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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assisted_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fog_and_flood_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fog_and_flood_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fog and flood adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fog_and_flood_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_and_pathogen_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_and_pathogen_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pest and pathogen resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_and_pathogen_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Fire adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_and_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_and_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultivation and uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_and_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_tallest_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_tallest_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 List of tallest trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_tallest_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_largest_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_largest_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 List of largest trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_largest_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canopy_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canopy_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Canopy layers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canopy_layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Other notable examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sequoia sempervirens</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooihoutboom" title="Rooihoutboom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooihoutboom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سيكويا دائمة الخضرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيكويا دائمة الخضرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99mi%C5%9F%C9%99ya%C5%9F%C4%B1l_sekvoya" title="Həmişəyaşıl sekvoya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həmişəyaşıl sekvoya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="همیشه یاشیل سکوویا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="همیشه یاشیل سکوویا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Секвоя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Секвоя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Секвоя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Секвоя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_costanera" title="Sequoia costanera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sequoia costanera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvoj_v%C5%BEdyzelen%C3%A1" title="Sekvoj vždyzelená – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sekvoj vždyzelená" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dtr%C3%A6" title="Rødtræ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rødtræ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCstenmammutbaum" title="Küstenmammutbaum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Küstenmammutbaum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%9Bim%C3%B3rski_mamutowy_bom" title="Pśimórski mamutowy bom – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pśimórski mamutowy bom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranniksekvoia" title="Ranniksekvoia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ranniksekvoia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Σεκόγια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεκόγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvojo" title="Sekvojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekvojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekuoia_luze" title="Sekuoia luze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sekuoia luze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="سکویای همیشه‌سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکویای همیشه‌سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia" title="Sequoia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sequoia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%BF%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84" title="세쿼이아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세쿼이아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Սեքվոյա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեքվոյա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99im%C3%B3rski_%C5%BEerowc" title="Přimórski žerowc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Přimórski žerowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obalna_sekvoja" title="Obalna sekvoja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obalna sekvoja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandrau%C3%B0vi%C3%B0ur" title="Strandrauðviður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Strandrauðviður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%94" title="סקוויה נאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקוויה נאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მარადმწვანე სეკვოია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარადმწვანე სეკვოია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Секвойя – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Секвойя" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Секвойя – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Секвойя" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Секвойя – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Секвойя" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%AB%C5%BEza%C4%BC%C4%81_sekvoja" title="Mūžzaļā sekvoja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūžzaļā sekvoja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis%C5%BEal%C4%97_sekvoja" title="Visžalė sekvoja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Visžalė sekvoja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengerparti_mamutfeny%C5%91" title="Tengerparti mamutfenyő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengerparti mamutfenyő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Крајбрежна црвена секвоја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крајбрежна црвена секвоја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سيكويا دائمه الخضره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيكويا دائمه الخضره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဆီကွိုင်းယားပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆီကွိုင်းယားပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustmammoetboom" title="Kustmammoetboom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kustmammoetboom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2" title="セコイア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セコイア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kystsequoia" title="Kystsequoia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kystsequoia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیکوئیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیکوئیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Секвойя – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Секвойя" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekwoja_wieczniezielona" title="Sekwoja wieczniezielona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sekwoja wieczniezielona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammutboohm" title="Mammutboohm – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mammutboohm" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvoja_v%C5%BEdyzelen%C3%A1" title="Sekvoja vždyzelená – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sekvoja vždyzelená" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obalna_sekvoja" title="Obalna sekvoja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obalna sekvoja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црвена секвоја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвена секвоја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obalna_sekvoja" title="Obalna sekvoja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obalna sekvoja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4ispunapuu" title="Jättiläispunapuu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jättiläispunapuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_sekvoja" title="Amerikansk sekvoja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikansk sekvoja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலிபோர்னியா செம்மரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிபோர்னியா செம்மரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="เรดวูดชายฝั่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรดวูดชายฝั่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekoya" title="Sekoya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sekoya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Секвойя – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Секвойя" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Секвоя вічнозелена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Секвоя вічнозелена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secoya" title="Secoya – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Secoya" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sequoia sempervirens" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%BA%A2%E6%9C%A8" title="加州红木 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Redwood&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="California Redwood">California Redwood</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of tree</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"California Redwoods" redirects here. For the professional lacrosse team, see <a href="/wiki/California_Redwoods_(PLL)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Redwoods (PLL)">California Redwoods (PLL)</a>. For the defunct UFL football team, see <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountain_Lions" title="Sacramento Mountain Lions">Sacramento Mountain Lions</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Sequoia sempervirens </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg/220px-US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg/330px-US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg/440px-US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="3399" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Sequoia sempervirens along <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_199" title="U.S. Route 199">US 199</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">Endangered</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Status_TNC_G4.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Status_TNC_G4.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Status_TNC_G4.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /> Apparently Secure  (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sequoia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">S. sempervirens</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Sequoia sempervirens <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/David_Don" title="David Don">D.Don</a>) <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher">Endl.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequoia_Sequoiadendron_range_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sequoia_Sequoiadendron_range_map.png/220px-Sequoia_Sequoiadendron_range_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sequoia_Sequoiadendron_range_map.png/330px-Sequoia_Sequoiadendron_range_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sequoia_Sequoiadendron_range_map.png/440px-Sequoia_Sequoiadendron_range_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1871" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Natural range of California subfamily <a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a> <div style="background-color:#90ee90">green - Sequoia sempervirens</div> <div style="background-color:#ee9090">red - <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">Sequoiadendron giganteum</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sectionaltree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sectionaltree.jpg/220px-Sectionaltree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sectionaltree.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Trunk in sectional view</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redwood_cones_and_seeds_from_Medford_Oregon_mid_November.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Redwood_cones_and_seeds_from_Medford_Oregon_mid_November.jpg/220px-Redwood_cones_and_seeds_from_Medford_Oregon_mid_November.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Redwood_cones_and_seeds_from_Medford_Oregon_mid_November.jpg/330px-Redwood_cones_and_seeds_from_Medford_Oregon_mid_November.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Redwood_cones_and_seeds_from_Medford_Oregon_mid_November.jpg/440px-Redwood_cones_and_seeds_from_Medford_Oregon_mid_November.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Redwood cone scales begin to open mid November, with seeds dispersing by the wind.</figcaption></figure> Sequoia sempervirens (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈkwɔɪ.ə ˌsɛmpərˈvaɪrənz/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Sunset1995-3">[3]</a> is the sole living <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a> in the cypress family <a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a> (formerly treated in <a href="/wiki/Taxodiaceae" title="Taxodiaceae">Taxodiaceae</a>). Common names include coast redwood, coastal redwood and California redwood. It is an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>, long-lived, <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a> tree living 1,200–2,200 years or more.<a href="#cite_note-Stagner-4">[4]</a> This species includes the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">tallest living trees</a> on Earth, reaching up to 115.9 m (380.1 ft) in height (without the <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>) and up to 8.9 m (29 ft) in <a href="/wiki/Diameter_at_breast_height" title="Diameter at breast height">diameter at breast height</a>. These trees are also among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_trees" title="List of oldest trees">longest-living trees on Earth</a>. Before commercial logging and clearing began by the 1850s, this massive tree occurred <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">naturally</a> in an estimated 810,000 ha (2,000,000 acres)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> along much of coastal California (excluding southern California where rainfall is not sufficient) and the southwestern corner of coastal Oregon within the United States. Being the tallest tree species, with a small range and an extremely long lifespan, many redwoods are preserved in various state and national parks; many of the largest specimens have their own official names. The name sequoia sometimes refers to the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a>, which includes S. sempervirens along with <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a> (giant sequoia) and <a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a> (dawn redwood). Here, the term redwood on its own refers to the species covered in this article but not to the other two species. