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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ku.wikipedia.org&uselang=ku" class="">Bexş bike</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:CreateAccount&returnto=Polonya" title="Em pêşniyar dikin ku tu ji xwe re hesabek çêbikî û bi wê hesabê têkevî, lêbelê ev ne mecbûrî ye." class="">Hesabekî çêke</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:UserLogin&returnto=Polonya" title="Têketina we dê baş be; lê belê, lê pêwîstî tune ye. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Têkeve</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Zêdetir opsiyon" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Amûrên kesane" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Amûrên kesane </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ku.wikipedia.org&uselang=ku">Bexş bike</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:CreateAccount&returnto=Polonya" title="Em pêşniyar dikin ku tu ji xwe re hesabek çêbikî û bi wê hesabê têkevî, lêbelê ev ne mecbûrî ye."> Hesabekî çêke</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:UserLogin&returnto=Polonya" title="Têketina we dê baş be; lê belê, lê pêwîstî tune ye. [o]" accesskey="o"> Têkeve</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Rûpelên ji bo edîtorên derketî <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AEkar%C3%AE:Gav%C3%AAn_p%C3%AA%C5%9F%C3%AEn" aria-label="Di derbarê guhartinê de zêdetir hîn bibe">Zêdetir hîn bibe</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:MyContributions" title="Lîsteyeke guhartinên ji vê IP adresê [y]" accesskey="y">Beşdariyên min</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Gotûbêj</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Malper"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Naverok" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Naverok</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">Here menuya kêlekê</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">veşêre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Destpêk</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dîrok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dîrok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Dîrok </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dîrok-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Binêbeşa Dîrok bigire/veke </button> <ul id="toc-Dîrok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pêşdîrok_û_protodîrok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pêşdîrok_û_protodîrok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Pêşdîrok û protodîrok </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pêşdîrok_û_protodîrok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qiraliyeta_Polonyayê" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qiraliyeta_Polonyayê"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Qiraliyeta Polonyayê </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qiraliyeta_Polonyayê-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yekîtiya_polonî-lîtvanî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yekîtiya_polonî-lîtvanî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Yekîtiya polonî-lîtvanî </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yekîtiya_polonî-lîtvanî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beşên_Polonyayê" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beşên_Polonyayê"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Beşên Polonyayê </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beşên_Polonyayê-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serdema_serhildanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serdema_serhildanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Serdema serhildanan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serdema_serhildanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komara_Polonyaya_Duyem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komara_Polonyaya_Duyem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Komara Polonyaya Duyem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komara_Polonyaya_Duyem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dema_Şerê_Cîhanê_yê_Duyem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dema_Şerê_Cîhanê_yê_Duyem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Dema Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dema_Şerê_Cîhanê_yê_Duyem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komunîzma_piştî_şer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komunîzma_piştî_şer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Komunîzma piştî şer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komunîzma_piştî_şer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komara_Polonyaya_Sêyem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komara_Polonyaya_Sêyem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Komara Polonyaya Sêyem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komara_Polonyaya_Sêyem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erdnîgarî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erdnîgarî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Erdnîgarî </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Erdnîgarî-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Binêbeşa Erdnîgarî bigire/veke </button> <ul id="toc-Erdnîgarî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avhewa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avhewa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Avhewa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avhewa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biyopirrengî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biyopirrengî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Biyopirrengî </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biyopirrengî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rêveberî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rêveberî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Rêveberî </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rêveberî-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Binêbeşa Rêveberî bigire/veke </button> <ul id="toc-Rêveberî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Herêmên_îdarî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herêmên_îdarî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Herêmên îdarî </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herêmên_îdarî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demografî </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çavkanî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çavkanî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Çavkanî </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çavkanî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Girêdanên_derve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Girêdanên_derve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Girêdanên derve </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Girêdanên_derve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Naverok" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tabloya naverokê bigre/veke" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tabloya naverokê bigre/veke </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polonya</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Here gotareke bi zimanekî din. Bi 305 zimanan heye." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-305" aria-hidden="true" > Bi 305 zimanên din </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – abxazî" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abxazî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – açehî" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="açehî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Полшэ – adîgeyî" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Полшэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adîgeyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – afrîkansî" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrîkansî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – elmanîşî" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="elmanîşî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – amharî" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharî" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – aragonî" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaland" title="Polaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Polaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – angîkayî" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angîkayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولندا – erebî" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="erebî" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܦܘܠܢܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پولونيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোলেণ্ড – asamî" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamî" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – astûrî" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astûrî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – avarî" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu%C3%B1a" title="Puluña – aymarayî" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puluña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymarayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – azerî" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – başkîrî" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="başkîrî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – balînî" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balînî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poin" title="Poin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Poin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97nk%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Lėnkėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – belarusî" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – betawî" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша – bulgarî" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – bîslamayî" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bîslamayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulandia" title="Pulandia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – bengalî" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalî" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕོ་ལན། – tîbetî" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tîbetî" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – bretonî" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – bosnî" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89" title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ – bugî" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Польшо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Польшо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – katalanî" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Pŏ̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – çeçenî" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="çeçenî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskowa" title="Polskowa – sebwanoyî" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polskowa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebwanoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaki" title="Polaki – çamoroyî" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Polaki" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="çamoroyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᏉᎳᏂ – çerokî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="çerokî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – çeyenî" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="çeyenî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پۆڵەندا – soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – korsîkayî" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsîkayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehistan" title="Lehistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lehistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – çekî" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="çekî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2lsk%C3%B4" title="Pòlskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пол҄ьска – slaviya kenîseyî" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пол҄ьска" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slaviya kenîseyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – çuvaşî" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="çuvaşî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl – weylsî" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Pwyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="weylsî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – danmarkî" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danmarkî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – almanî" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="almanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – sorbiya jêrîn" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorbiya jêrîn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ޕޮލެންޑު – divehî" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޮލެންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2" title="པོ་ལེནཌི – conxayî" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="པོ་ལེནཌི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="conxayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94lisa" title="Pɔlisa – eweyî" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔlisa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="eweyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – yewnanî" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="yewnanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%B3gna" title="Pulógna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pulógna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – îngilîzî" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="îngilîzî" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="gotarên baş"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollando" title="Pollando – esperantoyî" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – spanî" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – estonî" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – baskî" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1a" title="Poloña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Poloña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهستان – farisî" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="farisî" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonya" title="Poloonya – fulahî" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Poloonya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulahî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="gotarên baş"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – fînî" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fînî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladi" title="Poladi – fîjî" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Poladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fîjî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – ferî" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – fransî" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolen" title="Poolen – frîsiya bakur" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poolen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frîsiya bakur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonie" title="Polonie – friyolî" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Polonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friyolî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalen" title="Poalen – frîsî" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frîsî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn – îrlendî" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="îrlendî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2gn" title="Pològn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pològn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ph%C3%B2lainn" title="A' Phòlainn – gaelîka skotî" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Phòlainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelîka skotî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – galîsî" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galîsî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Polóña – guwaranî" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Polóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guwaranî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="પોલેંડ – gujaratî" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Pholynn" title="Yn Pholynn – manksî" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Pholynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manksî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – hawsayî" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hawsayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%A0n" title="Pô-làn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Dlani" title="Pōlani – hawayî" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pōlani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פולין – îbranî" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="îbranî" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – hindî" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindî" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – xirwatî" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xirwatî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – sorbiya jorîn" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorbiya jorîn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2y" title="Polòy – haîtî" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polòy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haîtî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelorsz%C3%A1g" title="Lengyelország – mecarî" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mecarî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լեհաստան – ermenî" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ermenî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փոլոնիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոլոնիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – endonezî" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="endonezî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – înterlîngue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="înterlîngue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – îgboyî" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="îgboyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puulan" title="Puulan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Puulan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – îlokanoyî" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="îlokanoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Полхехье – îngûşî" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Полхехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="îngûşî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – îdoyî" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="îdoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – îzlendî" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="îzlendî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – îtalî" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="îtalî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B3%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ – înuîtî" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="înuîtî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ポーランド – japonî" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan" title="Puolan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puolan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/polskas" title="polskas – lojbanî" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="polskas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – javayî" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – gurcî" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gurcî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunda" title="Bulunda – kabîlî" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulunda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabîlî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лэхьый – kabardî" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лэхьый" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94l%C9%94%C9%94%C3%B1%C9%A9" title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borandi" title="Borandi – kîkûyûyî" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Borandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kîkûyûyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – qazaxî" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qazaxî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%89" title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ – ximêrî" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ximêrî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್ – kannadayî" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴란드 – koreyî" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Польска – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Польска" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – karaçay-balkarî" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaçay-balkarî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – keşmîrî" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="keşmîrî" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – rîpwarî" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="rîpwarî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – komî" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – kornî" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – kirgizî" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – latînî" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latînî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ladînoyî" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladînoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – luksembûrgî" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksembûrgî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – lezgînî" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgînî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsca" title="Polsca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polsca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupoolo" title="Bupoolo – lugandayî" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bupoolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="lugandayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – lîmbûrgî" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="lîmbûrgî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – lîgûrî" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lîgûrî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – lombardî" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – lingalayî" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingalayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌ – lawsî" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lawsî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkija" title="Lenkija – lîtwanî" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lîtwanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoleja" title="Puoleja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Puoleja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polija" title="Polija – latviyayî" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latviyayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – madurayî" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Полень мастор – mokşayî" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Полень мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokşayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4l%C3%B4nia" title="Pôlônia – malagasî" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – maorî" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – mînangkabawî" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="mînangkabawî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полска – makedonî" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളണ്ട് – malayalamî" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalamî" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88" title="Польш – mongolî" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – maratî" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratî" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – malezî" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malezî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja – maltayî" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Polonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – mîrandî" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mîrandî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ – burmayî" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Польша Мастор – erzayî" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Польша Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لهستون – mazenderanî" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لهستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenderanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonnia" title="Pulonnia – napolîtanî" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pulonnia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolîtanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – nedersaksî" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedersaksî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – nepalî" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalî" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – newarî" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarî" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – holendî" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holendî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – norwecî (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norwecî (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – norwecî (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norwecî (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%A2" title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ – n’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polongne" title="Polongne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Polongne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – sotoyiya bakur" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotoyiya bakur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltso_H%C3%B3teelnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah – navajoyî" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – çîçewayî" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="çîçewayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonha" title="Polonha – oksîtanî" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksîtanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1u" title="Pol'šu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pol'šu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolaandi" title="Poolaandi – oromoyî" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Poolaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%C3%A6" title="Польшæ – osetî" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ – puncabî" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="puncabî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – pangasînanî" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasînanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – kapampanganî" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="kapampanganî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – papyamentoyî" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papyamentoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonne" title="Polonne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Polonne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeland" title="Poeland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Poeland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – polonî" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="پولنډ – peştûyî" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="peştûyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – portugalî" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunya" title="Pulunya – keçwayî" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keçwayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologna" title="Pologna – romancî" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pologna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romancî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – rundî" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="gotarên baş"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – romanî" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunii" title="Pulunii – aromanî" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pulunii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonie" title="Pulonie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pulonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – rûsî" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rûsî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Польско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonye" title="Polonye – kînyariwandayî" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Polonye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kînyariwandayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="पोलॅण्ड् – sanskrîtî" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलॅण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrîtî" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – yakutî" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="yakutî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ – santalî" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – sardînî" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardînî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonia" title="Pulonia – sicîlî" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicîlî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – skotî" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="پولينڊ – sindhî" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پولينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhî" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – samiya bakur" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="samiya bakur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6l%C3%B4ni" title="Pölôni – sangoyî" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pölôni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sangoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunya" title="Bulunya – taşelhitî" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taşelhitî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ – şanî" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="şanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="පෝලන්තය – kîngalî" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="kîngalî" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEsko" title="Poľsko – slovakî" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – seraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="seraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – slovenî" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – samoayî" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – samiya înarî" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="samiya înarî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – şonayî" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="şonayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland" title="Boland – somalî" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – elbanî" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="elbanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пољска – sirbî" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sirbî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikondre" title="Polikondre – sirananî" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Polikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sirananî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPholandi" title="IPholandi – swazî" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPholandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swazî" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – sotoyiya başûr" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotoyiya başûr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – sundanî" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – swêdî" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="swêdî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – swahîlî" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahîlî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – silesî" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="போலந்து – tamîlî" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamîlî" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పోలాండ్ – telûgûyî" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telûgûyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – tetûmî" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetûmî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лаҳистон – tacikî" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаҳистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tacikî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศโปแลนด์ – tayî" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – tigrînî" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrînî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – tirkmenî" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="tirkmenî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%A1a" title="Polša – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Polša" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – tongî" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tokpisinî" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tokpisinî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – tirkî" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirkî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poran" title="Poran – tarokoyî" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Poran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="tarokoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polendi" title="Polendi – tsongayî" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Polendi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – teterî" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="teterî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – tumbukayî" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbukayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – tahîtî" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahîtî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – tuvanî" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvanî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – udmurtî" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لەھىستان – oygurî" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لەھىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oygurî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Польща – ukraynî" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польща" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraynî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – urdûyî" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdûyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – ozbekî" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbekî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82%C3%B2nia" title="Połònia – venîsî" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Połònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venîsî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1anma" title="Pol'šanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lan" title="Ba Lan – viyetnamî" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="viyetnamî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooln" title="Pooln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pooln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A4n" title="Polän – volapûkî" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Polän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapûkî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – walonî" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="walonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – warayî" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1" title="Poloñ – wolofî" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Poloñ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – çîniya wuyî" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="çîniya wuyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPoland" title="IPoland – xosayî" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPoland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xosayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="פוילן – yidîşî" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוילן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yidîşî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Pólándì – yorubayî" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pólándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yorubayî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlanz" title="Bohlanz – zhuangî" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangî" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%B4l%27n" title="Poôl'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Poôl'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – amazîxiya fasî" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazîxiya fasî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – çînî" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="çînî" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%C3%A2n" title="Pho-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – kantonî" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonî" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPolandi" title="IPolandi – zuluyî" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPolandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluyî" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Girêdanên navzimanî sererast bike" class="wbc-editpage">Girêdanan biguhêre</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Valahiya nav"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polonya" title="Li rûpela naverokê binêre [c]" accesskey="c">Gotar</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Got%C3%BBb%C3%AAj:Polonya" rel="discussion" title="Gotûbêj li ser rûpela naverokê [t]" accesskey="t">Gotûbêj</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Varyanta zimanî biguhêre" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Kurdî/کوردی </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-ku mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&variant=ku" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî/کوردی</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-ku-Arab mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&variant=ku-arab" lang="ku-Arab" hreflang="ku-Arab">Tîpên erebî</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-ku-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&variant=ku-latn" lang="ku-Latn" hreflang="ku-Latn">Tîpên latînî</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Dîtin"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polonya">Bixwîne</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit" title="Vê rûpelê biguhêre [v]" accesskey="v">Biguhêre</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit" title="Koda çavkaniya vê rûpelê biguhêre [e]" accesskey="e">Çavkaniyê biguhêre</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=history" title="Guhartoyên berê yên vê rûpelê [h]" accesskey="h">Dîrokê bibîne</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Amûrên rûpelê"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Qutiya amûran" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Qutiya amûran </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Amûr</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">Here menuya kêlekê</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">veşêre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aksiyon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polonya">Bixwîne</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit" title="Vê rûpelê biguhêre [v]" accesskey="v">Biguhêre</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit" title="Koda çavkaniya vê rûpelê biguhêre [e]" accesskey="e">Çavkaniyê biguhêre</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=history">Dîrokê bibîne</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Giştî </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:Gir%C3%AAdan%C3%AAn_li_ser_vir/Polonya" title="Lîsteya hemû rûpelên ku pê ve girêdayî ne [j]" accesskey="j">Girêdanên li ser vê rûpelê</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:RecentChangesLinked/Polonya" rel="nofollow" title="Guhartinên dawî di rûpelên ku ji vê rûpelê ve hatine girêdan de [k]" accesskey="k">Guhartinên têkildar</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ku" title="Dosyeyan bar bike [u]" accesskey="u">Wêneyekî bar bike</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:SpecialPages" title="Lîsteya hemû rûpelên taybetî [q]" accesskey="q">Rûpelên taybet</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&oldid=1875600" title="Lînka daîmî yê ji bo vê revizyona rûpelê">Girêdana daîmî</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=info" title="Bêhtir agahî di derbarê vê rûpelê de">Agahiyên rûpelê</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:CiteThisPage&page=Polonya&id=1875600&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Agahdariya li ser qalkirina rûpelê">Qalkirina rûpelê bibîne</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fku.