);try{u.push(s.cssText)}catch(m){}}u=d(u.reverse().join("")),o=c(e),r=n(e,u)}),l.attachEvent("onafterprint",function(){p(o),clearTimeout(a._removeSheetTimer),a._removeSheetTimer=setTimeout(t,500)}),e.printShived=!0,e)}var h,v,g="3.7.3",y=e.html5||{},E=/^<|^(?:button|map|select|textarea|object|iframe|option|optgroup)$/i,S=/^(?:a|b|code|div|fieldset|h1|h2|h3|h4|h5|h6|i|label|li|ol|p|q|span|strong|style|table|tbody|td|th|tr|ul)$/i,b="_html5shiv",C=0,x={};!function(){try{var e=t.createElement("a");e.innerHTML="<xyz></xyz>",h="hidden"in e,v=1==e.childNodes.length||function(){t.createElement("a");var e=t.createDocumentFragment();return"undefined"==typeof e.cloneNode||"undefined"==typeof e.createDocumentFragment||"undefined"==typeof e.createElement}()}catch(n){h=!0,v=!0}}();var w={elements:y.elements||"abbr article aside audio bdi canvas data datalist details dialog figcaption figure footer header hgroup main mark meter nav output picture progress section summary template time video",version:g,shivCSS:y.shivCSS!==!1,supportsUnknownElements:v,shivMethods:y.shivMethods!==!1,type:"default",shivDocument:u,createElement:a,createDocumentFragment:s,addElements:o};e.html5=w,u(t);var T=/^$|\b(?:all|print)\b/,_="html5shiv",N=!v&&function(){var n=t.documentElement;return!("undefined"==typeof t.namespaces||"undefined"==typeof t.parentWindow||"undefined"==typeof n.applyElement||"undefined"==typeof n.removeNode||"undefined"==typeof e.attachEvent)}();w.type+=" print",w.shivPrint=m,m(t),"object"==typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=w)}("undefined"!=typeof e?e:this,t);var w=b._config.usePrefixes?" -webkit- -moz- -o- -ms- ".split(" "):["",""];b._prefixes=w,Modernizr.addTest("srcset","srcset"in a("img"));var T=b.testStyles=u;Modernizr.addTest("touchevents",function(){var n;if("ontouchstart"in e||e.DocumentTouch&&t instanceof DocumentTouch)n=!0;else{var r=["@media (",w.join("touch-enabled),("),"heartz",")","{#modernizr{top:9px;position:absolute}}"].join("");T(r,function(e){n=9===e.offsetTop})}return n});var _="Moz O ms Webkit",N=b._config.usePrefixes?_.split(" "):[];b._cssomPrefixes=N;var j=function(t){var r,o=w.length,i=e.CSSRule;if("undefined"==typeof i)return n;if(!t)return!1;if(t=t.replace(/^@/,""),r=t.replace(/-/g,"_").toUpperCase()+"_RULE",r in i)return"@"+t;for(var a=0;o>a;a++){var s=w[a],l=s.toUpperCase()+"_"+r;if(l in i)return"@-"+s.toLowerCase()+"-"+t}return!1};b.atRule=j;var z=b._config.usePrefixes?_.toLowerCase().split(" "):[];b._domPrefixes=z;var P={elem:a("modernizr")};Modernizr._q.push(function(){delete P.elem});var k={style:P.elem.style};Modernizr._q.unshift(function(){delete k.style}),b.testAllProps=g,b.testAllProps=y,Modernizr.addTest("flexbox",y("flexBasis","1px",!0));var F=b.prefixed=function(e,t,n){return 0===e.indexOf("@")?j(e):(-1!=e.indexOf("-")&&(e=s(e)),t?g(e,t,n):g(e,"pfx"))};Modernizr.addTest("objectfit",!!F("objectFit"),{aliases:["object-fit"]}),o(),i(E),delete b.addTest,delete b.addAsyncTest;for(var D=0;D<Modernizr._q.length;D++)Modernizr._q[D]();e.Modernizr=Modernizr}(window,document); </script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/" />  <title>International Board of Trustees - ARTICLE 19</title> <meta name="description" content="ARTICLE 19 Trustees are accountable for our operations working to the highest standards of transparency and integrity in governance." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="International Board of Trustees - ARTICLE 19" /> <meta property="og:description" content="ARTICLE 19 Trustees are accountable for our operations working to the highest standards of transparency and integrity in governance." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ARTICLE 19" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-03-11T12:00:39+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@article19org" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/","url":"https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/","name":"International Board of Trustees - ARTICLE 19","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.article19.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2022-09-29T11:21:29+00:00","dateModified":"2025-03-11T12:00:39+00:00","description":"ARTICLE 19 Trustees are accountable for our operations working to the highest standards of transparency and integrity in governance.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.article19.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"International Board of Trustees"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.article19.org/#website","url":"https://www.article19.org/","name":"ARTICLE 19","description":"","inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/images/og-image.jpg"/><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ugb-style-css-v2-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='ugb-style-css-v2-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root {--stk-block-width-default-detected: 640px;} :root { --content-width: 640px; } </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='ugb-style-css-premium-v2-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2__premium_only.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /** * These rules are needed for backwards compatibility. * They should match the button element rules in the base theme.json file. */ .wp-block-button__link { color: #ffffff; background-color: #32373c; border-radius: 9999px; /* 100% causes an oval, but any explicit but really high value retains the pill shape. */ /* This needs a low specificity so it won't override the rules from the button element if defined in theme.json. */ box-shadow: none; text-decoration: none; /* The extra 2px are added to size solids the same as the outline versions.*/ padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px); font-size: 1.125em; } .wp-block-file__button { background: #32373c; color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; } </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--grey: #777;--wp--preset--color--lightgreybg: #ededed;--wp--preset--color--red: #da291c;--wp--preset--color--darkred: #b22117;--wp--preset--color--yellow: #f2a900;--wp--preset--color--orange: #ed8b00;--wp--preset--color--green: #01956F;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-blocks-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/dist/css/blocks/styles.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-includes/css/dashicons.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='to-top-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/to-top/public/css/to-top-public.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-menu-item-0-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/menu-item/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='pojo-a11y-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/pojo-accessibility/modules/legacy/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=1.0.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=1740391773' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='algolia-autocomplete-css' href='https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/css/algolia-autocomplete.css?ver=1741694064' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpml-cookie-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/js/cookies/language-cookie.js?ver=4.6.15" id="wpml-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="ugb-block-frontend-js-v2-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var stackable = {"restUrl":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-json\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2.js?ver=3.14.2" id="ugb-block-frontend-js-v2-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks-premium/dist/deprecated/frontend_blocks_deprecated_v2__premium_only.js?ver=3.14.2" id="ugb-block-frontend-js-premium-v2-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="to-top-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var to_top_options = {"scroll_offset":"100","icon_opacity":"50","style":"icon","icon_type":"dashicons-arrow-up-alt2","icon_color":"#ffffff","icon_bg_color":"#dd3333","icon_size":"32","border_radius":"5","image":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/to-top\/admin\/images\/default.png","image_width":"65","image_alt":"","location":"bottom-right","margin_x":"20","margin_y":"20","show_on_admin":"0","enable_autohide":"0","autohide_time":"2","enable_hide_small_device":"0","small_device_max_width":"640","reset":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script async type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/to-top/public/js/to-top-public.js?ver=2.5.4" id="to-top-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-image-zoooom/assets/js/jquery.image_zoom.min.js?ver=1.59" id="image_zoooom-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="image_zoooom-init-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var IZ = {"with_woocommerce":"0","exchange_thumbnails":"1","woo_categories":"0","enable_mobile":"","options":{"lensShape":"round","zoomType":"lens","lensSize":400,"borderSize":1,"borderColour":"#ffffff","cursor":"default","lensFadeIn":0.5,"lensFadeOut":0.5,"tint":"true","tintColour":"#ffffff","tintOpacity":0.1},"woo_slider":"0","enable_surecart":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-image-zoooom/assets/js/image_zoom-init.js?ver=1.59" id="image_zoooom-init-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/280679" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.article19.org%2Four-trustees%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.article19.org%2Four-trustees%2F&format=xml" /> <style type="text/css"> #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-toggle a{ background-color: #da291c; color: #ffffff;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay, #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay ul.pojo-a11y-toolbar-items.pojo-a11y-links{ border-color: #da291c;} body.pojo-a11y-focusable a:focus{ outline-style: initial !important; outline-width: 1px !important; outline-color: #FF0000 !important;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar{ top: 0px !important;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay{ background-color: #ffffff;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay ul.pojo-a11y-toolbar-items li.pojo-a11y-toolbar-item a, #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay p.pojo-a11y-toolbar-title{ color: #333333;} #pojo-a11y-toolbar .pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay ul.pojo-a11y-toolbar-items li.pojo-a11y-toolbar-item a.active{ background-color: #4054b2; color: #ffffff;} @media (max-width: 767px) { #pojo-a11y-toolbar { top: 50px !important; } }</style>  <script> (function(w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-WQDP2F9'); </script>  <style> .algolia-search-highlight { background-color: #fffbcc; border-radius: 2px; font-style: normal; } </style> <style type="text/css">img.zoooom,.zoooom img{padding:0!important;}</style><script type="text/javascript"></script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .publications-template-default .entry-title { font-size: 1.75em; } .page-id-64298 .flexible__block .campaign-video { padding: 60px 0; color: #fff; background: #E19132; } .wp-container-63 { margin-top: 2rem; } </style> <style type='text/css'>#to_top_scrollup {background-color: #dd3333;}</style> <link data-minify="1" href="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/fonts/fonts.css?ver=1741694064" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://www.jonthornton.com/jquery-timepicker/jquery.timepicker.js" defer></script> <script defer data-domain="article19.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/plausible.js"></script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,n,a){if(!w[n]){var l='call,catch,on,once,set,then,track' .split(','),i,o=function(n){return'function'==typeof n?o.l.push([arguments])&&o :function(){return o.l.push([n,arguments])&&o}},t=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s);j.async=!0;j.src='https://cdn.fundraiseup.com/widget/'+a; t.parentNode.insertBefore(j,t);o.s=Date.now();o.v=4;o.h=w.location.href;o.l=[]; for(i=0;i<7;i++)o[l[i]]=o(l[i]);w[n]=o} })(window,document,'script','FundraiseUp','AZEPDYHJ');</script>  <link href="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai" rel="preconnect" crossorigin></head> <body class="page-template page-template-page-templates page-template-flexible-content page-template-page-templatesflexible-content-php page page-id-280679 wp-embed-responsive">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WQDP2F9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="page" class="site default-font"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="cookies-notice" id="site-cookies-notice" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="cookies-notice__banner has-dark-grey-background-color"> <h2 class="cookies-notice__heading"> Cookies from ARTICLE 19 </h2> <div class="cookies-notice__message"> <p>To make our website work, we save some essential small files (cookies) on your computer. With your permission, we would also like to save some extra cookies that help us improve how people find out about ARTICLE 19.</p> <p>Read more about the cookies we use in our Cookie Policy.</p> </div> <form class="cookies-notice__preferences cookies-preferences" id="cookies-1" data-feedback-text="{"savedPreferences":"Cookies consent preferences saved."}"> <fieldset id="cookies-1-consent-groups" class="cookies-preferences__consent-groups" aria-hidden="true"> <legend class="screen-reader-text">Select cookie consent by type</legend> <div class="cookies-preferences__consent-group">  <label for="cookies-1-consent-type-analytics_storage" class="toggle-field"> <input id="cookies-1-consent-type-analytics_storage" type="checkbox" name="gtm_consent_type_analytics_storage" value="granted" /> <span class="toggle-field__indicator" hidden> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 65 52" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="0" height="0"><g fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M55.97.544l8.486 8.485-42.427 42.427-8.485-8.485z"></path><path d="M30.456 42.97l-8.485 8.486L.757 30.243l8.486-8.486z"></path></g></svg> </span> <div class="toggle-field__label"><span>Visitor Statistics<span class="screen-reader-text">; </span></span><span>These help us make our website better.</span></div> </label> </div> <div class="cookies-preferences__consent-group">  <label for="cookies-1-consent-type-ad_storage" class="toggle-field"> <input id="cookies-1-consent-type-ad_storage" type="checkbox" name="gtm_consent_type_ad_storage" value="granted" /> <span class="toggle-field__indicator" hidden> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 65 52" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="0" height="0"><g fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M55.97.544l8.486 8.485-42.427 42.427-8.485-8.485z"></path><path d="M30.456 42.97l-8.485 8.486L.757 30.243l8.486-8.486z"></path></g></svg> </span> <div class="toggle-field__label"><span>Marketing<span class="screen-reader-text">; </span></span><span>These let us make our marketing more relevant to potential customers.</span></div> </label> </div> </fieldset> <ul class="cookies-preferences__action-list button-list"> <li class="cookies-preferences__action"> <button class="button button--white cookies-preferences__save-consent js-cookies-consent-selected"> Allow selected <span class="screen-reader-text"> extra cookies </span> </button> </li> <li class="cookies-preferences__action"> <button class="button button--white cookies-preferences__accept js-cookies-consent-all"> Allow all <span class="screen-reader-text"> extra cookies </span> </button> </li> <li class="cookies-preferences__action" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="button button--white cookies-preferences__reject js-cookies-reject-all"> Reject all <span class="screen-reader-text"> extra cookies </span> </button> </li> <li class="cookies-preferences__action"> <button type="button" class="button button--white button button--white--blend cookies-preferences__consent-groups-toggler expander" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cookies-1-consent-groups"> Manage preferences <span class="screen-reader-text"> related to cookie consent in more detail </span> </button> </li> </ul> </form> </div> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header headroom"> <div class="announcement-banner" style="background-color: #f2a900"> <div class="announcement-banner__inner"> <div class="announcement-banner__message" style="color: #000000"> <p>Urgent Appeal: With USAID halted, <span style="font-weight: 400;">defending free expression is more crucial than ever</span>. <span style="color: #d62d26;"><strong><a style="color: #d62d26;" href="https://www.article19.org/?form=FUNVZUGBFZM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>Will you help?</u></a></strong></span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header__inner"> <button class="site-header__burger menu-btn" aria-label="Open menu"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> <div class="header-desktop"> <div class="header-desktop__inner"> <a href="https://www.article19.org" title="ARTICLE 19" class="header-desktop__logo"> <img width="155" height="80" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNTUgODAiIHdpZHRoPSIxNTUiIGhlaWdodD0iODAiIGRhdGEtdT0iaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuYXJ0aWNsZTE5Lm9yZyUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ0aGVtZXMlMkZhcnRpY2xlMTklMkZhc3NldHMlMkZpbWFnZXMlMkZsb2dvLnN2ZyIgZGF0YS13PSIxNTUiIGRhdGEtaD0iODAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="ARTICLE 19" class="logo"> </a> <nav id="site-navigation" class="header-desktop__nav main-navigation"><div class="menu-header-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1360" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1360"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-we-do/">What we do</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1361" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1361"><a href="https://www.article19.org/where-we-work/">Where we work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39657"><a href="https://www.article19.org/law-and-policy/">Law and policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-336237" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-336237"><a href="https://www.article19.org/campaigns/">Campaigns</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1358" class="explore-menu-item menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1358"><a href="https://www.article19.org/explore/">Latest News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-299500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-search menu-item-299500"><a href="#0">Search</a><div class="menu-search__inner"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.article19.