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> The coast redwood normally reaches a height of 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft), but will be more than 110 m (360 ft) in extraordinary circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> with a trunk diameter of 9 m (30 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Flora_of_North_America-9">[9]</a> Historically, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and founder member of the <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_P._Gibbons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William P. Gibbons (page does not exist)">William P. Gibbons</a> (1812-1897) described in 1893 the hollow shell of a coast redwood in the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland Hills">Oakland Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County</a> with diameter of 9.9 metres (32 ft) at breast height.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> This tree's girth is rivalled by the "<a href="/wiki/Fieldbrook,_California" title="Fieldbrook, California">Fieldbrook</a> Stump" of <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt County</a> with a diameter of 9.8 metres (32 ft) at 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) from the ground.<a href="#cite_note-:7-11">[11]</a> Coast redwoods have a conical <a href="/wiki/Crown_(botany)" title="Crown (botany)">crown</a>, with horizontal to slightly drooping branches. The trunk is remarkably straight. The <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> can be very thick, up to 35 cm (1.15 ft), and quite soft and fibrous,<a href="#cite_note-Flora_of_North_America-9">[9]</a> with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed (hence the name redwood), <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> darker. The <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> system is composed of shallow, wide-spreading <a href="/wiki/Lateral_root" title="Lateral root">lateral roots</a>. The leaves are variable, being <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>15–25 mm (5⁄8–1 in) long and flat on young trees and shaded lower branches in older trees. The leaves are scalelike, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5–10 mm (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) long on shoots in full sun in the upper crown of older trees, with a full range of transition between the two extremes. They are dark green above and have two blue-white <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomatal</a> bands below. Leaf arrangement is spiral, but the larger shade leaves are twisted at the base to lie in a flat plane for maximum light capture. The species is <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>, with pollen and seed cones on the same plant. The <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">seed cones</a> are ovoid, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">15–32 mm (9⁄16–1+1⁄4 in) long, with 15–25 spirally arranged scales; <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> is in late winter with maturation about 8–9 months after. Each cone scale bears three to seven <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, each seed <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3–4 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">0.5 mm (1⁄32 in) broad, with two wings <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 mm (1⁄16 in) wide. The seeds are released when the cone scales dry and open at maturity. The pollen cones are ovular and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4–6 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long. Its <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> makeup is unusual among conifers, being a <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">hexaploid</a> (6n) and possibly <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy#Terminology" title="Polyploidy">allopolyploid</a> (AAAABB).<a href="#cite_note-Ahuja2002-12">[12]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> genomes of the redwood are <a href="/wiki/Paternal_mtDNA_transmission" title="Paternal mtDNA transmission">paternally inherited</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neale1989-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> Scottish botanist <a href="/wiki/David_Don" title="David Don">David Don</a> described the redwood as Taxodium sempervirens, the "evergreen <a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a>", in his colleague <a href="/wiki/Aylmer_Bourke_Lambert" title="Aylmer Bourke Lambert">Aylmer Bourke Lambert</a>'s 1824 work A description of the genus Pinus.<a href="#cite_note-don_1824-14">[14]</a> Austrian botanist <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher">Stephan Endlicher</a> erected the genus <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a> in his 1847 work Synopsis coniferarum, giving the redwood its current binomial name of Sequoia sempervirens.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is unknown how Endlicher derived the name Sequoia. See <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)#Etymology" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia Etymology</a>. The redwood is one of three living species, each in its own genus, in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a>. Molecular studies have shown that the three are each other's closest relatives, generally with the redwood and giant sequoia (<a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">Sequoiadendron giganteum</a>) as each other's closest relatives. However, Yang and colleagues in 2010 queried the polyploid state of the redwood and speculate that it may have arisen as an ancient <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> between ancestors of the giant sequoia and dawn redwood (<a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a>). Using two different single copy <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_gene" title="Nuclear gene">nuclear genes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leafy" title="Leafy">LFY</a> and NLY, to generate <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic trees</a>, they found that Sequoia was clustered with Metasequoia in the tree generated using the LFY gene, but with Sequoiadendron in the tree generated with the NLY gene. Further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that Sequoia was the result of a <a href="/wiki/Hybridization_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridization event">hybridization event</a> involving Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron. Thus, Yang and colleagues hypothesize that the inconsistent relationships among Metasequoia, Sequoia, and Sequoiadendron could be a sign of <a href="/wiki/Reticulate_evolution" title="Reticulate evolution">reticulate evolution</a> (in which two species hybridize and give rise to a third) among the three genera. However, the long evolutionary history of the three genera (the earliest fossil remains being from the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>) make resolving the specifics of when and how Sequoia originated once and for all a difficult matter—especially since it in part depends on an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> The species name "sempervirens" means "evergreen", thought to be because of its previous placement in the same genus as <a href="/wiki/Taxodium_distichum" title="Taxodium distichum">Taxodium distichum</a> (baldcypress) of the southeastern USA. Unlike coast redwood, baldcypress loses its leaves in winter.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The common name "redwood", applied to both the coast redwood and the giant redwood, is a reference to the red <a href="/wiki/Heartwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartwood">heartwood</a> of the trees.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Common names that refer to Sequoia sempervirens alone include "California redwood", "coastal redwood", "coastal sequoia", and "coast redwood".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> Coast redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately 750 km (470 mi) in length and 8–75 km (5–47 mi) in width along the Pacific coast of North America; the most southerly native grove is in <a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey County, California</a>, and the most northerly groves are in extreme southwestern Oregon. The aforementioned qualification of "native" is because the species was introduced to various locations in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria, Australia</a>, in the 1930s for experimental reasons and have since flourished. The prevailing native elevation range is 30–750 m (100–2,460 ft) above sea level, occasionally down to 0 and up to about 900 m (3,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> They usually grow in the mountains where precipitation from the incoming moisture off the ocean is greater. The tallest and oldest trees are found in deep valleys and gullies, where year-round streams can flow, and fog drip is regular. The <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> also made it harder for loggers to get to the trees and to get them out after <a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">felling</a>. The trees above the fog layer, above about 700 m (2,300 ft), are shorter and smaller due to the drier, windier, and colder conditions. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas-fir">Douglas-fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanoak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanoak">tanoak</a> often crowd out redwoods at these elevations. Few redwoods grow close to the ocean, due to intense salt spray, sand, and wind. <a href="/wiki/Coalescence_(physics)" title="Coalescence (physics)">Coalescence</a> of coastal fog accounts for a considerable part of the trees' water needs.<a href="#cite_note-Bionet1998-21">[21]</a> Fog in the 21st century is, however, reduced from what it was in the prior century, which is a problem that may be compounded by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Bierstadt_-_California_Redwoods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a hillside of redwoods with the edge sun seen behind a hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Albert_Bierstadt_-_California_Redwoods.jpg/220px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_California_Redwoods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Albert_Bierstadt_-_California_Redwoods.jpg/330px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_California_Redwoods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Albert_Bierstadt_-_California_Redwoods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>, California Redwoods, 1872, Oil on paper mounted on canvas</figcaption></figure> The northern boundary of its range is marked by two groves on mountain slopes along the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Chetco_River" title="Chetco River">Chetco River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> which is on the western fringe of the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Mountains" title="Klamath Mountains">Klamath Mountains</a>, near the California–Oregon border.<a href="#cite_note-feis-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The northernmost grove is located within <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Loeb_State_Park" title="Alfred A. Loeb State Park">Alfred A. Loeb State Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Siskiyou National Forest">Siskiyou National Forest</a> at the approximate coordinates 42°07'36"N 124°12'17"W. The southern boundary of its range is the <a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest" title="Los Padres National Forest">Los Padres National Forest</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Silver_Peak_Wilderness" title="Silver Peak Wilderness">Silver Peak Wilderness</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Lucia Mountains">Santa Lucia Mountains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> area of Monterey County, California. The southernmost grove is in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Redwood_Botanical_Area" title="Southern Redwood Botanical Area">Southern Redwood Botanical Area</a>, just north of the national forest's Salmon Creek trailhead and near the <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Obispo County">San Luis Obispo County</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The largest and tallest populations are in California's <a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_and_State_Parks" title="Redwood National and State Parks">Redwood National and State Parks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a> counties) and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Humboldt Redwoods State Park">Humboldt Redwoods State Park</a>, with the overall majority located in the large Humboldt County. The ancient range of the genus is considerably greater, with relatives of the coast redwood living in Europe and Asia prior to the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> geologic period. In recent geologic time there have been considerable shifts in the coast redwood's range in North America. Coast redwood bark has been found in the <a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Tar_Pits" title="La Brea Tar Pits">La Brea Tar Pits</a>, showing that 25,000–40,000 years before the present redwood trees grew as far south as the Los Angeles during the <a href="/wiki/Last_ice_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Last ice age">last ice age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The authors of a 2022 paper suggest, "Were it not for the remarkable ability to sprout after fire, many southern forests may have lost their Sequoia component long ago."<a href="#cite_note-Sillett-2022-30">[30]</a> As to previous redwood range to the north, an upright fossil stump of a coast redwood on a beach in central Oregon was documented 257 km (160 mi) north of the current range.