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolonya">URLya kurt çêke</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fku.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolonya">Koda QRyê daxîne</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Çap bike/derxîne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polonya&action=show-download-screen">Wek PDF daxe</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Guhartoya çapkirinê ya vê rûpelê [p]" accesskey="p">Guhartoya çapkirinê</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Di projeyên din de </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36" title="Girêdana ji hêmana eleqedar yê di embara daneyan de re [g]" accesskey="g">Hêmana Wîkîdaneyê</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Amûrên rûpelê"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Xuyakirin"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Xuyakirin</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">Here menuya kêlekê</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">veşêre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ji Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya azad.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ku" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1118761">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:24em; font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr class="adr"> <th colspan="3" class="mergedtoprow" style="text-align:center;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;">Rzeczpospolita Polska <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P1448" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">Polonya Rzeczpospolita Polska <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P1705" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><table style="text-align:center;width:100%;background:none;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alaya"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:center;width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mertala"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/85px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/128px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/170px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;">Ala</td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;">Mertal</td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Dirûşm: Move your imagination <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P1451" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Sirûd: Poland Is Not Yet Lost <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P85" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Poland_on_the_globe_(Europe_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Poland_on_the_globe_%28Europe_centered%29.svg/250px-Poland_on_the_globe_%28Europe_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Poland_on_the_globe_%28Europe_centered%29.svg/375px-Poland_on_the_globe_%28Europe_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Poland_on_the_globe_%28Europe_centered%29.svg/500px-Poland_on_the_globe_%28Europe_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"></div> </td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;">Polonya li ser nexşeyê <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_60847b061dbaabf4def67b1580e71148b87842cf"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,270x200.png?lang=ku&domain=ku.wikipedia.org&title=Polonya&revid=1875600&groups=_60847b061dbaabf4def67b1580e71148b87842cf" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=ku&domain=ku.wikipedia.org&title=Polonya&revid=1875600&groups=_60847b061dbaabf4def67b1580e71148b87842cf 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2">Paytext</td><td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/War%C5%9Fova" title="Warşova">Warşova</a> (1795–) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P36" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul></div> <a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=ku&params=52_N_19_E_globe:earth_type:city">52°Bk, 19°Rh</a></td></tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Zimanên fermî</th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1138414">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_polon%C3%AE" title="Zimanê polonî">zimanê polonî</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_belar%C3%BBs%C3%AE" title="Zimanê belarûsî">zimanê belarûsî</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_s%C3%AElez%C3%AE" title="Zimanê sîlezî">zimanê sîlezî</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_ke%C5%9F%C3%BBb%C3%AE" title="Zimanê keşûbî">zimanê keşûbî</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P37" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Zimanên tên bikaranîn</th> <td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_polon%C3%AE" title="Zimanê polonî">zimanê polonî</a></li><li>zimanê almaniya sîlezî</li><li>zimanê hêmayan ê polonî</li><li>zimanê prûsiya kevn</li><li>zimanê vîlamovî <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P2936" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Rêveberî</th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pergala_parlamenter" title="Pergala parlamenter">Pergala parlamenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewleta_yekpare" title="Dewleta yekpare">dewleta yekpare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergala_n%C3%AEvserokatiy%C3%AA" title="Pergala nîvserokatiyê">Pergala nîvserokatiyê</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P122" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Serokdewlet</td> <td>Andrzej Duda (2015–) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P35" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Serokwezîr</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> (2023–) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P6" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="3">Avakirin</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Dema avakirinê</td> <td>11 çiriya paşîn 1918 (dewleta desthilatdar) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P571" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Rûerd</td> <td>312.683 kîlometre çargoşe <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P2046" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Gelhe</th> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> • </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Giştî</td> <td>38.382.576 (2019) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P1082" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Demjimêr</th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1138413">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Central European Time</li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a></li><li>Europe/Warsaw</li><li>Central European Summer Time <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P421" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul></div> </td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hat%C3%BB%C3%A7%C3%BBna_rast%C3%AA_%C3%BB_%C3%A7ep%C3%AA" title="Hatûçûna rastê û çepê">Hatûçûna ajotinê</a></th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1138413"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>right <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36?uselang=ku#P1622" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Koda telefonê</th> <td>+48</td> </tr></tbody></table> Polonya yan jî bi fermî Komara Polonyayê; bi <a href="/wiki/Polon%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonî">polonî</a>: Polska; bi poloniya fermî: Rzeczpospolita Polska), welatekî <a href="/wiki/Ewropaya_Navend%C3%AE" title="Ewropaya Navendî">Ewropaya Navendî</a> ye ku li 16 parêzgehên îdarî yên bi navê voivodeships hatiye dabeşkirin. Polonya bi giştî 313.931 km² rûerd vedigire. Nifûsa Polonyayê li dora 38 milyon kes û welatê pêncem e ku bûye endamê <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a>. <a href="/wiki/War%C5%9Fova" title="Warşova">Warşova</a> paytexta netewe û metropola herî mezin ê Polonyayê ye. Bajarên din ên mezinên welêt <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gdańsk (rûpel hê tune)">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wrocław (rûpel hê tune)">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Łódź (rûpel hê tune)">Łódź</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań (rûpel hê tune)">Poznań</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szczecin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szczecin (rûpel hê tune)">Szczecin</a> û <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubl%C3%AEn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lublîn (rûpel hê tune)">Lublîn</a> e. Polonya xwedan avhewa veguhêzeka nerm e û axa welêt ji deşta ewropî ya navîn derbas dibe ku ji <a href="/wiki/Deryaya_Balt%C3%AEk" title="Deryaya Baltîk">Deryaya Baltîkê</a> li bakur heya Çiyayên Sudeten û li başûr jî heya <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87iyay%C3%AAn_Karpatanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çiyayên Karpatanan (rûpel hê tune)">Çiyayên Karpatanan</a> dirêj dibe. Çemê polonî yê herî dirêj <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87em%C3%AA_Vistulay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çemê Vistulayê (rûpel hê tune)">Çemê Vistulayê</a> ye û xala herî bilind a Polonyayê Çiyayê Rysy ye ku li Çiyayê Tatraya Karpatanê ye. Welêt li aliyê bakurê rojhilat ve bi <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AEtvanya" title="Lîtvanya">Lîtvanya</a> û <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya">Rûsya</a>, li rojhilat ve bi <a href="/wiki/Belar%C3%BBs" title="Belarûs">Belarûs</a> û <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Bkrayna" title="Ûkrayna">Ûkrayna</a>, li başûr bi <a href="/wiki/Slovakya" title="Slovakya">Slovakya</a> û <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ekya" title="Çekya">Çekya</a> û li rojava ve bi <a href="/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya">Almanyayê</a> re sînor e. Di heman demê de sinorên xwe yê deryayî bi <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%AEmarka" title="Danîmarka">Danîmarka</a> û <a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%AAd" title="Swêd">Swêdê</a> re parve dike. Jiyana mirovî yên pêşdîrokî ya li ser axa polonî heya 10.000 salên <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr> diçe. Ji hêla çandî ve li seranserê kevnariya paşîn ê cihêreng, herêm ji hêla eşîrên polonan ve hatiye cihwarkirin ku navê wan di serdema navîn a destpêkê de li Polonyayê hatiye kirin. Dewleta polonî di sala 966an de hatiye damezrandin ku di dema serwerekî pagan ê polonî di bin banê <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%AAra_Romay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dêra Romayê (rûpel hê tune)">Dêra Romayê</a> de dibe xiristiyan hatiye avakirin. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiraliyeta_Polonyay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiraliyeta Polonyayê (rûpel hê tune)">Qiraliyeta Polonyayê</a> di sala 1025an de derdikeve holê û di sala 1569an de têkiliya xwe ya dirêj bi <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AEtvanya" title="Lîtvanya">Lîtvanya</a> re zexm dike ku bi vî rengê Hevpeymaniya Polonî-Lîtvanî hatiye avakirin. Polonya di wê demê de yek ji hêzên mezin ên <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> bû ku bi pergalek siyasî ya bêhempa ya lîberal di sala 1791an de yekem destûra nûjen a Ewropayê pejirandiye. Bi derbasbûna Serdemek Zêrîn a Polonî ya dewlemend, welat di dawiya sedsala 18an de ji hêla dewletên cîran ve hate dabeş kirin û carek din dîsa di sala 1918an de serxwebûna xwe wekî Komara Duyem a Polonî bi dest dixe. Di îlona sala 1939an de dagirkirina Polonya ji hêla <a href="/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya">Almanya</a> û <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Sovyet%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekîtiya Sovyetê">Yekîtiya Sovyetê</a> ve dibe sedema <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_Duyem" title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Duyem">Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem</a> û Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem dibe sedema bi milyonan qurbaniyên polonî. Weke endamek Bloka Komunîst a di dema <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Sar" title="Şerê Sar">Şerê Sar</a> a cîhanî de, Komara Gel a Polonyayê damezrînerê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peymana_War%C5%9Fovay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peymana Warşovayê (rûpel hê tune)">Peymana Warşovayê</a> bû. Bi derketin û tevkariya Tevgera Hevgirtinê (Sendîkaya Polonî), hikûmeta komunîst hate hilweşandin û Polonya di sala 1989an de carek din dîsa wekî dewletek demokratîk ji nû ve hatiye avakirin. Polonya komarek parlamenî ye ku du meclîsên sejm û senatoyê pêk tê. Welêt xwedî bazarek pêşketî û aborîyek bilind e. Polonya di warê aboriyê de wekê hêza navîn tê hesibandin ku welêt ji hêla Dahata Berhemên Kesane ya Neteweyî ve di <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a> de şeşem aboriya herî mezin û ji hêla (PPP) ve welatê pêncemê <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> ye. Welêt standardek pir bilind a jiyanê, ewlehî û azadiya aborî peyda dike welat xwedî perwerdehiya zanîngehê ya belaş û xwedî sîstema lênerîna tenduristiyê ya gerdûnî ye. Li welêt 17 Mîrateyên Cîhanî yên <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCOyê</a> hene ku 15 ji wan mîrateyên çandî ne. Polonya dewletek endamek damezrîner a <a href="/wiki/Netewey%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE" title="Neteweyên Yekbûyî">Neteweyên Yekbûyî</a> ye, endamê <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%AAxistina_Bazirganiya_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rêxistina Bazirganiya Cîhanî (rûpel hê tune)">Rêxistina Bazirganiya Cîhanî</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a> û endamê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Her%C3%AAma_Schengen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herêma Schengen (rûpel hê tune)">Herêma Schengen</a> e. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dîrok">Dîrok</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Beşê biguhêre: Dîrok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Dîrok">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pêşdîrok_û_protodîrok">Pêşdîrok û protodîrok</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Beşê biguhêre: Pêşdîrok û protodîrok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Pêşdîrok û protodîrok">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg/220px-Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg/330px-Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg/440px-Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Cihwarek li Biskupinê ji Serdema Bronzî ye ku Çanda Lusatiyan destnîşan dike (sedsala 8ê <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr>).</figcaption></figure> Her çiqas avhewaya dijwar ku pê re çêdibe rê nade ku mirovên pêşîn cihwarên mayînde avabikin, mirovên arkaîk ên <a href="/wiki/Serdema_kevir%C3%AE" title="Serdema kevirî">Serdema kevirî</a> û celebên <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> ên pêşîn bi qasî 500 hezar sal berê li Polonyayê bi cih bûne.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Hatina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo_sapiens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homo sapiens (rûpel hê tune)">Homo sapiens</a> û mirovên nûjen ên anatomîkî di dawiya Serdema Qeşaya Dawî (10.000 <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr>) de li Polonyayê bicih dibin.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Vekolînên neolîtîk di vê serdemê de pêşketineke berfireh nîşan didin ku delîlên herî pêşîn ên çêkirina penîr a ewropî (5500 <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr>) li Kuyavyaya polonî hatiye dîtin<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> û teswîra li ser dîzika Bronosîse teswîra herî zû ya naskirî ya ku wesayitek bi teker (3400 BZ) destnîşan dike.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Serdemên ku <a href="/wiki/Serdema_bronz%C3%AE" title="Serdema bronzî">Serdema bronzî</a> û <a href="/wiki/Serdema_hesin%C3%AE" title="Serdema hesinî">Serdema hesinî</a> ya Destpêkê (1300 <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr>–500 <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr>) vedihewîne bi zêdebûna nifûsê, damezrandina cihwarbûnên dorgirtî (gords) û berfirehbûna <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87anda_Lusatiyan%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çanda Lusatiyanê (rûpel hê tune)">Çanda Lusatiyanê</a> destnîşan dikin.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Vedîtinek girîng a arkeolojîk a ji protodîroka Polonyayê, runiştgehek li Biskupin e ku wek Çanda Lusatiyan a Serdema Bronz a Dereng (navenda sedsala 8an a <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr>) tê dîtin.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Li seranserê kevnariyê (400 <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr> – 500 <abbr title="berî zayînê">b.z.</abbr>) gelek nifûsên kevnar ên cihêreng li ser axa Polonyaya îro jiyan kirine nemaze eşîrên <a href="/wiki/Kelt" title="Kelt">kelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sik%C3%AEtyan" title="Sikîtyan">skît</a>, <a href="/wiki/German" title="German">german</a>, sarmatî, baltîk û slavî li Polonyaya îro jiyan kirine.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Wekî din, vedîtinên arkeolojîk hebûna Lejyonên Romayî yên ku ji bo parastina bazirganiya kehrîbarê hatine şandin, piştrast dikin. Eşîrên polon piştî pêla duyem a <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7a_Qewman" title="Koça Qewman">Koça Qewman</a> li dora sedsala 6an a <abbr title="piştî zayînê">p.z.</abbr> derketine holê ku ew slavî bûn û dibe ku bermahiyên asîmîlebûyî yên gelên ku berê li herêmê rûdiniştin jî di nav wan de bin.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Di destpêka sedsala 10an de, polon li herêmê serweriya eşîrên din ên lekîtîk dikin û di destpêkê de federasyonek eşîrî û piştre jî dewletek qiraliyeta navendî ava dikin.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qiraliyeta_Polonyayê">Qiraliyeta Polonyayê</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Beşê biguhêre: Qiraliyeta Polonyayê" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Qiraliyeta Polonyayê">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Mieszko_I_(274939)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mieszko_I_%28274939%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mieszko_I_%28274939%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mieszko_I_%28274939%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mieszko_I_%28274939%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mieszko_I_%28274939%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mieszko_I_%28274939%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="3190" /></a><figcaption>Mieszko I, serwerê Xanedana Piast e ku di heman demê de wekê afirînerê Qiraliyeta Polonyayê tê dîtin.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Poland960.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/220px-Poland960.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/330px-Poland960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/440px-Poland960.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Nexşeya Polonyayayê di bin serweriya Mieszko I de ku bi qebûlkirina xiristiyantiya di bin banê Dêra Romayê de û vaftîzma Polonyayê ku di sala 966an de bûye destpêka dewletbûna polonî.</figcaption></figure> Polonya di nîvê sedsala 10an de di bin serweriya Xanedana Piast de dest pê kir ku bibe yekitiyek yekbûyî û yekitiyek herêmî ya naskirî. Di sala 966an de serwerê polonan Mieszko I bi vaftîzma Polonya di bin banê Dêra Romayê de xiristiyaniyê qebûl dike.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Destpêkek bi navê Dagome iudex yekem car sînorên erdnîgarî yên Polonya bi paytext û metranên Polonyayê li bajarê Gniezno diyar kir û teqez kir ku monarşiya wî di bin parastina serokatîya papayan de ye.<a href="#cite_note-Curta2016-13">[13]</a> Destpêka koka gelên welêt ji hêla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallus_Anonymus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallus Anonymus (rûpel hê tune)">Gallus Anonymus</a> ve di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesta_principum_Polonorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesta principum Polonorum (rûpel hê tune)">Gesta principum Polonorum</a> de ku kevnartirîn kronika polonî ye, hatiye vegotin. Bûyerek girîng a neteweyî ya serdemê şehadeta Ezîz Adalbert bû ku di sala 997an de ji aliyê paganên <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BBsya" title="Prûsya">Prûsyayê</a> ve hate kuştin û bermayiyên wî bi giraniya zêr ji hêla cîgirê Mieszko, Bolesław I ve hatiye kirîn.<a href="#cite_note-Curta2016-13">[13]</a> Di sala 1000an de, di Kongreya Gniezno de, Bolesław mafê veberhênanê ji Otto III, împeratorê <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Romay%C3%AA_ya_P%C3%AEroz" title="Împeratoriya Romayê ya Pîroz">Roma yê Pîroz</a> ku ji bo afirandina piskoposên din razî dibe, distîne.<a href="#cite_note-Curta2016-13">[13]</a> Piştre li Kraków, Kołobrzeg û Wrocław sê piskoposên nû têne damezrandin.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Wekî din, Otto cilûbergên key û kopiyek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rima_p%C3%AEroz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rima pîroz (rûpel hê tune)">Rima pîroz</a> diyariyê Bolesław dike; ev paşe ji aliyê Papa Benedict XIX ve ji Bolesław re hatin pêşkêş kirin. Dema ku wî destûr ji John ji bo tackirina xwe wergirt, ev cilûberg di tackirina wî de wekî keyê yekem ê Polonyayê di sala 1025an de hate bikar anîn. Bolesław bi desteserkirina beşên Luzatyaya Alman, Moravyaya Çek, Mecaristana Jorîn û herêmên başûrê rojavayê Rûsyayê Kîevê ve qada deshilatdariya gelek berfireh dike.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Derketina ji paganiya li Polonyayê ne ji nişka ve pêk nayê.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Polonya ji ber sedema bertekên li hemberî paganiya di salên 1030an de ji paganiyê derdikeve.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Di sala 1031an de Mieszko II Lambert keyîtiya xwe winda dike û jiber tûndûtûjiya li Polonyayê direve.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Di sala 1038an jiber bûyeran paytexta welêt ji aliyê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz I (rûpel hê tune)">Kazimierz I</a> ve derbasê bajarê Krakovê dibe. Di sala 1076an de Bolesław II ji nû ve meqama key saz dike lê di sala 1079an de ji ber kuştina dijberê xwe metran Stanislaus tê qewirandin.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Di sala 1138an de, dema ku Bolesław III Wrymouth erdên xwe di nav kurên xwe de parve dike ku welat bi pênc mîrektiyên serwer ve perçe dibe. Ev mêrektî ji Polonyaya Biçûk, Polonyaya Mezin, Silesiya, Masoviya û Sandomiyerz pêk hatiye ku Pomeraniya jî di navberê de di destê xwe de girtine. Di sala 1226an de Konrad I yê Masoviyayê şahsiwariyên Teutonîk (Şovalyeyên Teutonîk) vexwend ku di şerê li dijî Prûsiyên Baltîkê de bibin alîkar. Piştre ev biryar dibe sedema şerê sedsalanê di navbera siwariyan re.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/220px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/330px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/440px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz III (rûpel hê tune)">Kazimierz III</a> yê Mezin, yekane keyê polonî ye ku sernavê Mezin wergirtiye. Wî di dema serweriya xwe de gelek avahî li Polonyayê avakiriye û artêşa polonî bi qanûna 1333–70an, reform kiriye.</figcaption></figure> Di nîvê sedsala 13an de, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_I_Brodaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk I Brodaty (rûpel hê tune)">Henryk I Brodaty</a> û <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk II (rûpel hê tune)">Henryk II</a> armanc dikirin ku dukên perçebûyî bikin yek lê jiber êrişên mongolan û mirina Henryk II di şer de yekitî pêk nayê.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ji ber wêran bûna ku li pey vê yekê diqewime, kêmbûn û daxwaza keda zenaetî dibe sedema koçberiya rûniştvanên alman û flaman ber bi Polonyayê ve ku ji hêla dûkên polonî ve hatine teşwîq kirin.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Di sala 1264an de, Statuya Kalisz ku ji bo cihûyên polonî ku ji ber çewisandinên li deverên din ên <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> direviyan Polonya, otonomiyek bêhempa ji wan re bidest xistiye.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Piştî <a href="/w/index.php?title=Przemys%C5%82_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przemysł II (rûpel hê tune)">Przemysł II</a> yê ku di sala 1296an de bibû keyê Polonyayê, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wladys%C5%82aw_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wladysław I (rûpel hê tune)">Wladysław I</a> a Kurt di sala 1320an de dibe yekem keyê Polonyaya yekbûyî û yekem key bû ku li <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katedrala_Wawel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katedrala Wawel (rûpel hê tune)">Katedrala Wawel</a> a li bajarê <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Krakówê</a> hatiye tac kirin.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Di destpêka sala 1333an de, desthilatdariya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_III_y%C3%AA_Mezin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz III yê Mezin (rûpel hê tune)">Kazimierz III yê Mezin</a> bi pêşveçûnên binesaziya kelehê, artêş, dadwerî û dîplomasiyê ve hate naskirin.