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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Birth of Pentecostal movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_Pentecostal_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="আজুসা সরণি পুনরুজ্জীবন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আজুসা সরণি পুনরুজ্জীবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Azusa Street Revival" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6%CF%89%CF%80%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%91%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αναζωπύρωση της οδού Αζούσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναζωπύρωση της οδού Αζούσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reavivamiento_de_la_Calle_Azusa" title="Reavivamiento de la Calle Azusa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reavivamiento de la Calle Azusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9veil_d%27Azusa_Street" title="Réveil d'Azusa Street – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réveil d'Azusa Street" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Azusa Street Revival" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Azusa Street Revival" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BA%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB" title="アズサ・ストリート・リバイバル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アズサ・ストリート・リバイバル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekkelsen_i_Azusa_Street" title="Vekkelsen i Azusa Street – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vekkelsen i Azusa Street" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przebudzenie_przy_Azusa_Street" title="Przebudzenie przy Azusa Street – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przebudzenie przy Azusa Street" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reavivamento_da_Rua_Azusa" title="Reavivamento da Rua Azusa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reavivamento da Rua Azusa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пробуждение на Азуза-стрит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пробуждение на Азуза-стрит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Azusa Street Revival" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa-kadun_her%C3%A4tys" title="Azusa-kadun herätys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Azusa-kadun herätys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_Street" title="Azusa Street – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Azusa Street" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82" title="Пробудження на Азуза-стріт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пробудження на Азуза-стріт" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18em;border-collapse:collapse;color:#000000"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pentecostalism" title="Category:Pentecostalism"> a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;font-size:150%; color:#000000; background-color: #FDEEAA; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chama_pentecoste.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chama_pentecoste.svg/80px-Chama_pentecoste.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chama_pentecoste.svg/120px-Chama_pentecoste.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chama_pentecoste.svg/160px-Chama_pentecoste.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="color:Black;">Tongues as of fire representing the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">The Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist revivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Weslyean-Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Bible_College" title="Bethel Bible College">Bethel Bible College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh Revival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finished_Work_Pentecostalism" title="Finished Work Pentecostalism">Finished Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Rain_(post%E2%80%93World_War_II_movement)" title="Latter Rain (post–World War II movement)">Latter Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Private doctrines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_work_of_grace" title="Third work of grace">Third work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">Spiritual gifts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Pentecostal creeds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Statement_of_Fundamental_Truths" title="Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths">Fundamental Truths (AOG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregation_in_Brazil#Doctrine" title="Christian Congregation in Brazil">12 Articles from Niagara Falls (CC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Key people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Allen" title="A. A. Allen">Asa A. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiye_%C3%81vila" title="Yiye Ávila">Yiye Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ball_Barratt" title="Thomas Ball Barratt">Thomas Ball Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ayo_Babalola" title="Joseph Ayo Babalola">Joseph Ayo Babalola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._Bernard" title="David K. Bernard">David K. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bhengu" title="Nicholas Bhengu">Nicholas Bhengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bonnke" title="Reinhard Bonnke">Reinhard Bonnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Branham" title="William M. Branham">William M. Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Yonggi_Cho" title="David Yonggi Cho">David Yonggi Cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Coe" title="Jack Coe">Jack Coe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret Court">Margaret Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_F._Farrow" title="Lucy F. Farrow">Lucy F. Farrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Eleanor_Frey" title="Mae Eleanor Frey">Mae Eleanor Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Gee" title="Donald Gee">Donald Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Hinn" title="Benny Hinn">Benny Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Humbard" title="Rex Humbard">Rex Humbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys_(pastor)" title="George Jeffreys (pastor)">George Jeffreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Kuhlman" title="Kathryn Kuhlman">Kathryn Kuhlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Archie_Mangun" title="Gerald Archie Mangun">Gerald Archie Mangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrison_Mason" title="Charles Harrison Mason">Charles Harrison Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Andersen_Nordquelle" title="Erik Andersen Nordquelle">Erik Andersen Nordquelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._L._Osborn" title="T. L. Osborn">T. L. Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Ozman" title="Agnes Ozman">Agnes Ozman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Lewi Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_du_Plessis" title="David du Plessis">David du Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Roberts" title="Oral Roberts">Oral Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Robinson" title="Ida B. Robinson">Bishop Ida Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Jessup_Tomlinson" title="Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson">Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_David_Urshan" title="Andrew David Urshan">Andrew David Urshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Wigglesworth" title="Smith Wigglesworth">Smith Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Woodworth-Etter" title="Maria Woodworth-Etter">Maria Woodworth-Etter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niilo_Yli-Vainio" title="Niilo Yli-Vainio">Niilo Yli-Vainio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Pentecostals" title="Category:Pentecostals">Category:Pentecostals</a></i></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Major denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness Pentecostalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" title="International Pentecostal Holiness Church">International Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finished_Work_Pentecostalism" title="Finished Work Pentecostalism">Finished Work Pentecostalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church_(1916_denomination)" title="Apostolic Church (1916 denomination)">Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">The Foursquare Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_the_Lord_Jesus_Christ" title="Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ">Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Related movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pentecostalism" title="Template:Pentecostalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pentecostalism" title="Template