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assisted_migration">Assisted migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assisted migration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_redwood_planted_at_Seabeck_WA_in_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coast_redwood_planted_at_Seabeck_WA_in_1949.jpg/220px-Coast_redwood_planted_at_Seabeck_WA_in_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coast_redwood_planted_at_Seabeck_WA_in_1949.jpg/330px-Coast_redwood_planted_at_Seabeck_WA_in_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coast_redwood_planted_at_Seabeck_WA_in_1949.jpg/440px-Coast_redwood_planted_at_Seabeck_WA_in_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>Coast redwood (2016 photo) planted in Seabeck, WA, in 1949.</figcaption></figure> The ability of Coast Redwood to live for more than a thousand years, along with its unusual capacity to resprout from its root crown when felled by natural or human causes, have earned this species the label of "carbon-sequestration champion."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Its potential to contribute toward <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>, as well as its demonstrated ability to thrive in coastal regions of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pn-2023-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-ctl-redwoods-34">[34]</a> led to the formation of a citizen group in Seattle, Washington undertaking <a href="/wiki/Assisted_migration" title="Assisted migration">assisted migration</a> of this species hundreds of miles north of its <a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">native range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2023-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuow-2023-36">[36]</a> In contrast to cautionary statements made by forestry professionals assessing other tree species for assisted migration,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> the citizens involved with the group known as PropagationNation had met with little controversy until in 2023 a national news outlet published a lengthy article that cast a favorable light on their efforts. The New York Times Magazine wrote:<blockquote> Not wanting to cause ecological problems by planting the trees across the Pacific Northwest, [Philip] Stielstra would eventually contact one of the foremost experts on the coast redwood, a botanist and forest ecologist named <a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Sillett" title="Stephen C. Sillett">Stephen Sillett</a>, at Cal Poly Humboldt, and ask if moving redwoods north was safe. Sillett thought planting redwoods around Seattle was a fantastic idea. ("It's not like it's going to escape and become a nuisance species," Sillett told me, before adding, "it just has so many benefits.") Another factor encouraged Stielstra too: Millions of years ago, redwoods — or their close relatives — grew across the Pacific Northwest. By moving them, Stielstra reasoned, he was helping the magnificent trees regain lost territory.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2023-35">[35]</a></blockquote> In December 2023, the Associated Press exclusively reported criticism from professionals in the region and nationally: While beginning to favor experiments in <a href="/wiki/Assisted_migration_of_forests_in_North_America" title="Assisted migration of forests in North America">assisted population migration</a> of more southerly genetics of the main native timber tree, <a href="/wiki/Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas-fir">Douglas-fir</a>, professionals were united against large-scale plantings of California redwoods into the Pacific Northwest.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The next month, January 2024, carried a regional news article that, once again, showed strong support as well as bold statements by the group's founder.<a href="#cite_note-Zhou-2024-39">[39]</a> Even before the controversy developed in Washington state, professionals in Canada were documenting horticultural plantings of the California species already in place in southwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. In 2022 a Canadian Forestry Service publication used northward horticultural plantings, along with a review of research detailing redwood's <a href="/wiki/Paleobiogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleobiogeography">paleobiogeography</a> and current range conditions, as grounds for proposing that Canada's <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> already offered "narrow strips of optimal habitat" for extending the range of coast redwood.<a href="#cite_note-winder2022-40">[40]</a> The authors point to a topographical "bottleneck" north of the California border that could have impeded northward migration during the Holocene. The bottleneck entails a lack of lowland passages through the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Range" title="Oregon Coast Range">Oregon Coast Range</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Chetco_River" title="Chetco River">Chetco River</a>, coupled with the absence of coastal landscapes beyond storm salt-spray and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> inundation — for which this conifer species is highly intolerant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fog_and_flood_adaptations">Fog and flood adaptations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fog and flood adaptations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:030803a_redwoodfog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/030803a_redwoodfog.jpg/170px-030803a_redwoodfog.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/030803a_redwoodfog.jpg/255px-030803a_redwoodfog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/030803a_redwoodfog.jpg/340px-030803a_redwoodfog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> is of major importance in coast redwood ecology. <a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_and_State_Parks" title="Redwood National and State Parks">Redwood National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_section_of_a_Sequoia_sempervirens_showing_its_tree_rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cross_section_of_a_Sequoia_sempervirens_showing_its_tree_rings.jpg/220px-Cross_section_of_a_Sequoia_sempervirens_showing_its_tree_rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cross_section_of_a_Sequoia_sempervirens_showing_its_tree_rings.jpg/330px-Cross_section_of_a_Sequoia_sempervirens_showing_its_tree_rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cross_section_of_a_Sequoia_sempervirens_showing_its_tree_rings.jpg/440px-Cross_section_of_a_Sequoia_sempervirens_showing_its_tree_rings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3279" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a Sequoia sempervirens showing tree rings</figcaption></figure> The native area provides a unique environment with heavy seasonal rains up to 2,500 mm (100 in) annually. Cool coastal air and <a href="/wiki/Fog_drip" title="Fog drip">fog drip</a> keep the forest consistently damp year round. Several factors, including the heavy rainfall, create a soil with fewer nutrients than the trees need, causing them to depend heavily on the entire biotic community of the forest, and making efficient recycling of dead trees especially important. This forest community includes <a href="/wiki/Coast_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Douglas-fir">coast Douglas-fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_madrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific madrone">Pacific madrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanoak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanoak">tanoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Western hemlock">western hemlock</a>, and other trees, along with a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">mushrooms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Redwood_sorrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood sorrel">redwood sorrel</a>. Redwood forests provide habitat for a variety of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. <a href="/wiki/Old-growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-growth">Old-growth</a> redwood stands provide habitat for the federally threatened <a href="/wiki/Spotted_owl" title="Spotted owl">spotted owl</a> and the California-endangered <a href="/wiki/Marbled_murrelet" title="Marbled murrelet">marbled murrelet</a>. The height of S. sempervirens is closely tied to fog availability; taller trees become less frequent as fog becomes less frequent.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As S. sempervirens' height increases, transporting water via <a href="/wiki/Water_potential" title="Water potential">water potential</a> to the leaves becomes increasingly difficult due to gravity.<a href="#cite_note-Koch2004-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Despite the high rainfall that the region receives (up to 100 cm), the leaves in the upper canopy are perpetually stressed for water.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Moisture_stress" title="Moisture stress">water stress</a> is exacerbated by long droughts in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-:5-47">[47]</a> Water stress is believed to cause the morphological changes in the leaves, stimulating reduced leaf length and increased leaf succulence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> To supplement their water needs, redwoods use frequent summer fog events. Fog water is absorbed through multiple pathways. Leaves directly take in fog from the surrounding air through the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermal tissue</a>, bypassing the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Coast redwoods also absorb water directly through their bark.<a href="#cite_note-:6-51">[51]</a> The uptake of water through leaves and bark repairs and reduces the severity of xylem embolisms,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-51">[51]</a> which occur when <a href="/wiki/Cavitation#Vascular_plants" title="Cavitation">cavitations</a> form in the xylem preventing the transport of water and nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-:6-51">[51]</a> Fog may also collect on redwood leaves, drip to the forest floor, and be absorbed by the tree's roots. This fog drip may form 30% of the total water used by a tree in a year.<a href="#cite_note-:5-47">[47]</a> Redwoods often grow in flood-prone areas. Sediment deposits can form impermeable barriers that suffocate tree roots, and unstable soil in flooded areas often causes trees to lean to one side, increasing the risk of the wind toppling them. Immediately after a flood, redwoods grow their existing roots upwards into recently deposited sediment layers.<a href="#cite_note-:4-53">[53]</a> A second root system then develops from adventitious buds on the newly buried trunk and the old root system dies.<a href="#cite_note-:4-53">[53]</a> To counter lean, redwoods increase wood production on the vulnerable side, creating a supporting buttress.<a href="#cite_note-:4-53">[53]</a> These adaptations create forests of almost exclusively redwood trees in flood-prone regions.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_and_pathogen_resistance">Pest and pathogen resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pest and pathogen resistance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_Redwood_fallen_branch_bark_tunnels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coast_Redwood_fallen_branch_bark_tunnels.jpg/220px-Coast_Redwood_fallen_branch_bark_tunnels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coast_Redwood_fallen_branch_bark_tunnels.jpg/330px-Coast_Redwood_fallen_branch_bark_tunnels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coast_Redwood_fallen_branch_bark_tunnels.jpg/440px-Coast_Redwood_fallen_branch_bark_tunnels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A recently fallen canopy branch reveals thin bark and tunnels made by bark beetle larvae.</figcaption></figure> Coast redwoods are resistant to insect attack, fungal infection, and rot. These properties are conferred by concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a> in redwood leaves, roots, bark, and wood.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Despite these chemical defenses, redwoods are still subject to insect infestations; none, however, are capable of killing a healthy tree. Bark is so thick on the bole that bark beetles cannot enter there. However, the canopy branches have thin bark (see photo at right) that native bark beetles are able to bore into for egg-laying and larval growth via tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Redwoods also face herbivory from mammals: <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a> are reported to consume the inner bark of small redwoods, and <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_deer" title="Black-tailed deer">black-tailed deer</a> are known to eat redwood sprouts.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> The oldest known coast redwood is about 2,200 years old;<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> many others in the wild exceed 600 years. The numerous claims of older redwoods are incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> Because of their seemingly timeless lifespans, coast redwoods were deemed the "everlasting redwood" at the turn of the century; in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, sempervirens means "ever green" or "everlasting". Redwoods must endure various environmental disturbances to attain such great ages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_adaptations">Fire adaptations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fire adaptations">edit</a>]</div> In response to forest fires, the trees have developed various adaptations. The thick, fibrous bark of coast redwoods is extremely fire-resistant; it grows to at least a foot thick and protects mature trees from fire damage.<a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[56]</a> In addition, the redwoods contain little flammable <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch or resin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[56]</a> Fires, moreover, appear to actually benefit redwoods by causing substantial mortality in competing species,<a href="#cite_note-usda-sequoia-57">[57]</a> while having only minor effects on redwood. Burned areas are favorable to the successful germination of redwood seeds.