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form><button class="menu-search__close" aria-label="Close search"></button></div></li> <li id="menu-item-314921" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-style menu-style--button-red menu-item-314921"><a href="https://www.article19.org/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39504" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-39504"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/">About us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-287593" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-287593"><a target="_blank" href="https://stories.article19.org/article-19-defending-expression-since-1987/index.html">The ARTICLE 19 story</a></li> <li id="menu-item-285300" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-285300"><a href="https://www.article19.org/our-strategy-the-power-of-our-voices/">Our strategy: The Power of Our Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-309408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-309408"><a href="https://www.globalexpressionreport.org/">Global Expression Report 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-277998" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-277998"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-is-freedom-of-expression/">What is freedom of expression?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-356590" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-356590"><a href="https://www.article19.org/reports/">Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-280682" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-280679 current_page_item menu-item-280682"><a href="https://www.article19.org/our-trustees/" aria-current="page">International Board of Trustees</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48626" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-48626"><a href="https://www.article19.org/financials/">Governance and funding</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39505"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/team/">Meet our teams</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39506"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/annual-report/">Annual reports and accounts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="menu--responsive menu--responsive-right"> <div class="menu--responsive-content"> <div class="menu--responsive-form"> <form action="https://www.article19.org" method="get" class="heading--search"> <input type="text" id="algolia-search-box" name="s" class="input-field" value="" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search..." required> <button class="button--small button--squared heading--search-button" aria-label="Search...">Submit</button> </form> </div> <div class="menu-header-responsive-container"><ul id="responsive-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-36655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36655"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-we-do/">What we do</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36654"><a href="https://www.article19.org/where-we-work/">Where we work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36653"><a href="/campaigns/">Campaigns</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36656"><a href="https://www.article19.org/law-and-policy/">Law and policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36657"><a href="https://www.article19.org/explore/">Latest News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1371"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/">About us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-330964" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-330964"><a href="https://www.article19.org/what-is-freedom-of-expression/">What is freedom of expression?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-270417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270417"><a href="https://www.article19.org/financials/">Governance and funding</a></li> <li id="menu-item-270424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270424"><a href="https://www.article19.org/?page_id=48094">Global Management Team</a></li> <li id="menu-item-270425" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270425"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/team/">Meet our teams</a></li> <li id="menu-item-270427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-270427"><a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/annual-report/">Annual reports and accounts</a></li> </ul></div> <button class="menu-btn" aria-label="Open menu"> X </button> </div> </nav> <div class="site-overlay"></div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <div class="flexible__wrapper"> <div class="block flexible__blockfullWidth flexible__block--content--area" > <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns"> <div class="flexible__block--content--text"><h1>International Board of Trustees</h1> <p>Accountability for our operations is maintained by our International Board of Trustees, working to the highest standards of transparency and integrity in governance, and drawing on the expertise of its members. The International Board approves the annual report and accounts of ARTICLE 19, in which are detailed all our major donors and regional projects. Go to our <a href="https://www.article19.org/about-us/annual-report/" rel="noopener">Annual reports page</a> to find out more.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="flexible__block-1" class="flexible__block--team"> <div class="row load--blocks team--wrapper team--red"> <article id="team--member-28585" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="USA [ appointed June 2018]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA2MDAgNjAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDE4JTJGMTElMkZCb2ItTGF0aGFtLmpwZyIgZGF0YS13PSI2MDAiIGRhdGEtaD0iNjAwIiBkYXRhLWJpcD0iIj48L3N2Zz4=" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Bob Latham, Chairman<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">USA [ appointed June 2018]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-28585');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-28585" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Bob Latham, Chairman<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-28585');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Robert P. “Bob” Latham has had a distinguished career spanning four decades as a trial lawyer with recognized expertise in the areas of media law and intellectual property litigation. He is currently a Partner and Chair of Jackson Walker L.L.P.’s media law practice group, and his trial practice also involves complex commercial disputes, international, and class actions. He is a graduate of Stanford University and the University of Virginia Law School. He has been inducted as a fellow in the prestigious American College of Trial Lawyers.</p> <p>In addition to his practice at Jackson Walker, Bob is the Chair of the International Board of ARTICLE 19 and for ten years was on the Governing Committee of the American Bar Association Forum on Communications Law. He is also a former president of the Defense Counsel Section of the Media Law Resource Center.</p> <p>Bob has served on the Executive Committee of World Rugby for thirteen years, and chairs the World Rugby Regulations Committee. He is a former Chairman of the Board of USA Rugby and an inductee in the U.S. Rugby Hall of Fame. Bob is also a published author and columnist, and a much sought-after speaker nationally and internationally. He has spoken on matters related to the rights of free speech, technology and intellectual property litigation, advocacy and litigation strategy, dispute resolution and sports – from Antwerp to Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro to Glasgow, and Melbourne to Yangzhou.