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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estados_Unidos_e_Suíça" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estados_Unidos_e_Suíça"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Estados Unidos e Suíça</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estados_Unidos_e_Suíça-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Estados Unidos e Suíça</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estados_Unidos_e_Suíça-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Últimos_anos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Últimos_anos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Últimos anos</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personalidade e reputação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personalidade_e_reputação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolfgang Pauli</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 92 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فولفغانغ باولي — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولفغانغ باولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="فولفجانج پولى — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فولفجانج پولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfqanq_Pauli" title="Volfqanq Pauli — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Volfqanq Pauli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="وولفقانق پائولی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وولفقانق پائولی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вольфганг Паўлі — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вольфганг Паўлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вольфганг Паўлі — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вольфганг Паўлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Волфганг Паули — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Волфганг Паули" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ভোল্‌ফগাং পাউলি — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভোল্‌ফগাং পাউলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%86%DA%B5%D9%81%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="وۆڵفگانگ پاولی — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وۆڵفگانگ پاولی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Βόλφγκανγκ Πάουλι — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόλφγκανγκ Πάουλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ولفگانگ پاولی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولفگانگ پاولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="વુલ્ફગૅંગ પાઉલી — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વુલ્ફગૅંગ પાઉલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="וולפגנג פאולי — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וולפגנג פאולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="वुल्फगांग पौली — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वुल्फगांग पौली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Վոլֆգանգ Պաուլի — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոլֆգանգ Պաուլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA" title="ヴォルフガング・パウリ — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォルフガング・パウリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვოლფგანგ პაული — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოლფგანგ პაული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вольфганг Паули — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вольфганг Паули" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ವಾಲ್ಫಗಾಂಗ್ ಪೌಲಿ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಲ್ಫಗಾಂಗ್ ಪೌಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%ED%94%84%EA%B0%95_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="볼프강 파울리 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼프강 파울리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfgangus_Pauli" title="Volfgangus Pauli — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Volfgangus Pauli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volfgangs_Pauli" title="Volfgangs Pauli — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volfgangs Pauli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Волфганг Паули — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волфганг Паули" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="വൂൾഫ്‌ഗാങ്ങ് പോളി — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൂൾഫ്‌ഗാങ്ങ് പോളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вольфганг Паули — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вольфганг Паули" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="वोल्फगांग पॉली — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वोल्फगांग पॉली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ولفگانگ پاولی — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ولفگانگ پاولی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="वुल्फग्याङ पौली — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वुल्फग्याङ पौली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ولفگانگ پالی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولفگانگ پالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Паули, Вольфганг — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паули, Вольфганг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="वुल्फगांग पौली — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वुल्फगांग पौली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Волфганг Паули — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волфганг Паули" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uw-hu-kang.paw-li" title="Uw-hu-kang.paw-li — Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Uw-hu-kang.paw-li" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="வூல்ப்காங் பவுலி — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வூல்ப்காங் பவுலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ว็อล์ฟกัง เพาลี — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ว็อล์ฟกัง เพาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вольфганг Паулі — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вольфганг Паулі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ولف گینگ پاولی — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولف گینگ پاولی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wolfgang Pauli" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; font-size:large; background-color:gainsboro; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class=""><span style="color:blue;">Wolfgang Pauli</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" title="Medalha Nobel"><img alt="Medalha Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Pauli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wolfgang Pauli"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pauli.jpg/260px-Pauli.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Pauli.