talk:Pentecostalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pentecostalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pentecostalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Azusa Street Revival</b> was a historic series of <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">revival meetings</a> that took place in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-humble_preacher_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humble_preacher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was led by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preacher</a>. The revival began on April 9, 1906, and continued until roughly 1915. </p><p>Seymour was invited to Los Angeles for a one-month engagement at a local church, but found himself barred due to his controversial views on <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a> after his first Sunday. He continued his ministry in the homes of sympathetic parishioners, and on the night of April 9, 1906, first one, then six others in his meeting began to speak in tongues and shout out loud praising God, so loudly that the neighborhood was alerted. The news quickly spread; the city was stirred; crowds gathered; services were moved outside to accommodate the crowds who came from all around; people fell down as they approached, and attributed it to God; people were baptized in the Holy Spirit and the sick were said to be healed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">testimony</a> of those who attended the Azusa Street Revival was "I am saved, sanctified, and filled with the Holy Ghost" in reference to the three works of grace of <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Christian perfection">Holiness Pentecostals</a>, the original branch of Pentecostalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Synan2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synan2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further accommodate the crowds, an old dilapidated, two-story frame building at 312 Azusa Street in the industrial section of the city was secured. This building, originally built for an <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal</a> (AME) church, had more recently been used as a livery stable, storage building and tenement house. In this humble Azusa Street mission, a continuous three-year revival occurred and became known around the world. Stanley H. Frodsham, in his book, <i>With Signs Following</i>, quotes an eye-witness description of the scene: The revival was characterized by spiritual experiences accompanied with testimonies of physical healing <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worship services, and <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">speaking in tongues</a>. The participants were criticized by some secular media and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologians</a> for behaviors considered to be outrageous and unorthodox, especially at the time. </p><p>Today, the revival is considered by historians to be the primary catalyst for the spread of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> in the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Los_Angeles">Los Angeles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Los Angeles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_J._Seymour_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a>, leader of the Azusa Street Revival</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1905, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a>, a 34-year-old son of freed slaves, was a student of well-known <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> preacher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Parham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Parham">Charles Parham</a> and an interim pastor for a small <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka, Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MISSION_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MISSION-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seymour inherited from Parham the belief that baptism with the Holy Spirit was the <a href="/wiki/Third_work_of_grace" title="Third work of grace">third work of grace</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">new birth</a> (first work of grace) and <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> (second work of grace).<sup id="cite_ref-FahlbuschBromiley1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TWTHS2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWTHS2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neely Terry, an African American woman who attended a small holiness church pastored by Julia Hutchins in Los Angeles, made a trip to visit family in Houston late in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Houston, she visited Seymour's church, where he <a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preached</a> on <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">receiving the Holy Spirit</a> with the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_other_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaking in other tongues">speaking in other tongues</a>, and though he had not experienced this personally, Terry was impressed with his character and message. Once home in California, Terry suggested that Seymour be invited to speak at the local church.<sup id="cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charismaticcentury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seymour received and accepted the invitation in February 1906, and he received financial help and a blessing from Parham for his planned one-month visit.<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrichment_Journal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seymour arrived in Los Angeles on February 22, 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeck200660_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeck200660-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPHC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPHC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atheism_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atheism-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within two days was preaching at Julia Hutchins' church at the corner of Ninth Street and Santa Fe Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charismaticcentury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first sermon, he preached that speaking in tongues was the first biblical evidence of the inevitable infilling in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blackapostles_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackapostles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the following Sunday, March 4, he returned to the church and found that Hutchins had <a href="/wiki/Padlock" title="Padlock">padlocked</a> the door.<sup id="cite_ref-racism_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elders of the church rejected Seymour's teaching, primarily because he had not yet experienced the blessing about which he was preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condemnation of his message also came from the Holiness Church Association of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> with which the church had affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrichment_Journal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all members of Hutchins' church rejected Seymour's preaching. He was invited to stay in the home of congregation member Edward S. Lee, and he began to hold <a href="/wiki/Bible_study_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible study (Christian)">Bible studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayer_meeting" title="Prayer meeting">prayer meetings</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeck200617,_65_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeck200617,_65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Bonnie_Brae_Street">North Bonnie Brae Street</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North Bonnie Brae Street"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seywife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Seywife.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Seymour and his wife, Jennie</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnie-Brae-House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bonnie-Brae-House.jpg/220px-Bonnie-Brae-House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bonnie-Brae-House.jpg/330px-Bonnie-Brae-House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bonnie-Brae-House.jpg/440px-Bonnie-Brae-House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>House on Bonnie Brae Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Seymour and his small group of new followers soon relocated to the home of Richard and Ruth Asberry at 216 North Bonnie Brae Street.