</p> <p>Bob also sits on the Major Gifts Committee of the International Board</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="team--member-28568" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker--small"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="Malaysia [appointed June 2016]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA0NzMgNDczIiB3aWR0aD0iNDczIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ3MyIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDE4JTJGMTElMkZQaG90b0dWLUFSVElDTEUxOS1ib2FyZC5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iNDczIiBkYXRhLWg9IjQ3MyIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Gayathry Venkiteswaran, Vice Chair<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">Malaysia [appointed June 2016]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-28568');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-28568" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Gayathry Venkiteswaran, Vice Chair<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-28568');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Gayathry Venkiteswaran is a journalist and activist and sits on the Governance committee of the International Board of ARTICLE 19. She is a lecturer at the University of Nottingham Malaysia, where she is also a PhD candidate with the focus of her research on media reforms in Southeast Asia. Prior to this, she was the executive director of the Bangkok-based Southeast Asian Press Alliance, working on press freedom and access to information in the region. Before joining SEAPA, she headed a Malaysian press freedom organisation, the Centre for Independent Journalism (CIJ), worked as a journalist and taught media history and journalism in a number of private colleges and universities. She was curator of the freedom of expression content on Asia and the Pacific for the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) based in Toronto, and is co-editing a book on the media in transition in Burma with two other editors, scheduled for publication in 2019.</p> <p>Gayathry has authored a research paper for the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) on Freedom of assembly and association online in India, Malaysia and Pakistan: Trends, Challenges and Recommendations (2016), and has presented extensively in international fora on issues related to media freedom and freedom of expression in Southeast Asia. She has an MA (International Relations) from the Australian National University and a Bachelor of Mass Communication from University Sains Malaysia.</p> <p>Gayathry Chairs the Governance Committee of the International Board</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker--small"></div> <article id="team--member-28600" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="UK [appointed June 2018]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA2MDAgNjAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDE4JTJGMTElMkZtYXJrLXNhbHdheS5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iNjAwIiBkYXRhLWg9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Mark Salway <br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">UK [appointed June 2018]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-28600');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-28600" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Mark Salway <br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-28600');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Mark is Director of Sustainable Finance at Cass Business School, City, University of London. He is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, and holds their postgraduate diploma in charity accounting. He has been responsible for the business school’s work on developing financial sustainability in charities, and has led the social investment and social finance work for the past four years. He also leads the ICAEW accredited MSc module on Advanced, Audit, Accounting and Taxation.</p> <p>Mark has extensive experience as management consultant for industry, government and with many non-profit organisations – from the UN and CARE International, to Age UK and the Children’s Society – as well as many commercial organisations such as Virgin Airlines, and WS Atkins. He has also advised government at the Department of Work and Pension and Department of Education and Skills.</p> <p>He was Director for Finance and Operational Support for CARE International UK from 2007-2014, (and Joint Acting CEO in 2014). During the earlier part of his career Mark worked for KMPG from 1996-2004 in consulting and audit, where he was also part of the Charity Management Team.</p> <p>He is passionate about giving people tools to help themselves and developing a voice for civil society, and helped to establish <a href="http://www.lendwithcare.org.uk">www.lendwithcare.org.uk</a>, the peer to peer lending platform.</p> <p>Mark sits on the Finance and General Purposes Committee for the International Board.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker"></div> <article id="team--member-333707" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker--small"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="EGYPT [appointed 2024]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzNzAgMzcwIiB3aWR0aD0iMzcwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjM3MCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDI0JTJGMDUlMkZEci1SYXNoYS1BYmR1bGxhLUFSVElDTEUtMTktYm9hcmQuanBnIiBkYXRhLXc9IjM3MCIgZGF0YS1oPSIzNzAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Dr. Rasha Abdulla<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">EGYPT [appointed 2024]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-333707');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-333707" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Dr. Rasha Abdulla<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-333707');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Dr. Rasha Abdulla is a tenured Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication at The American University in Cairo (AUC). Dr. Abdulla has a Ph.D. in Communication from the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, and has taught and guest lectured at several universities in Europe and the United States. </span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Dr. Abdulla is an award-winning researcher. Her research interests include online communication; social media and political participation; media in transition; media across cultures; media diversity; media uses and effects; public service television; and freedom of expression. She is the author of “The Internet in the Arab World: Egypt and Beyond” [Peter Lang, Inc], and several other manuscripts and monographs. She is widely published in top-tier international academic journals, and as a contributor of book chapters and reports by major publishers and organizations. </span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Dr. Abdulla is an international consultant, providing research consultancies and training to a list of national and international clients, including UNESCO; UNICEF; the World Economic Forum; the Carnegie Foundation; IREX; Internews; the Open Society Foundations; the Anna Lindh Foundation; Panos Institute Paris; Cospe International; Media Diversity Institute; the African Journalists’ Union; and others. </span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">In addition to her seat on the International Board of Article 19, Dr. Abdulla is a member of the board of Global Voices, and the MENA board of Article 19. She is also a former member of the Multistakeholder Advisory Group of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum, a group of experts appointed by the Secretary General of the United Nations.</span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Dr. Abdulla is an occasional op-ed writer, and appears frequently on national and international media interviews. She tweets about various issues in English and in Arabic at <a href="https://twitter.com/RashaAbdulla"><span class="s2">@RashaAbdulla</span></a></span><span class="s2">.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker--small"></div> <article id="team--member-355547" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="Germany [appointed 2025]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA2MDAgNjAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDI1JTJGMDElMkZhbWlyYS1lbC1zYXllZC5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iNjAwIiBkYXRhLWg9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Amira El-Sayed<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">Germany [appointed 2025]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-355547');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-355547" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Amira El-Sayed<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-355547');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Amira El-Sayed is the Director of Global Programmes at Luminate, working to help ensure that everyone can meaningfully participate in society and challenge power where power is repressive.