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Di bin desthilatdariya wî de Polonya veduguhere hêzek mezin a ewropî.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Wî di sala 1340an de desthilatdariya polonî li ser Rutenyayê saz kir û qerentînekî da destpêkirin ku pêşî li belavbûna <a href="/wiki/Mirina_re%C5%9F" title="Mirina reş">Mirina Reş</a> bigire.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Di sala 1364an de, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz (rûpel hê tune)">Kazimierz</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zan%C3%AEngeha_Krak%C3%B3w%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanîngeha Krakówê (rûpel hê tune)">Zanîngeha Krakówê</a> vekiri ye ku zanîngeh yek ji kevintirîn saziyên xwendina bilindê li <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> ye. Piştî mirina wî di sala 1370an de, xanedana Piast bi dawî dibe. Li cihê wî xizmê wî yê herî nêzîk, Louis a Anjou hate ser textê ku Polonya, Mecaristan û Kroatya di bin yekîtiyek de birêve biriye. Keça Louis ya piçûk Jadwiga di sala 1384an de bûye yekem keybanûya (yekem rêvebera jin) Polonyayê.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Jadwiga_by_Bacciarelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jadwiga_by_Bacciarelli.jpg/220px-Jadwiga_by_Bacciarelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jadwiga_by_Bacciarelli.jpg/330px-Jadwiga_by_Bacciarelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jadwiga_by_Bacciarelli.jpg/440px-Jadwiga_by_Bacciarelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Keça Luis ya biçûk, Keybanû Jadwiga ku yekem keybanû ye Poloniyanyê birêve biriye.</figcaption></figure> Di 1386an de, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadwiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadwiga (rûpel hê tune)">Jadwiga</a> ya Polonya bi Wladysław II Jagiełło, Dûka Mezin a Lîtvanya re zewacek pêk tîne ku bi vî rengî xanedana Jagiyeloniyan û yekîtiya Polonî-Lîtvanya ku di dawiya <a href="/wiki/Serdema_Nav%C3%AEn" title="Serdema Navîn">Serdema Navîn</a> û destpêka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdema_N%C3%BBjen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdema Nûjen (rûpel hê tune)">Serdema Nûjen</a> de derbas dibe tê ava kirin.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Hevkariya di navbera polonî û lîtvaniyan de herêmên lîtvanyayî yên pir-etnîkî yên berfireh anîn qada bandora Polonyayê û ji bo rûniştvanên polonî yên ku di yek ji mezintirîn pêkhateyên siyasî yên ewropî yên wê demê de bi hev re jiyan dikirin, bi fayde dibe.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Li herêma <a href="/wiki/Deryaya_Balt%C3%AEk" title="Deryaya Baltîk">Deryaya Baltîk</a> têkoşîna Polonya û <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AEtvanya" title="Lîtvanya">Lîtvanya</a> li dîjî Siwariyên Teutonî berdewam dike û di <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Grunwald%C3%AA_1410" title="Şerê Grunwaldê 1410">Şerê Grunwaldê</a> a sala 1410an de artêşa polonî-lîtvanî ya hevbeş biserketinek diyar li dijî wan bi dest dixin.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Di sala 1466an de, piştî Şerê Sêzdeh Salan, key Kazimierz IV Jagiellon pejirandina qiraliyetê da Aştiya Thorn ku Duka <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BBsya" title="Prûsya">Prûsya</a> ya pêşerojê di bin serweriya polonî de damezrand û hikûmdarên <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BBsya" title="Prûsya">Prûsyayê</a> neçar dike ku bacê bidin qiraliyetê.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski2014-34">[34]</a> Xanedaniya Jagiyeloniyan jî kontrola xanedaniyê li ser qiraliyeta Bohemya (1471 û pê ve) û <a href="/wiki/Mecaristan" title="Mecaristan">Mecaristanê</a> saz kir. Li başûrê welêt Polonya di bin xetereya dagirkirina Împeratoriya Osmanî û <a href="/wiki/Teter%C3%AAn_Kr%C3%AEm%C3%AA" title="Teterên Krîmê">Teterên Kirimê</a> dimîne û li rojhilat jî alîkariya <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AEtvanya" title="Lîtvanya">Lîtvanya</a> dike ku li dijî şerê <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya">Rûsyayê</a> biser bikevin.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski2014-34">[34]</a> Polonya wek dewleteke feodal bi pêş diçû ku aborîya welêt bi giranî bi çandiniyê birêve diçû û esilzadeyên xwedî erd ku her diçû bi hêztir dibûn ku nifûsa welêt ji ber mecbûriyê di nav zozanên mîrîtî yên taybet yan jî di nav folwarkan de jiyan dikirin.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Di sala 1493an de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_I_Olbracht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan I Olbracht (rûpel hê tune)">Jan I Olbracht</a> pejirandina avakirina parlamenek du-meclîsî ku ji meclîsa jêrîn, Sejm û ji meclîsek jorîn, Senatoyê pêk tê dipejirîne.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Qanûna Nihil novi ji hêla general Sejm ve di sala 1505an de hate pejirandin ku piraniya hêza qanûndanînê ji qiraliyeta derbasî parlamenê dibe û dema ku dewlet ji hêla esilzadeyên polonî yên ku azad û wekhev dixuyiyan ve dihate birêvebirin, ev bûyera destpêka heyama ku bi navê Azadiya Zêrîn tê zanîn hatiye destnîşan kirin.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Di sedsala 16an de tevgerên Reformasyona Protestan di nav xirîstiyantiya polonî de kûr dibe ku di encamê de polîtîkayên ku tolerasyona dînî tê pêşxistin ku di wê demê de li <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> nehatibû dîtin. Ev tolerans poloniyan ji aloziya dînî û şerên dînî yên ku Ewropayê dorpêç kiribû dûr dixe.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Li Polonyayê, xiristiyaniya nontrinitarian dibe doktrîna bi navê Birayên Polonî yên ku ji mezheba xwe ya kalvînîst veqetiyan û dibin hev-damezrînerên unitarianîzma cîhanî.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Ronesansa Ewropî di bin serweriya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygmunt I (rûpel hê tune)">Zygmunt I</a> û Zygmunt II Augustus de di hewcedariya pêşvebirina şiyarbûnek çandî de hestek lezgîn derdixe holê.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski2014-34">[34]</a> Di Serdema Zêrîn a Polonî de, aborî û çanda neteweyî geş dibe.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski2014-34">[34]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bona_Sforza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bona Sforza (rûpel hê tune)">Bona Sforza</a> ku bi eslê xwe îtalî ye ku keça dûkê Mîlanoyê , keybanû û hevjîna Zygmunt I , beşdariyên girîng di mîmariyê de pêk tîne.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski2014-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yekîtiya_polonî-lîtvanî">Yekîtiya polonî-lîtvanî</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Beşê biguhêre: Yekîtiya polonî-lîtvanî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Yekîtiya polonî-lîtvanî">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/220px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/330px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/440px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Hevpeymaniya Polonî-Lîtvanî ku di sala 1619an de gihîştiye asta xwe ya herî mezin.</figcaption></figure> Yekîtiya Lûblîn a sala 1569an, Hevbendiya Polonî-Lîtvanî ava dike ku wekî dewletek federal a yekbûyî bi qiraliyetek hilbijartî hatibû damezrandin lê bi piranî ji hêla esilzadeyan ve hatibû birêvebirin.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick2021-40">[40]</a> Qiraliyeta paşîn bi serdemek dewlemend re hevdem bû ku di vê serdemê de Yekitiya Polonyayê serdest dibe û piştre jî dibe hêzek pêşeng û hebûnek çandî ya sereke ku kontrola siyasî li ser beşên <a href="/wiki/Ewropaya_Navend%C3%AE" title="Ewropaya Navendî">Ewropaya Navendî</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewropaya_Rojhilat" title="Ewropaya Rojhilat">Ewropaya Rojhilat</a>, başûrê rojhilata <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> û bakurê <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> pêk tîne. Yekîtiya Polon-Lîtvanî di lûtkeya xwe ya herî bilind de bi qasî 1 milyon km² erd bidest dixe û dibe dewleta herî mezinê Ewropayê.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Di heman demê de, Polonya polîtîkayên polonîzasyonê li herêmên ku nû bi dest dixistin pêk dianî, rastî berxwedanên hindikahiyên etnîkî û dînî hatine.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick2021-40">[40]</a> Di sala 1573an de, Henry de Valois ê <a href="/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa">Fransayê</a> ku yekem padîşahê hilbijartî bû Bendên Henrician dipejirîne ku padîşahên paşerojê mecbûr dimînin ku rêzê li mafên mîran bigirin.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Piştre Stephen Báthory di Şerê Lîvoniyan de kampanyayek serketî bi rê ve dibe û li ser peravên rojhilatê <a href="/wiki/Deryaya_Balt%C3%AEk" title="Deryaya Baltîk">Deryaya Baltîkê</a> erdên heyî yê Polonyayê winda dike.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Pişî vê şerê karên dewletê ji aliyê Jan Zamoyskî ve ku serokwezîrê Krownê ye hatiye birêvebirin.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Di sala 1592an de Zygmunt III yê ku bi eslê xwe polonî bû li sêwîdî li şûna bavê xwe John Vasa dibe rêveber.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Heya ku ew ji alîyê swêdiyan ve ji welat hate derxistin, yekîtiya polonî-swêdî heya sala 1599an dewam dike.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Di sala 1609an de, Zygmunt êrîşî Rûsyayê dike ku ew dem Rûsya di nav şerekî navxweyî de bû û salek şûnda yekîneyên hussar ên baskê polonî yên di bin serokatiya Stanisław Żółkiewski de, heya ku rûsan wî li Klûşînoyê têk dibin, du salan <a href="/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko">Moskoyê</a> dagir dike.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski2014-34">[34]</a> Zygmunt jî li başûrê rojhilat li hember Împeratoriya Osmanî, li Xotînê di sala 1621an de Jan Karol Chodkiewicz biserketinek girîng bi dest dixe ku ev serketin dibe sedema hilweşîna siltan Osmanê duyem.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Serweriya dirêj a Zygmunt li Polonyayê rastî hevdema Serdema Zîvîn a Polonî tê.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Lîberal Władysław IV bi awayekî bandor axa Polonyayê diparêze lê piştî mirina wî Yekîtiya Polonyayê ya berfireh dest bi tevliheviya navxweyî û bi şerê domdar dest bi paşveçûyinê dike.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Di sala 1648an de hegemonyaya polonî ya li ser <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Bkrayna" title="Ûkrayna">Ûkrayna</a> dibe sedema Serhildana Kmelnîtskî û piştî re jî Tofana Swêdî di dema Şerê Bakur ê Duyem de têk diçe û serxwebûna <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BBsya" title="Prûsya">Prûsyayê</a> di sala 1657an de tê ragihandin. Di sala 1683an de, John III Sobieski dema ku wî pêşveçûna Artêşa Osmanî ya li Ewropayê di Şerê Viyanayê de radiwestîne ji nû ve hêza xwe yê leşkerî saz dike.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[50]</a> Serdema paşîn a Saxon, di dema desthilatdariya Augustus II û Augustus III de, di encama Şerê Mezin ê Bakur (1700) û Şerê Serkeftina Polonî (1733) de bilinbûna welatên cîran dibîne.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beşên_Polonyayê">Beşên Polonyayê</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Beşê biguhêre: Beşên Polonyayê" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Beşên Polonyayê">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/330px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/440px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption>Stanisław II Augustus ku keyê paşîn ê Polonyayê ye ku ji sala 1764an heya 25ê mijdara sala 1795an de serwerî kiriye.</figcaption></figure> Hilbijartina key a di sala 1764an dibe sedema bilindbûna Stanisław II Augustus Poniyatowskî wek key .<a href="#cite_note-Boen2021-51">[51]</a> Namzediya wî bi berfirehî ji aliyê evîndara wî ya berê, împeratorbanû Yekaterîna II ku şahjina Rûsyayê bû, hate fînanse kirin.<a href="#cite_note-Boen2021-51">[51]</a> Keyê nû di navbera daxwaza xwe ya pêkanîna reformên nûjen ên pêwîst û hewcedariya ku bi dewletên derdorê re di aştiyê de bimîne, polîtîkayên xwe diguherîne.<a href="#cite_note-Boen2021-51">[51]</a> Îdealên wî dibin sedema damezrandina Konfederasyona Barê ya 1768an ku serhildanek li dijî Poniatowski û hemî bandora derveyî hate rêve kirin ku bi neheqî armanc kir ku serwerî û îmtiyazên Polonyayê yên ku ji aliyê esilzadeyan ve hatine girtin, biparêzin.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick1993-52">[52]</a> Hewldanên têkçûyî yên ji nû veavakirina hikûmetê û her weha tevliheviya navxweyî cîranên wê provoke dikin ku sedema destekariya (mudaxile) Polonyayê.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick1993-52">[52]</a> Parvekirina Yekem a Yekîtiyê ku di sala 1772an de ji aliyê Prûsya, Rûsya û Awistiryayê ve tê parvekirin; kiryareke ku Sejm dabeşkirinê, di bin zordestiyek mezin de û di dawiyê de wekî bûyerek pêkhat dipejirîne. Ji xeynî windahiyên axê, di sala 1773an de planek reformên krîtîk hate damezrandin ku tê de Komîsyona Perwerdehiya Neteweyî, yekem desthilatdariya perwerdehiyê ya hikûmetê li Ewropayê, hatiye vekirin.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Di sala 1783an de bi awayekî fermî cezakirina zarokên dibistanê hate qedexekirin. Poniyatowskî fîgurê sereke yê ronakbariyê bû ku teşwîqê pêşketina pîşesaziyê dide destpêkirin û neoklasîsîzma komarî qebûl dike.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick1993-52">[52]</a> Ji bo tevkariyên wî yên di warê hûner û zanistê de, xelata Endamê Civata Qraliyetê wergirtiye.