<sup id="cite_ref-IPHC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPHC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> families from local holiness churches began to attend as well. The group would get together regularly and pray to receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit. On April 9, 1906, after five weeks of Seymour's preaching and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, and three days into an intended 10-day <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-racism_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward S. Lee spoke in tongues for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washingtonpost-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the next meeting, Seymour shared Lee's <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Religion" title="Testimony">testimony</a> and preached a sermon on <a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">Acts 2</a>:4 and soon six others began to speak in tongues as well,<sup id="cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrichment_Journal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washingtonpost-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Jennie Moore, who would later become Seymour's wife. A few days later, on April 12, Seymour spoke in tongues for the first time after praying all night long.<sup id="cite_ref-700club_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-700club-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_Street_Revival-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News of the events at North Bonnie Brae St. quickly circulated among the African American, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a> and white residents of the city, and for several nights, various speakers would preach to the crowds of curious and interested onlookers from the front porch of the Asberry home. Members of the audience included people from a broad spectrum of income levels and religious backgrounds. Hutchins eventually spoke in tongues as her whole congregation began to attend the meetings. Soon the crowds became very large and were full of people speaking in tongues, shouting, singing and moaning. Finally, the front porch collapsed, forcing the group to begin looking for a new meeting place.<sup id="cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resident of the neighborhood described the happenings at 216 North Bonnie Brae with the following words: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They shouted three days and three nights. It was Easter season. The people came from everywhere. By the next morning there was no way of getting near the house. As people came in they would fall under God's power; and the whole city was stirred. They shouted until the foundation of the house gave way, but no one was hurt.<sup id="cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Azusa_Street">Azusa Street</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Azusa Street"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions">Conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/200px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/300px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/400px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>The Apostolic Faith Mission on Azusa Street, now considered to be the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The group from Bonnie Brae Street eventually discovered an available building at 312 Azusa Street (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Azusa_Street_Revival&params=34.0483797_N_118.2411076_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°02′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">118°14′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.0483797°N 118.2411076°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.0483797; -118.2411076</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in downtown Los Angeles, which had originally been constructed as an <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in what was then an impoverished part of town.<sup id="cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rent was $8.00 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartleman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A newspaper referred to the downtown Los Angeles building as a "tumble down shack". Since the church had moved out, the building had served as a wholesale house, a warehouse, a lumberyard, stockyards, a tombstone shop, and had most recently been used as a stable with rooms for rent upstairs. It was a small, rectangular, flat-roofed building, approximately 60 feet (18 m) long and 40 feet (12 m) wide, totaling 2,400 square feet (220 m<sup>2</sup>), sided with weathered whitewashed clapboards. The only sign that it had once been a house of God was a single <a href="/wiki/Ogive#Architecture" title="Ogive">Gothic-style window</a> over the main entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discarded lumber and plaster littered the large, barn-like room on the ground floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Let_us_Reason-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-launched_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launched-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, it was secured and cleaned in preparation for services. They held their first meeting on April 14, 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washingtonpost-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_Street_Revival-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBNnews_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBNnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church services were held on the first floor where the benches were placed in a rectangular pattern. Some of the benches were simply planks put on top of empty nail kegs.<sup id="cite_ref-racism_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no elevated platform, as the ceiling was only eight feet high.<sup id="cite_ref-CBNnews_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBNnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially there was no pulpit. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bartleman" title="Frank Bartleman">Frank Bartleman</a>, an early participant in the revival, recalled that "Brother Seymour generally sat behind two empty shoe boxes, one on top of the other. He usually kept his head inside the top one during the meeting, in prayer. There was no pride there.... In that old building, with its low rafters and bare floors..."<sup id="cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrichment_Journal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second floor at the now-named Apostolic Faith Mission<sup id="cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washingtonpost-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> housed an office and rooms for several residents including Seymour and his new wife, Jennie. It also had a large prayer room to handle the overflow from the altar services below. The prayer room was furnished with chairs and benches made from <a href="/wiki/California_Redwood" class="mw-redirect" title="California Redwood">California Redwood</a> planks, laid end to end on backless chairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrichment_Journal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-May 1906, anywhere from 300<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1,500 people would attempt to fit into the building. Since horses had very recently been the residents of the building, flies constantly bothered the attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-CBNnews_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBNnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People from a diversity of backgrounds came together to worship: men, women, children, <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American people">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Educated" class="mw-redirect" title="Educated">educated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_Street_Revival-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of all ages flocked to Los Angeles with both skepticism and a desire to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBNnews_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBNnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Intermingling" title="Intermingling">intermingling</a> of races and the group's encouragement of women in leadership was remarkable, as 1906 was the height of the "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a>" era of racial segregation,<sup id="cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washingtonpost-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fourteen years prior to women receiving <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services_and_worship">Services and worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Services and worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worship at 312 Azusa Street was frequent and spontaneous with services going almost around the clock. Among those attracted to the revival were not only members of the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Movement">Holiness Movement</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleman_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartleman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An observer at one of the services wrote these words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No instruments of music are used. None are needed. No choir – the angels have been heard by some in the spirit. No collections are taken. No bills have been posted to advertise the meetings. No church organization is back of it. All who are in touch with God realize as soon as they enter the meetings that the Holy Ghost is the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-blackapostles_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackapostles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> was not so kind in its description: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Meetings are held in a tumble-down shack on Azusa Street, and the devotees of the weird doctrine practice the most fanatical rites, preach the wildest theories and work themselves into a state of mad excitement in their peculiar zeal. Colored people and a sprinkling of whites compose the congregation, and night is made hideous in the neighborhood by the howlings of the worshippers, who spend hours swaying forth and back in a nerve racking attitude of prayer and supplication. They claim to have the "gift of tongues" and be able to understand the babel.