<a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a> A study published in 2010, the first to compare post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species, concluded that fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood, and higher-severity fires provide the greatest benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Ramage2010-58">[58]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:512px;max-width:512px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:246px;max-width:246px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:325px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_02.jpg/244px-Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_02.jpg/366px-Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_02.jpg/488px-Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:325px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_01.jpg/260px-Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_01.jpg/390px-Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_01.jpg/520px-Epicormic_growth_2_years_after_the_CZU_fire_in_Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="3920" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two years after the 2020 <a href="/wiki/CZU_Lightning_Complex_fires" title="CZU Lightning Complex fires">CZU fire</a> that burned as high as the canopy in <a href="/wiki/Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Big Basin Redwoods State Park">Big Basin Redwoods State Park</a>. In addition to the customary sprouting of massive numbers of vertical shoots growing at ground-level around the charred trunks, thick <a href="/wiki/Epicormic_shoot" title="Epicormic shoot">epicormic</a> greenery appears high up on some of the fire-pruned redwoods. (Photos were taken along the old growth loop trail, September 2022.)</div></div></div></div> Self-pruning of its lower limbs as height is gained is a crucial adaptation to prevent ground fires from rising into the canopy, where branch bark is thin and leaves are vulnerable. In the millions of years that predated human evolution, this level of protection worked well against natural fires originating from lightning strikes.<a href="#cite_note-usda-sequoia-57">[57]</a> When the first humans arrived in North America, redwoods thrived in regions where ground fires were intentionally set by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">indigenous populations</a> on a seasonal basis.<a href="#cite_note-Forestry-59">[59]</a> However, when peoples arrived from other continents in the past few centuries, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">indigenous fire practices</a> were disallowed — even in the few places where the first peoples were permitted to continue living. Flammable brush and young trees thus accumulated.<a href="#cite_note-Forestry-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcut logging</a> further hampered a return to a fire-resistant tall canopy. <a href="/wiki/History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">Governmental policies</a> aimed at <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">suppressing</a> all natural and human-caused fires, even in parks and wilderness areas, amplified the accumulation of dense undergrowth and woody debris. Thus, even a naturally occurring ground fire could threaten to spread upwards and become a canopy fire spreading uncontrollably over a widening area.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-2023-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-pyne-1995-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lignotuber_active_redwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lignotuber_active_redwood.jpg/220px-Lignotuber_active_redwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lignotuber_active_redwood.jpg/330px-Lignotuber_active_redwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lignotuber_active_redwood.jpg/440px-Lignotuber_active_redwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Lignotuber actively budding.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lignotuber_face_Roosevelt_Redwood_Grove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lignotuber_face_Roosevelt_Redwood_Grove.jpg/220px-Lignotuber_face_Roosevelt_Redwood_Grove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lignotuber_face_Roosevelt_Redwood_Grove.jpg/330px-Lignotuber_face_Roosevelt_Redwood_Grove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lignotuber_face_Roosevelt_Redwood_Grove.jpg/440px-Lignotuber_face_Roosevelt_Redwood_Grove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Lignotuber, Roosevelt Grove.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redwood_basal_regrowth_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Redwood_basal_regrowth_2.jpg/220px-Redwood_basal_regrowth_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Redwood_basal_regrowth_2.jpg/330px-Redwood_basal_regrowth_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Redwood_basal_regrowth_2.jpg/440px-Redwood_basal_regrowth_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Basal regrowth after logging.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redwood_basal_regrowth_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Redwood_basal_regrowth_3.jpg/220px-Redwood_basal_regrowth_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Redwood_basal_regrowth_3.jpg/330px-Redwood_basal_regrowth_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Redwood_basal_regrowth_3.jpg/440px-Redwood_basal_regrowth_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>View upward from the center of an old, logged stump (Freshwater Creek).</figcaption></figure> Coast redwood reproduces both sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting of buds, layering, or <a href="/wiki/Lignotuber" title="Lignotuber">lignotubers</a>. Seed production begins at 10–15 years of age. Cones develop in the winter and mature by fall. In the early stages, the cones look like <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, and are commonly called "flowers" by professional foresters, although this is not strictly correct. Coast redwoods produce many cones, with redwoods in new forests producing thousands per year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a> The cones themselves hold 90–150 seeds, but viability of seed is low, typically well below 15% with one estimate of average rates being 3 to 10 percent.<a href="#cite_note-ucberkeley1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a> The viability does increase with age, trees under 20 years old have a viability of about 1%, and do not generally reach the highest levels of viability until age 250. The rates decrease as the tree starts to get very old, with trees over 1,200 not reaching viability rates over 3%.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The low viability may discourage seed predators, which do not want to waste time sorting <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> (empty seeds) from edible seeds. Successful germination often requires a fire or flood, reducing competition for seedlings. The winged seeds are small and light, weighing 3.3–5.0 mg (200–300 seeds/g; 5,600–8,500/ounce). The wings are not effective for wide dispersal, and seeds are dispersed by wind an average of only 60–120 m (200–390 ft) from the parent tree. Seedlings are susceptible to fungal infection and predation by <a href="/wiki/Banana_slug" title="Banana slug">banana slugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush_rabbit" title="Brush rabbit">brush rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Most seedlings do not survive their first three years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a> However, those that become established grow rapidly, with young trees known to reach 20 m (66 ft) tall in 20 years. When canopy space is not available, small trees can remain suppressed for up to 400 years before accelerating their growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Coast redwoods can also reproduce asexually by layering or sprouting from the root crown, stump, or even fallen branches; if a tree falls over, it generates a row of new trees along the trunk, so many trees naturally grow in a straight line. Sprouts originate from dormant or adventitious buds at or under the surface of the bark. The dormant sprouts are stimulated when the main adult stem gets damaged or starts to die. Many sprouts spontaneously erupt and develop around the circumference of the tree trunk. Within a short period after sprouting, each sprout develops its own root system, with the dominant sprouts forming a ring of trees around the parent root crown or stump. This ring of trees is called a "fairy ring". Sprouts can achieve heights of 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) in a single growing season. Redwoods may also reproduce using <a href="/wiki/Burl" title="Burl">burls</a>. A burl is a woody <a href="/wiki/Lignotuber" title="Lignotuber">lignotuber</a> that commonly appears on a redwood tree below the soil line, though usually within 3 m (10 ft) in depth from the soil surface. Coast redwoods develop burls as seedlings from the axils of their <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledon</a>, a trait that is extremely rare in conifers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a> When provoked by damage, dormant buds in the burls sprout new shoots and roots. Burls are also capable of sprouting into new trees when detached from the parent tree, though exactly how this happens is yet to be studied. Shoot clones commonly sprout from burls and are often turned into decorative hedges when found in suburbia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_uses">Cultivation and uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultivation and uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg/170px-Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg/255px-Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg/340px-Coast_Redwood_2015-06_103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> redwood, from the Pacific Bonsai Museum</figcaption></figure> Coast redwood is one of the most valuable timber species in the lumbering industry. In California, 3,640 km2 (899,000 acres) of redwood forest are logged, virtually all of it second growth.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1">[1]</a> Though many entities have existed in the cutting and management of redwoods, perhaps none has had a more storied role than the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Lumber_Company" title="Pacific Lumber Company">Pacific Lumber Company</a> (1863–2008) of Humboldt County, California, where it owned and managed over 810 km2 (200,000 acres) of forests, primarily redwood. Coast redwood lumber is highly valued for its beauty, light weight, and resistance to decay. Its lack of resin makes it absorb water<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and resist fire. P. H. Shaughnessy, Chief Engineer of the San Francisco Fire Department wrote: <blockquote>In the recent <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">great fire</a> of San Francisco, that began April 18th, 1906, we succeeded in finally stopping it in nearly all directions where the unburned buildings were almost entirely of frame construction, and if the exterior finish of these buildings had not been of redwood lumber, I am satisfied that the area of the burned district would have been greatly extended.</blockquote> Because of its impressive resistance to decay, redwood was extensively used for <a href="/wiki/Railroad_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad ties">railroad ties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trestle_bridge" title="Trestle bridge">trestles</a> throughout California. Many of the old ties have been recycled for use in gardens as borders, steps, house beams, etc. Redwood burls are used in the production of table tops, veneers, and turned goods. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail_3.jpg/220px-Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail_3.jpg/330px-Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail_3.jpg/440px-Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Skyline-to-the-Sea_Trail" title="Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail">Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail</a> passing through a cut-out in a fallen California redwood tree</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a> people, who occupied the region before European settlement, regularly burned ground cover in redwood forests to bolster <a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">tanoak</a> populations from which they harvested acorns, to maintain forest openings, and to boost populations of useful plant species such as those for medicine or basketmaking.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Extensive logging of redwoods began in the early nineteenth century. The trees were felled by ax and saw onto beds of tree limbs and shrubs to cushion their fall.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Stripped of their bark, the logs were transported to mills or waterways by oxen or horse.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Loggers then burned the accumulated tree limbs, shrubs, and bark. The repeated fires favored <a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary forests</a> of primarily redwoods as redwood seedlings sprout readily in burned areas.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-66">[66]</a> The introduction of steam engines let crews drag logs through long skid trails to nearby railroads,<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> furthering the reach of loggers beyond the land near rivers previously used to transport trees.<a href="#cite_note-:13-66">[66]</a> This method of harvesting, however, disturbed large amounts of soil, producing secondary-growth forests of species other than redwood such as Douglas-fir, <a href="/wiki/Abies_grandis" title="Abies grandis">grand fir</a>, and western hemlock.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> After World War II, trucks and tractors gradually replaced steam engines, giving rise to two harvesting approaches: <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clearcutting</a> and selection harvesting. Clearcutting involved felling all the trees in a particular area. It was encouraged by tax laws that exempted all standing timber from taxation if 70% of trees in the area were harvested.<a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Selection logging, by contrast, called for the removal 25% to 50% of mature trees in the hopes that the remaining trees would allow for future growth and reseeding.<a href="#cite_note-:13-66">[66]</a> This method, however, encouraged growth of other tree species, converting redwood forests into mixed forests of redwood, grand fir, <a href="/wiki/Picea_sitchensis" title="Picea sitchensis">Sitka spruce</a>, and western hemlock.