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Wilhelm Röntgen – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilhelm Röntgen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 134 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%84%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%95" title="ቭልሄልም ረንትገን — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቭልሄልም ረንትገን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%86" title="فيلهلم كونراد رونتغن — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلهلم كونراد رونتغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86" title="فيلهلم كونراد رونتجن — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلهلم كونراد رونتجن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_olyeem" title="X olyeem — Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="X olyeem" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="विल्हेम कोन्राड रोन्टजेन — awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="विल्हेम कोन्राड रोन्टजेन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — aimará" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Rentgen" title="Vilhelm Rentgen — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilhelm Rentgen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86" title="ویلهلم رونتقن — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلهلم رونتقن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вильгельм Конрад Рентген — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вильгельм Конрад Рентген" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelms_Reng%C4%97ns" title="Vilhelms Rengėns — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vilhelms Rengėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Roentgen — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Wilhelm Roentgen" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вільгельм Конрад Рэнтген — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм Конрад Рэнтген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вільгэльм Конрад Рэнтген — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вільгэльм Конрад Рэнтген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вилхелм Рьонтген — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилхелм Рьонтген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ভিলহেল্ম কনরাড রন্টগেন — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিলহেল্ম কনরাড রন্টগেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%BE%DB%8E%DA%B5%D9%85_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ڤیلھێڵم ڕۆنتگن — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیلھێڵم ڕۆنتگن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — córsico" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="córsico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Рентген Вильгельм Конрад — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рентген Вильгельм Конрад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Βίλχελμ Κόνραντ Ρέντγκεν — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίλχελμ Κόνραντ Ρέντγκεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ویلهلم رونتگن — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلهلم رونتگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8" title="व्हिल्हेल्म राँटगॅन — Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="व्हिल्हेल्म राँटगॅन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92%D7%9F" title="וילהלם רנטגן — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילהלם רנטגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="विलहम कॉनरैड रॉटजन — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलहम कॉनरैड रॉटजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վիլհելմ Ռենտգեն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլհելմ Ռենտգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Roentgen — ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wilhelm Roentgen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="ヴィルヘルム・レントゲン — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルヘルム・レントゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_Rontgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვილჰელმ რენტგენი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილჰელმ რენტგენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Roentgen — kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Wilhelm Roentgen" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вильгельм Конрад Рентген — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вильгельм Конрад Рентген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿಲ್ಹೆಮ್ ರಾಂಟ್ಜನ್ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಲ್ಹೆಮ್ ರಾಂಟ್ಜನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%BD%98%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A2%B4%ED%8A%B8%EA%B2%90" title="빌헬름 콘라트 뢴트겐 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌헬름 콘라트 뢴트겐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%90%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86" title="وِلہیلم رونٹیگن — caxemira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وِلہیلم رونٹیگن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вильгельм Рентген — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вильгельм Рентген" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Conradus_Roentgen" title="Gulielmus Conradus Roentgen — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Conradus Roentgen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Roentgen — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Wilhelm Roentgen" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelms_Rentgens" title="Vilhelms Rentgens — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vilhelms Rentgens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вилхелм Конрад Рентген — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилхелм Конрад Рентген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="വിൽഹെം കോൺറാഡ് റോൺട്ജൻ — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൽഹെം കോൺറാഡ് റോൺട്ജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вильгельм Рентген — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вильгельм Рентген" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="विल्हेम राँटजेन — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्हेम राँटजेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — maltês" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ویلهلم رونتگن — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلهلم رونتگن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="विल्हेम कोन्राद रोन्त्जेन — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विल्हेम कोन्राद रोन्त्जेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viilheelmi_Roontigan" title="Viilheelmi Roontigan — oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Viilheelmi Roontigan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ୱିଲହେମ ରଣ୍ଟଜେନ — oriá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୱିଲହେମ ରଣ୍ଟଜେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਲਹੈਲਮ ਰੋਂਟਗਨ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਲਹੈਲਮ ਰੋਂਟਗਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ولہیلم رونٹیگن — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولہیلم رونٹیگن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Рентген, Вильгельм Конрад — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рентген, Вильгельм Конрад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="विल्हेल्म् कार्नार्ड् रोण्ट्जेन् — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विल्हेल्म् कार्नार्ड् रोण्ट्जेन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вильгельм Конрад Рентген — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вильгельм Конрад Рентген" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Roentgen — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Wilhelm Roentgen" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="විල්හෙල්ම් රොන්ට්ජන් — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විල්හෙල්ම් රොන්ට්ජන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вилхелм Конрад Рендген — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилхелм Конрад Рендген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — sundanês" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuy-lein.Lun-cin%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%B4" title="Wuy-lein.Lun-cin威廉·倫琴 — Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Wuy-lein.Lun-cin威廉·倫琴" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வில்லெம் ரோண்ட்கன் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லெம் ரோண்ட்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="విల్హేల్మ్ కన్రాడ్ రాంట్జెన్ — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విల్హేల్మ్ కన్రాడ్ రాంట్జెన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="วิลเฮ็ล์ม เรินท์เกิน — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเฮ็ล์ม เรินท์เกิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вилһелм Конрад Рөнтген — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вилһелм Конрад Рөнтген" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вільгельм Конрад Рентген — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм Конрад Рентген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ولہیلم رونٹیگن — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولہیلم رونٹیگن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·伦琴 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·伦琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვილჰელმ რენტგენი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვილჰელმ რენტგენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·伦琴 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·伦琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%B4" title="倫琴 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="倫琴" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wilhelm Röntgen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·倫琴 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉·倫琴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35149#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; font-size:large; background-color:gainsboro; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class=""><span style="color:blue;">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" title="Medalha Nobel"><img alt="Medalha Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Roentgen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilhelm Röntgen"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/200px-Roentgen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/300px-Roentgen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/400px-Roentgen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Wilhelm Röntgen</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" colspan="2">descoberta dos <a href="/wiki/Raios_X" title="Raios X">raios X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/27_de_mar%C3%A7o#Nascimentos" title="27 de março">27 de março</a> de <a href="/wiki/1845" title="1845">1845</a><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Lennep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reino_da_Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Reino da Prússia">Reino da Prússia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Germ%C3%A2nica" title="Confederação Germânica">Confederação Germânica</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/10_de_fevereiro" title="10 de fevereiro">10 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a> (77 anos)</span><br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Munique" title="Munique">Munique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Weimar" title="República de Weimar">República de Weimar</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Residência </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Apeldoorn, <a href="/wiki/Zurique" title="Zurique">Zurique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wurtzburgo" title="Wurtzburgo">Wurtzburgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munique" title="Munique">Munique</a>, Utrecht </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Sepultamento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Alter Friedhof Gießen, Friedhofskapelle </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alem%C3%A3es" title="Alemães">alemão</a><sup id="cite_ref-historiek_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiek-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cidadania </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Weimar" title="República de Weimar">República de Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Alem%C3%A3o" title="Império Alemão">Império Alemão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reino_da_Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Reino da Prússia">Reino da Prússia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cônjuge </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Bertha Röntgen </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Federal_de_Tecnologia_de_Zurique" title="Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique">Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Zurique" title="Universidade de Zurique">Universidade de Zurique</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a>, professor, <a href="/wiki/Engenheiro" title="Engenheiro">engenheiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesquisador" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesquisador">pesquisador</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Distinções </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Rumford" title="Medalha Rumford">Medalha Rumford</a> (1896)</li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Elliott_Cresson" title="Medalha Elliott Cresson">Medalha Elliott Cresson</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/15px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/23px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Helmholtz" title="Medalha