<sup id="cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charismaticcentury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first edition of the <i>Apostolic Faith</i> publication claimed a common reaction to the revival from visitors: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Proud, well-dressed preachers came to "investigate". Soon their high looks were replaced with wonder, then conviction comes, and very often you will find them in a short time wallowing on the dirty floor, asking God to forgive them and make them as little children.<sup id="cite_ref-racism_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azusa-Street-Historical-Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Azusa-Street-Historical-Sign.jpg/220px-Azusa-Street-Historical-Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Azusa-Street-Historical-Sign.jpg/330px-Azusa-Street-Historical-Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Azusa-Street-Historical-Sign.jpg/440px-Azusa-Street-Historical-Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Azusa Street Historical Sign in Los Angeles, CA</figcaption></figure><p>Among first-hand accounts were reports of the blind having their sight restored, diseases cured instantly, and immigrants speaking in German, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and Spanish all being spoken to in their native language by uneducated black members, who translated the languages into English by "supernatural ability".<sup id="cite_ref-blackapostles_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackapostles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Singing was sporadic and in <i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a></i> or occasionally there would be <a href="/wiki/Singing_in_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Singing in tongues">singing in tongues</a>. There were periods of extended silence. Attenders were occasionally <a href="/wiki/Slain_in_the_Spirit" title="Slain in the Spirit">slain in the Spirit</a>. Visitors gave their <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Religion" title="Testimony">testimony</a>, and members read aloud testimonies that were sent to the mission by mail. There was prayer for the gift of tongues. There was prayer in tongues for the sick, for missionaries, and whatever requests were given by attenders or mailed in. There was spontaneous preaching and <a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">altar calls</a> for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">sanctification</a> and baptism of the Holy Spirit. Lawrence Catley, whose family attended the revival, said that in most services preaching consisted of Seymour opening a Bible and worshippers coming forward to preach or testify as they were led by the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Hymnody247-248_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymnody247-248-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people would continually shout throughout the meetings. The members of the mission never took an <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">offering</a>, but there was a receptacle near the door for anyone who wanted to support the revival. The core membership of the Azusa Street Mission was never many more than 50–60 individuals, with hundreds if not thousands of people visiting or staying temporarily over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charismaticcentury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_Parham">Charles Parham</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Charles Parham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Parham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Parham">Charles Parham</a></div> <p>By October 1906, Charles Parham was invited to speak for a series of meetings at Azusa Street but was quickly un-invited. </p><p>Arriving at Azusa Street, [Parham] recoiled in disgust at the racial intermingling. He was aghast that black people were not in their "place," and simply could not abide "white people imitating unintelligent, crude negroisms of the Southland, and laying it on the Holy Ghost." Parham made his way through the crowd, stood at the pulpit, and delivered a stinging rebuke: "God is sick at his stomach!" He proceeded to explain that God would not stand for such "animalism." When it was clear that the majority of the Azusa Street Mission would not accept Parham's leadership, Parham left with an estimated two to three hundred followers and opened a rival campaign at a nearby Women's Christian Temperance Union building.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a skeptical front-page story titled "Weird Babel of Tongues",<sup id="cite_ref-CBNnews_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBNnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <i>Los Angeles Times</i> reporter attempted to describe what would soon be known as the Azusa Street Revival. "Breathing strange utterances and mouthing a creed which it would seem no sane mortal could understand", the story began, "the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles".<sup id="cite_ref-CTLibrary_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTLibrary-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another local paper reporter in September 1906 described the happenings with the following words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>disgraceful intermingling of the races...they cry and make howling noises all day and into the night. They run, jump, shake all over, shout to the top of their voice, spin around in circles, fall out on the sawdust blanketed floor jerking, kicking and rolling all over it. Some of them pass out and do not move for hours as though they were dead. These people appear to be mad, mentally deranged or under a spell. They claim to be filled with the spirit. They have a one eyed, illiterate, Negro as their preacher who stays on his knees much of the time with his head hidden between the wooden milk crates. He doesn't talk very much but at times he can be heard shouting, "Repent," and he's supposed to be running the thing... They repeatedly sing the same song, "The Comforter Has Come."<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The attendees were often described as "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roller" title="Holy Roller">Holy Rollers</a>", "Holy Jumpers", "Tangled Tonguers" and "Holy Ghosters". Reports were published throughout the U.S. and the world of the strange happenings in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-700club_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-700club-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:026_la_times.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/026_la_times.gif/280px-026_la_times.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/026_la_times.gif/420px-026_la_times.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/026_la_times.gif 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">LA Times</a></i> article criticizing the behavior of the revivalists at Azusa Street.</figcaption></figure> <p>Christians from many traditions were critical, saying the movement was hyper-emotional, misused Scripture and lost focus on Christ by overemphasizing the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washingtonpost-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a short time ministers were warning their congregations to stay away from the Azusa Street Mission. Some called the police and tried to get the building shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_Faith_publication">Apostolic Faith publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Apostolic Faith publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:031_apostolic_faith.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/031_apostolic_faith.gif/300px-031_apostolic_faith.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/031_apostolic_faith.