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Wolfgang Pauli</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" colspan="2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princ%C3%ADpio_de_exclus%C3%A3o_de_Pauli" title="Princípio de exclusão de Pauli">Princípio de exclusão de Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulariza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Pauli-Villars" title="Regularização de Pauli-Villars">regularização de Pauli-Villars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrizes_de_Pauli" title="Matrizes de Pauli">matrizes de Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Pauli" title="Equação de Pauli">equação de Pauli</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Wolfgang Ernst Pauli<br /><a href="/wiki/25_de_abril#Nascimentos" title="25 de abril">25 de abril</a> de <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Viena</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ustria-Hungria" title="Áustria-Hungria">Império Austro-Húngaro</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/15_de_dezembro" title="15 de dezembro">15 de dezembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a> (58 anos)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Zurique" title="Zurique">Zurique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Suíça">Suíça</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Sepultamento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Zollikon cemetery </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%ADacos" title="Austríacos">Austríaco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%AD%C3%A7os" title="Suíços">Suíço</a> / <a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">Norte-americano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cidadania </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Estados Unidos, Suíça, Áustria </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Progenitores </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Wolfgang Josef Pauli</li><li>Bertha Pauli</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cônjuge </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Käthe Margarethe Deppner, Franziska Bertram </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Irmão(ã)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Hertha Pauli </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Munique" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Munique">Universidade de Munique</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">físico teórico </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Distinções </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Lorentz" title="Medalha Lorentz">Medalha Lorentz</a> (1931)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Max_Planck" title="Medalha Max Planck">Medalha Max Planck</a> (1958)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Empregador(a) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Hamburgo" title="Universidade de Hamburgo">Universidade de Hamburgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universidade de Göttingen">Universidade de Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Federal_de_Tecnologia_de_Zurique" title="Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique">Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Niels_Bohr" title="Instituto Niels Bohr">Instituto Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Purdue" title="Universidade Purdue">Universidade Purdue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Michigan" title="Universidade de Michigan">Universidade de Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Princeton" title="Universidade de Princeton">Universidade de Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Federal_de_Tecnologia_de_Zurique" title="Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique">Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientador(a)(es/s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientado(a)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/John_Blatt" title="John Blatt">John Blatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_de-Shalit" title="Amos de-Shalit">Amos de-Shalit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Enz" title="Charles Enz">Charles Enz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kemmer" title="Nicholas Kemmer">Nicholas Kemmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igal_Talmi" title="Igal Talmi">Igal Talmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Villars" title="Felix Villars">Felix Villars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Instituições </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universidade de Göttingen">Universidade de Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Copenhague" title="Universidade de Copenhague">Universidade de Copenhague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Hamburgo" title="Universidade de Hamburgo">Universidade de Hamburgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Federal_de_Tecnologia_de_Zurique" title="Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique">Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Avan%C3%A7ados_de_Princeton" title="Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Princeton">Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Princeton</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">Física</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Tese </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><i>Über das Modell des Wasserstoff-Molekülions</i> <small>(1921)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Obras destacadas </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Princ%C3%ADpio_de_exclus%C3%A3o_de_Pauli" title="Princípio de exclusão de Pauli">Princípio de exclusão de Pauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrizes_de_Pauli" title="Matrizes de Pauli">matrizes de Pauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Pauli" title="Equação de Pauli">equação de Pauli</a>, Pauli effect, <a href="/wiki/Regulariza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Pauli-Villars" title="Regularização de Pauli-Villars">regularização de Pauli-Villars</a>, Pauli group, pseudovector de Pauli-Lubanski </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Religião </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%B3lico_n%C3%A3o_praticante" title="Católico não praticante">Católico não praticante</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Causa da morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cancro_do_p%C3%A2ncreas" title="Cancro do pâncreas">cancro do pâncreas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:gainsboro"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65989" class="extiw" title="d:Q65989">edite no Wikidata</a>]</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Wolfgang Ernst Pauli</b> (<a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Viena</a>, <a href="/wiki/25_de_abril" title="25 de abril">25 de abril</a> de <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zurique" title="Zurique">Zurique</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_de_dezembro" title="15 de dezembro">15 de dezembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico_te%C3%B3rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Físico teórico">físico teórico</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pesquisador" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesquisador">pesquisador</a> <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%ADaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Austríaco">austríaco</a> e um dos pioneiros da <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_qu%C3%A2ntica" class="mw-redirect" title="Física quântica">física quântica</a>. </p><p>Em 1945, após ter sido nomeado por <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, Pauli recebeu o <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Prêmio Nobel de Física">Prêmio Nobel de Física</a> por sua "contribuição decisiva através da descoberta de uma nova lei da Natureza, o princípio de exclusão ou princípio de Pauli". A descoberta envolveu a teoria do <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a>, que é a base de uma teoria da estrutura da matéria.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Biografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pauli nasceu em <a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Viena</a>, em 1900. Era filho do químico Wolfgang Joseph Pauli (1869–1955) e sua esposa, Bertha Camilla Schütz; sua irmã era Hertha Pauli, escritora, jornalista e atriz. Seu nome do meio é uma homenagem ao seu padrinho, o físico <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>. Os avós paternos de Pauli eram de proeminentes famílias judias de <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a>; seu bisavô foi o editor periódico judeu <i>Wolf Pascheles</i>. A mãe de Pauli, Bertha, foi criada na religião católica romana, como a mãe; seu pai era o escritor judeu Friedrich Schütz. Pauli foi criado como católico romano.