Helmholtz">Medalha Helmholtz</a> (1918)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Empregador(a) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Lu%C3%ADs_Maximiliano_de_Munique" title="Universidade Luís Maximiliano de Munique">Universidade Luís Maximiliano de Munique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_W%C3%BCrzburgo" title="Universidade de Würzburgo">Universidade de Würzburgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Giessen" title="Universidade de Giessen">Universidade de Giessen</a>, Universidade de Estrasburgo, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Hohenheim" title="Universidade de Hohenheim">Universidade de Hohenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Zurique" title="Universidade de Zurique">Universidade de Zurique</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientador(a)(es/s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/August_Kundt" title="August Kundt">August Kundt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientado(a)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_March" title="Herman March">Herman March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Ioffe" title="Abram Ioffe">Abram Ioffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ladenburg" title="Rudolf Ladenburg">Rudolf Ladenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wagner" title="Ernst Wagner">Ernst Wagner</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Instituições </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Estrasburgo" title="Universidade de Estrasburgo">Universidade de Estrasburgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Hohenheim" title="Universidade de Hohenheim">Universidade de Hohenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Giessen" title="Universidade de Giessen">Universidade de Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_W%C3%BCrzburgo" title="Universidade de Würzburgo">Universidade de Würzburgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Munique" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Munique">Universidade de Munique</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Obras destacadas </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Raios_X" title="Raios X">Raios X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Causa da morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_colorretal" title="Câncer colorretal">câncer colorretal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Assinatura </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_signature.svg/220px-Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_signature.svg/330px-Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_signature.svg/440px-Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="165" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:gainsboro"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35149" class="extiw" title="d:Q35149">edite no Wikidata</a>]</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Lennep</a>, <a href="/wiki/27_de_mar%C3%A7o" title="27 de março">27 de março</a> de <a href="/wiki/1845" title="1845">1845</a> — <a href="/wiki/Munique" title="Munique">Munique</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_de_fevereiro" title="10 de fevereiro">10 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a> e engenheiro mecânico alemão.<sup id="cite_ref-historiek_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiek-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Em <a href="/wiki/8_de_novembro" title="8 de novembro">8 de novembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</a>, produziu e detectou <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_eletromagn%C3%A9tica" title="Radiação eletromagnética">radiação eletromagnética</a> nos <a href="/wiki/Comprimento_de_onda" title="Comprimento de onda">comprimentos de onda</a> correspondentes aos atualmente chamados <a href="/wiki/Raios_X" title="Raios X">raios-X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-squires_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-squires-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Por essa descoberta recebeu seu primeiro <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a>, em 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Novelize_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novelize-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 2004, em reconhecido a seus feitos científicos, a <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_e_Aplicada" title="União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada">União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada</a> (IUPAC) nomeou o elemento químico 111 de <a href="/wiki/Roentg%C3%AAnio" title="Roentgênio">roentgênio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G1-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Biografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primeiros_anos_e_educação"><span id="Primeiros_anos_e_educa.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Primeiros anos e educação</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Primeiros anos e educação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Primeiros anos e educação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilhelm nasceu em 1845 em <a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Lennep</a>, uma província alemã no baixo Reno.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Era o filho único de mãe holandesa, Charlotte Constanze Frowein, e pai alemão, comerciante e tecelão.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Estudou em <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Holanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Holanda">Holanda</a>, para onde a família se mudou quando Wilhelm tinha 3 anos de idade. Suas notas eram regulares, dentro da média, mas ele apresentou uma curiosidade para as ciências naturais, gostando de passear pelos bosques da cidade. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:House-of_birth_of_Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/House-of_birth_of_Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen.jpg/170px-House-of_birth_of_Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/House-of_birth_of_Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen.jpg/255px-House-of_birth_of_Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/House-of_birth_of_Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen.jpg/340px-House-of_birth_of_Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Casa onde nasceu Roentgen, em Remscheid-Lennep</figcaption></figure> <p>Também gostava de mecânica, criando intrincados mecanismos, algo pelo qual manteve a prática na vida adulta. Em 1862, entrou na escola técnica de Utrecht, de onde foi injustamente expulso por ter feito uma caricatura de um de seus professores, que na verdade fora feito por outro colega.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sem um diploma de ensino médio, ele só pode cursar a universidade como visitante.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1865, tentou ingressar na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Utrecht">Universidade de Utrecht</a> sem a documentação necessária para ser matriculado como aluno regular. Depois de saber que ele poderia ingressar no instituto politécnico de <a href="/wiki/Zurique" title="Zurique">Zurique</a> e de ser aprovado na admissão, ele passou a cursar engenharia mecânica.<sup id="cite_ref-historiek_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiek-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novelize_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novelize-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Como aluno em Zurique, estudou com <a href="/wiki/August_Kundt" title="August Kundt">August Kundt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a>, que foram duas grandes influências em seu trabalho.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 1869, obteve o <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a>, pela <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Zurique" title="Universidade de Zurique">Universidade de Zurique</a>, onde estudou mais uma vez com Kundt, que seguiu até a <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Estrasburgo" title="Universidade de Estrasburgo">Universidade de Estrasburgo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Novelize_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novelize-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vida_pessoal">Vida pessoal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Vida pessoal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vida pessoal"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 19 de janeiro de 1872, Wilhelm se casou com Anna Bertha Ludwig (1839–1919), sobrinha do poeta <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ludwig" title="Otto Ludwig">Otto Ludwig</a>, em <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos">Países Baixos</a>. Os dois namoravam desde os tempos de estudante de Wilhelm em Zurique.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> O casal não teve filhos, mas em 1887 eles adotam Josephine Bertha Ludwig, então com 6 anos de idade, filho do único irmão de Anna. Anna morreu em 1919, apenas 4 anos antes do marido.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carreira">Carreira</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Carreira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Carreira"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1874, ingressou como professor assistente na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Estrasburgo" title="Universidade de Estrasburgo">Universidade de Estrasburgo</a> e em 1875 tornou-se professor titular de agricultura na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Hohenheim" title="Universidade de Hohenheim">Universidade de Hohenheim</a>. No ano seguinte voltou para Estrasburgo como professor titular de física, mas três anos depois aceitou a cadeira de Física na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Giessen" title="Universidade de Giessen">Universidade de Giessen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historiek_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiek-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Por várias vezes, Wilhelm recusou vagas semelhantes em outras universidades, até que aceitou a proposta da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_W%C3%BCrzburgo" title="Universidade de Würzburgo">Universidade de Würzburgo</a> em 1888. Em 1899 recusou a cadeira de física na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Leipzig" title="Universidade de Leipzig">Universidade de Leipzig</a>, mas em 1900 aceitou a mesma cadeira na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Munique" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Munique">Universidade de Munique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> depois de um pedido especial feito pelo governo da <a href="/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera">Baviera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> para substituir o professor <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_Lommel" title="Eugen von Lommel">Eugen von Lommel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historiek_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiek-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilhelm ficou na Universidade de Munique pelo resto da vida, tendo recusado a direção do <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</a> (PTB) e a cadeira de física da <a href="/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Berlim" title="Academia das Ciências de Berlim">Academia das Ciências de Berlim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historiek_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiek-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm tinha família vivendo em <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> e tinha planos para imigrar. Chegou a aceitar um cargo na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Col%C3%BAmbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Colúmbia">Universidade Colúmbia</a>, em <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque" title="Nova Iorque">Nova Iorque</a> e chegou a comprar as passagens de navio, quando a eclosão da <a href="/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primeira Guerra Mundial">Primeira Guerra Mundial</a> atrapalhou seus planos e ele acabou permanecendo em <a href="/wiki/Munique" title="Munique">Munique</a> até o fim da vida.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seu primeiro trabalho foi publicado em 1870, falando sobre o ponto de aquecimento específico de gases.<sup id="cite_ref-squires_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-squires-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novelize_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novelize-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Alguns anos depois, publicou um trabalho sobre a condutividade térmica dos cristais. Estudou características elétricas do quartzo, a influência da pressão nos índices de refração de vários fluídos, a modificação dos planos de luz polarizada por influências eletromagnéticas, variações de temperatura e de compressão da água e de outros fluídos e o fenômeno que se segue após o espalhamento de gotas de óleo na água.