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Headline of the first ever publication of the <i>Apostolic Faith</i>, from September 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Also starting in September 1906 was the publication of the revival's own newsletter, the <i>Apostolic Faith</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Latterrain_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latterrain-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues were published occasionally up until May 1908, mostly through the work of Seymour and a white woman named Clara Lum,<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_Street_Revival-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the Apostolic Faith Mission. The <i>Apostolic Faith</i> was distributed without charge, and thousands of laypersons and ministers received copies worldwide. Five thousand copies of the first edition were printed, and by 1907 the press run reached over 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enrichment_Journal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-father_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-father-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Apostolic Faith</i> publication reported the happenings at the Azusa Street Mission to the world. Its first issue's lead story was titled "Pentecost has Come". It contained a letter from Charles Parham, an article on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> from <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>, and a series of anecdotes of people's experience within the revival.<sup id="cite_ref-Reprint_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reprint-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One edition in 1907 wrote, "One token of the Lord's coming is that He is melting all races and nations together, and they are filled with the power and glory of God. He is baptizing by one spirit into one body and making up a people that will be ready to meet Him when He comes".<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Apostolic Faith</i> brought increasing attention to the happenings at Azusa Street and the fledgling movement that was emerging from the revival.<sup id="cite_ref-father_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-father-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1913, the revival at Azusa Street had lost momentum, and most of the media attention and crowds had left by 1915. Seymour remained there with his wife, Jennie, for the rest of their lives as pastors of the small African American congregation,<sup id="cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Let_us_Reason-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he often made short trips to help establish other smaller revivals later in life. After Seymour died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a><sup id="cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charismaticcentury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on September 28, 1922, Jennie led the church until 1931, when the congregation lost the building.<sup id="cite_ref-blackapostles_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackapostles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sending_of_missionaries">Sending of missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sending of missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <i>The Apostolic Faith</i> and many <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> reports advertised the events of the Azusa Street Revival internationally, thousands of individuals visited the mission in order to witness it firsthand. At the same time, thousands of people were leaving Azusa Street with intentions of <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelizing</a> abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Let_us_Reason-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBNnews_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBNnews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverend K. E. M. Spooner visited the revival in 1909 and became one of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a>'s most effective <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> in Africa, working among the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPHC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPHC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spooner_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spooner-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Goodrich_Garr" title="Alfred Goodrich Garr">A. G. Garr</a> and his wife were sent from Azusa Street as missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Calcutta,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta, India">Calcutta, India</a>, where they managed to start a small revival. Speaking in tongues in India did not enable them to speak the native language, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. The Garrs later traveled to China where they arrived in Hong Kong and began to spread Pentecostalism in mainland China. They did this by working through other Protestant churches and organizations that had already been established.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garr significantly contributed to early Pentecostalism through his later work in redefining the "biblical evidence" doctrine and changing the doctrine from a belief that speaking in tongues was explicitly for evangelism to a belief that speaking in tongues was a gift for "spiritual empowerment".<sup id="cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charismaticcentury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Missionary Bernt Bernsten traveled to the area from <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a> to investigate the happenings after hearing that the biblical prophecy of Acts 2:4 was being fulfilled. Other visitors left the revival to become missionaries in remote areas all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azusa_Street_Revival-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So many missionaries went out from Azusa (some thirty-eight left in October 1906) that within two years the movement had spread to over fifty nations, including Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, Holland, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, South Africa, Hong Kong, China, Ceylon and India. Christian leaders visited from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-racism_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_Pentecostal_movement">Birth of Pentecostal movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birth of Pentecostal movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azusa_street_group_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Azusa_street_group_photo.jpg/260px-Azusa_street_group_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Azusa_street_group_photo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Apostolic Faith Mission. Seymour is front row, second from the right; Jennie is back row, third from left.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1906, most leaders from Azusa Street had spun off to form other congregations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a>, 51st Street Apostolic Faith Mission, the Spanish AFM, and the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Francescon" title="Louis Francescon">Italian Pentecostal Mission</a>. These missions were largely composed of immigrant or ethnic groups. The <a href="/wiki/Southeast_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast United States">Southeast United States</a> was a particularly prolific area of growth for the movement, since Seymour's approach gave a useful explanation for a <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic</a> spiritual climate that had already been taking root in those areas. Other new missions were based on preachers who had charisma and energy. Nearly all of these new churches were founded among immigrants and the poor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many existing Wesleyan-holiness denominations adopted the Pentecostal message, such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a>, and are now Holiness Pentecostal denominations. Holiness Pentecostals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a>, affirm three works of grace: (1) <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New Birth</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>, and (3) <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Ghost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Synan2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synan2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of new denominations also occurred, motivated by doctrinal differences between <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Pentecostal">Holiness Pentecostals</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished Work Pentecostal</a> counterparts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> formed in 1914 and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a> formed in 1919—these represent Finished Work Pentecostal denominations. An early doctrinal controversy led to a split between Trinitarian and <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostals">Oneness Pentecostals</a>, the latter founded the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a> in 1916 and the <a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Pentecostal Church">United Pentecostal Church</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Synan1997_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synan1997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, there are more than 500 million Pentecostal and charismatic believers across the globe,<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it [was] the fastest-growing form of Christianity today [in 1978].