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauli estudou no Döblinger Gymnasium em Viena, graduando-se com honras em 1918. Apenas dois meses após a graduação, ele publicou seu primeiro ensaio científico, sobre a <a href="/wiki/Teoria_da_Relatividade_Geral" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria da Relatividade Geral">Teoria da Relatividade Geral</a> de <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. Frequentou então a Universidade Ludwig-Maximilian de Munich, trabalhando com <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>, onde recebeu seu <a href="/wiki/Doutorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Doutorado">doutorado</a> em julho de 1921 por sua tese sobre a teoria quântica da molécula de <a href="/wiki/Hidrog%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidrogênio">hidrogênio</a> ionizada ( <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br />2</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-phd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carreira">Carreira</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Carreira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Carreira"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sommerfeld pediu a Pauli que revisasse a teoria da relatividade para a <i>Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften</i> (Enciclopédia de Ciências Matemáticas). Dois meses após o doutorado, Pauli concluiu o artigo, que chegou a 237 páginas. Einstein o elogiou; publicado como monografia, continua sendo uma referência padrão sobre o assunto.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauli passou um ano na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universidade de Göttingen">Universidade de Göttingen</a> como assistente de <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, e no ano seguinte no Instituto de Física Teórica de <a href="/wiki/Copenhague" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhague">Copenhague</a> (mais tarde <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Niels_Bohr" title="Instituto Niels Bohr">Instituto Niels Bohr</a>). De 1923 a 1928, foi professor na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Hamburgo" title="Universidade de Hamburgo">Universidade de Hamburgo</a>. Durante este período, Pauli foi fundamental no desenvolvimento da moderna teoria da mecânica quântica. Em particular, ele formulou o princípio da exclusão e a teoria do spin não relativístico.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 1928, Pauli foi nomeado Professor de Física Teórica na <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurique" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zurique">ETH Zurique</a>, na Suíça. Ele foi premiado com a Medalha Lorentz em 1930. Foi professor visitante na Universidade de Michigan em 1931 e no Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Princeton em 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jung">Jung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Jung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Jung"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No final de 1930, logo após a postulação do <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> e imediatamente após seu divórcio de Käthe Margarethe Deppner e o suicídio da mãe, Pauli passou por uma crise pessoal. Em janeiro de 1932 consultou o psiquiatra e psicoterapeuta <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, que também morava perto de Zurique. Jung imediatamente começou a interpretar os sonhos profundamente arquetípicos de Pauli e Pauli se tornou um colaborador de Jung. Logo começou a criticar cientificamente a epistemologia da teoria de Jung, e isso contribuiu para um certo esclarecimento das ideias de Jung, especialmente sobre a sincronicidade. Muitas dessas discussões estão documentadas nas cartas entre os dois. A elaborada análise de Jung de mais de 400 sonhos de Pauli está documentada em <i>Psychology and Alchemy</i>. Em 1933, Pauli publicou a segunda parte de seu livro sobre Física, Handbuch der Physik, que foi considerado o livro definitivo sobre o novo campo da física quântica. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> chamou-a de "a única introdução adulta à mecânica quântica".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A anexação alemã da Áustria em 1938 fez de Pauli um cidadão alemão, o que se tornou um problema para ele em 1939, após o início da <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial">Segunda Guerra Mundial</a>. Em 1940, tentou em vão obter a cidadania suíça, o que lhe teria permitido permanecer na ETH.<sup id="cite_ref-Enz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enz-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estados_Unidos_e_Suíça"><span id="Estados_Unidos_e_Su.C3.AD.C3.A7a"></span>Estados Unidos e Suíça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Estados Unidos e Suíça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Estados Unidos e Suíça"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1940, Pauli mudou-se para os <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>, onde trabalhou como professor de física teórica no <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Estudos_Avan%C3%A7ados_de_Princeton" title="Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Princeton">Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Princeton</a>. Em 1946, após a guerra, naturalizou-se cidadão americano e regressou a Zurique, onde permaneceu durante a maior parte da vida. Em 1949, obteve a cidadania suíça.<sup id="cite_ref-Enz_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enz-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Últimos_anos"><span id=".C3.9Altimos_anos"></span>Últimos anos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Últimos anos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Últimos anos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1958, Pauli recebeu a medalha Max Planck. No mesmo ano, ele adoeceu com câncer no pâncreas. Quando seu último assistente, Charles Enz, o visitou no hospital Rotkreuz, em Zurique, Pauli perguntou-lhe: “Você viu o número do quarto?” Era 137. Ao longo de sua vida, Pauli esteve preocupado com a questão de por que a constante de estrutura fina, uma constante fundamental adimensional, tem um valor quase igual a 1/137. Pauli morreu naquele quarto em <a href="/wiki/15_de_dezembro" title="15 de dezembro">15 de dezembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>, aos 58 anos.<sup id="cite_ref-Enz_1983_p887_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enz_1983_p887-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vida_pessoal">Vida pessoal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Vida pessoal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vida pessoal"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1929, Pauli casou-se com Käthe Margarethe Deppner, uma dançarina de cabaré. O casamento foi infeliz, terminando em divórcio menos de um ano depois. Casou-se novamente em 1934 com Franziska Bertram (1901–1987). Eles não tiveram filhos.<sup id="cite_ref-Misha2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misha2017-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pesquisa_científica"><span id="Pesquisa_cient.C3.ADfica"></span>Pesquisa científica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Pesquisa científica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Pesquisa científica"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pauli fez muitas contribuições importantes como físico, principalmente no campo da <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Mecânica quântica">mecânica quântica</a>. Ele raramente publicava artigos, preferindo longas correspondências com colegas como Niels Bohr, da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Copenhague" title="Universidade de Copenhague">Universidade de Copenhague</a>, na Dinamarca, e <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, com quem tinha amizades próximas. Muitas de suas ideias e resultados nunca foram publicados e apareceram apenas em suas cartas, que muitas vezes eram copiadas e divulgadas por seus destinatários. Em 1921, Pauli trabalhou com Bohr para criar o <a href="/wiki/Princ%C3%ADpio_de_Aufbau" title="Princípio de Aufbau">Princípio de Aufbau</a>, que descrevia a acumulação de <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9trons" class="mw-redirect" title="Elétrons">elétrons</a> em conchas com base na palavra alemã para construção, já que Bohr também era fluente em alemão.