<sup id="cite_ref-historiek_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historiek-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Os_raios-X">Os raios-X</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Os raios-X" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Os raios-X"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Remscheid_Lennep_-_Deutsches_R%C3%B6ntgenmuseum_05_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Remscheid_Lennep_-_Deutsches_R%C3%B6ntgenmuseum_05_ies.jpg/200px-Remscheid_Lennep_-_Deutsches_R%C3%B6ntgenmuseum_05_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Remscheid_Lennep_-_Deutsches_R%C3%B6ntgenmuseum_05_ies.jpg/300px-Remscheid_Lennep_-_Deutsches_R%C3%B6ntgenmuseum_05_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Remscheid_Lennep_-_Deutsches_R%C3%B6ntgenmuseum_05_ies.jpg/400px-Remscheid_Lennep_-_Deutsches_R%C3%B6ntgenmuseum_05_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Placa na entrada do Museu Röntgen</figcaption></figure> <p>Em 1895, Wilhelm testava equipamentos desenvolvidos pelos seus colegas <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hittorf" title="Johann Wilhelm Hittorf">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> e <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>, quando foi atingido por uma descarga elétrica.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> No início de novembro, ele estava repetindo um experimento com um dos tubos de Lenard em que uma fina camada de alumínio foi adicionada para permitir que os raios catódicos saíssem do tubo, mas uma cobertura de papelão foi adicionada para proteger o alumínio de danos causados pelo forte campo eletrostático que produzia os raios catódicos.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele sabia que a cobertura de papelão evitava que a luz escapasse, mas Wilhelm observou que os raios invisíveis causavam um efeito fluorescente em uma pequena tela de papelão pintada com <a href="/wiki/Platinocianeto_de_b%C3%A1rio" title="Platinocianeto de bário">platinocianeto de bário</a> quando era colocado próximo à janela <a href="/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnio" title="Alumínio">alumínio</a>. Wilhelm percebeu que o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubo_Crookes-Hittorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubo Crookes-Hittorf (página não existe)">tubo Crookes-Hittorf</a>, que tinha uma parede de vidro muito mais espessa do que o tubo Lenard, também poderia causar esse efeito fluorescente.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Aparelho_de_roentgen,_1937.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aparelho_de_roentgen%2C_1937.tif/lossy-page1-184px-Aparelho_de_roentgen%2C_1937.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aparelho_de_roentgen%2C_1937.tif/lossy-page1-276px-Aparelho_de_roentgen%2C_1937.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aparelho_de_roentgen%2C_1937.tif/lossy-page1-368px-Aparelho_de_roentgen%2C_1937.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>Aparelho de Roentgen, em 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Em 8 de novembro de 1895, Wilhelm estava determinado a testar sua ideia.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele cuidadosamente construiu uma camada de papelão preta semelhante à que ele havia usado no tubo de Lenard. Cobriu o tubo de Crookes-Hittorf com o papelão e conectou os eletrodos a uma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobina_de_indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobina de indução (página não existe)">bobina de indução</a> para gerar uma carga eletrostática. Antes de montar a tela de platinocianeto de bário para testar sua ideia, Wilhelm escureceu a sala para testar a opacidade de sua capa de papelão. Ao passar a carga da bobina através do tubo, Wilhelm determinou que a tampa estava protegida da luz e preparou o próximo passo do experimento. Foi quando ele notou um brilho fraco vindo de um banquinho há poucos metros do tubo. Para se certificar, ele tentou várias descargas, vendo o mesmo brilho todas as vezes. Ele então descobriu que o brilho vinha da tela de platinocianeto de bário que ele pretendia usar em seguida.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilhelm se perguntava que tipo de raio estaria por trás do brilho. O dia 8 de novembro era uma sexta-feira, então ele aproveitou o final de semana para repetir seus experimentos e fazer anotações. Nas semanas seguintes, ele praticamente viveu dentro do laboratório para investigar as propriedades dos novos raios que descobriu, que apelidou temporariamente de "raios-X", usando a notação matemática ("X") para o desconhecido.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Em vários idiomas, os novos raios levariam seu nome.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em um determinado momento, enquanto investigava a capacidade de vários materiais de deter os raios, Wilhelm colocou um pequeno pedaço de chumbo em posição enquanto a descarga acontecia. Wilhelm viu então a primeira imagem radiográfica, seu próprio esqueleto cintilando na tela de platinocianeto de bário. Mais tarde, ele relatou que foi nesse ponto que decidiu continuar seus experimentos em sigilo, porque temia por sua reputação profissional se suas observações estivessem erradas.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O artigo original de Wilhelm, <i>Ueber Eine Neue Art von Strahlen</i> ("Sobre uma nova espécie de Raios"), foi publicado 50 dias depois, em 28 de dezembro de 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Em 5 de janeiro de 1896, um jornal austríaco relatou a descoberta, por Wilhelm, de um novo tipo de radiação. Após a descoberta dos raios-X, Wilhelm recebeu o título de Doutor Honorário em Medicina, da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_W%C3%BCrzburgo" title="Universidade de Würzburgo">Universidade de Würzburgo</a>. Entre 1895 e 1897, ele publicou três artigos a respeito dos raios-X, cuja tradução para o português pode ser vista nos links externos. Até os dias atuais, nenhuma das suas conclusões foi considerada falsa. Atualmente, Wilhelm Röntgen é considerado o pai da Radiologia de Diagnóstico – a especialidade médica que utiliza imagem para o diagnóstico de doenças.<sup id="cite_ref-Novelize_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novelize-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devido à sua descoberta, Röntgen foi laureado com o primeiro <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a>, em 1901. O prêmio foi concedido "em reconhecimento aos extraordinários serviços que a descoberta dos notáveis raios que levam seu nome possibilitaram".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Röntgen doou a recompensa monetária à sua universidade, convicto de que a ciência deve estar ao serviço da humanidade e não do lucro. À semelhança da escola científica alemã da época, e, da mesma forma que <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> faria vários anos mais tarde, rejeitou registrar qualquer <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">patente</a> relacionada à sua descoberta.<sup id="cite_ref-Novelize_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novelize-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg/184px-X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg/276px-X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg/367px-X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker%27s_hand_-_18960123-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Radiografia da mão de Albert von Kölliker, amigo de Röntgen</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:2006-03_Gie%C3%9Fen_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2006-03_Gie%C3%9Fen_35.jpg/184px-2006-03_Gie%C3%9Fen_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2006-03_Gie%C3%9Fen_35.jpg/276px-2006-03_Gie%C3%9Fen_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2006-03_Gie%C3%9Fen_35.jpg/368px-2006-03_Gie%C3%9Fen_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>Sepultura da família no <a href="/wiki/Alter_Friedhof_de_Gie%C3%9Fen" title="Alter Friedhof de Gießen">Alter Friedhof de Gießen</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morte">Morte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Morte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Morte"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilhelm Röntgen morreu em <a href="/wiki/Munique" title="Munique">Munique</a>, em 10 de fevereiro de 1923, devido a um <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a>, aos 77 anos. Atendendo seu pedido, ele foi sepultado no túmulo da família em <a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_(cidade)" title="Gießen (cidade)">Gießen</a>, onde sua mulher Anna também tinha sido enterrada.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicações_(seleção)"><span id="Publica.C3.A7.C3.B5es_.28sele.C3.A7.C3.A3o.29"></span>Publicações (seleção)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Publicações (seleção)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Publicações (seleção)"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livros">Livros</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Livros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Livros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Vragen op het anorganisch gedeelte van het scheikundig Leerboek van Dr. J. W. Gunning (Perguntas sobre a parte orgânica do livro de química do Dr. J. W. Gunning).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></i> Schoonhoven Utrecht 1865</li> <li><i>Studien über Gase</i>. Zürcher und Furrer, Zürich 1869, <small><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/26951624&lang=pt">26951624</a></span></small> (dissertação inaugural <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">Eidgenössische polytechnische Schule Zürich</a> 1869, 46 páginas).</li> <li><i>Eine neue Art von Strahlen</i>. 2. Auflage Stahel, Würzburg 1896, <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/575871458">DNB 575871458</a></span> (relatórios de reuniões da sociedade de medicina física de Würzburg 1895, pela primeira vez sob o título: <i>Grundlegende Abhandlungen über die X-Strahlen</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/roentgen_strahlen_1896">Digitalisat und Volltext</a> im Deutschen Textarchiv).</li> <li><i>Grundlegende Abhandlungen über die X-Strahlen</i> (<i>obras clássicas de físicos alemães</i>, Edição 1), J.A. Barth, Leipzig 1954, <small><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/6878433&lang=pt">6878433</a></span></small> (reprodução fiel da publicação nos <i>Anais de Física e Química</i>, NF Volume 64, 1898); NA com um ensaio biográfico de Walther Gerlach, editado por Fritz Krafft, Kindler, Munique 1972, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/3463005077" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-463-00507-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contribuições_de_periódicos"><span id="Contribui.C3.A7.C3.B5es_de_peri.C3.B3dicos"></span>Contribuições de periódicos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Contribuições de periódicos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Contribuições de periódicos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Über die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der spezifischen Wärmen der Luft</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 2ª série, vol.141, págs. 552–566, 1870; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k152258.image.f573.tableDesMatieres.langEN">online</a></li> <li><i>Über ein Aneroidbarometer mit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiegelablesung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiegelablesung (página não existe)">Spiegelablesung</a></i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3ª série, vol.4, pp. 305–311, 1878; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15248x.image.f311.langEN">online</a></li> <li><i>Über die elektromagnetische Drehung der Polarisationsebene des Lichtes in den Gasen</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3ª série, volume 8, pp. 278–298, 1879 – com <a href="/wiki/August_Kundt" title="August Kundt">August Kundt</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k152525.image.f298.tableDesMatieres.langEN">online</a></li> <li><i>Über Töne, welche durch intermittierende Bestrahlung eines Gases entstehen</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3ª série, vol.12, págs. 155-159, 1881; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15256j.image.f165.tableDesMatieres.langEN">online</a></li> <li><i>Über den Einfluss des Druckes auf die Viskosität der Flüssigkeiten, speziell des Wassers</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3ª série, vol. 22, p. 510, 1884</li> <li><i>Neue Versuche über die Absorption von Wärme durch Wasserdampf</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3ª série, vol.23, págs. 1-49 e 259-298, 1884; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15266v.image.f9.langEN">Vol 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15266v.image.f270.langEN">Vol 2</a></li> <li><i>Über die durch Bewegung eines im homogen elektrischen Felde befindlichen Dielektrikums hervorgerufene elektrodynamische Kraft</i>. In: <i>Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin</i>. Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse, Volume 7, pp. 23–29, 1888</li> <li><i>Über die Dicke von kohärenten Ölschichten auf der Oberfläche des Wassers</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3ª série, vol. 41, pp. 321–329, 1890</li> <li><i>Über die Konstitution des flüssigen Wassers</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3ª série, vol. 45, p. 91, 1892</li> <li><i>Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. (Vorläufige Mittheilung).</i> In: <i>Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg.</i> Editor do Stahel'schen k. Loja de livros e arte da corte e da universidade, Würzburg (dezembro) 1895, pp. 137–147; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/pages.cgi?call=548_R77N_VOL._1&layout=vol0/part0/copy0&file=0004">online</a> – novas edições 1896.</li> <li><i>Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. (Fortsetzung.)</i> In: <i>Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg.</i> (março) 1896, pp. 11–17; também na separata: <i>Eine neue Art von Strahlen. II. Mittheilung.</i> ibid no final de 1895 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/roentgen_strahlen02_1896">Digitalisat und Volltext</a> im Deutschen Textarchiv) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/pages.cgi?call=548_R77N_VOL._2&layout=vol0/part0/copy0">(online)</a>.</li> <li><i>Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen</i>. In: <i>Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin</i>. Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse, pp. 392–406, 1897 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/roentgen_weitere_1897">Digitalisat und Volltext</a> im Deutschen Textarchiv)</li> <li><i>Über die Elektrizitätsleitung in einigen Kristallen und über den Einfluss der Bestrahlung darauf</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, 4ª série, volume 41, pp. 449–498, 1913 – com <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abram_Fjodorowitsch_Ioffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abram Fjodorowitsch Ioffe (página não existe)">Abram Fjodorowitsch Ioffe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15344t.image.f457.tableDesMatieres.langEN">online</a></li> <li><i>Pyro- und piezo-elektrische Untersuchungen</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, 4ª série, volume 45, pp. 737–800, 1914; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k153486.image.f751.tableDesMatieres.langEN">online</a></li> <li><i>Über die Elektrizitätsleitung in einigen Kristallen und über den Einfluss einer Bestrahlung darauf</i>. In: <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, 4ª série, volume 64, pp. 1–195, 1921 - com Abram Fjodorowitsch Ioffe; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k153664.image.f8.langFR">online</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-historiek-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-historiek_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-historiek_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-historiek_1-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-historiek_1-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-historiek_1-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-historiek_1-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-historiek_1-6">g</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiek.net/wilhelm-rontgen-ontdekker-rontgenstraling/550/">«Wilhelm Röntgen (1845-1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling»</a>. historiek.net</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen+%281845-1923%29+%93+Ontdekker+r%C3%B6ntgenstraling&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=historiek.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Fwilhelm-rontgen-ontdekker-rontgenstraling%2F550%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-squires-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-squires_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-squires_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Novelline, Robert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.br/books/about/Squire_s_Fundamentals_of_Radiology.html?id=XhFbngxk8lMC&redir_esc=y"><i>Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology</i></a> (em inglês) 5° ed. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. p. 1. 638 páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-674-83339-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-674-83339-2">0-674-83339-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 3 de janeiro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Novelline&rft.btitle=Squire%27s+Fundamentals+of+Radiology&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=5%B0&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-83339-2&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FSquire_s_Fundamentals_of_Radiology.html%3Fid%3DXhFbngxk8lMC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novelize-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novelize_3-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novelize_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novelize_3-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novelize_3-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novelize_3-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novelize_3-5">f</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Novelize, Robert (2004). <i>Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology</i>. Harvard: Harvard University Press. p. 660. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0674012790" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0674012790">978-0674012790</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Novelize&rft.btitle=Squire%27s+Fundamentals+of+Radiology&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0674012790&rft.pages=660&rft.place=Harvard&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-G1_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Ciencia/0,,AA1354184-5603,00.html">«ELEMENTO 111 DA TABELA PERIÓDICA É BATIZADO COMO "ROENTGÊNIO<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>»</a>. G1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de junho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=ELEMENTO+111+DA+TABELA+PERI%C3%93DICA+%C3%89+BATIZADO+COMO+%22ROENTG%C3%8ANIO%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=G1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2FNoticias%2FCiencia%2F0%2C%2CAA1354184-5603%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_5-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_5-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_5-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_5-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_5-4">e</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Karl-Heinz Lummerich (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/pt-br/1845-nascia-wilhelm-conrad-r%C3%B6ntgen-descobridor-do-raio-x/a-782500">«1845: Nascia Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, descobridor do raio X»</a>. DW<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de junho de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=1845%3A+Nascia+Wilhelm+Conrad+R%C3%B6ntgen%2C+descobridor+do+raio+X&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=DW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fpt-br%2F1845-nascia-wilhelm-conrad-r%25C3%25B6ntgen-descobridor-do-raio-x%2Fa-782500&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-7">h</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-8">i</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-9">j</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-10">k</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-11">l</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-12">m</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-13">n</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-14">o</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-15">p</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-16">q</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-17">r</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-18">s</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_6-19">t</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/biographical/">«Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical»</a>. Nobel Prize Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de junho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Conrad+R%C3%B6ntgen+Biographical&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1901%2Frontgen%2Fbiographical%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Trevert, Edward (1988). <i>Something About X-Rays for Everybody</i>. Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing Corporation. 490 páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-944838-05-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-944838-05-7">0-944838-05-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=Trevert&rft.btitle=Something+About+X-Rays+for+Everybody&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-944838-05-7&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=Medical+Physics+Publishing+Corporation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memorial-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Memorial_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wilhelmconradroentgen.de/en/about-roentgen">«About Röntgen»</a>. Röntgen Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de junho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=About+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=R%C3%B6ntgen+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwilhelmconradroentgen.de%2Fen%2Fabout-roentgen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/physics/biography/rontgen.htm">«Wilhelm Röntgen»</a>. Robinson Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de junho de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Robinson+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robinsonlibrary.com%2Fscience%2Fphysics%2Fbiography%2Frontgen.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinaintensiva.com.br/roentgen.htm">«Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen»</a>. Medicina Intensiva<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Conrad+Roentgen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Medicina+Intensiva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinaintensiva.com.br%2Froentgen.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Agar, Jon (2012). <i>Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press. 318 páginas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-7456-3469-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-7456-3469-2">978-0-7456-3469-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Twentieth+Century+and+Beyond&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3469-2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">MobileReference (2007). <i>100 Most Influential People of All Times for Smartphones and Mobile Devices</i> (em inglês) ilustrada ed. [S.l.]: MobileReference. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/160501124X" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/160501124X">160501124X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.au=MobileReference&rft.btitle=100+Most+Influential+People+of+All+Times+for+Smartphones+and+Mobile+Devices&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=ilustrada&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=160501124X&rft.pub=MobileReference&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lundqvist, Stig, ed. (1998). <i>Nobel Lectures in Physics</i> (em inglês). [S.l.]: World Scientific. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9810234015" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9810234015">9810234015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lectures+in+Physics&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9810234015&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Christine Williamson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/grave-of-wilhelm-conrad-roentgen">«Grave of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen»</a>. Atlas Obscura<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de junho de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=Grave+of+Wilhelm+Conrad+Roentgen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Atlas+Obscura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fgrave-of-wilhelm-conrad-roentgen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Der auf Deutsch übersetzte Titel des Buches befindet sich in: Albrecht Fölsing: <i>Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Aufbruch ins Innere der Materie.</i> München 2002, S. 27.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;">O <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm+Conrad+R%C3%B6ntgen&uselang=pt">Wilhelm Röntgen</a></span></b></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/1">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> em Nobelprize.org</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/index.html">«Perfil no sítio oficial do Nobel de Física 1901»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+R%C3%B6ntgen&rft.btitle=Perfil+no+s%C3tio+oficial+do+Nobel+de+F%C3sica+1901&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1901%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204095951/http://physics.nobel.brainparad.com/wilhelm_conrad_rontgen.html">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h/14663-h.htm#page403">The New Marvel in Photography</a>, um artigo e uma entrevista com Röntgen, na revista McClure's, Vol. 6, No. 5, Abril, 1896, do <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtsite.com/page5.html">A página dos tubos de raios catódicos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photograms.org/chapter02.html">Primeiro fotograma em Raios-X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504231643/http://www.xray.hmc.psu.edu/RCI/CENTENNIAL.HTML">Um século da Radiologia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314115214/http://www.spr.org.br/files/public/magazine/public_86/281.pdf">Radiologia: 110 anos de História</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314115500/http://www.spr.org.br/files/public/magazine/public_89/209.pdf">O Mundo ao Redor dos Raios X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314131940/http://www.spr.org.br/files/public/magazine/public_86/287.pdf">Sobre uma nova espécie de raios</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314115407/http://www.spr.org.br/files/public/magazine/public_88/135.pdf">Observações adicionais das propriedades dos raios X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6266">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (em inglês) no <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="color:gray;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Fontes_n%C3%A3o_confi%C3%A1veis" title="Wikipédia:Fontes não confiáveis"><span title="É duvidoso que a fonte seja confiável. Este site foi classificado como fonte não fiável; ver Wikipédia:FNF.">fonte confiável?