<sup id="cite_ref-blackapostles_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackapostles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Azusa Street Revival is commonly regarded as the beginning of the modern-day Pentecostal Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Let_us_Reason-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brittanica_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newpentecost_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newpentecost-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-humble_preacher-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-humble_preacher_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCorcoran" class="citation news cs1">Corcoran, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207001950/http://www.statesman.com/search/content/shared/news/nation/stories/0220_PENECOSTAL.html">"How a humble preacher ignited the Pentecostal fire"</a>. <i>Cox News Services</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statesman.com/search/content/shared/news/nation/stories/0220_PENECOSTAL.html">the original</a> on December 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cox+News+Services&rft.atitle=How+a+humble+preacher+ignited+the+Pentecostal+fire&rft.aulast=Corcoran&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesman.com%2Fsearch%2Fcontent%2Fshared%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fstories%2F0220_PENECOSTAL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pentecostal Church of God General Bylaws, Historical Perspective, Section 3 and History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5da396c9848a167a29dc6619/5e7267812dfa3d7475710ea7_2020Bylaws_compressed.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Synan2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Synan2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynan2012" class="citation book cs1">Synan, Vinson (2012). <i>The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901–2001</i>. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8753-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-8753-6"><bdi>978-1-4185-8753-6</bdi></a>. <q>Wesleyan Pentecostal Churches. ...Most of the first generation of Pentecostals were from this holiness stream that had its roots in Methodism. ...When the Pentecostal movement began, these "holiness Pentecostals" simply added the baptism in the Holy Spirit with tongues as "initial evidence" of a "third blessing" that brought power for witnessing to those who had already been sanctified. With the news tongues experience, sanctification was seen as a prerequisite "cleansing" that qualified the seeker to experience the "third blessing" of baptism in the Holy Spirit. An early prophetic utterance stated ominously that "My Spirit will not dwell in an unclean temple." Seekers were encouraged to abandon all the roots of bitterness and original sin so that nothing would block their reception of the Spirit. In fact, it was told that Seymour would not admit seekers to enter the upper room to seek the baptism until he was satisfied that their sanctification experience had been certified downstairs. The historic Azusa Street testimony was "I am saved, sanctified, and filled with the Holy Ghost."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Century+of+the+Holy+Spirit%3A+100+Years+of+Pentecostal+and+Charismatic+Renewal%2C+1901%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-8753-6&rft.aulast=Synan&rft.aufirst=Vinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tommy Welchel, <i>True Stories of the Miracles of Azusa Street and Beyond: Re-live One of The Greatest Outpourings in History that is Breaking Loose Once Again</i>, Destiny Image, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MISSION-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MISSION_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloud" class="citation web cs1">Cloud, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribwatch.com/azusa.htm">"Azusa Street Mission"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azusa+Street+Mission&rft.aulast=Cloud&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribwatch.com%2Fazusa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FahlbuschBromiley1999_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1999. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004116955" title="Special:BookSources/9789004116955"><bdi>9789004116955</bdi></a>. <q>While in Houston, Texas, where he had moved his headquarters, Parham came into contact with William Seymour (1870-1922), an African-American Baptist-Holiness preacher. Seymour took from Parham the teaching that the baptism of the Holy Spirit was not the blessing of sanctification but rather a third work of grace that was accompanied by the experience of tongues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004116955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWTHS2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TWTHS2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers – Issue 56</i>. West Tennessee Historical Society. 2002. p. 41. <q>Seymour's holiness background suggests that Pentecostalism had roots in the holiness movement of the late nineteenth century. The holiness movement embraced the Wesleyan doctrine of "sanctification" or the second work of grace, subsequent to conversion. Pentecostalism added a third work of grace, called the baptism of the Holy Ghost, which is often accompanied by glossolalia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Tennessee+Historical+Society+Papers+%E2%80%93+Issue+56&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=West+Tennessee+Historical+Society.&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azusa_History-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_History_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070511032252/http://www.icfsr.org/history.html">"Azusa History"</a>. International Center for Spiritual Renewal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icfsr.org/history.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azusa+History&rft.pub=International+Center+for+Spiritual+Renewal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icfsr.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charismaticcentury-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charismaticcentury_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayfordMoore2006" class="citation book cs1">Hayford, Jack W.; Moore, S. David (2006). <i>The Charismatic Century: The Enduring Impact of the Azusa Street Revival</i>. Warner Faith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57813-4"><bdi>978-0-446-57813-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charismatic+Century%3A+The+Enduring+Impact+of+the+Azusa+Street+Revival&rft.pub=Warner+Faith&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-446-57813-4&rft.aulast=Hayford&rft.aufirst=Jack+W.&rft.au=Moore%2C+S.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enrichment_Journal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enrichment_Journal_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee" class="citation web cs1">McGee, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519213536/http://www.ag.org/enrichmentjournal/199904/026_azusa.cfm">"William J. Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival"</a>. Enrichment Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ag.org/enrichmentjournal/199904/026_azusa.cfm">the original</a> on May 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+J.+Seymour+and+the+Azusa+Street+Revival&rft.pub=Enrichment+Journal&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ag.org%2Fenrichmentjournal%2F199904%2F026_azusa.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeck200660-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeck200660_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobeck2006">Robeck 2006</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPHC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPHC_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPHC_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPHC_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605151155/http://arc.iphc.org/timeline/azusalinks.html">"IPHC Azusa Street Links – 1901 to Present"</a>. International Pentecostal Holiness Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iphc.org/archives/iphc-timeline">the original</a> on June 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPHC+Azusa+Street+Links+%E2%80%93+1901+to+Present&rft.pub=International+Pentecostal+Holiness+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiphc.org%2Farchives%2Fiphc-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atheism-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atheism_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2004" class="citation web cs1">Cline, Austin (February 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024054505/http://atheism.about.com/b/a/066076.htm">"This Date in History: Azusa Street Revival"</a>. atheism.