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauli propôs em 1924 um novo grau quântico de liberdade (ou <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_qu%C3%A2ntico" title="Número quântico">número quântico</a>) com dois valores possíveis, para resolver inconsistências entre os espectros moleculares observados e a teoria em desenvolvimento da <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Mecânica quântica">mecânica quântica</a>. Ele formulou o princípio de exclusão de Pauli, talvez seu trabalho mais importante, que afirmava que não poderiam existir dois elétrons no mesmo estado quântico, identificados por quatro números quânticos, incluindo seu novo grau de liberdade de dois valores. A ideia do spin surgiu com <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Kronig" title="Ralph Kronig">Ralph Kronig</a>. Um ano depois, <a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a> identificaram o novo grau de liberdade de Pauli como spin de elétrons, no qual Pauli por muito tempo erroneamente se recusou a acreditar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 1926, logo após Heisenberg publicar a teoria matricial da mecânica quântica moderna, Pauli a usou para derivar o espectro observado do átomo de hidrogênio. Esse resultado foi importante para garantir credibilidade à teoria de Heisenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauli introduziu as matrizes 2×2 Pauli como base dos operadores de spin, resolvendo assim a teoria não relativística do spin. Este trabalho, incluindo a equação de Pauli, às vezes é dito ter influenciado Paul Dirac em sua criação da equação de Dirac para o elétron relativístico, embora Dirac tenha dito que ele mesmo inventou essas mesmas matrizes de forma independente na época. Dirac inventou matrizes de spin semelhantes, mas maiores (4x4) para uso em seu tratamento relativístico do spin fermiônico.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 1930, Pauli considerou o problema da decadência beta. Em uma carta de 4 de dezembro a <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> <i>et al</i>., iniciando: "Queridas senhoras e senhores radioativos", ele propôs a existência de uma partícula neutra até então não observada com uma massa pequena, não superior a 1% da massa de um próton, para explicar o espectro contínuo do decaimento beta. Em 1934, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> incorporou a partícula, que ele chamou de neutrino, "pequeno neutro" no italiano nativo de Fermi, em sua teoria do decaimento beta. O <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> foi confirmado experimentalmente pela primeira vez em 1956 por Frederick Reines e Clyde Cowan, dois anos e meio antes da morte de Pauli. Ao receber a notícia, ele respondeu por telegrama: "Obrigado pela mensagem. Tudo vem para aquele que sabe esperar. Pauli".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Em 1940, Pauli re-derivou o teorema da estatística de <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a>, um resultado crítico da teoria quântica de campos que afirma que partículas com spin semi-inteiro são férmions, enquanto partículas com spin inteiro são bósons.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:The_physicists_Paul_Dirac,_Wolfgang_Pauli_and_Rudolf_Peierls,_c_1953._(9660575591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_physicists_Paul_Dirac%2C_Wolfgang_Pauli_and_Rudolf_Peierls%2C_c_1953._%289660575591%29.jpg/220px-The_physicists_Paul_Dirac%2C_Wolfgang_Pauli_and_Rudolf_Peierls%2C_c_1953._%289660575591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_physicists_Paul_Dirac%2C_Wolfgang_Pauli_and_Rudolf_Peierls%2C_c_1953._%289660575591%29.jpg/330px-The_physicists_Paul_Dirac%2C_Wolfgang_Pauli_and_Rudolf_Peierls%2C_c_1953._%289660575591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_physicists_Paul_Dirac%2C_Wolfgang_Pauli_and_Rudolf_Peierls%2C_c_1953._%289660575591%29.jpg/440px-The_physicists_Paul_Dirac%2C_Wolfgang_Pauli_and_Rudolf_Peierls%2C_c_1953._%289660575591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, Wolfgang Pauli e <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a>, c 1953</figcaption></figure><p>Em 1949, ele publicou um artigo sobre a regularização de Pauli-Villars: regularização é o termo para técnicas que modificam integrais matemáticas infinitas para torná-las finitas durante os cálculos, de modo que se possa identificar se as grandezas intrinsecamente infinitas na teoria (massa, carga, função de onda) formam um conjunto finito e, portanto, calculável que pode ser redefinido em termos de seus valores experimentais, cujo critério é denominado renormalização, e que remove infinidades das teorias quânticas de campos, mas também permite o cálculo de correções de ordem superior na teoria da perturbação.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauli fez repetidas críticas à síntese moderna da biologia evolutiva, e seus admiradores contemporâneos apontam para modos de herança epigenética como apoio a seus argumentos. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Drude" title="Paul Drude">Paul Drude</a> em 1900 propôs o primeiro modelo teórico para um <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron">elétron</a> clássico movendo-se através de um sólido metálico. O modelo clássico de Drude também foi aumentado por Pauli e outros físicos. Pauli percebeu que os elétrons livres no metal devem obedecer às estatísticas de Fermi-Dirac. Usando essa ideia, ele desenvolveu a teoria do paramagnetismo em 1926. Pauli disse: "Festkörperphysik ist eine Schmutzphysik" – a física do estado sólido é a física da sujeira.<sup id="cite_ref-AIP_Publishing_2018_p._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIP_Publishing_2018_p.-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauli foi eleito membro estrangeiro da <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/ForMemRS" class="mw-redirect" title="ForMemRS">ForMemRS</a>) em 1953 e presidente da Sociedade Suíça de Física em 1955 por dois anos.  Em 1958, tornou-se membro estrangeiro da <a href="/wiki/Academia_Real_de_Artes_e_Ci%C3%AAncias_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Real de Artes e Ciências dos Países Baixos">Academia Real de Artes e Ciências dos Países Baixos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalidade_e_reputação"><span id="Personalidade_e_reputa.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Personalidade e reputação</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Personalidade e reputação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Personalidade e reputação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O efeito Pauli foi nomeado após sua habilidade bizarra anedótica de quebrar equipamentos experimentais simplesmente por estar em sua vizinhança. Pauli estava ciente de sua reputação e ficava encantado sempre que o efeito Pauli se manifestava. Essas estranhas ocorrências estavam de acordo com suas investigações controversas sobre a legitimidade da parapsicologia, particularmente sua colaboração com C. G. Jung sobre sincronicidade. Max Born considerava Pauli "apenas comparável ao próprio Einstein ... talvez até maior". Einstein declarou Pauli seu "herdeiro espiritual".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauli era notoriamente perfeccionista. Isso se estendeu não apenas ao seu próprio trabalho, mas também ao de seus colegas. Como resultado, ele ficou conhecido na comunidade da física como a "consciência da física", o crítico a quem seus colegas eram responsáveis. Ele poderia ser contundente em sua rejeição de qualquer teoria que achasse faltante, muitas vezes rotulando-a de <i>ganz falsch</i>, "totalmente errada".