<a href="#cite_note-:13-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-54">[54]</a> Moreover, the trees left standing were often felled by <a href="/wiki/Windthrow" title="Windthrow">windthrow</a>; that is, they were often blown over by the wind. The coast redwood is <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a> in New Zealand, notably at <a href="/wiki/Redwoods_Forest,_Whakarewarewa" title="Redwoods Forest, Whakarewarewa">Whakarewarewa</a> Forest, <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Redwood has been grown in New Zealand plantations for more than 100 years, and those planted in New Zealand have higher growth rates than those in California, mainly because of even rainfall distribution through the year.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Other areas of successful cultivation outside of the native range include Great Britain, Italy, France,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, middle elevations of Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/Hogsback,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogsback, Eastern Cape">Hogsback</a> in South Africa, the Knysna Afromontane forests in the Western Cape, Grootvadersbosch Forest Reserve near Swellendam, South Africa and the Tokai Arboretum on the slopes of Table Mountain above Cape Town, a small area in central Mexico (<a href="/wiki/Jilotepec_de_Abasolo" title="Jilotepec de Abasolo">Jilotepec</a>), and the southeastern United States from eastern Texas to Maryland. It also does well in the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia), far north of its northernmost native range in southwestern Oregon. Coast redwood trees were used in a display at Rockefeller Center and then given to Longhouse Reserve in East Hampton, Long Island, New York, and these have now been living there for over twenty years and have survived at 2 °F (−17 °C).<a href="#cite_note-Longhouse-70">[70]</a> This fast-growing tree can be grown as an ornamental specimen in those large parks and gardens that can accommodate its massive size. It has gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequoia-sap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sequoia-sap.jpg/220px-Sequoia-sap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sequoia-sap.jpg/330px-Sequoia-sap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sequoia-sap.jpg/440px-Sequoia-sap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Dried <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albino_redwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The foliage of an "albino" exhibiting lack of chlorophyll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Albino_redwood.jpg/170px-Albino_redwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Albino_redwood.jpg/255px-Albino_redwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Albino_redwood.jpg/340px-Albino_redwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Albino_redwood" title="Albino redwood">Albinos</a>" lack <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a></figcaption></figure> Fairly solid evidence indicates that coast redwoods were the world's largest trees before logging, with numerous historical specimens reportedly over 122 m (400 ft).<a href="#cite_note-vanpelt-73">[73]</a>: 16, 42  The theoretical maximum potential height of coast redwoods is thought to be limited to between 122 and 130 m (400 and 427 ft), as <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> is insufficient to transport water to leaves beyond this range.<a href="#cite_note-Koch2004-42">[42]</a> Further studies have indicated that this maximum requires fog, which is prevalent in these trees' natural environment.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A tree reportedly 114.3 m (375 ft) in length was felled in Sonoma County by the Murphy Brothers saw mill in the 1870s,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> another claimed to be 115.8 m (380 ft) and 7.9 m (26 ft) in diameter was cut down near Eureka in 1914,<a href="#cite_note-Carder-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Creek_Tree" title="Lindsay Creek Tree">Lindsay Creek Tree</a> was documented to have a height of 120 m (390 ft) when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. A tree reportedly 129.2 m (424 ft) tall was felled in November 1886 by the Elk River Mill and Lumber Company in Humboldt County, yielding 79,736 marketable board feet from 21 cuts.<a href="#cite_note-Carranco1982-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FWDG1886-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll2006-80">[80]</a> In 1893, a Redwood cut at the <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_(California)" title="Eel River (California)">Eel River</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Scotia,_California" title="Scotia, California">Scotia</a>, reportedly measured 130.1 m (427 ft) in length, and 23.5 m (77 ft) in girth.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> However, limited evidence corroborates these historical measurements. Today, trees over 60 m (200 ft) are common, and many are over 90 m (300 ft). The current tallest tree is the <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperion tree">Hyperion tree</a>, measuring 115.61 m (379.3 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> The tree was discovered in Redwood National Park during mid-2006 by Chris Atkins and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Taylor_(Tall_Tree_Discoverer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Taylor (Tall Tree Discoverer)">Michael Taylor</a>, and is thought to be the world's tallest living organism. The previous record holder was the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere_Giant" title="Stratosphere Giant">Stratosphere Giant</a> in Humboldt Redwoods State Park at 112.84 m (370.2 ft) (as measured in 2004). Until it fell in March 1991, the "Dyerville Giant" was the record holder. It, too, stood in Humboldt Redwoods State Park and was 113.4 m (372 ft) high and estimated to be 1,600 years old. This fallen giant has been preserved in the park. The largest known living coast redwood is Grogan's Fault, discovered in 2014 by Chris Atkins and Mario Vaden in Redwood National Park,<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> with a main trunk volume of at least 1,084.5 cubic meters (38,299 cu ft)<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> Other high-volume coast redwoods include <a href="/wiki/Iluvatar_(tree)" title="Iluvatar (tree)">Iluvatar</a>, with a main trunk volume of 1,033 m3 (36,470 cu ft),<a href="#cite_note-vanpelt-73">[73]</a>: 160  and the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Monarch" title="Lost Monarch">Lost Monarch</a>, with a main trunk volume of 988.7 m3 (34,914 cu ft).<a href="#cite_note-Flint2002-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albino_redwood" title="Albino redwood">Albino redwoods</a> are <a href="/wiki/Mutant" title="Mutant">mutants</a> that cannot manufacture <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>. About 230 examples (including growths and sprouts) are known to exist,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> reaching heights of up to 20 m (66 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Stienstra2007-86">[86]</a> These trees survive like <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasites</a>, obtaining food from green parent trees. While similar mutations occur sporadically in other conifers, no cases are known of such individuals surviving to maturity in any other conifer species.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Recent research news reports that albino redwoods can store higher concentrations of toxic metals, going so far as comparing them to organs or "waste dumps".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_tallest_trees">List of tallest trees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of tallest trees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">List of tallest trees</a></div> Heights of the tallest coast redwoods are measured yearly by experts.<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> Even with recent discoveries of tall coast redwoods above 100 m (330 ft), it is likely that no taller trees will be discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Ten tallest Sequoia sempervirens<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Height </th> <th colspan="2">Diameter </th> <th rowspan="2">Location </th></tr> <tr> <th>Meters </th> <th>Feet </th> <th>Meters </th> <th>Feet </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(tree)" title="Hyperion (tree)">Hyperion</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115.85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">380.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.84 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood National Park">Redwood National Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Helios </td> <td style="text-align:right;">114.58 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">375.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.96 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood National Park">Redwood National Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Icarus </td> <td style="text-align:right;">113.14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">371.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.78 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood National Park">Redwood National Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere_Giant" title="Stratosphere Giant">Stratosphere Giant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">113.05 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">370.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.18 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Humboldt Redwoods State Park">Humboldt Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>National Geographic </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112.71 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">369.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.39 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood National Park">Redwood National Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Orion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112.63 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">369.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redwood_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood National Park">Redwood National Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Federation Giant </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112.62 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">369.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.54 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Humboldt Redwoods State Park">Humboldt Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Paradox </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112.51 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">369.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Humboldt Redwoods State Park">Humboldt Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Mendocino_Tree" title="The Mendocino Tree">Mendocino</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112.32 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">368.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.19 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Woods_State_Natural_Reserve" title="Montgomery Woods State Natural Reserve">Montgomery Woods State Natural Reserve</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Millennium </td> <td style="text-align:right;">111.92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">367.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.71 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Humboldt Redwoods State Park">Humboldt Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Del_Norte_Titan_230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Del_Norte_Titan_230.jpg/170px-Del_Norte_Titan_230.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Del_Norte_Titan_230.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_Titan" title="Del Norte Titan">Del Norte Titan</a></figcaption></figure> Diameter is measured at 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) above average ground level (<a href="/wiki/Diameter_at_breast_height" title="Diameter at breast height">at breast height</a>). Details of the precise locations for most of the tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> The tallest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is the National Geographic Tree, immediately trailside in the Tall Trees Grove of Redwood National Park.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_largest_trees">List of largest trees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of largest trees">edit</a>]</div> The following list shows the largest S. sempervirens by volume known as of 2001.<a href="#cite_note-vanpelt-73">[73]</a>: 186–7  <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Five largest Sequoia sempervirens<a href="#cite_note-vanpelt-73">[73]</a>: 186–7  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Height </th> <th colspan="2">Diameter </th> <th colspan="2">Trunk volume </th> <th rowspan="2">Location </th></tr> <tr> <th>Meters </th> <th>Feet </th> <th>Meters </th> <th>Feet </th> <th>Cubic meters </th> <th>Cubic feet </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_Titan" title="Del Norte Titan">Del Norte Titan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">307 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.23 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,045 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park">Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Iluvatar_(tree)" title="Iluvatar (tree)">Iluvatar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">300 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,033 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Creek_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park">Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lost_Monarch" title="Lost Monarch">Lost Monarch</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">97.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">321 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.68 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">989 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park">Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>Howland Hill Giant </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">329 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.02 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">951 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park">Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>Sir Isaac Newton </td> <td style="text-align:right;">94.