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheism.about.com/b/a/066076.htm">the original</a> on October 24, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Date+in+History%3A+Azusa+Street+Revival&rft.pub=atheism.about.com&rft.date=2004-02-22&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatheism.about.com%2Fb%2Fa%2F066076.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackapostles-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackapostles_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackapostles_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackapostles_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackapostles_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackapostles_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmannTinney1978" class="citation book cs1">Newmann, Richard; Tinney, James S. (1978). <i>Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century</i>. G. K. Hall & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8137-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8137-3"><bdi>0-8161-8137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Apostles%3A+Afro-American+Clergy+Confront+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall+%26+Co.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-8161-8137-3&rft.aulast=Newmann&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Tinney%2C+James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-racism-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-racism_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-racism_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-racism_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-racism_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-racism_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRobert1988" class="citation book cs1">MacRobert, Iain (1988). <i>The Black Roots and White Racism of Early Pentecostalism in the USA</i>. London: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-43997-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-43997-X"><bdi>0-333-43997-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Roots+and+White+Racism+of+Early+Pentecostalism+in+the+USA&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-333-43997-X&rft.aulast=MacRobert&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeck200617,_65-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeck200617,_65_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobeck2006">Robeck 2006</a>, pp. 17, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washingtonpost-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washingtonpost_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2006" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Marshall (April 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401421.html">"Pentecostal Movement Celebrates Humble Roots"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pentecostal+Movement+Celebrates+Humble+Roots&rft.date=2006-04-15&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F04%2F14%2FAR2006041401421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centuryoftheholyspirit-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centuryoftheholyspirit_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynan2001" class="citation book cs1">Synan, Vinson (2001). <i>The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901–2001</i>. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. pp. 42–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7852-4550-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7852-4550-2"><bdi>0-7852-4550-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Century+of+the+Holy+Spirit%3A+100+years+of+Pentecostal+and+Charismatic+Renewal%2C+1901%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=42-45&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7852-4550-2&rft.aulast=Synan&rft.aufirst=Vinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-700club-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-700club_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-700club_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/700club/guests/bios/billywilson030706.aspx">"Billy Wilson: The Miracle on Azusa Street"</a>. The 700 Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509124327/http://www.cbn.com/700club/Guests/Bios/billywilson030706.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billy+Wilson%3A+The+Miracle+on+Azusa+Street&rft.pub=The+700+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2F700club%2Fguests%2Fbios%2Fbillywilson030706.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azusa_Street_Revival-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azusa_Street_Revival_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumhofer2006" class="citation web cs1">Blumhofer, Edith (March 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221958/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3321">"Azusa Street Revival"</a>. religion-online.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3321">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azusa+Street+Revival&rft.pub=religion-online.org&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft.aulast=Blumhofer&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowarticle.asp%3Ftitle%3D3321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartleman-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartleman_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartleman_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartleman1980" class="citation book cs1">Bartleman, Frank (1980). <i>Azusa Street</i>. Bridge-Logos Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88270-439-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88270-439-7"><bdi>0-88270-439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azusa+Street&rft.pub=Bridge-Logos+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-88270-439-7&rft.aulast=Bartleman&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Let_us_Reason-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Let_us_Reason_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letusreason.org/Pent57.htm">"Azusa St. and modern Pentecostalism – The 100-year celebration of what?"</a>. Let us Reason Ministries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403141725/http://www.letusreason.org/Pent57.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CBNnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/usnews/060424a.aspx">the original</a> on May 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lasting+Impact+of+the+Azusa+Street+Revival&rft.pub=CBNnews.com&rft.aulast=Strand&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fcbnnews%2Fusnews%2F060424a.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hymnody247-248-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hymnody247-248_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDove2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dove, Stephen (2009). "Hymnody and Liturgy in the Azusa Street Revival, 1906–1908". <i><a href="/wiki/Pneuma:_The_Journal_of_the_Society_for_Pentecostal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies">Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies</a></i>. <b>31</b> (2): 242–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F027209609X12470371387840">10.1163/027209609X12470371387840</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162354428">162354428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=Hymnody+and+Liturgy+in+the+Azusa+Street+Revival%2C+1906%E2%80%931908&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-63&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F027209609X12470371387840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162354428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dove&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780824839178-024">"22. Constructive Living Maxims"</a>, <i>Water, Snow, Water</i>, University of Hawaii Press, p. 122, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824839178-024">10.1515/9780824839178-024</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3917-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3917-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-3917-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Snow%2C+Water&rft.atitle=22.