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Pauli, Wolfgang; Jung, C. G. (1955). <i>The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche</i>. [S.l.]: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishi_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishi Press (página não existe)">Ishi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-4-87187-713-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-4-87187-713-8">978-4-87187-713-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.au=Jung%2C+C.+G.&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.aulast=Pauli&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+Nature+and+the+Psyche&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-4-87187-713-8&rft.pub=Ishi+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pauli, Wolfgang (1981). <i>Theory of Relativity</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-486-64152-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-486-64152-2">978-0-486-64152-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.aulast=Pauli&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Relativity&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-64152-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pauli, Wolfgang; Jung, C. G. (2001). C. A. Meier, ed. <i>Atom and Archetype, The Pauli/Jung Letters, 1932–1958</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-691012-07-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-691012-07-0">978-0-691012-07-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.au=Jung%2C+C.+G.&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.aulast=Pauli&rft.btitle=Atom+and+Archetype%2C+The+Pauli%2FJung+Letters%2C+1932%931958&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691012-07-0&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princ%C3%ADpio_de_exclus%C3%A3o_de_Pauli" title="Princípio de exclusão de Pauli">Princípio de exclusão de Pauli</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=22421">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (em inglês) no <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7042">«Nomination Database: Wolfgang Pauli»</a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de fevereiro de 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.btitle=Nomination+Database%3A+Wolfgang+Pauli&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D7042&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinfo.org/Physicists.html">«Jewish Physicists»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de fevereiro de 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.btitle=Jewish+Physicists&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinfo.org%2FPhysicists.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-phd_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Pauli, Wolfgang Ernst (1921). <i>Über das Modell des Wasserstoff-Molekülions</i> (Tese de doutorado). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+Ernst&rft.aulast=Pauli&rft.date=1921&rft.degree=doutorado&rft.inst=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.title=%C3%9Cber+das+Modell+des+Wasserstoff-Molek%C3%BClions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyklopdieDerMathematischenWissenschaftennfterBandPhysik/page/538/mode/2up">«Relativitätstheorie»</a>. Internet Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de fevereiro de 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.btitle=Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyklopdieDerMathematischenWissenschaftennfterBandPhysik%2Fpage%2F538%2Fmode%2F2up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desy.de/infos__services/presse/pressemeldungen/@@news-view?id=5081&lang=ger">«Universität Hamburg und DESY gründen Wolfgang Pauli Centre für theoretische Physik»</a>. DESY Hamburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de fevereiro de 2024</span>. <q>O centro leva o nome do ganhador do Prêmio Nobel de Física, que foi professor em Hamburgo de 1923 a 1928.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.btitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Hamburg+und+DESY+gr%C3%BCnden+Wolfgang+Pauli+Centre+f%C3%BCr+theoretische+Physik&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=DESY+Hamburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desy.de%2Finfos__services%2Fpresse%2Fpressemeldungen%2F%40%40news-view%3Fid%3D5081%26lang%3Dger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1945/pauli/biographical/">«Wolfgang Pauli – Biographical»</a>. The Nobel Prize<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de fevereiro de 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.btitle=Wolfgang+Pauli+%93+Biographical&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1945%2Fpauli%2Fbiographical%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Von Meyenn, Karl (1 de fevereiro de 2001). «Wolfgang Pauli». <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 43–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhT....54b..43M">2001PhT....54b..43M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1359709">10.1063/1.1359709</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.atitle=Wolfgang+Pauli&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.aulast=Von+Meyenn&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.pages=43-48&rft.volume=54&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhT....54b..43M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1359709&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enz_9-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enz_9-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Enz, Charles Paul (2004). <i>No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-19-856479-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-19-856479-9">978-0-19-856479-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.aufirst=Charles+Paul&rft.aulast=Enz&rft.btitle=No+Time+to+be+Brief%3A+A+Scientific+Biography+of+Wolfgang+Pauli&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856479-9&rft.pages=338&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enz_1983_p887-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Enz_1983_p887_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Enz, Charles P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=hpa-001:1983:56::1311">«In memoriam Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958)»</a>. <i>Helvetica Physica Acta</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.atitle=In+memoriam+Wolfgang+Pauli+%281900%931958%29&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft.aulast=Enz&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helvetica+Physica+Acta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Dhpa-001%3A1983%3A56%3A%3A1311&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misha2017-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Misha2017_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shifman, Misha (2017). <i>Standing Together in Troubled Times: Unpublished Letters Of Pauli, Einstein, Franck And Others</i>. [S.l.]: World Scientific. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-981-320-103-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-981-320-103-3">978-981-320-103-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.aufirst=Misha&rft.aulast=Shifman&rft.btitle=Standing+Together+in+Troubled+Times%3A+Unpublished+Letters+Of+Pauli%2C+Einstein%2C+Franck+And+Others&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-981-320-103-3&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIP_Publishing_2018_p.-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AIP_Publishing_2018_p._12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">«Commentary: Condensed matter's image problem». AIP Publishing. <i>Physics Today</i>. 