</p> <p>Amira was previously Director of Programs and Strategy at Reboot, a social impact consultancy, leading its New York-based Programs Team and working to advance civic participation and social action with a variety of philanthropic, government, and private sector partners. Prior to this Amira worked at Transparency International, focusing on the accountability of defence and security forces. Amira first led the Africa Programme and later managed an initiative to develop global norms for responsible defence governance, as well as the Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index, TI’s flagship publication on defence and security.</p> <p>A former Tahrir Square activist, Amira started her career in non-profit organisations in Egypt.</p> <p>She is a member of the Open Technology Fund’s Advisory Council.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="team--member-67953" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker small-12columnsbreaker--small"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="USA [appointed June 2020]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzNzAgMzcwIiB3aWR0aD0iMzcwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjM3MCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDIwJTJGMTIlMkZkYXZpZGtheWUuanBnIiBkYXRhLXc9IjM3MCIgZGF0YS1oPSIzNzAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> David Kaye<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">USA [appointed June 2020]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-67953');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-67953" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>David Kaye<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-67953');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>David Kaye teaches law at the University of California, Irvine. From 2014 – 2020 he served as the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. He is also the author of <em>Speech Police: The Global Struggle to Govern the Internet </em>(2019). Since October 2020 he has been serving as the Independent Chair of the Board of the Global Network Initiative. He has also written for international and American law journals and numerous media outlets. David began his legal career with the U.S. State Department’s Office of the Legal Adviser, is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and is a former member of the Executive Council of the American Society of International Law.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker"></div><div class="small-12 columns breaker--small"></div> <article id="team--member-355549" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="UK / Zambia [appointed 2025]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA2MDAgNjAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDI1JTJGMDElMkZtdWx1a2EtYW5uZS5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iNjAwIiBkYXRhLWg9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">UK / Zambia [appointed 2025]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-355549');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-355549" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-355549');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond is a Zambian-British human rights practitioner with more than 25 years of experience. She currently serves as the United Nations Independent Expert on the rights of persons with albinism, a role she began in August 2021. Additionally, she is a Visiting Fellow at Staffordshire University in the UK.</p> <p>Throughout her career, Muluka-Anne has held several prominent positions, including Deputy Director and Senior Programme Lawyer at the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI), Regional Advocacy Director at the Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC), and Researcher for Portuguese and Spanish-speaking African countries at Amnesty International, among others.</p> <p>Muluka-Anne holds a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of Venda, an LLM from the University of Pretoria, and a Master of Science (MSc) in Development Management from the Open University in the UK. In addition to English, she speaks Portuguese and has a working knowledge of Spanish.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="team--member-274709" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker--small"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="Brazil [Appointed 2022]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzODcgMzkwIiB3aWR0aD0iMzg3IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjM5MCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDIyJTJGMDclMkZMdWNpYS1OYWRlci0xLmpwZyIgZGF0YS13PSIzODciIGRhdGEtaD0iMzkwIiBkYXRhLWJpcD0iIj48L3N2Zz4=" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Lucia Nader<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">Brazil [Appointed 2022]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-274709');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-274709" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Lucia Nader<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-274709');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Lucia Nader is a political scientist with expertise in the field of democracy, social change, and human rights.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p> <p>A seasoned consultant and facilitator and the author of several articles on social entrepreneurship, she has been researching and working with activists, NGOs and donors for more than 25 years. She is former Executive Director of the Brazil-based organisation Conectas Human Rights, and led on its Foreign Policy and Human Rights Program, with a focus on south-south relations.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p> <p>Recently she has focused on strengthening institutional processes, and fostering individual and collective care and protection within organisations. She facilitates team-building, governance and strategic planning, as well as collaborative research initiatives. Her current PhD research at the Institute for Development Studies – University of Sussex focuses on regenerative activism, looking at the benefits of renewal, restoration and revitalisation at individual, organisational and movement levels.</p> <p>Lucia was a visiting scholar at the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice – CHGRJ (New York University) and at the Institute for Latin American Studies – ILAS (Columbia University) in 2017 and 2018. From 2015 and 2016, she was a fellow with the Open Society Foundations Fellowship Program investigating ‘Solid Organizations in a Liquid World’.</p> <p>She holds a postgraduate degree from Sciences-Po (Paris, France) and a Bachelor’s degree in international relations from the Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP). Ashoka, an organisation supporting entrepreneurs and organisations that provide solutions to social problems, recognised her work in 2009. Lucia is fluent in Portuguese, French, English and Spanish.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker--small"></div> <article id="team--member-305364" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="Mexico [appointed January 2022] " src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA1MjQgNTgxIiB3aWR0aD0iNTI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjU4MSIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDIzJTJGMDUlMkZqYXZpZXJnYXJ6YS1hcnRpY2xlLTE5LmpwZWciIGRhdGEtdz0iNTI0IiBkYXRhLWg9IjU4MSIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Javier Garza Ramos<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">Mexico [appointed January 2022] </span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-305364');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-305364" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Javier Garza Ramos<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-305364');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Javier Garza Ramos is a journalist based in Torreón (northern Mexico) where he founded and heads EnRe2Laguna, a local news platform on radio and social media. He also co-hosts Expansión Daily, one of the most popular news podcasts in México.</p> <p>For the past 15 years, he has also worked in journalist protection and press freedom issues. As editorial director of El Siglo de Torreón, he led a newsroom that came under fire from drug cartels operating in his city, and developed safety protocols that are now used by newsrooms in several countries.</p> <p>He is a contributor in El País and The Washington Post and writes about journalism in Latin America for Harvard University’s Nieman Reports.. Garza was also a Knight Fellow at the International Center for Journalists focusing on digital security. Formerly a chair of Article19’s Mexico and Central America affiliate, he is also on the board of the World Editors Forum, and has given conferences and workshops on press freedom, media development and journalist safety in several countries.</p> <p>He has a Bachelor’s degree from the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City and a Master of Arts from the University of Texas at Austin.