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">311 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.01 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">940 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Creek_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park">Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Calculating the volume of a standing tree is the practical equivalent of calculating the <a href="/wiki/Volume#Cone" title="Volume">volume of an irregular cone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NPS1997-90">[90]</a> and is subject to error for various reasons. This is partly due to technical difficulties in measurement, and variations in the shape of trees and their trunks. Measurements of trunk <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a> are taken at only a few predetermined heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross-section</a>, and that taper between measurement points is even. Also, only the volume of the trunk (including the restored volume of basal fire scars) is taken into account, and not the volume of wood in the branches or roots.<a href="#cite_note-NPS1997-90">[90]</a> The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. Most coast redwoods with volumes greater than 850 m3 (30,000 cu ft) represent ancient fusions of two or more separate trees, which makes determining whether a coast redwood has a single stem or multiple stems difficult.<a href="#cite_note-conifers.org-91">[91]</a> Starting in 2014, more record-breaking coast redwood trees were discovered. The largest disclosed was a massive redwood called Grogan's Fault/Spartan,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> which has been measured to have a volume of 38,300 cubic feet. In 2021 during a meeting presentation titled Redwoods 101 run by Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, an even larger redwood was revealed, allegedly surpassed only by 3 giant sequoias in size.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> This tree is popularly known as 'Hail Storm', and has a volume of 44,750 cubic feet.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Details of the precise locations for most of the tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a> The largest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is <a href="/wiki/Iluvatar_(tree)" title="Iluvatar (tree)">Iluvatar</a>, which stands prominently about 5 meters (16 ft) to the southeast of the Foothill Trail of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canopy_layers">Canopy layers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canopy layers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clouded_Salamander,_Aneides_ferreus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Clouded_Salamander%2C_Aneides_ferreus.jpg/220px-Clouded_Salamander%2C_Aneides_ferreus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Clouded_Salamander%2C_Aneides_ferreus.jpg/330px-Clouded_Salamander%2C_Aneides_ferreus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Clouded_Salamander%2C_Aneides_ferreus.jpg/440px-Clouded_Salamander%2C_Aneides_ferreus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Clouded Salamander, <a href="/wiki/Aneides_ferreus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneides ferreus">Aneides ferreus</a></figcaption></figure> Redwood canopy soil forms from leaf and organic material litter shedding from upper portions of the tree, accumulating and decomposing on larger branches.<a href="#cite_note-:7-11">[11]</a> These clusters of soil require a lot of hydration, but they have an incredible amount of retention once saturated. Redwoods can send roots into these wet soils, providing a water source removed from the forest floor. This creates a unique ecosystem within old growth trees full of fungi, vascular plants, and small creatures. An example of a creature that lives there are the Clouded Salamanders that has been discovered up to 40 meters high. Evidence shows they breed and are born in the canopy soil of Redwood trees.<a href="#cite_note-:7-11">[11]</a> Due to the sheer mass height of these trees and the canopy layer, it was almost never explored for the last century. Due to the mass of these trees and the amount of trees in the surrounding area different molds of moss form on these canopies that are called epiphytes. These epiphytes have different characteristics but all of said species are very adaptable to the tough treetop weather and characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-:7-11">[11]</a> After hundreds of years these trees have been shaped into making it possible for these epiphytes to survive through the winter rain and the fall fog.<a href="#cite_note-:7-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_examples">Other notable examples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other notable examples">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Blossom_Rock_(San_Francisco_Bay)#"Navigation_Trees"" title="Blossom Rock (San Francisco Bay)">Blossom Rock Navigation Trees</a> were two especially tall sequoias located in the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hills" title="Berkeley Hills">Berkeley Hills</a> used as a <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">navigational aid</a> by sailors to avoid the treacherous Blossom Rock near <a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena_Island" title="Yerba Buena Island">Yerba Buena Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>The Crannell Creek Giant was documented to have a trunk volume of at least 1,744 m3 (61,573 cu ft) – about 32% larger than Grogan's Fault and 17% larger than <a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_(tree)" title="General Sherman (tree)">General Sherman</a>, the current largest tree. It was felled around 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Creek_Tree" title="Lindsay Creek Tree">Lindsay Creek Tree</a> was documented to have a height of 120 m (390 ft) and a trunk volume of at least 2,500 cubic meters (90,000 cu ft) when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. If these measurements are to be believed, the Lindsay Creek Tree was about 3 m (10 ft) taller than Hyperion, the current tallest tree, 213% larger than Grogan's Fault, and 171% larger than General Sherman.<a href="#cite_note-Gymnosperm-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Survivor" title="Old Survivor">Old Survivor</a>, also known as the Grandfather, is the last remaining old-growth coastal redwood of the redwood forest that populated the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland Hills">Oakland Hills</a>. The tree was seeded sometime between 1549 and 1554.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>One of the largest redwood stumps ever found, measuring 9.4 m (31 ft) in diameter, is in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, the Berkeley Hills, in the <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Regional_Recreation_Area" title="Roberts Regional Recreation Area">Roberts Regional Recreation Area</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Redwood_Regional_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood Regional Park">Redwood Regional Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Me_in_Redwood_Country" title="Bury Me in Redwood Country">Bury Me in Redwood Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Redwoods_League" title="Save the Redwoods League">Save the Redwoods League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California_coastal_forests" title="Northern California coastal forests">Northern California coastal forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_temperate_rainforests" title="Pacific temperate rainforests">Pacific temperate rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood (color)">Redwood (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Sillett" title="Stephen C. Sillett">Stephen C. Sillett</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarjon,_A.Schmid,_R.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Farjon, A.; Schmid, R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/34051/2841558">"Sequoia sempervirens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2013: e.T34051A2841558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34051A2841558.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34051A2841558.en</a>. 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BayNature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Giants&rft.pub=BayNature&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.aulast=Slack&rft.aufirst=Gordy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaynature.org%2Farticles%2Fin-the-shadow-of-giants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASequoia+sempervirens" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Noss, R. F., ed. (2000). The Redwood Forest: history, ecology and conservation of the Coast Redwood. Island Press, Washington, D.C. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-726-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-726-9">1-55963-726-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequoia_sempervirens&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sequoia sempervirens at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" class="extiw" title="c:Sequoia sempervirens">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Redwood_of_California" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Redwood of California">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" class="extiw" title="species:Sequoia sempervirens">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humboldt.edu/redwoods/">Institute for Redwood Ecology</a> Includes photo gallery, <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopy</a> views, <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> animals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php">Gymnosperm Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/redw/index.htm">US National Park Service</a> Redwood</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/muwo/index.htm">Muir Woods National Monument</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savetheredwoods.org/">Save the Redwoods League</a> Non-profit organization: education, protection and restoration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sempervirens.org/">Sempervirens Fund</a> Non-profit organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824083158/http://www.ictinternational.com.au/TallTreesGallery.htm">ICT Int. Gallery</a> sensors installation by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sillett" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Sillett">Stephen Sillett</a> & team</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdvaden.com/grove_of_titans.shtml">Coast Redwoods – Largest & Tallest</a> Photos for largest and tallest Coast Redwoods and other information.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os5mZQLpe98">"Science on the SPOT: Albino redwoods, ghosts of the forest"</a>. YouTube video from Quest. <a href="/wiki/KQED_(TV)" title="KQED (TV)">KQED</a>. 2010-08-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/os5mZQLpe98">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2011-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube+video+from+Quest&rft.atitle=Science+on+the+SPOT%3A+Albino+redwoods%2C+ghosts+of+the+forest&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dos5mZQLpe98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASequoia+sempervirens" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCk6r_9ktr4&t=10s">Redwood Timelapse California Redwoods</a>, YouTube. This is a short film about the Coastal Redwoods of California.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW9w6eCQQkU">One Man’s Mission to Revive the Last Redwood Forests | Short Film Showcase</a>, On YouTube by National Geographic. Published on 28 May 2016</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227160203/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb_YNZn_kaQ&gl=US&hl=en">"Redwood Forests – Lumber Felling & Milling 1940's"</a>. YouTube video from Historia – Bel99TV. 2013-02-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb_YNZn_kaQ">the original</a> on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2014-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube+video+from+Historia+%E2%80%93+Bel99TV&rft.atitle=Redwood+Forests+%E2%80%93+Lumber+Felling+%26+Milling+1940%27s&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dqb_YNZn_kaQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASequoia+sempervirens" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humboldtredwoods.org/redwoods">Humboldt Redwoods State Park (CA)</a> Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesjones.com/climbing1.htm">Preston, Richard. "Climbing the Redwoods"</a> – 2/14-21/2005 <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a> article about redwoods and climbing.