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Di sala 1791an de parlamena Sejm a Mezin, Destûra Bingehîn a 3ê gulanê ku yekem koma qanûnên neteweyî yên bilind e dipejirîne û monarşiyek destûrî destnîşan dike. Konfederasyona Targowîka ku rêxistinek esilzade û parlamenterên ku li dijî vê kiryarê bûn, gazî Yekaterînayê dike û ev bûyer dibe sedema Şerê Polonî-Rûsî ya sala 1792an.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Ji ber tirsa vegerandina hegemonyaya Polonya, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya">Rûsya</a> û <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BBsya" title="Prûsya">Prûsya</a> di sala 1793an de ku Parvekirina duyem pêk hatiye Polonyayê ji axê û ji serxwebûnê bêpar dihêlin. Di 24ê cotmeha sala 1795an de, Yekîtiya Polonyayê cara sêyem hat dabeşkirin ku wekî pêkhateyek herêmî dimîne.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Stanisław Augustus ku keyê paşîn ê Polonyayê bû di 25ê mijdara sala 1795an de dest ji textê berdide.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serdema_serhildanan">Serdema serhildanan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Beşê biguhêre: Serdema serhildanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Serdema serhildanan">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/220px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/330px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/440px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Nexşeya dabeşkirina Polonyayê ku ji aliyê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiraliyeta_Pr%C3%BBsyay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiraliyeta Prûsyayê (rûpel hê tune)">Qiraliyeta Prûsyayê</a> (şîn), Împeratoriya Rûsyayê (qehweyî) û Monarşiya Habsburgê ya Awistiryayê (kesk) ku di salên 1772, 1793 û 1795an de hatiye dabeşkirin.</figcaption></figure> Gelên polonî heya niha çend caran li dijî parçeker û artêşên dagirkerên li ser erdên Polonyayê serhildanan pêk anîne. Di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhildana_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_1794&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhildana Kościuszko 1794 (rûpel hê tune)">Serhildana Kościuszko 1794an</a> de hewldanek neserkevtî ya parastina serweriya Polonyayê pêk hat ku tê de generalê binavûdeng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko (rûpel hê tune)">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> ku çend sal berê di <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eore%C5%9Fa_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA" title="Şoreşa Amerîkayê">Şerê Şoreşgerî yê Amerîkî</a> de di bin serokatiya <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> de xizmet kiribû, pêşengî kiriye.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Tevî biserketina di <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Rac%C5%82awice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şerê Racławice (rûpel hê tune)">Şerê Racławice</a> de têkçûna wî ya dawî hebûna serbixwebûna Polonyayê ji bo 123 salan bi dawî dike.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Di sala 1806an de serhildaneke ku ji aliyê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browsk%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Henryk Dąbrowskî (rûpel hê tune)">Jan Henryk Dąbrowskî</a> ve hatiye organîze kirin, rojavayê Polonyayê berî pêşveçûyina <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napolyon</a> a ber bi <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BBsya" title="Prûsya">Prûsyayê</a> ya di dema Şerê Hevbendiya Çarem de, azad dike. Li gorî <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peymana_Tilsit%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peymana Tilsitê (rûpel hê tune)">Peymana Tilsitê</a> ya sala 1807an, Napolyon Duka Warşovayê ku berê dewletek mişterek bû û ji aliyê hevalbendê wî <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Augustus_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Augustus I (rûpel hê tune)">Frederick Augustus I</a> ê saksonyayî ve dihate birêvebirin, îlan dike. Polonî di Şerên Napolyon de bi awayekî çalak alîkariya leşkerên fransî dikirin, nemaze alîkariya leşkerên di bin desthilatdariya <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Poniyatowsk%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Poniyatowskî (rûpel hê tune)">Józef Poniyatowskî</a> de ku berî mirina wî li Leipzig di sala 1813an de bibû mareşalê Fransayê. Piştî sirgûnkirina Napolyon Duka Warşovayê di Kongreya Viyanayê ya di sala 1815an de hatiye betalkirin û axa dukê di nav Qiraliyeta Kongreya Rûsyayê ya Polonya, Dûkaya Mezin a Prûsya ya Posenê û Galîsiya Awistiryayê ya bajarê azad a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krakówê (rûpel hê tune)">Krakówê</a> de hatiye dabeş kirin.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Di sala 1830an de efserên nefermî li Dibistana Karmendên Kadet a Warşovayê di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhildana_Mijdar%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhildana Mijdarê (rûpel hê tune)">Serhildana Mijdarê</a> de dest bi serhildanê dikin.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Piştî hilweşîna Polonyaya Kongreyî Polonya, xweseriya qanunî, artêş û meclîsa zagonsaz winda dike.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Di dema Bihara Miletan a Ewropî de, Polonan di Serhildana Polonyaya Mezin a sala 1848an de çek hilgirtin ku li dijî almanibûnê bisekinin lê ev serhildan têk diçe ku statûya dukayê vedigere rêveberiya parêzgehekê û di sala 1871an de heman parêzgeh entegreyê Împeratoriya Almanan dibe.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Li Rûsyayê, hilweşîna Serhildana Çileyê (1863–1864) dibe sedema tolhildanên giran ên siyasî, civakî û çandî ki li piştre jî sirgûn û kuştina (Pogrom) nifûsa polonî û cihûyan destpêdike. Di dawiya sedsala 19an de, Polonyaya Kongreyî bi giranî dibe ciheke pîşesaziyê ku hinardeya (îxracat) wê ya sereke komir, zinc, hesin û tekstîl bû.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komara_Polonyaya_Duyem">Komara Polonyaya Duyem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Beşê biguhêre: Komara Polonyaya Duyem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Komara Polonyaya Duyem">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_(-1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption>Serokê dewletê mareşal <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Piłsudski (rûpel hê tune)">Józef Piłsudski</a> ku lehengê kampanyaya serxwebûna Polonyayê bû û ji sala 1918an heya mirina xwe di 12ê gulana sala 1935an de, dewletparêzê neteweyî ya polonî bû.</figcaption></figure> Di encama <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AA_y%C3%AA_Yekem" class="mw-redirect" title="Şerê Cîhanê yê Yekem">Şerê Cîhanê yê Yekem</a> de, hevalbendan li ser ji nû ve avakirina Polonya li hev dikin ku bi <a href="/wiki/Peymana_Versay%C3%AA" title="Peymana Versayê">Peymana Versayê</a> ya hezîrana 1919an hatiye pejirandin. Bi tevahî 2 milyon leşkerên polonî bi artêşên sê dewletên dagirker re şer dikin û zêdetirî 450.000 lêşkerên polonî di şer de dimirin.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Piştî agirbesta bi Almanyayê re di mijdara sala 1918an de, Polonya serxwebûna xwe wekî Komara Duyem a Polonî bi dest dixe.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Komara Polonya ya Duyem piştî çend pevçûnên leşkerî, bi taybetî jî di Şerê Polonî-Sovyetê, dema ku Polonya di Şerê Warşovayê de derbekê giran li Artêşa Sor dide, serweriya xwe dubare dike.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Serdemên navbera şer de mizgîniya serdemek nû yê siyaseta polonî desnîşan dike. Digel ku çalakvanên siyasî yên polonî di dehsalan de heya <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AA_y%C3%AA_Yekem" class="mw-redirect" title="Şerê Cîhanê yê Yekem">Şerê Cîhanê yê Yekem</a> bi sensûrek giran re rû bi rû mabûn, kevneşopiyek siyasî ya nû li welêt tê destpêkirin. Gelek çalakvanên polonî yên sirgûnkiriyên wekê Ignacy Jan Paderewskî ku paşê dibe serokwezîr, vedigerin welatê xwe. Piştre hejmareke girîng ji sirgûnan di nav pêkhateyên nû yên siyasî û hikûmetê de cih girtine. Di sala 1922an de dema ku Gabriel Narutowicz ku xwediyê desteya serokatiyê ye, li Galeriya Zachęta ya Warşovayê ji hêla wênesaz û neteweperestek rastgir Eligiusz Niewiadomski ve hate kuştin, trajediyek di sala 1922an de rû dide. Di sala 1926an de, Derbeya Gulanê ku ji aliyê lehengê kampanyaya serxwebûna Polonyayê Mareşal <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Piłsudski (rûpel hê tune)">Józef Piłsudski</a> ve tê rêvebirin, desthilatdariya Komara Polonya ya Duyem radestî tevgera Sanacja (Healing) ya nepartî dike ku rê li rêxistinên siyasî yên radîkal ên li ser çep û rast bigire ku li welat bêîstiqrarî dernekeve.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Di dawiya salên 1930an de ji ber zêdebûna metirsiyên tundrewiya siyasî ya li hindurê welêt, hikûmeta polonî her ku diçe radîkal dibe ku hêjmarek rêxistinên radîkal qedexe dike ku di nav de partiyên siyasî yên komunîst û ultra-neteweperest ku îstîqrara welêt dixistin xetereyê. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dema_Şerê_Cîhanê_yê_Duyem">Dema Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Beşê biguhêre: Dema Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Dema Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:7TP_Polish_Tank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/220px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/330px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/440px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Demek kurt berî dagirkirina Polonyayê ya 1939an de, tankên Artêşa Polonî 7TP li ser manevrayên leşkerî.</figcaption></figure> Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem di 1ê îlona sala 1939an de bi êrîşa <a href="/wiki/Almanyaya_Naz%C3%AE" title="Almanyaya Nazî">Almanyaya Naziyan</a> a li ser Polonyayê dest pê dike û piştre jî di 17ê îlonê de Sovyet dest bi dagirkirina Polonyayê dike û di 28ê îlona 1939an de Warşova dikeve. Di salên 1939 û 1941an de Sovyetê bi sed hezaran polonî ji Polonyayê sirgûn kirin. Sovyetê beriya Operasyona Barbarossa bi hezaran girtiyên şer ên polonî (ji xeynî bûyerên din ên di Komkujiya Katynê de) kuştin.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Plansazên alman di mijdara sala 1939an de banga "hilweşandina tevahî polonan" û çarenûsa wan a ku di Generalplan Ost ya jenosîdê de hatibû destnîşan kirin, kiribûn.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Polonya çaremîn beşdariya herî mezin a leşkerî ya li Ewropayê pêk tîne û leşkerên polonî hem ji bo hikûmeta polonî ya li sirgûnê re, li rojava û hem jî ji serokatiya <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Komar%C3%AAn_Sovyet_%C3%AAn_Sosyal%C3%AEst" title="Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst">Sovyetê</a> re, li rojhilat xizmet dikirin.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Leşkerên polonî di Kampanyayên Normandî, Îtalya û Afrîkaya Bakur de rolek girîng dilîzin û bi taybetî ji bo <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Monte_Cassino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şerê Monte Cassino (rûpel hê tune)">Şerê Monte Cassino</a> têne bîranîn.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Sixurên îstîxbarata polonî ji hevalbendan re agahiyên pir bi qîmet peyda dikirin ku gelek îstîxbaratên ji Ewropa û ji derveyî wê peyda dikirin ku şîfre şikestkarên polonî ji bo şikandina şîfreya Enigma wekî berpirsiyar dihatin dîtin.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Li rojhilat, Artêşa Yekemîn a Polonî ya bi piştgirîya Sovyetê di şerên Warşovayê û Berlînê di warê şerê biserketî de derketine pêş.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski1996-77">[77]</a> Tevgera berxwedanê ya dema şer û Armia Krajowa (Artêşa Malê), li dijî dagirkeriya almanan şer kirine. Ev yek ji sê tevgerên berxwedanê yên herî mezinê di tevahiya şer de bû û di nav rêzek çalakiyên nepenî de tevdigeriyan ku wekî dewletek nepenî bi tevahî zanîngehên lîsans û bi pergala dadgehê tevdigeriya. Berxwedan ji hikûmeta li sirgûnê re dilsoz bû û bi gelemperî ji ramana polonyayek komunîstî aciz bû ku ji ber vê sedemê, di havîna sala 1944an de wê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasyona_Bahoz%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasyona Bahozê (rûpel hê tune)">Operasyona Bahozê</a> da destpêkirin ku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhildana_War%C5%9Fovay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhildana Warşovayê (rûpel hê tune)">Serhildana Warşovayê</a> ku di 1ê tebaxa sala 1944an de dest pê kiriye, operasyona herî naskirî ye.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski1996-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Hêzên Alman ên Nazî bi fermana <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> şeş kampên qirkirinê yên Alman li Polonyaya dagirkirî ava kirin ku di nav de kampên Treblinka, Majdanek û Auschwitz hebûn. Di dema vê şerê de almanan bi milyonan cihû ji seranserê Ewropaya dagirkirî veguhestin ku di van kampan de bêne kuştin.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Bi tevayî, 3 milyon cihûyên polonî - nêzîkê %90ê cihûyên berî şer ên Polonyayê û di navbera 1.8 û 2.8 milyon poloniyên etnîkî di dema Dagirkeriya Alman a Polonyayê de hatin kuştin ku di nav de di navbera 50.000 û 100.000 endamên rewşenbîrên polonî ku di nav wan de akademîsyen, doktor, parêzer, esilzade û kahîn hebûn.