</p> <p>In 2022 he received a Special Citation of the Maria Moors Cabot Prize for journalism in the Americas given by Columbia University.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker"></div> <article id="team--member-57262" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker--small"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="India (Appointed in June 2020]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA2MDAgNjAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDIwJTJGMDklMkZhcGFybmEtcmF2aS5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iNjAwIiBkYXRhLWg9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Aparna Ravi<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">India (Appointed in June 2020]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-57262');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-57262" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Aparna Ravi<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-57262');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p><strong>Aparna Ravi</strong> is a corporate and finance lawyer with nearly two decades of experience, having practiced law in New York, London and India. She is currently based in New Delhi, where she is a Partner at Samvad Partners Advocates, a pan-Indian, full-service law firm. In addition to representing clients in financing, mergers and acquisitions, and investment transactions, Aparna regularly advices a number of corporate clients on corporate governance issues as well on compliance and advisory matters, including implementing policies to make working places safer.</p> <p>Aparna has also worked with a legal not-for-profit organization in Bangalore, India where she was involved in research and litigation on women’s rights and the right to education, and has been a visiting faculty at the National Law School of India University, Bangalore. Aparna was a member of the Bankruptcy Law Reform Committee constituted by the Indian Government that prepared the initial draft of the new legislation and continues to research and write widely on insolvency law reform in India.</p> <p>Aparna also has a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from New York University School of Law (2003) and a Bachelor degree in Government from Harvard University (2000). She is qualified to practice law in India and in New York.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker--small"></div> <article id="team--member-31962" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="UK [appointed June 2019]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA2MDAgNjAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDE5JTJGMDYlMkZsZXNsZXk2LmpwZyIgZGF0YS13PSI2MDAiIGRhdGEtaD0iNjAwIiBkYXRhLWJpcD0iIj48L3N2Zz4=" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> Lesley Swarbrick<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">UK [appointed June 2019]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-31962');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-31962" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>Lesley Swarbrick<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-31962');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>Lesley Swarbrick was appointed HR director of TI Media, formerly Time Inc. UK, in August 2014. In her nearly four years with the company, she was instrumental in the transformation of the business, leading a range of leadership and communication initiatives – including the work around the company’s strategic narrative. Prior to joining Time Inc. UK, Lesley had a long and distinguished career in HR at the BBC spanning two decades. In addition, she ran a successful HR consultancy business, where her clients included the Financial Conduct Authority, Amnesty International and Fox International.</p> <p>As HR Director BBC Vision, Lesley reported to the Executive Director and was responsible for supporting the Executive Directors of BBC Vision and BBC MC&A in developing, integrating and implementing the People Strategy to achieve the broader business objectives of the organisation.</p> <p>Lesley is a former journalist with a strong interest in human rights and freedom of expression issues.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="team--member-57265" class="small-12 medium-6 large-4 columns article__block-wrapper end team--wrapper team--wrapper-content small-12columnsbreaker small-12columnsbreaker--small"> <div class="article__block"> <div class="article__block--image-wrapper"> <img alt="UK {appointed December 2020]" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA2MDAgNjAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5hcnRpY2xlMTkub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDIwJTJGMTIlMkZkYXZpZC12aW5leS0xLmpwZyIgZGF0YS13PSI2MDAiIGRhdGEtaD0iNjAwIiBkYXRhLWJpcD0iIj48L3N2Zz4=" data-spai="1" class="fullWidth article__block--image"> </div> <div class="article__block--inner"> <div class="box box--white box--slope--heading box--slope--top-left"> <div class="box--slope--inner"> <h3 class="text--black"> David Viney<br /> </h3> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text">UK {appointed December 2020]</span> <span class="article__block--inner--small-text text--affiliation"></span> </div> </div> <div class="article__block--shadow"></div> </div> <button class="team--overlay-button box--link" onclick="openModal('a19-modal-57265');" aria-label="Click me to open more information"></button> </div> <div id="a19-modal-57265" class="a19-modal"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 large-4 a19-modal__header"> <h3>David Viney<br /></h3> </div> <div class="columns small-12 large-8 a19-modal__content"> <button class="close-box team--close-box" onclick="closeModal('a19-modal-57265');" aria-label="Close">X</button> <p>David Viney is a digital technologist with more than 25 years’ leadership experience across the public, private and third sectors, including six years building a digital consulting business.</p> <p>He is currently Director of Platforms at WPP – the world’s largest Marketing business – having previously undertaken similar roles at BSI, Arup and the BBC; where he delivered business systems across news, television and radio.</p> <p>David is professionally qualified in both IT and Finance, and a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Passionate about international development and human rights, he has served on the Finance Committee and main Boards of both SciDev, a global news media NGO, and Privacy International (‘PI’).</p> <p>Whilst David was at PI, the board oversaw a complete overhaul of the vision, strategy and branding of the organisation, to maintain relevance in the post-Snowden era; addressing not only fundamental privacy rights, but also emerging concerns such as data exploitation by large corporates and the protection of democracy from malign actors.</p> <p>David joined the ARTICLE 19 board in December 2020.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="small-12 columns breaker"></div><div class="small-12 columns breaker--small"></div></div> </div> </div> </main> </div><footer id="site-footer" class="site-footer"> <div class="footer-inner"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 large-2 columns footer__logo-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.article19.org" title="ARTICLE 19"> <img width="145" height="75" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNTUgODAiIHdpZHRoPSIxNTUiIGhlaWdodD0iODAiIGRhdGEtdT0iaHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuYXJ0aWNsZTE5Lm9yZyUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ0aGVtZXMlMkZhcnRpY2xlMTklMkZhc3NldHMlMkZpbWFnZXMlMkZsb2dvLnN2ZyIgZGF0YS13PSIxNTUiIGRhdGEtaD0iODAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="ARTICLE 19" class="logo"> </a> </div> <div class="small-12 large-6 columns"> <nav class="footer-menu"> <div class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-239536" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-239536"><a href="https://www.article19.org/press-and-media/">Press and Media</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-37519" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37519"><a href="https://www.article19.org/financials/">Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37520" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37520"><a href="https://www.article19.org/careers/">Work with us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-79190" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-79190"><a href="https://www.article19.org/article-19-privacy-notice/">Privacy Notice</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-37521" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37521"><a href="https://www.article19.org/privacy-policy/">About this site</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37522" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37522"><a href="https://www.article19.org/raising-a-concern-or-complaint-with-article-19/">Raising a concern</a></li> <li id="menu-item-40061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-40061"><a