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a></span></b><br />1896<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Rumford" title="Medalha Rumford">Medalha Rumford</a></b><br />1896<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_von_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard">Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b>—</b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></b><br />1901</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Matteucci_(1868–2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci" title="Predefinição:Medalha Matteucci"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Matteucci (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Matteucci_(1868–2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a> (1868–2021)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1868: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1875: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1876: <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">William Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1877: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1878: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wiedemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Wiedemann">Gustav Wiedemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1879: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1880: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Pacinotti" title="Antônio Pacinotti">Antônio Pacinotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1881: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Villari" title="Emilio Villari">Emilio Villari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1882: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1887: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1888: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1894: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1895: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1896: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Garbasso" title="Antônio Garbasso">Antônio Garbasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Lo_Surdo" title="Antonino Lo Surdo">Antonino Lo Surdo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Wood" title="Robert Williams Wood">Robert Williams Wood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Rasetti" title="Franco Rasetti">Franco Rasetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Touschek" title="Bruno Touschek">Bruno Touschek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Wick" title="Gian Carlo Wick">Gian Carlo Wick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Okun" title="Lev Okun">Lev Okun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Piccioni" title="Oreste Piccioni">Oreste Piccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Nicola Cabibbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bellettini" title="Giorgio Bellettini">Giorgio Bellettini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Giazotto" title="Adalberto Giazotto">Adalberto Giazotto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Tavani" title="Marco Tavani">Marco Tavani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluigi_Fogli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluigi Fogli (página não existe)">Gianluigi Fogli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Federico_Capasso" title="Federico Capasso">Federico Capasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Inguscio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Inguscio (página não existe)">Massimo Inguscio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_Maritan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Maritan (página não existe)">Amos Maritan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Rumford_(1800_—_2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Rumford" title="Predefinição:Medalha Rumford"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Rumford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Rumford (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Rumford&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Rumford_(1800_—_2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Rumford" title="Medalha Rumford">Medalha Rumford (1800 — 2021)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800—1848</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040861">.mw-parser-output .sep-list{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="nowrap">1800: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1804: <a href="/wiki/John_Leslie_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="John Leslie (físico)">John Leslie</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1808: <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1810: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Malus" title="Étienne-Louis Malus">Étienne-Louis Malus</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1814: <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Wells" title="William Charles Wells">William Charles Wells</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1816: <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1818: <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1824: <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1832: <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Frederic Daniell</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1834: <a href="/wiki/Macedonio_Melloni" title="Macedonio Melloni">Macedonio Melloni</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1838: <a href="/wiki/James_David_Forbes" title="James David Forbes">James David Forbes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1840: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Jean-Baptiste Biot</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1842: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="William Henry Fox Talbot">William Henry Fox Talbot</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1846: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1848: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850—1898</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap">1850: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Dominique_Arago" class="mw-redirect" title="François Jean Dominique Arago">François Jean Dominique Arago</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1852: <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1854: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Arnott" title="Neil Arnott">Neil Arnott</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1856: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1858: <a href="/wiki/Jules_C%C3%A9lestin_Jamin" title="Jules Célestin Jamin">Jules Célestin Jamin</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1860: <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1862: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1864: <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1866: <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Hippolyte Fizeau</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1868: <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1870: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Des_Cloizeaux" title="Alfred Des Cloizeaux">Alfred Des Cloizeaux</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1872: <a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1874: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1876: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Janssen">Pierre Janssen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1878: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cornu" title="Alfred Cornu">Alfred Cornu</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1880: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1882: <a href="/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney" title="William de Wiveleslie Abney">William de Wiveleslie Abney</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1884: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Robertus_Thalen" title="Tobias Robertus Thalen">Tobias Robertus Thalen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1886: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1888: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tacchini" title="Pietro Tacchini">Pietro Tacchini</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1890: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1892: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Christoffer_Dun%C3%A9r" title="Nils Christoffer Dunér">Nils Christoffer Dunér</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1894: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1896: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_von_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard">Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1898: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900—1948</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap">1900: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Longbourne_Callendar" title="Hugh Longbourne Callendar">Hugh Longbourne Callendar</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rubens" title="Heinrich Rubens">Heinrich Rubens</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Perot" title="Alfred Perot">Alfred Perot</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vernon_Boys" title="Charles Vernon Boys">Charles Vernon Boys</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paschen" title="Friedrich Paschen">Friedrich Paschen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Wander_Johannes_de_Haas" title="Wander Johannes de Haas">Wander Johannes de Haas</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_George_Coker" title="Ernest George Coker">Ernest George Coker</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Wood" title="Robert Williams Wood">Robert Williams Wood</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Karl Siegbahn</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Dobson" title="Gordon Dobson">Gordon Dobson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ricardo" title="Harry Ricardo">Harry Ricardo</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Egerton" title="Alfred Egerton">Alfred Egerton</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Simon" title="Francis Simon">Francis Simon</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950—1998</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Reginald_Burch" title="Cecil Reginald Burch">Cecil Reginald Burch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Philip_Bowden" title="Frank Philip Bowden">Frank Philip Bowden</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ralph_Merton" title="Thomas Ralph Merton">Thomas Ralph Merton</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gordon_Gaydon" title="Alfred Gordon Gaydon">Alfred Gordon Gaydon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Maurice_Newitt" title="Dudley Maurice Newitt">Dudley Maurice Newitt</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Christoffel_van_de_Hulst" title="Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst">Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/William_Penney" title="William Penney">William Penney</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hinton" title="Christopher Hinton">Christopher Hinton</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Basil_John_Mason" title="Basil John Mason">Basil John Mason</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/William_Frank_Vinen" title="William Frank Vinen">William Frank Vinen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gorrie_Wynne" title="Charles Gorrie Wynne">Charles Gorrie Wynne</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins" title="Harold Hopkins">Harold Hopkins</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Rooke" title="Denis Rooke">Denis Rooke</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Weinberg" title="Felix Weinberg">Felix Weinberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Eric_Spear" title="Walter Eric Spear">Walter Eric Spear</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Neville_Vazeille_Temperley" title="Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley">Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keller" title="Andrew Keller">Andrew Keller</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Turner" title="Grenville Turner">Grenville Turner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Friend" title="Richard Friend">Richard Friend</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000—2019</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Sibbett" title="Wilson Sibbett">Wilson Sibbett</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/David_King" title="David King">David King</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon" title="Richard Dixon">Richard Dixon</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Hansen" title="Jean-Pierre Hansen">Jean-Pierre Hansen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hinds" title="Edward Hinds">Edward Hinds</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Lonzarich" title="Gilbert Lonzarich">Gilbert Lonzarich</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Taylor" title="Roy Taylor">Roy Taylor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Baumberg" title="Jeremy Baumberg">Jeremy Baumberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortwin_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortwin Hess (página não existe)">Ortwin Hess</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Walmsley" title="Ian