+Constructive+Living+Maxims&rft.pages=122&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824839178-024&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3917-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9780824839178-024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTLibrary-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTLibrary_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed1998" class="citation web cs1">Ted, Olsen (April 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013408/http://ctlibrary.com/4276">"American Pentecost"</a>. ChristianityTodayLibrary.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctlibrary.com/4276">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Pentecost&rft.pub=ChristianityTodayLibrary.com&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.aulast=Ted&rft.aufirst=Olsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctlibrary.com%2F4276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latterrain-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Latterrain_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108131838/http://latter-rain.com/eccle/azusa.htm">"Azusa Street Mission"</a>. The Latter Rain Page. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latter-rain.com/eccle/azusa.htm">the original</a> on January 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azusa+Street+Mission&rft.pub=The+Latter+Rain+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatter-rain.com%2Feccle%2Fazusa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-father-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-father_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-father_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002512/http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/HTALLANT/courses/his338/students/asample/WJSASIMP.htm">"William Joseph Seymour: The father of Pentecostalism | Azusa Street: The Impact"</a>. April 17, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/HTALLANT/courses/his338/students/asample/WJSASIMP.htm">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Joseph+Seymour%3A+The+father+of+Pentecostalism+%26%23124%3B+Azusa+Street%3A+The+Impact&rft.date=2001-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspider.georgetowncollege.edu%2FHTALLANT%2Fcourses%2Fhis338%2Fstudents%2Fasample%2FWJSASIMP.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reprint-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reprint_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060710213505/http://www.dunamai.com/Azusa/azusa_Newspapers/1edition.htm">"Page 1 Reprint"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunamai.com/Azusa/azusa_Newspapers/1edition.htm">the original</a> on July 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Page+1+Reprint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunamai.com%2FAzusa%2Fazusa_Newspapers%2F1edition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spooner-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spooner_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132338/http://www.mightymoments.com/Author.htm">"Reverend John W. Brooks"</a>. Mighty Moments. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mightymoments.com/Author.htm">the original</a> on September 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverend+John+W.+Brooks&rft.pub=Mighty+Moments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mightymoments.com%2FAuthor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Espinosa, Gaston. <i>William J. Seymour and the Origins of Global Pentecostalism</i>. Duke University Press, 2014, p. 89.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan1997-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Synan1997_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synan, Vinson (1997). <i>The Holiness–Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. pp. 71, 125, 153–164. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4103-2">978-0-8028-4103-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/">"Spirit and Power: A 10 Country Survey of Pentecostals"</a>. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. October 6, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brittanica-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brittanica_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-47092/Azusa-Street-revival">"Azusa Street revival (Pentecostal movement)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azusa+Street+revival+%28Pentecostal+movement%29&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-47092%2FAzusa-Street-revival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newpentecost-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newpentecost_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoloma1982" class="citation book cs1">Poloma, Margaret M. (1982). <i>The Charismatic Movement: Is there a new Pentecost?</i>. G. K. Hall & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-9701-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-9701-7"><bdi>0-8057-9701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charismatic+Movement%3A+Is+there+a+new+Pentecost%3F&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall+%26+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8057-9701-7&rft.aulast=Poloma&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeck2006" class="citation book cs1">Robeck Jr., Cecil M (2006). <i>The Azusa Street Mission And Revival: The Birth Of The Global Pentecostal Movement</i>. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780785216933" title="Special:BookSources/9780785216933"><bdi>9780785216933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Azusa+Street+Mission+And+Revival%3A+The+Birth+Of+The+Global+Pentecostal+Movement&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780785216933&rft.aulast=Robeck+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Cecil+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Marne L. (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0001">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Newest Religious Sect Has Started in Los Angeles': Race, Class, Ethnicity, and the Origins of the Pentecostal Movement 1906–1913"</a></span>. <i>The Journal of African American History</i>. <b>95</b> (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.95.1.0001">10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0001">10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141225024">141225024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+American+History&rft.atitle=%27The+Newest+Religious+Sect+Has+Started+in+Los+Angeles%27%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+Pentecostal+Movement+1906%E2%80%931913&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141225024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.95.1.0001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.95.1.0001&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Marne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.95.1.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzusa+Street+Revival" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.ifphc.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publicationsGuide.apostolicfaithportland">Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center digital archive of <i>The Apostolic Faith</i> newspaper</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/21px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/21px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/42px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="913" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Portal:Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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.navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&oldid=1240886648">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Street_Revival&oldid=1240886648</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_in_California" title="Category:1900s in California">1900s in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910s_in_California" title="Category:1910s in California">1910s in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_in_California" title="Category:1906 in California">1906 in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_establishments_in_California" title="Category:1906 establishments in California">1906 establishments in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_in_Los_Angeles" title="Category:African-American history in Los Angeles">African-American history in Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Category:African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_organizations_established_in_1906" title="Category:Christian organizations established in 1906">Christian organizations established in 1906</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_revivals" title="Category:Christian revivals">Christian revivals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pentecostalism_in_California" title="Category:Pentecostalism in California">Pentecostalism in California</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2019">Use mdy dates from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 August 2024, at 01:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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