href="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Safeguarding-Policy-May-2019.pdf">Safeguarding</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-40060" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-40060"><a href="https://www.article19.org/contact-us/">Contact us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-280598" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-280598"><a href="https://www.article19.org/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div class="small-12 large-3 columns"> <div class="site-footer__socials"> <p><a class="button" href="https://www.article19.org/ie-sign-up/">Join our email list</a></p> <ul class="social-icons"> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/article19"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--youtube" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDB6E_x0xRSfF62b872n9YQ"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Youtube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--instagram" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/article19org/"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--bluesky" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://web-cdn.bsky.app/profile/article19.bsky.social"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Bluesky</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--fb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/article19org/"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="social-icons__icon social-icons__icon--twitter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://twitter.com/intent/follow?screen_name=article19org"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Visit us on Twitter</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 large-10 large-offset-2 columns"> <div class="footer-copyright"> Registered charity number 327421 | A company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales no. 02097222<br /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <span aria-hidden="true" id="to_top_scrollup" class="dashicons dashicons-arrow-up-alt2"><span class="screen-reader-text">Scroll Up</span></span><script type="text/javascript">var algolia = {"debug":true,"application_id":"7T2JPDE6PM","search_api_key":"2cd1c59dbf0444020cbd9f22acdfd5e1","powered_by_enabled":true,"query":"","autocomplete":{"sources":[{"index_id":"posts_page","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_page","label":"Pages","admin_name":"Pages","position":0,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_resources","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_resources","label":"Resources","admin_name":"Resources","position":1,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_campaign","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_campaign","label":"Campaigns","admin_name":"Campaigns","position":2,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_vacancies","index_name":"a19_prod_posts_vacancies","label":"Vacancies","admin_name":"Vacancies","position":3,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true}],"input_selector":"input[name='s']:not(.no-autocomplete):not(#adminbar-search)"},"indices":{"searchable_posts":{"name":"a19_prod_searchable_posts","id":"searchable_posts","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_page":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_page","id":"posts_page","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_resources":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_resources","id":"posts_resources","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_vacancies":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_vacancies","id":"posts_vacancies","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_campaign":{"name":"a19_prod_posts_campaign","id":"posts_campaign","enabled":true,"replicas":[]}}};</script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-header"> <div class="autocomplete-header"> <div class="autocomplete-header-title">{{{ data.label }}}</div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-post-suggestion"> <a class="suggestion-link" href="{{ data.permalink }}" title="{{ data.post_title }}"> <# if ( data.images.thumbnail ) { #> <img class="suggestion-post-thumbnail" src="{{ data.images.thumbnail.url }}" alt="{{ data.post_title }}"> <# } #> <div class="suggestion-post-attributes"> <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.post_title.value }}}</span> <# if ( data._snippetResult['content'] ) { #> <span class="suggestion-post-content">{{{ data._snippetResult['content'].value }}}</span> <# } #> </div> </a> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-term-suggestion"> <a class="suggestion-link" href="{{ data.permalink }}" title="{{ data.name }}"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 21" width="21" height="21"> <svg width="21" height="21" viewBox="0 0 21 21"> <path d="M4.662 8.72l-1.23 1.23c-.682.682-.68 1.792.004 2.477l5.135 5.135c.7.693 1.8.688 2.48.005l1.23-1.23 5.35-5.346c.31-.31.54-.92.51-1.36l-.32-4.29c-.09-1.09-1.05-2.06-2.15-2.14l-4.3-.33c-.43-.03-1.05.2-1.36.51l-.79.8-2.27 2.28-2.28 2.27zm9.826-.98c.69 0 1.25-.56 1.25-1.25s-.56-1.25-1.25-1.25-1.25.56-1.25 1.25.56 1.25 1.25 1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </svg> <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.name.value }}}</span> </a> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-user-suggestion"> <a class="suggestion-link user-suggestion-link" href="{{ data.posts_url }}" title="{{ data.display_name }}"> <# if ( data.avatar_url ) { #> <img class="suggestion-user-thumbnail" src="{{ data.avatar_url }}" alt="{{ data.display_name }}"> <# } #> <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.display_name.value }}}</span> </a> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-footer"> <div class="autocomplete-footer"> <a class="js-header-search-submit algolia-submit-button" href="https://www.article19.org/search/">Go to search results</a> </div> </script> <script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-empty"> <div class="autocomplete-empty"> No results matched your query <span class="empty-query">"{{ data.query }}"</span> </div> </script> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> /** * Core styles: block-supports */ </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="spai-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var spai_settings = {"api_domain":"cdn.shortpixel.ai","api_url":"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/spai\/w_%WIDTH%+q_glossy+ret_img","api_short_url":"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/spai\/ret_img","method":"src","crop":"","size_breakpoints":{"on":false,"base":50,"rate":10},"lqip":"","lazy_threshold":"500","hover_handling":"","native_lazy":"","serve_svg":"1","debug":"","site_url":"https:\/\/www.article19.org","plugin_url":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/shortpixel-adaptive-images","version":"3.10.0","excluded_selectors":[],"eager_selectors":[".overlay__background img"],"noresize_selectors":[],"alter2wh":"","use_first_sizes":[],"lazy_bg_style":"","active_integrations":{"nextgen":false,"modula":false,"elementor":false,"elementor-addons":false,"viba-portfolio":false,"envira":false,"everest":false,"wp-bakery":false,"woocommerce":false,"wpc-variations":false,"foo":false,"global-gallery":false,"essential-grid":false,"oxygen":false,"slider-revolution":false,"custom-facebook-feed":false,"smart-slider":false,"real3d-flipbook":false,"wp-grid-builder":false,"beaver-builder":false,"the-grid":false,"social-pug":false,"instagram-feed":false,"insta-gallery":false,"content-views":false,"featherlight":false,"lightbox-photoswipe":false,"acf":true,"soliloquy":false,"jetpack":false,"wp-rocket":{"lazyload":false,"css-filter":true,"minify-css":true,"defer-all-js":false,"video-placeholder":false},"perfmatters":false,"swift-performance":false,"imagify":{"active":false},"wp-fastest-cache":false,"litespeed-cache":false,"w3-total-cache":false,"wp-super-cache":false,"wp-optimize":{"active":false,"enable_css":false,"enable_merging_of_css":false},"breeze":false,"smart-cookie-kit":false,"wpzoom-theme":false,"avia-gallery-module":false,"theme":"article19"},"parse_css_files":"","backgrounds_max_width":"1920","sep":"+","webp":"1","avif":"1","webp_detect":"","extensions_to_nextgenimg":{"png":true,"jpg":true,"gif":true},"sniper":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/shortpixel-adaptive-images\/assets\/img\/target.cur","affected_tags":"{\"figure\":2,\"img\":1,\"link\":1}","ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_nonce":"eb6e8e135e","excluded_paths":["cmVnZXg6L1wvXC8oW15cL10qXC58KWdyYXZhdGFyLmNvbVwvLw=="]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/shortpixel-adaptive-images/assets/js/ai-2.0.min.js" id="spai-scripts-js" defer data-spai-excluded="true"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="pojo-a11y-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var PojoA11yOptions = {"focusable":"1","remove_link_target":"","add_role_links":"1","enable_save":"1","save_expiration":"12"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/pojo-accessibility/modules/legacy/assets/js/app.min.js?ver=1.0.0" id="pojo-a11y-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/js/vendors.min.js?ver=1644405064" id="a19-vendors-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/js/main.js?ver=1738167108" id="main-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/themes/article19/assets/js/search/autocomplete.js?ver=1678314397" id="autocomplete-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.7" id="underscore-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-util-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _wpUtilSettings = {"ajax":{"url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=6.7.2" id="wp-util-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/algoliasearch/dist/algoliasearch-lite.umd.js?ver=2.8.2" id="algolia-search-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/autocomplete.js/dist/autocomplete.js?ver=2.8.2" id="algolia-autocomplete-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.article19.