Walmsley">Ian Walmsley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Miles_Padgett" title="Miles Padgett">Miles Padgett</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gill" title="Patrick Gill">Patrick Gill</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Frenk" title="Carlos Frenk">Carlos Frenk</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Elliott_Cresson_(1875_—_1997)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Elliott_Cresson" title="Predefinição:Medalha Elliott Cresson"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Elliott_Cresson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Elliott Cresson (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Elliott_Cresson&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Elliott_Cresson_(1875_—_1997)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Elliott_Cresson" title="Medalha Elliott Cresson">Medalha Elliott Cresson (1875 — 1997)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1875_—_1900" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1875 — 1900</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1875: <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_Arlington_Bonwill" title="William Gibson Arlington Bonwill">William Gibson Arlington Bonwill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiss,_Banes,_Erben_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiss, Banes, Erben & Co. (página não existe)">Fiss, Banes, Erben & Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Weightman" title="William Weightman">William Weightman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.P._Tatham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.P. Tatham (página não existe)">W.P. Tatham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chew_Tilghman" title="Benjamin Chew Tilghman">Benjamin Chew Tilghman</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Zentmayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Zentmayer (página não existe)">Joseph Zentmayer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1877: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Charlton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Charlton (página não existe)">John Charlton</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._H._Dudley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. H. Dudley (página não existe)">P. H. Dudley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1878: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bower (página não existe)">Henry Bower</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Chambers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus Chambers (página não existe)">Cyrus Chambers</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams_Farr_Goodwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Farr Goodwin (página não existe)">Williams Farr Goodwin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1879: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Delandtsheer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norbert Delandtsheer (página não existe)">Norbert Delandtsheer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1880: <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._H._Spellier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. H. Spellier (página não existe)">L. H. Spellier</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1881: <a href="/wiki/William_Woodnut_Griscom" title="William Woodnut Griscom">William Woodnut Griscom</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1885: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyprien_Chabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyprien Chabot (página não existe)">Cyprien Chabot</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Siemens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Siemens (página não existe)">Frederick Siemens</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1886: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bernard_Delany" title="Patrick Bernard Delany">Patrick Bernard Delany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_S._C._Lowe" title="Thaddeus S. C. Lowe">Thaddeus S. C. Lowe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ott_%26_Brewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ott & Brewer (página não existe)">Ott & Brewer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._H._Ramsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. H. Ramsay (página não existe)">R. H. Ramsay</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Walkup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberty Walkup (página não existe)">Liberty Walkup</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1887: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Albert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F. Albert (página não existe)">Charles F. Albert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Bilgram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Bilgram (página não existe)">Hugo Bilgram</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_H._Cowles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred H. Cowles (página não existe)">Alfred H. Cowles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_H._Cowles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene H. Cowles (página não existe)">Eugene H. Cowles</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Shaw (página não existe)">Thomas Shaw</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1889: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Alfred_Cowper" title="Edward Alfred Cowper">Edward Alfred Cowper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottmar_Mergenthaler" title="Ottmar Mergenthaler">Ottmar Mergenthaler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Hart_Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Hart Robertson (página não existe)">T. Hart Robertson</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frederick_Simonds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Frederick Simonds (página não existe)">George Frederick Simonds</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1890: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._B._Hammond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. B. Hammond (página não existe)">J. B. Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayer_Hayes_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayer Hayes & Co. (página não existe)">Mayer Hayes & Co.</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1891: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stockton_Bates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockton Bates (página não existe)">Stockton Bates</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_H._Bevington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James H. Bevington (página não existe)">James H. Bevington</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradley_Allen_Fiske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradley Allen Fiske (página não existe)">Bradley Allen Fiske</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinius_Olsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinius Olsen (página não existe)">Tinius Olsen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_F._Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin F. Shaw (página não existe)">Edwin F. Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Matthews_Vauclain" title="Samuel Matthews Vauclain">Samuel Matthews Vauclain</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_M._Von_Culin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George M. Von Culin (página não existe)">George M. Von Culin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1892: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_H._Holmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip H. Holmes (página não existe)">Philip H. Holmes</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_M._Howe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry M. Howe (página não existe)">Henry M. Howe</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1893: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_H._Batchellor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford H. Batchellor (página não existe)">Clifford H. Batchellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" title="Frederic Eugene Ives">Frederic Eugene Ives</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_E._Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George E. Marks (página não existe)">George E. Marks</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Jank%C3%B3" title="Paul von Jankó">Paul von Jankó</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1894: <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1895: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_M._Howe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry M. Howe (página não existe)">Henry M. Howe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Peckover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Peckover (página não existe)">James Peckover</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lester_Allan_Pelton" title="Lester Allan Pelton">Lester Allan Pelton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1896: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bernard_Delany" title="Patrick Bernard Delany">Patrick Bernard Delany</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tolbert_Lanston" title="Tolbert Lanston">Tolbert Lanston</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1897: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_Castner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton Castner (página não existe)">Hamilton Castner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Jenkins" title="Charles Francis Jenkins">Charles Francis Jenkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Wilckes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Wilckes (página não existe)">Joseph Wilckes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1898: <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater" title="Wilbur Olin Atwater">Wilbur Olin Atwater</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Corscaden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Corscaden (página não existe)">Thomas Corscaden</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Hirschel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Hirschel (página não existe)">Clemens Hirschel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bennett_Rosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Bennett Rosa (página não existe)">Edward Bennett Rosa</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1900: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Cotton_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Cotton Company (página não existe)">American Cotton Company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Edward_Levy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Edward Levy (página não existe)">Louis Edward Levy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencoyd_Iron_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencoyd Iron Works (página não existe)">Pencoyd Iron Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Geol%C3%B3gico_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos">Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1901_—_1950" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1901 — 1950</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Forbes (página não existe)">John S. Forbes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._M._Haupt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. M. Haupt (página não existe)">L. M. Haupt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mason_and_Hamlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mason and Hamlin (página não existe)">Mason and Hamlin</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._G._Waterhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. G. Waterhouse (página não existe)">A. G. Waterhouse</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1902: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Acker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. E. Acker (página não existe)">C. E. Acker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor" title="Frederick Taylor">Frederick Taylor</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maunsel_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maunsel White (página não existe)">Maunsel White</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1903: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Clam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. H. Clam (página não existe)">G. H. Clam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Ferrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. L. Ferrell (página não existe)">J. L. Ferrell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Lindsley_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson Lindsley Gill (página não existe)">Wilson Lindsley Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Moritz_Goldschmidt" title="Victor Moritz Goldschmidt">Victor Goldschmidt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1904: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mapes_Dodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mapes Dodge (página não existe)">James Mapes Dodge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Lindsley_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson Lindsley Gill (página não existe)">Wilson Lindsley Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Goldschmidt" title="Hans Goldschmidt">Hans Goldschmidt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._E._Levy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. E. Levy (página não existe)">L. E. Levy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L.D._Lovekin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L.D. Lovekin (página não existe)">L.D. Lovekin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._E._Outerbridge,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. E. Outerbridge, Jr. (página não existe)">A. E. Outerbridge, Jr.