19 de dezembro de 2018. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-0699">1945-0699</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.6.3.20181219a">10.1063/pt.6.3.20181219a</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Condensed+matter%27s+image+problem&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1945-0699&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2Fpt.6.3.20181219a&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phy.bnl.gov/~diwan/talks/talks/virginia%20colloquium/sps/july30_teachers/pauli_physics_today.html">«Physics Today February 2001»</a>. <i>www.phy.bnl.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de fevereiro de 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.atitle=Physics+Today+February+2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phy.bnl.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phy.bnl.gov%2F~diwan%2Ftalks%2Ftalks%2Fvirginia%2520colloquium%2Fsps%2Fjuly30_teachers%2Fpauli_physics_today.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rechenberg, Helmut (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tUVMSsC9wAC&pg=PA488"><i>The Historical Development of Quantum Theory</i></a> (em inglês). [S.l.]: Springer Science & Business Media</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.aulast=Rechenberg&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Quantum+Theory&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tUVMSsC9wAC%26pg%3DPA488&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/50">Wolfgang Pauli</a> em Nobelprize.org</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Robertson" title="Edmund Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pauli.html">«Wolfgang Pauli»</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i> (em inglês), <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_St._Andrews" title="Universidade de St. Andrews">Universidade de St. Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.atitle=Wolfgang+Pauli&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Universidade+de+St.+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FPauli.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/">«Perfil no sítio oficial do Nobel de Física 1945»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.btitle=Perfil+no+s%C3tio+oficial+do+Nobel+de+F%C3sica+1945&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1945%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/wolfgang_pauli.html">«Biografia»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AWolfgang+Pauli&rft.btitle=Biografia&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobel-winners.com%2FPhysics%2Fwolfgang_pauli.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Lorentz" title="Medalha Lorentz">Medalha Lorentz</a></b><br />1931</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></b><br />1945</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin</a></b><br />1952</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gibbs" title="William Francis Gibbs">William Francis Gibbs</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a></span></b><br />1956</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Touschek" title="Bruno Touschek">Bruno Touschek</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Max_Planck" title="Medalha Max Planck">Medalha Max Planck</a></b><br />1958</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Klein</a></span></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Lorentz_(1927_—_2018)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Lorentz" title="Predefinição:Medalha Lorentz"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Lorentz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Lorentz (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Lorentz&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Lorentz_(1927_—_2018)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Lorentz" title="Medalha Lorentz">Medalha Lorentz (1927 — 2018)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040861">.mw-parser-output .sep-list{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1931: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers" title="Hendrik Anthony Kramers">Hendrik Anthony Kramers</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyakov" title="Alexander Polyakov">Alexander Polyakov</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry" title="Michael Berry">Michael Berry</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Maldacena" title="Juan Maldacena">Juan Maldacena</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_de_Física" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Física"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Nobel de Física (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_de_Física" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Strutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_von_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. W. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thomas_Sinton_Walton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a> e <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.-D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illia_Mikhailovich_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Illia Mikhailovich Frank">Frank</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igor_Yevgenyevich_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Segrè</a> e <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> e <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolay_Basov" title="Nicolay Basov">Basov</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> e <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugène Félix Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Cooper</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> e <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" title="Leo James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> e <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" title="James Watson Cronin">Cronin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> e <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">R. E. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">J. H. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Neville_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Neville Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dean_Osheroff" title="Douglas Dean Osheroff">Osheroff</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Hooft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2024</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> e <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber|</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Hall" title="John Lewis Hall">Hall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Masukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smith" title="George Smith">G. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> e <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bruce_McDonald" title="Arthur Bruce McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Kosterlitz" title="John Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> e <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> e <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin" title="Predefinição:Medalha Franklin"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Franklin (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin (1915–1997)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Auguste_Ferri%C3%A9" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrié">Gustave-Auguste Ferrié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Edward Weston (químico)">Edward Weston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rea" title="Samuel Rea">Samuel Rea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush">Charles Francis Brush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Paul Sabatier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_Wright" title="Irmãos Wright">Irmãos Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_August_Kraus" title="Charles August Kraus">Charles August Kraus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauveur" title="Albert Sauveur">Albert Sauveur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker" title="Jerome Clarke Hunsaker">Jerome Clarke Hunsaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Pierce" title="George Washington Pierce">George Washington Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Coolidge">William David Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clapp_Sherman" title="Henry Clapp Sherman">Henry Clapp Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gibbs" title="William Francis Gibbs">William Francis Gibbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Kenneth_Mees" title="Charles Edward Kenneth Mees">Charles Edward Kenneth Mees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Stott_Taylor" title="Hugh Stott Taylor">Hugh Stott Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas" title="Donald Wills Douglas">Donald Wills Douglas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bogoliubov" title="Nikolai Bogoliubov">Nikolai Bogoliubov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Hoagland" title="Mahlon Hoagland">Mahlon Hoagland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Manton_Harris" title="Cyril Manton Harris">Cyril Manton Harris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/George_Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="George Evelyn Hutchinson">George Evelyn Hutchinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Avram_Goldstein" title="Avram Goldstein">Avram Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/George_Claude_Pimentel" title="George Claude Pimentel">George Claude Pimentel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull" title="David Turnbull">David Turnbull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Matteucci_(1868–2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci" title="Predefinição:Medalha Matteucci"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Matteucci (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Matteucci_(1868–2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a> (1868–2021)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1868: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1875: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1876: <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">William Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1877: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1878: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wiedemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Wiedemann">Gustav Wiedemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1879: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1880: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Pacinotti" title="Antônio Pacinotti">Antônio Pacinotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1881: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Villari" title="Emilio Villari">Emilio Villari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1882: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1887: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1888: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1894: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1895: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1896: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Garbasso" title="Antônio Garbasso">Antônio Garbasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Lo_Surdo" title="Antonino Lo Surdo">Antonino Lo Surdo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Wood" title="Robert Williams Wood">Robert Williams Wood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Rasetti" title="Franco Rasetti">Franco Rasetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Touschek" title="Bruno Touschek">Bruno Touschek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Wick" title="Gian Carlo Wick">Gian Carlo Wick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Okun" title="Lev Okun">Lev Okun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Piccioni" title="Oreste Piccioni">Oreste Piccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Nicola Cabibbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bellettini" title="Giorgio Bellettini">Giorgio Bellettini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Giazotto" title="Adalberto Giazotto">Adalberto Giazotto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Tavani" title="Marco Tavani">Marco Tavani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluigi_Fogli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluigi Fogli (página não existe)">Gianluigi Fogli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Federico_Capasso" title="Federico Capasso">Federico Capasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Inguscio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Inguscio (página não existe)">Massimo Inguscio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_Maritan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Maritan (página não existe)">Amos Maritan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Max_Planck_(1929–2022)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Max_Planck" title="Predefinição:Medalha Max Planck"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Max_Planck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Max Planck (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Max_Planck&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Max_Planck_(1929–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Max_Planck" title="Medalha Max Planck">Medalha Max Planck (1929–2022)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hund" title="Friedrich Hund">Friedrich Hund</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Kossel" title="Walther Kossel">Walther Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Klein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Kronig" title="Ralph Kronig">Ralph Kronig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Abraham_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Abraham Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%BCders" title="Gerhard Lüders">Gerhard Lüders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lehmann" title="Harry Lehmann">Harry Lehmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitler" title="Walter Heitler">Walter Heitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Haag" title="Rudolf Haag">Rudolf Haag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Herbert Fröhlich">Herbert Fröhlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bogoliubov" title="Nikolai Bogoliubov">Nikolai Bogoliubov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Van_Hove" title="Léon Van Hove">Léon Van Hove</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Wentzel" title="Gregor Wentzel">Gregor Wentzel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stueckelberg" title="Ernst Stueckelberg">Ernst Stueckelberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Thirring" title="Walter Thirring">Walter Thirring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Peter_Ewald" title="Paul Peter Ewald">Paul Peter Ewald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Markus_Fierz" title="Markus Fierz">Markus Fierz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Symanzik" title="Kurt Symanzik">Kurt Symanzik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Arwed_Weidenm%C3%BCller" title="Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller">Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kemmer" title="Nicholas Kemmer">Nicholas Kemmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Res_Jost" title="Res Jost">Res Jost</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Wegner" title="Franz Wegner">Franz Wegner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">Julius