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/autocomplete-noconflict.js?ver=2.8.2" id="algolia-autocomplete-noconflict-js" defer></script> <nav id="pojo-a11y-toolbar" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-left pojo-a11y-visible-desktop" role="navigation"> <div class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-toggle"> <a class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-toolbar-toggle-link" href="javascript:void(0);" title="Accessibility Tools" role="button"> <span class="pojo-sr-only sr-only">Open toolbar</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" fill="currentColor" width="1em"> <title>Accessibility Tools</title> <path d="M50 8.1c23.2 0 41.9 18.8 41.9 41.9 0 23.2-18.8 41.9-41.9 41.9C26.8 91.9 8.1 73.2 8.1 50S26.8 8.1 50 8.1M50 0C22.4 0 0 22.4 0 50s22.4 50 50 50 50-22.4 50-50S77.6 0 50 0zm0 11.3c-21.4 0-38.7 17.3-38.7 38.7S28.6 88.7 50 88.7 88.7 71.4 88.7 50 71.4 11.3 50 11.3zm0 8.9c4 0 7.3 3.2 7.3 7.3S54 34.7 50 34.7s-7.3-3.2-7.3-7.3 3.3-7.2 7.3-7.2zm23.7 19.7c-5.8 1.4-11.2 2.6-16.6 3.2.2 20.4 2.5 24.8 5 31.4.7 1.9-.2 4-2.1 4.7-1.9.7-4-.2-4.7-2.1-1.8-4.5-3.4-8.2-4.5-15.8h-2c-1 7.6-2.7 11.3-4.5 15.8-.7 1.9-2.8 2.8-4.7 2.1-1.9-.7-2.8-2.8-2.1-4.7 2.6-6.6 4.9-11 5-31.4-5.4-.6-10.8-1.8-16.6-3.2-1.7-.4-2.8-2.1-2.4-3.9.4-1.7 2.1-2.8 3.9-2.4 19.5 4.6 25.1 4.6 44.5 0 1.7-.4 3.5.7 3.9 2.4.7 1.8-.3 3.5-2.1 3.9z"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-overlay"> <div class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-inner"> <p class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-title">Accessibility Tools</p> <ul class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-items pojo-a11y-tools"> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-resize-font pojo-a11y-btn-resize-plus" data-action="resize-plus" data-action-group="resize" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Increase Text</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 200v16c0 4.25-3.75 8-8 8h-56v56c0 4.25-3.75 8-8 8h-16c-4.25 0-8-3.75-8-8v-56h-56c-4.25 0-8-3.75-8-8v-16c0-4.25 3.75-8 8-8h56v-56c0-4.25 3.75-8 8-8h16c4.25 0 8 3.75 8 8v56h56c4.25 0 8 3.75 8 8zM288 208c0-61.75-50.25-112-112-112s-112 50.25-112 112 50.25 112 112 112 112-50.25 112-112zM416 416c0 17.75-14.25 32-32 32-8.5 0-16.75-3.5-22.5-9.5l-85.75-85.5c-29.25 20.25-64.25 31-99.75 31-97.25 0-176-78.75-176-176s78.75-176 176-176 176 78.75 176 176c0 35.5-10.75 70.5-31 99.75l85.75 85.75c5.75 5.75 9.25 14 9.25 22.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Increase Text</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-resize-font pojo-a11y-btn-resize-minus" data-action="resize-minus" data-action-group="resize" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Decrease Text</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 200v16c0 4.25-3.75 8-8 8h-144c-4.25 0-8-3.75-8-8v-16c0-4.25 3.75-8 8-8h144c4.25 0 8 3.75 8 8zM288 208c0-61.75-50.25-112-112-112s-112 50.25-112 112 50.25 112 112 112 112-50.25 112-112zM416 416c0 17.75-14.25 32-32 32-8.5 0-16.75-3.5-22.5-9.5l-85.75-85.5c-29.25 20.25-64.25 31-99.75 31-97.25 0-176-78.75-176-176s78.75-176 176-176 176 78.75 176 176c0 35.5-10.75 70.5-31 99.75l85.75 85.75c5.75 5.75 9.25 14 9.25 22.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Decrease Text</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-background-group pojo-a11y-btn-grayscale" data-action="grayscale" data-action-group="schema" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Grayscale</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.75 384h-15.75v-352h15.75v352zM31.5 383.75h-8v-351.75h8v351.75zM55 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM94.25 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM133.5 383.75h-15.5v-351.75h15.5v351.75zM165 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM180.75 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM196.5 383.75h-7.75v-351.75h7.75v351.75zM235.75 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM275 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM306.5 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM338 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM361.5 383.75h-15.75v-351.75h15.75v351.75zM408.75 383.75h-23.5v-351.75h23.5v351.75zM424.5 383.75h-8v-351.75h8v351.75zM448 384h-15.75v-352h15.75v352z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Grayscale</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-background-group pojo-a11y-btn-high-contrast" data-action="high-contrast" data-action-group="schema" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>High Contrast</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M192 360v-272c-75 0-136 61-136 136s61 136 136 136zM384 224c0 106-86 192-192 192s-192-86-192-192 86-192 192-192 192 86 192 192z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">High Contrast</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-background-group pojo-a11y-btn-negative-contrast" data-action="negative-contrast" data-action-group="schema" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Negative Contrast</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 240c-23.75-36.75-56.25-68.25-95.25-88.25 10 17 15.25 36.5 15.25 56.25 0 61.75-50.25 112-112 112s-112-50.25-112-112c0-19.75 5.25-39.25 15.25-56.25-39 20-71.5 51.5-95.25 88.25 42.75 66 111.75 112 192 112s149.25-46 192-112zM236 144c0-6.5-5.5-12-12-12-41.75 0-76 34.25-76 76 0 6.5 5.5 12 12 12s12-5.5 12-12c0-28.5 23.5-52 52-52 6.5 0 12-5.5 12-12zM448 240c0 6.25-2 12-5 17.25-46 75.75-130.25 126.75-219 126.75s-173-51.25-219-126.75c-3-5.25-5-11-5-17.25s2-12 5-17.25c46-75.5 130.25-126.75 219-126.75s173 51.25 219 126.75c3 5.25 5 11 5 17.25z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Negative Contrast</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-links-underline" data-action="links-underline" data-action-group="toggle" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Links Underline</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M364 304c0-6.5-2.5-12.5-7-17l-52-52c-4.5-4.5-10.75-7-17-7-7.25 0-13 2.75-18 8 8.25 8.25 18 15.25 18 28 0 13.25-10.75 24-24 24-12.75 0-19.75-9.75-28-18-5.25 5-8.25 10.75-8.25 18.25 0 6.25 2.5 12.5 7 17l51.5 51.75c4.5 4.5 10.75 6.75 17 6.75s12.5-2.25 17-6.5l36.75-36.5c4.5-4.5 7-10.5 7-16.75zM188.25 127.75c0-6.25-2.5-12.5-7-17l-51.5-51.75c-4.5-4.5-10.75-7-17-7s-12.5 2.5-17 6.75l-36.75 36.5c-4.5 4.5-7 10.5-7 16.75 0 6.5 2.5 12.5 7 17l52 52c4.5 4.5 10.75 6.75 17 6.75 7.25 0 13-2.5 18-7.75-8.25-8.25-18-15.25-18-28 0-13.25 10.75-24 24-24 12.75 0 19.75 9.75 28 18 5.25-5 8.25-10.75 8.25-18.25zM412 304c0 19-7.75 37.5-21.25 50.75l-36.75 36.5c-13.5 13.5-31.75 20.75-50.75 20.75-19.25 0-37.5-7.5-51-21.25l-51.5-51.75c-13.5-13.5-20.75-31.75-20.75-50.75 0-19.75 8-38.5 22-52.25l-22-22c-13.75 14-32.25 22-52 22-19 0-37.5-7.5-51-21l-52-52c-13.75-13.75-21-31.75-21-51 0-19 7.75-37.5 21.25-50.75l36.75-36.5c13.5-13.5 31.75-20.75 50.75-20.75 19.25 0 37.5 7.5 51 21.25l51.5 51.75c13.5 13.5 20.75 31.75 20.75 50.75 0 19.75-8 38.5-22 52.25l22 22c13.75-14 32.25-22 52-22 19 0 37.5 7.5 51 21l52 52c13.75 13.75 21 31.75 21 51z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Links Underline</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-reset" data-action="reset" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>Reset</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M384 224c0 105.75-86.25 192-192 192-57.25 0-111.25-25.25-147.75-69.25-2.5-3.25-2.25-8 0.5-10.75l34.25-34.5c1.75-1.5 4-2.25 6.25-2.25 2.25 0.25 4.5 1.25 5.75 3 24.5 31.75 61.25 49.75 101 49.75 70.5 0 128-57.5 128-128s-57.5-128-128-128c-32.75 0-63.75 12.5-87 34.25l34.25 34.5c4.75 4.5 6 11.5 3.5 17.25-2.5 6-8.25 10-14.75 10h-112c-8.75 0-16-7.25-16-16v-112c0-6.5 4-12.25 10-14.75 5.75-2.5 12.75-1.25 17.25 3.5l32.5 32.25c35.25-33.25 83-53 132.25-53 105.75 0 192 86.25 192 192z"></path></svg></span> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">Reset</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </body> </html>