</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._C._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. C. Parker (página não existe)">J. C. Parker</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._I._Pupin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. I. Pupin (página não existe)">M. I. Pupin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1906: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Paper_Bottle_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Paper Bottle Company (página não existe)">American Paper Bottle Company</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Hammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Hammer (página não existe)">William J. Hammer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works" title="Baldwin Locomotive Works">Baldwin Locomotive Works</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Borsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. L. Borsch (página não existe)">J. L. Borsch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Allen_Heany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Allen Heany (página não existe)">J. Allen Heany</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Philips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Philips (página não existe)">F. Philips</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_R._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward R. Taylor (página não existe)">Edward R. Taylor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1908: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeyn_Beck_Hough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeyn Beck Hough (página não existe)">Romeyn Beck Hough</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatole_Mallet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatole Mallet (página não existe)">Anatole Mallet</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gaede" title="Wolfgang Gaede">Wolfgang Gaede</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gayley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gayley (página não existe)">James Gayley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_e_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste e Louis Lumière">Auguste e Louis Lumière</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Talbot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Talbot (página não existe)">Benjamin Talbot</a>,<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._V._Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. V. Turner (página não existe)">W. V. Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underwood_Typewriter_Company" title="Underwood Typewriter Company">Underwood Typewriter Company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Vernasz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Vernasz (página não existe)">Alexis Vernasz</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._A._Wise_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. A. Wise Wood (página não existe)">H. A. Wise Wood</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1910: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Electric_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatic Electric Company (página não existe)">Automatic Electric Company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Brashear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Brashear (página não existe)">John A. Brashear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hadfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hadfield (página não existe)">Robert Hadfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Edward Weston (químico)">Edward Weston</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_W._Wiley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey W. Wiley (página não existe)">Harvey W. Wiley</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Noble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Noble (página não existe)">Alfred Noble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Morley">Edward Morley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wesley_Stratton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Wesley Stratton (página não existe)">Samuel Wesley Stratton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1913: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emile Fischer (página não existe)">Emile Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isham_Randolph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isham Randolph (página não existe)">Isham Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauveur" title="Albert Sauveur">Albert Sauveur</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Charles Proteus Steinmetz</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1914: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._von_Eder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. M. von Eder (página não existe)">J. M. von Eder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> e <a href="/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_Wright" title="Irmãos Wright">Irmãos Wright</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Owens" title="Michael Joseph Owens">Michael Joseph Owens</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">American Telephone & Telegraph</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byron_E._Eldred&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byron E. Eldred (página não existe)">Byron E. Eldred</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Gans (página não existe)">Robert Gans</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Fitch_Northrup" title="Edwin Fitch Northrup">Edwin Fitch Northrup</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Lewis" title="Isaac Newton Lewis">Isaac Newton Lewis</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/William_Le_Roy_Emmet" title="William Le Roy Emmet">William Le Roy Emmet</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_D._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond D. Johnson (página não existe)">Raymond D. Johnson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kingsbury" title="Albert Kingsbury">Albert Kingsbury</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Hodgkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Hodgkinson (página não existe)">Francis Hodgkinson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Hastings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles S. Hastings (página não existe)">Charles S. Hastings</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Miller" title="Dayton Miller">Dayton Miller</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1928: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_W._Elmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustaf W. Elmen (página não existe)">Gustaf W. Elmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Karapetoff" title="Vladimir Karapetoff">Vladimir Karapetoff</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Lawrance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Lawrance (página não existe)">Charles Lawrance</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1929: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irvine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Irvine (página não existe)">James Irvine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_Jackson" title="Chevalier Jackson">Chevalier Jackson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1930: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Rothwell_Gibson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Rothwell Gibson (página não existe)">Norman Rothwell Gibson</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Edwin_Moultrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Edwin Moultrop (página não existe)">Irving Edwin Moultrop</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Germer" title="Lester Germer">Lester Germer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotaro_Honda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotaro Honda (página não existe)">Kotaro Honda</a> e <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman" title="Theodore Lyman">Theodore Lyman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Legeyt_Fortescue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Legeyt Fortescue (página não existe)">Charles Legeyt Fortescue</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Boswell_Whitehead" title="John Boswell Whitehead">John Boswell Whitehead</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bauersfeld" title="Walther Bauersfeld">Walther Bauersfeld</a> e <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_La_Cierva_y_Codorniu" title="Juan de La Cierva y Codorniu">Juan de La Cierva y Codorniu</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine" title="Stuart Ballantine">Stuart Ballantine</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Switch_%26_Signal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Switch & Signal (página não existe)">Union Switch & Signal</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/George_Oliver_Curme" title="George Oliver Curme">George Oliver Curme</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jemison_van_de_Graaff" title="Robert Jemison van de Graaff">Robert Jemison van de Graaff</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bowie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bowie (página não existe)">William Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Edwin_Brandenberger" title="Jacques Edwin Brandenberger">Jacques Edwin Brandenberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Giauque" title="William Francis Giauque">William Francis Giauque</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Land" title="Edwin Land">Edwin Land</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vernon_Boys" title="Charles Vernon Boys">Charles Vernon Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ashley_Campbell" title="George Ashley Campbell">George Ashley Campbell</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Renshaw_Carson" title="John Renshaw Carson">John Renshaw Carson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1940: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_M._Backet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick M. Backet (página não existe)">Frederick M. Backet</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Runnels_Williams" title="Robert Runnels Williams">Robert Runnels Williams</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Marinha_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Marinha dos Estados Unidos">Marinha dos Estados Unidos</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1942: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Hudson (página não existe)">Claude Hudson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Metcalf_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Metcalf Allen (página não existe)">Charles Metcalf Allen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Caldwell_Hooper" title="Stanford Caldwell Hooper">Stanford Caldwell Hooper</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Ferry_Moody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Ferry Moody (página não existe)">Lewis Ferry Moody</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladeon_M._Barnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gladeon M. Barnes (página não existe)">Gladeon M. Barnes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Colpitts" title="Edwin H. Colpitts">Edwin H. Colpitts</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1951_—_1997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1951 — 1997</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Molina" title="Edward Molina">Edward Molina</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Birchard_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Birchard Taylor (página não existe)">H. Birchard Taylor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Blum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Blum (página não existe)">William Blum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Russell_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Russell Harrison (página não existe)">George Russell Harrison</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Meggers" title="William Frederick Meggers">William Frederick Meggers</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Philip_Bowden" title="Frank Philip Bowden">Frank Philip Bowden</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Frank_Libby" title="Willard Frank Libby">Willard Frank Libby</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginold_James_Seymour_Pigott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginold James Seymour Pigott (página não existe)">Reginold James Seymour Pigott</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_C._Patrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph C. Patrick (página não existe)">Joseph C. Patrick</a> e <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Timoshenko" title="Stephen Timoshenko">Stephen Timoshenko</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/John_Hays_Hammond" title="John Hays Hammond">John Hays Hammond</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Charles_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Charles Harrison (página não existe)">Henry Charles Harrison</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Wolff (página não existe)">Irving Wolff</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Latimer Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arpad_Nadai" title="Arpad