Wess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Bargmann" title="Valentine Bargmann">Valentine Bargmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Bruno Zumino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Haken" title="Hermann Haken">Hermann Haken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Zimmermann" title="Wolfhart Zimmermann">Wolfhart Zimmermann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Lieb" title="Elliott Lieb">Elliott Lieb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Binder" title="Kurt Binder">Kurt Binder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Borchers" title="Hans-Jürgen Borchers">Hans-Jürgen Borchers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Gro%C3%9Fmann" title="Siegfried Großmann">Siegfried Großmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Faddeev" title="Ludvig Faddeev">Ludvig Faddeev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Brown" title="Gerald Brown">Gerald Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Stora" title="Raymond Stora">Raymond Stora</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hohenberg" title="Pierre Hohenberg">Pierre Hohenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCscher" title="Martin Lüscher">Martin Lüscher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Jürg Fröhlich">Jürg Fröhlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Jürgen Ehlers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gutzwiller" title="Martin Gutzwiller">Martin Gutzwiller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hepp" title="Klaus Hepp">Klaus Hepp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_G%C3%B6tze" title="Wolfgang Götze">Wolfgang Götze</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Lebowitz" title="Joel Lebowitz">Joel Lebowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Buchholz" title="Detlev Buchholz">Detlev Buchholz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Robert Graham (físico)">Robert Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Vollhardt" title="Dieter Vollhardt">Dieter Vollhardt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Zirnbauer" title="Martin Zirnbauer">Martin Zirnbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Nahm" title="Werner Nahm">Werner Nahm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Viatcheslav_Mukhanov" title="Viatcheslav Mukhanov">Viatcheslav Mukhanov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wagner_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Herbert Wagner (físico)">Herbert Wagner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spohn" title="Herbert Spohn">Herbert Spohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Detlef_Lohse" title="Detlef Lohse">Detlef Lohse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Buras" title="Andrzej Buras">Andrzej Buras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyakov" title="Alexander Polyakov">Alexander Polyakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Annette_Zippelius" title="Annette Zippelius">Annette Zippelius</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png" title="Portal de biografias"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png/25px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00793830">DA00793830</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wolfgang-Pauli">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/17668">17668</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118592122">118592122</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108911472">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50052111">n50052111</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=22421">22421</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munzinger-Archiv" class="extiw" title="de:Munzinger-Archiv">Munzinger</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000004021">00000004021</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452313">00452313</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35412701">35412701</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/497/000071284/">000071284</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069017514">069017514</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n97061960">n97061960</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Books_Page" class="extiw" title="en:Online Books Page">OBP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Pauli,Wolfgang,1900-1958">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Scopus_(base_de_dados_bibliogr%C3%A1fica)" title="Scopus (base de dados bibliográfica)">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57190077569">57190077569</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60v8f9w">w60v8f9w</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029227798">029227798</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Treccani" title="Enciclopédia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/wolfgang-pauli">wolfgang-pauli</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Pauli-289">Pauli-289</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Brasil" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil">BNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000314757">000314757</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL125997A?mode=all">OL125997A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Israel" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&local_base=nlx10&doc_number=000103883">000103883</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pontif%C3%ADcia_Universidade_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino" title="Pontifícia Universidade São Tomás de Aquino">Angelicum</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.pusc.it/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=60893">60893</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013258" class="extiw" title="d:Q5013258">CONOR.BG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bg/bg/conor/21196901">21196901</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013258" class="extiw" title="d:Q5013258">CONOR.SR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/conor/35343975">35343975</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108366617" class="extiw" title="d:Q108366617">INAPP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inapp.infoteca.it/ricerca/lista-risultati?fldlst_1=IDL_AU&vallst_1=2297">2297</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Castellani_(Floren%C3%A7a)" title="Palazzo Castellani (Florença)">MG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.museogalileo.it/imss/authResource?uri=188850">188850</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/943683">943683</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Polónia">NLP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000002192394">a0000002192394</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56557486" class="extiw" title="d:Q56557486">Catálogo SHARE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.share-cat.unina.it/sharecat/searchNames?n_cluster_id=310644">310644</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Eslov%C3%A1quia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Eslováquia">SNK</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://autority.snk.sk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=163252">163252</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100594815" class="extiw" title="d:Q100594815">URBS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koha-urbs.reteurbs.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=319273">319273</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&oldid=67433791">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pauli&oldid=67433791</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nascidos_em_1900" title="Categoria:Nascidos em 1900">Nascidos em 1900</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mortos_em_1958" 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