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/trees/coastredwood/">More about Sequoia sempervirens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNcDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanics+1943+C-87&pg=PA28">Popular Mechanics, November 1943, Saga of the Redwoods</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cupressaceae" title="Template:Cupressaceae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cupressaceae" title="Template talk:Cupressaceae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cupressaceae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cupressaceae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Cupressaceae_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#89b987;width:1%">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Athrotaxidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Athrotaxidoideae">Athrotaxidoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Athrotaxis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis" title="Athrotaxis">Athrotaxis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis_cupressoides" title="Athrotaxis cupressoides"><abbr title="Athrotaxis">A</abbr>. cupressoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis_selaginoides" title="Athrotaxis selaginoides"><abbr title="Athrotaxis">A</abbr>. selaginoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis_laxifolia" title="Athrotaxis laxifolia"><abbr title="Athrotaxis">A</abbr>. laxifolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#89b987;width:1%">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Callitroideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Callitroideae">Callitroideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinostrobus" title="Actinostrobus">Actinostrobus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinostrobus_acuminatus" title="Actinostrobus acuminatus"><abbr title="Actinostrobus">A</abbr>. acuminatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinostrobus_arenarius" title="Actinostrobus arenarius"><abbr title="Actinostrobus">A</abbr>. arenarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinostrobus_pyramidalis" title="Actinostrobus pyramidalis"><abbr title="Actinostrobus">A</abbr>. pyramidalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus" title="Austrocedrus">Austrocedrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus_chilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrocedrus chilensis"><abbr title="Austrocedrus">A</abbr>. chilensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callitris" title="Callitris">Callitris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_baileyi" title="Callitris baileyi"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. baileyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_canescens" title="Callitris canescens"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. canescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_columellaris" title="Callitris columellaris"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. columellaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_drummondii" title="Callitris drummondii"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. drummondii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_endlicheri" title="Callitris endlicheri"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. endlicheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_macleayana" title="Callitris macleayana"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. macleayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_monticola" title="Callitris monticola"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. monticola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_muelleri" title="Callitris muelleri"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. muelleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_neocaledonica" title="Callitris neocaledonica"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. neocaledonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_oblonga" title="Callitris oblonga"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. oblonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_preissii" title="Callitris preissii"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. preissii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_rhomboidea" title="Callitris rhomboidea"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. rhomboidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_roei" title="Callitris roei"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. roei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_sulcata" title="Callitris sulcata"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. sulcata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callitris_verrucosa" title="Callitris verrucosa"><abbr title="Callitris">C</abbr>. verrucosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diselma" title="Diselma">Diselma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diselma_archeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Diselma archeri"><abbr title="Diselma">D</abbr>. archeri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya" title="Fitzroya">Fitzroya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya_cupressoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzroya cupressoides"><abbr title="Fitzroya">F</abbr>. cupressoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus" title="Libocedrus">Libocedrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus_austrocaledonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Libocedrus austrocaledonicus"><abbr title="Libocedrus">L</abbr>. austrocaledonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus_bidwillii" title="Libocedrus bidwillii"><abbr title="Libocedrus">L</abbr>. bidwillii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus_chevalieri" title="Libocedrus chevalieri"><abbr title="Libocedrus">L</abbr>. chevalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus_plumosa" title="Libocedrus plumosa"><abbr title="Libocedrus">L</abbr>. plumosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus_yateensis" title="Libocedrus yateensis"><abbr title="Libocedrus">L</abbr>. yateensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis">Neocallitropsis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis_pancheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis pancheri"><abbr title="Neocallitropsis">N</abbr>. pancheri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus" title="Papuacedrus">Papuacedrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus_papuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuacedrus papuana"><abbr title="Papuacedrus">P</abbr>. papuana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron" title="Pilgerodendron">Pilgerodendron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron_uviferum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgerodendron uviferum"><abbr title="Pilgerodendron">P</abbr>. uviferum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Widdringtonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia_cedarbergensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Widdringtonia cedarbergensis"><abbr title="Widdringtonia">W</abbr>. cedarbergensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia_nodiflora" title="Widdringtonia nodiflora"><abbr title="Widdringtonia">W</abbr>. nodiflora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia_schwarzii" title="Widdringtonia schwarzii"><abbr title="Widdringtonia">W</abbr>. schwarzii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia_whytei" title="Widdringtonia whytei"><abbr title="Widdringtonia">W</abbr>. whytei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#89b987;width:1%">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Cunninghamioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunninghamioideae">Cunninghamioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cunninghamia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia" title="Cunninghamia">Cunninghamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia_konishii" title="Cunninghamia konishii"><abbr title="Cunninghamia">C</abbr>. konishii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia_lanceolata" title="Cunninghamia lanceolata"><abbr title="Cunninghamia">C</abbr>. lanceolata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#89b987;width:1%">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Cupressoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressoideae">Cupressoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callitropsis_nootkatensis" title="Callitropsis nootkatensis">Callitropsis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callitropsis_nootkatensis" title="Callitropsis nootkatensis"><abbr title="Callitropsis">C</abbr>. nootkatensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus_decurrens" title="Calocedrus decurrens"><abbr title="Calocedrus">C</abbr>. decurrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus_formosana" title="Calocedrus formosana"><abbr title="Calocedrus">C</abbr>. formosana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus_macrolepis" title="Calocedrus macrolepis"><abbr title="Calocedrus">C</abbr>. macrolepis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus_rupestris" title="Calocedrus rupestris"><abbr title="Calocedrus">C</abbr>. rupestris</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis" title="Chamaecyparis">Chamaecyparis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_formosensis" title="Chamaecyparis formosensis"><abbr title="Chamaecyparis">C</abbr>. formosensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_lawsoniana" title="Chamaecyparis lawsoniana"><abbr title="Chamaecyparis">C</abbr>. lawsoniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa" title="Chamaecyparis obtusa"><abbr title="Chamaecyparis">C</abbr>. obtusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_pisifera" title="Chamaecyparis pisifera"><abbr title="Chamaecyparis">C</abbr>. pisifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_taiwanensis" title="Chamaecyparis taiwanensis"><abbr title="Chamaecyparis">C</abbr>. taiwanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_thyoides" title="Chamaecyparis thyoides"><abbr title="Chamaecyparis">C</abbr>. thyoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressus" title="Cupressus">Cupressus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_atlantica" title="Cupressus atlantica"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupressus_austrotibetica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cupressus austrotibetica (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. austrotibetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_cashmeriana" title="Cupressus cashmeriana"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. cashmeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_chengiana" title="Cupressus chengiana"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. chengiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_duclouxiana" title="Cupressus duclouxiana"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. duclouxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_dupreziana" title="Cupressus dupreziana"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. dupreziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_funebris" title="Cupressus funebris"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. funebris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_gigantea" title="Cupressus gigantea"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. gigantea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. sempervirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_tonkinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressus tonkinensis"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. tonkinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_torulosa" title="Cupressus torulosa"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. torulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_vietnamensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressus vietnamensis"><abbr title="Cupressus">C</abbr>. vietnamensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis" title="Hesperocyparis">Hesperocyparis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_abramsiana" title="Hesperocyparis abramsiana"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. abramsiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_arizonica" title="Hesperocyparis arizonica"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. arizonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_bakeri" title="Hesperocyparis bakeri"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. bakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_benthamii" title="Hesperocyparis benthamii"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. benthamii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_forbesii" title="Hesperocyparis forbesii"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. forbesii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_glabra" title="Hesperocyparis glabra"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. glabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_goveniana" title="Hesperocyparis goveniana"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. goveniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_guadalupensis" title="Hesperocyparis guadalupensis"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. guadalupensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_lusitanica" title="Hesperocyparis lusitanica"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. lusitanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_macnabiana" title="Hesperocyparis macnabiana"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. macnabiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_macrocarpa" title="Hesperocyparis macrocarpa"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. macrocarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_montana" title="Hesperocyparis montana"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_nevadensis" title="Hesperocyparis nevadensis"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. nevadensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_pygmaea" title="Hesperocyparis pygmaea"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. pygmaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_revealiana" title="Hesperocyparis revealiana"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. revealiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_sargentii" title="Hesperocyparis sargentii"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. sargentii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis_stephensonii" title="Hesperocyparis stephensonii"><abbr title="Hesperocyparis">H</abbr>. stephensonii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fokienia" title="Fokienia">Fokienia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fokienia_hodginsii" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokienia hodginsii"><abbr title="Fokienia">F</abbr>. hodginsii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Section Juniperus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_brevifolia" title="Juniperus brevifolia"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  brevifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_cedrus" title="Juniperus cedrus"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  cedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_communis" title="Juniperus communis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>. communis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_conferta" title="Juniperus conferta"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>. conferta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_drupacea" title="Juniperus drupacea"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>. drupacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_formosana" title="Juniperus formosana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  formosana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_lutchuensis" title="Juniperus lutchuensis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  lutchuensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_macrocarpa" title="Juniperus macrocarpa"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  macrocarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus" title="Juniperus oxycedrus"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  oxycedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_rigida" title="Juniperus rigida"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>. rigida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Section Sabina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Old World Species: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_chinensis" title="Juniperus chinensis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  chinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_convallium" title="Juniperus convallium"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  convallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_excelsa" title="Juniperus excelsa"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  excelsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_foetidissima" title="Juniperus foetidissima"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  foetidissima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_indica" title="Juniperus indica"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  indica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_komarovii" title="Juniperus komarovii"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  komarovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_phoenicea" title="Juniperus phoenicea"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  phoenicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_pingii" title="Juniperus pingii"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  pingii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_procera" title="Juniperus procera"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  procera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_procumbens" title="Juniperus procumbens"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  procumbens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_pseudosabina" title="Juniperus pseudosabina"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  pseudosabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_recurva" title="Juniperus recurva"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  recurva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_sabina" title="Juniperus sabina"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_saltuaria" title="Juniperus saltuaria"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  saltuaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_semiglobosa" title="Juniperus semiglobosa"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  semiglobosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_squamata" title="Juniperus squamata"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  squamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_thurifera" title="Juniperus thurifera"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  thurifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_tibetica" title="Juniperus tibetica"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  tibetica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniperus_wallichiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juniperus wallichiana (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  wallichiana</a> </li></ul> New World Species: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_angosturana" title="Juniperus angosturana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  angosturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_ashei" title="Juniperus ashei"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  ashei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_arizonica" title="Juniperus arizonica"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  arizonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_barbadensis" title="Juniperus barbadensis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  barbadensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  bermudiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_blancoi" title="Juniperus blancoi"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  blancoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_californica" title="Juniperus californica"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  californica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_coahuilensis" title="Juniperus coahuilensis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  coahuilensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_comitana" title="Juniperus comitana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  comitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_deppeana" title="Juniperus deppeana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  deppeana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_durangensis" title="Juniperus durangensis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  durangensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_flaccida" title="Juniperus flaccida"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  flaccida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_gamboana" title="Juniperus gamboana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  gamboana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_horizontalis" title="Juniperus horizontalis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  horizontalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_jaliscana" title="Juniperus jaliscana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  jaliscana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_monosperma" title="Juniperus monosperma"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  monosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_monticola" title="Juniperus monticola"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  monticola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_occidentalis" title="Juniperus occidentalis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  occidentalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_osteosperma" title="Juniperus osteosperma"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  osteosperma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_pinchotii" title="Juniperus pinchotii"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  pinchotii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_saltillensis" title="Juniperus saltillensis"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  saltillensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_scopulorum" title="Juniperus scopulorum"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  scopulorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_standleyi" title="Juniperus standleyi"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  standleyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana" title="Juniperus virginiana"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  virginiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniperus_zanonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juniperus zanonii (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Juniperus">J</abbr>.  zanonii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbiota_decussata" title="Microbiota decussata">Microbiota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiota_decussata" title="Microbiota decussata"><abbr title="Microbiota">M</abbr>. decussata</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platycladus" title="Platycladus">Platycladus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platycladus_orientalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycladus orientalis"><abbr title="Platycladus">P</abbr>. orientalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis_articulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraclinis articulata"><abbr title="Tetraclinis">T</abbr>. articulata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">Thuja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuja_koraiensis" title="Thuja koraiensis"><abbr title="Thuja">T</abbr>. koraiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis" title="Thuja occidentalis"><abbr title="Thuja">T</abbr>. occidentalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata"><abbr title="Thuja">T</abbr>. plicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuja_standishii" title="Thuja standishii"><abbr title="Thuja">T</abbr>. standishii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuja_sutchuenensis" title="Thuja sutchuenensis"><abbr title="Thuja">T</abbr>. sutchuenensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Thujopsis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis_dolabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Thujopsis dolabrata"><abbr title="Thujopsis">T</abbr>. dolabrata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xanthocyparis" title="Xanthocyparis">Xanthocyparis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthocyparis_vietnamensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthocyparis vietnamensis"><abbr title="Xanthocyparis">X</abbr>. vietnamensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#89b987;width:1%">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia_glyptostroboides" title="Metasequoia glyptostroboides"><abbr title="Metasequoia">M</abbr>. glyptostroboides</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr title="Sequoia">S</abbr>. sempervirens</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum"><abbr title="Sequoiadendron">S</abbr>. giganteum</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#89b987;width:1%">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Taiwanioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanioideae">Taiwanioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Taiwania" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwania_cryptomerioides" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwania cryptomerioides"><abbr title="Taiwania">T</abbr>. cryptomerioides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#89b987;width:1%">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Taxodioideae" title="Taxodioideae">Taxodioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria_japonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomeria japonica"><abbr title="Cryptomeria">C</abbr>. japonica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus_pensilis" title="Glyptostrobus pensilis"><abbr title="Glyptostrobus">G</abbr>. pensilis</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxodium_ascendens" title="Taxodium ascendens"><abbr title="Taxodium">T</abbr>. ascendens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxodium_distichum" title="Taxodium distichum"><abbr title="Taxodium">T</abbr>. distichum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxodium_mucronatum" title="Taxodium mucronatum"><abbr title="Taxodium">T</abbr>. mucronatum</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Sequoia sempervirens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150129" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q150129">Q150129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/126131">126131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/sequoia-sempervirens/">sequoia-sempervirens</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7531">7531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4WSQG">4WSQG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1034849">1034849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SEQSE">SEQSE</a></li> <li>Euro+Med PlantBase: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/62fc1aa8-5072-4e13-87ab-acbbf173187c">62fc1aa8-5072-4e13-87ab-acbbf173187c</a></li> <li>FEIS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/seqsem/all.html">seqsem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/17808">17808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005399">200005399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005399">200005399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2683909">2683909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33710">33710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47372">47372</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/263741-1">263741-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11325771">11325771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183435">183435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/34051">34051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287323">287323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.140518/">2.140518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000463454">NHMSYS0000463454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28980">28980</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/280c5830-f56e-4682-888e-8bff3e3c803e">280c5830-f56e-4682-888e-8bff3e3c803e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2681">2681</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/144016/">144016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=538150">538150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sequoia+sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=9112">9112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2484394">kew-2484394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SESE3">SESE3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A263741-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263741-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/17252/wd/Details">17252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/31300228">31300228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/7eef6dbe-3e4e-46ba-b657-f61abb58d842">7eef6dbe-3e4e-46ba-b657-f61abb58d842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000437871">wfo-0000437871</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Taxodium sempervirens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17363914" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q17363914">Q17363914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/205500">205500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5526R">5526R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2683910">2683910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=80069">80069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/263779-1">263779-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10515526">10515526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183436">183436</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A263779-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263779-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/31300025">31300025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000408597">wfo-0000408597</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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