Nadai">Arpad Nadai</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gray_Swann" title="William Francis Gray Swann">William Francis Gray Swann</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Donald Arthur Glaser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Rudenberg" title="Reinhold Rudenberg">Reinhold Rudenberg</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gilbert_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gilbert Baker (página não existe)">James Gilbert Baker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Christofilos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Christofilos (página não existe)">Nicholas Christofilos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Grote_Reber" title="Grote Reber">Grote Reber</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Semon" title="Waldo Semon">Waldo Semon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Southwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard V. Southwell">Richard V. Southwell</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_R._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert R. Wilson (página não existe)">Robert R. Wilson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald Van Slyke</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Francis_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Francis Mark (página não existe)">Herman Francis Mark</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bartlett" title="Neil Bartlett">Neil Bartlett</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring" title="Henry Eyring">Henry Eyring</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark">Peter Carl Goldmark</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Zinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Zinn">Walter Zinn</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Flory" title="Paul John Flory">Paul John Flory</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Lear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Lear (página não existe)">Bill Lear</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stapp" title="John Paul Stapp">John Paul Stapp</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_L._Cairns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore L. Cairns (página não existe)">Theodore L. Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Dicke" title="Robert Henry Dicke">Robert Henry Dicke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_James_Lighthill" title="Michael James Lighthill">Michael James Lighthill</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Charles_Brown" title="Herbert Charles Brown">Herbert Charles Brown</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_H._Stillinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank H. Stillinger (página não existe)">Frank H. Stillinger</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_King_Hubbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion King Hubbert (página não existe)">Marion King Hubbert</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_P._Eubank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold P. Eubank (página não existe)">Harold P. Eubank</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Neufeld" title="Elizabeth Neufeld">Elizabeth Neufeld</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> e <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lorenz" title="Edward Lorenz">Edward Lorenz</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Marlan_Scully" title="Marlan Scully">Marlan Scully</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Lap-Chee" title="Tsui Lap-Chee">Tsui Lap-Chee</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harry_Caruthers" title="Marvin Harry Caruthers">Marvin Harry Caruthers</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yi_Cho" title="Alfred Yi Cho">Alfred Yi Cho</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Fridovich" title="Irwin Fridovich">Irwin Fridovich</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joe_Milton_McCord" title="Joe Milton McCord">Joe Milton McCord</a></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_de_Física" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Física"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Nobel de Física (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_de_Física" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Strutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_von_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. W. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thomas_Sinton_Walton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a> e <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.-D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illia_Mikhailovich_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Illia Mikhailovich Frank">Frank</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igor_Yevgenyevich_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Segrè</a> e <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> e <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolay_Basov" title="Nicolay Basov">Basov</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> e <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugène Félix Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Cooper</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> e <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" title="Leo James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> e <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" title="James Watson Cronin">Cronin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> e <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">R. E. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">J. H. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Neville_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Neville Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dean_Osheroff" title="Douglas Dean Osheroff">Osheroff</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Hooft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2024</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> e <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber|</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Hall" title="John Lewis Hall">Hall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Masukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smith" title="George Smith">G. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> e <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bruce_McDonald" title="Arthur Bruce McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Kosterlitz" title="John Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> e <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> e <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cientistas_cujos_nomes_são_utilizados_como_unidades_não_SI" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cientistas_cujos_nomes_s%C3%A3o_utilizados_como_unidades_n%C3%A3o_SI" title="Predefinição:Cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados como unidades não SI"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Cientistas_cujos_nomes_s%C3%A3o_utilizados_como_unidades_n%C3%A3o_SI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados como unidades não SI (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cientistas_cujos_nomes_s%C3%A3o_utilizados_como_unidades_n%C3%A3o_SI&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cientistas_cujos_nomes_são_utilizados_como_unidades_não_SI" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_cientistas_cujos_nomes_s%C3%A3o_utilizados_como_unidades_n%C3%A3o_SI" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista de cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados como unidades não SI">Cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados como unidades não SI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00BFFF;">Unidades não SI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert" title="William Gilbert">William Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileu_Galilei" title="Galileu Galilei">Galileu Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Gabriel Fahrenheit">Gabriel Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unidades SI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cientistas_cujos_nomes_s%C3%A3o_utilizados_como_unidades_do_SI" title="Predefinição:Cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados como unidades do SI">Cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados como unidades do SI</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constantes físicas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cientistas_cujos_nomes_s%C3%A3o_utilizados_em_constantes_f%C3%ADsicas" title="Predefinição:Cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados em constantes físicas">Cientistas cujos nomes são utilizados em constantes físicas</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35149" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q35149">Q35149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/30332202">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30332202/">30332202</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apost%C3%B3lica_Vaticana" title="Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana">BAV</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://viaf.org/processed/BAV%7CADV12392654">ADV12392654</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90098248">90098248</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Espanha" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Espanha">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1097343">XX1097343</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941222s">11941222s</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/3505841">3505841</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_de_autoridades_de_nomes_e_t%C3%ADtulos_da_Catalunha" title="Catálogo de autoridades de nomes e títulos da Catalunha">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620159406706">981058620159406706</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06538370">DA06538370</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/1537190">1537190</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Rontgen">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/16084">16084</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118745743">118745743</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Dicion%C3%A1rio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Su%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Dicionário Histórico da Suíça">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/031642">031642</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_centrale_per_il_catalogo_unico_delle_biblioteche_italiane_e_per_le_informazioni_bibliografiche" title="Istituto centrale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche">ICCU</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/risultati-autori/-/opac-autori/detail/PUVV362411?core=autoriall">PUVV362411</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110500656">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50046876">n50046876</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10903">10903</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=52900">52900</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/10dad3ad-124f-4699-9d0e-a1120fa0bf7a">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621332">00621332</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35460898">35460898</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/550/000071337/">000071337</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068760884">068760884</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n96301394">n96301394</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Rijksbureau_voor_Kunsthistorische_Documentatie" title="Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie">RKD</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/artists/384019">384019</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Scopus_(base_de_dados_bibliogr%C3%A1fica)" title="Scopus (base de dados bibliográfica)">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56907649400">56907649400</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cr5xrr">w6cr5xrr</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027351521">027351521</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Treccani" title="Enciclopédia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/wilhelm-conrad-rontgen">wilhelm-conrad-rontgen</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Röntgen-18">Röntgen-18</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Brasil" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil">BNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000495109">000495109</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/110424">110424</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5714061A?mode=all">OL5714061A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Israel" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&local_base=nlx10&doc_number=000115111">000115111</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Literaturarchiv_Marbach" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach">Kallías</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dla-marbach.de/find/opac/id/PE00445794">PE00445794</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalliope-Verbund" class="extiw" title="de:Kalliope-Verbund">Kalliope-Verbund</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalliope-verbund.info/gnd/118745743">118745743</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Castellani_(Floren%C3%A7a)" title="Palazzo Castellani (Florença)">MG</a>: <span 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