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Materski2021-82">[82]</a> Tenê di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhildana_War%C5%9Fovay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhildana Warşovayê (rûpel hê tune)">Serhildana Warşovayê</a> de zêdetirî 150.000 sivîlên polonî hatin kuştin ku piraniya wan di dema komkujiyên Wola û Ochota de ji aliyê almanan ve hatin qetilkirin.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Nêzîkî 150.000 sivîlên polonî di navbera salên 1939 û 1941an de di dema dagirkirina Sovyetê ya rojhilatê Polonya (Kresy) de ji aliyê Sovyetê ve hatin kuştin û tê texmîn kirin ku 100.000 polonî ji aliyê Artêşa Serhildêr a Ûkrayna (UPA) ve di navbera salên 1943 û 1944 de ku wekî Komkujiya Wołyê tê zanîn, hatin kuştin.<a href="#cite_note-:7-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-85">[85]</a> Ji hemî welatên di şer de, Polonya xwedî rêjeya herî zêde ya ku hemwelatiyên xwe winda kiriye ku derdora 6 milyon kes mirin. Ji şeşan yek nifûsa Polonyayê ya berî şer ku nîvî ji wan cihûyên polonî ne hatine kuştin.<a href="#cite_note-Materski2021-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Nêzîkî %90 ji qurbaniyan gelên sivîlên polonî bûn. Di sala 1945an de sinorên Polonya ber bi rojava ve hatin guhertin. Zêdetirî du milyon xwemaliyên polonî yên Kresy ji hêla Stalîn ve li seranserê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xeta_K%C3%BBrzon%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xeta Kûrzonê (rûpel hê tune)">Xeta Kûrzonê</a> hatin dersinorkirin.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Sinorê rojava dibe Xeta Oder-Neisse. Di encama şer de, axa Polonya ji sedî 20 yan jî 77.500 kîlomêtre çargoşe kêm dibe. Ev guherîn dibe sedema neçariyê ku bi milyonan mirovan ku piraniya wan <a href="/wiki/Polon%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonî">polonî</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alman" title="Alman">almanî</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Bkrayn%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ûkraynî">ûkraynî</a> û <a href="/wiki/Cih%C3%BBt%C3%AE" title="Cihûtî">cihû</a> bûn, koçber dibin.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komunîzma_piştî_şer">Komunîzma piştî şer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Beşê biguhêre: Komunîzma piştî şer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Komunîzma piştî şer">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> Li ser xwesteka <a href="/wiki/Yos%C3%AEf_Stal%C3%AEn" title="Yosîf Stalîn">Yosîf Stalîn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konferansa_Yaltay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konferansa Yaltayê (rûpel hê tune)">Konferansa Yaltayê</a> avakirina hikumetek nû ya demkî ya hevpeymaniya prokomûnîst li Moskowê hate pejirandin ku hikûmeta Polonya ya li sirgûnê ku li Londonê bû vê yekê qebûl nedikirin. Vê kiryarê gelek polonyan hêrs dike ku ev yek ji hêla hevalbendan ve wekî îxanet hate dîtin. Di sala 1944an de Stalîn garantî dabû Churchill û Roosevelt ku ewê serweriya Polonyayê biparêze û destûrê bide hilbijartinên demokratîk. Lêbelê piştî ku di sala 1945an de serketî dibe, di hilbijartinên ku ji hêla desthilatdarên Sovyetê yên dagirker ve hatiye organîze kirin hîlekariyê dikin û ev hilbijartin ji bo meşrûiyeta hegemonyaya Sovyetê ya li ser Polonyayê hate bikar anîn. Yekîtiya Sovyetê ku li piranîya Bloka Rojhilat demazirandibû, li Polonyayê jî hikumetek nû yê komunîst damezrandiye. Mîna li cîhên din ên Ewropaya Komunîst, bandora Sovyetê ya li ser Polonya ji destpêkê ve bi berxwedana çekdarî re rûbirû dimîne ku heya sala 1950an berdewam dike.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Tevî îtîrazên berbelav, hikûmeta nû ya Polonyayê desteserkirina Sovyetê ya herêmên rojhilatê yên beriya şer ên Polonyayê (bi taybetî bajarên Wilno û Lwów) qebûl dike ku yekîneyên Artêşa Sor li ser axa Polonyayê bi cih bike. Hevbendiya leşkerî di nava Pakta Warşovayê de li seranserê Şerê Sar wekî encama rasterast a vê guherîna di çanda siyasî ya Polonyayê de pêk hat. Di qada ewropî de ev yek, yekbûna tamî ya Polonya di nav biratiya neteweyên komunîst de diyar dike.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Hikûmeta nû ya komunîst bi pejirandina Destûra Biçûkê di 19ê sibata sala 1947an de Polonyayê dixe bin kontrola xwe. Komara Gel a Polonya (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) di sala 1952an de bi fermî hate ragihandin. Di sala 1956an de, piştî mirina Bolesław Bierut, rejîma Wladysław Gomułka demkî lîberaltir dibe ku gelek kes ji zindanê têne berdan û hinek azadîyên kesane têne berfireh kirin. Kolektîfîzasyon li Komara Gel a Polonyayê têk diçe. Di salên 1970an de di dema Edward Gierek de rewşek bi heman rengî dubare dibe lê pir caran çewsandina komên dijberên antî-komunîst berdewam dike. Tevî vê yekê, Polonya di wê demê de wekî yek ji dewletên herî kêm zordar ên Bloka Rojhilat dihat naskirin.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Di sala 1980an de aloziya karkeran dibe sedema damezrandina sendîkaya serbixwe "Solidarity" ("Solidarność") ku bi demê re ev sendîka dibe hêzek siyasî. Tevî ku di sala 1981an de ji aliyê general Wojciech Jaruzelski ve çewisandin û ferzkirina qanûna leşkerî ku serdestiya Partiya Karkerên Yekbûyî ya Polonyayê ji holê radike, Partiya Karkerên Yekbûyî ya Polonyayê di hilbijartina sala 1989an de ku yekem hilbijartinên parlamena Polonyayê bu bi qismî azad û demokratîk bû, ji dawiya <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_Duyem" title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Duyem">Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem</a> ve bi awayekî serketî ji hilbijartinê derdikeve. Lech Wałęsa ku berendamê Tevgera Hevgirtinê bû di dawiyê de di sala 1990an de dibe serokkomarê Polonyayê. Piştre Tevgera Hevgirtinê mizgîniya hilweşîna rejîm û partiyên komunîst li seranserê <a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Ewropayê</a> belav dike.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komara_Polonyaya_Sêyem">Komara Polonyaya Sêyem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Beşê biguhêre: Komara Polonyaya Sêyem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Komara Polonyaya Sêyem">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/220px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/330px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/440px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Kulîlkên li ber Qesra Serokomariyê piştî mirina rayedarên payebilind ên hikûmeta Polonyayê di qezaya balafirê ya di 10ê nîsana sala 2010an de.</figcaption></figure> Bernameyek terapiya şokê ku ji hêla Leszek Balcerowicz ve di destpêka salên 1990an de hate destpêkirin, hişt ku welat aboriya xwe ya plansazkirî ya şêwaza sosyalîst veguherîne aboriya bazarê.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Wekî welatên din ên post-komûnîst, Polonya rastî kêmbûna demkî ya standardên civakî, aborî û jiyanê hat lê Polonya dibe yekem welatê piştî komunîzmê ku di destpêka sala 1995an de gihîşt asta Dahata Berhemên Kesane ya Neteweyî ya berî sala 1989an de ku xwedî aboriyek geş bû.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Polonya di sala 1991am de dibe endamê Koma Vîzegradê û di sala 1999 de tevlî <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATOyê</a> bûye.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Polonî paşê di giştpirsiya di hezîrana sala 2003an de deng dan ku beşdarî Yekîtiya Ewropayê bibin û Polonya di 1ê gulana sala 2004an de dibe endamê <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Yekitîya Ewropayê</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Polonya di sala 2007an de tevlî Herêma Şengenê dibe ku ji ber vê yekê sinorên welat bi dewletên din ên endamên <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a> re hatin rakirin ku rê dide azadiya tevgerê ya berfirehê di nav piraniya <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a> de.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Di 10ê nîsana sala 2010an de serokê Polonyayê <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lech Kaczyński (rûpel hê tune)">Lech Kaczyński</a>, tevî 89 rayedarên din ên payebilind ên polonî di qezayeke balafirê de li nêzîkî <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smolensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smolensk (rûpel hê tune)">Smolensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya">Rûsya</a>, mirin.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Di sala 2011an de, Platforma Sivîl a Desthilatdar di hilbijartinên parlamenê de qezenc dike. Di sala 2014an de serokwezîrê Polonyayê <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> ji bo Serokê Konseya Ewropayê hat hilbijartin û ji serokwezîrtiyê îstifa dike.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Hilbijartinên salên 2015 û 2019an ji hêla Partiya Hiqûq û Dadmendiyê (PiS) ya muhafezekar a bi serokatiya Jarosław Kaczyński, bi ser dikeve ku di encamê de ewrûskeptîsîzm zêde dibe û nakokiyên bi Yekîtiya Ewropayê re zêde bû.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Beata Szydlo, ji sala 2015an heya sala 2017an dibe serokwezîrê Polonyayê. Di kanûna pêşîn a sala 2017an de Mateusz Morawiecki wekî serokwezîrê nû sond dixwe. Serok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Duda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Duda (rûpel hê tune)">Andrzej Duda</a> ku ji hêla Partiya Hiqûq û Dadmendiyê ve tê piştgirî kirin, di hilbijartinên serokatiyê yên sala 2020an de ji nû ve hate hilbijartin.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Di sala 2022an de ji ber dagirkirina Ûkraynayê ji aliyê Rûsyayê ve 6.9 milyon penaberên ûkraynî derbasê Polonyayê dibin.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Ji mijdara sala 2022an vir ve zêdetirî 1.5 milyon ji wan penaberên ûkraynî ji destpêka şer ve, bi kêmanî demkî, li Polonyayê dimînin.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Lêbelê di îlona sala 2023an de, Polonya got ku ew ê dayîna çekan ji Ûkraynayê re rawestîne û li şûna wê giraniyê bide ser parastina xwe. Biryara Polonya ya qedexekirina derhanîna genimê <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Bkrayna" title="Ûkrayna">Ûkraynayê</a>, ji bo parastina cotkarên xwe, di navbera her du welatan de dibe sedema aloziyê.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erdnîgarî">Erdnîgarî</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Beşê biguhêre: Erdnîgarî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Erdnîgarî">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Poland_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/220px-Poland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/330px-Poland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/440px-Poland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Nexşeya topografîk a Polonyayê.</figcaption></figure> Polonya ji herêmek îdarî ya ji 312.722 km² pêk tê û nehem welatê herî mezinê Ewropayê ye. 311.895 km² ji rûbera welat ji axê pêk tê, 2.041 km² ji avên navxweyî pêk tê û 8.783 km² ji rûava deryayê pêk tê. Ji aliyê topografîk ve, erdê Polonyayê bi cûrbecûr erdê û avê ku bi ekosîstemên cihêreng hatiye katakterîze kirin.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Herêma navend û bakur ku sinorê <a href="/wiki/Deryaya_Balt%C3%AEk" title="Deryaya Baltîk">Deryaya Baltîkê</a> ye, di nav <a href="/w/index.php?title=De%C5%9Fta_Ewropaya_Navend%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deşta Ewropaya Navendî (rûpel hê tune)">Deşta Ewropaya Navendî</a> de ye lê başûrê welat çiyayî ye.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Bilindahiya navînî bejahiyê ji asta deryayê, 173 mêtre ye. Welat xwedan xeteke peravê ye ku bi dirêjiya 770 kîlomêtreyan li ser peravên <a href="/wiki/Deryaya_Balt%C3%AEk" title="Deryaya Baltîk">Deryaya Baltîkê</a> ye. Dirêjahiya peravê ji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendava_Pomeranyay%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendava Pomeranyayê (rûpel hê tune)">Kendava Pomeranyayê</a> ji rojava despêdike heya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendava_Gda%C5%84sk%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendava Gdańskê (rûpel hê tune)">Kendava Gdańskê</a> li rojhilat dirêj dibe. Xeta peravê di nav qadên qûmê an zozanên peravê de pir zêde ye û bi tîx û golan ve dirêj dibe, bi taybetî <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%AEvgirava_Hel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nîvgirava Hel (rûpel hê tune)">Nîvgirava Hel</a> û Lagûna Vistulayê ku bi Rûsyayê re parvekirî ye.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Girava polonî ya herî mezin li ser Deryaya Baltîk Wolin e ku di nav Parka Neteweyî ya Wolin de ye.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Di heman demê Polonya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gola_Szczecin%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gola Szczecinê (rûpel hê tune)">Gola Szczecinê</a> û <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girava_Usedom%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girava Usedomê (rûpel hê tune)">Girava Usedomê</a> bi <a href="/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya">Almanyayê</a> re parve dike.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Kembera çiyayî ya li başûrê rojhilata Polonyayê di du rêzên çiyayên mezin de tê dabeş kirin ku li rojava Çiyayên Sûdetê cih digirin û li rojhilat jî Çiyayên Karpatiyê cih digirin. Beşa herî bilind a girseya Karpatan Çiyayên Tatrayê ne ku li ser sinorê başûrê Polonyayê dirêj dibin.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Xala herî bilind a Polonyayê <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87iyay%C3%AA_Rysy%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çiyayê Rysyê (rûpel hê tune)">Çiyayê Rysyê</a> ye ku bi bilindahiya 2.501 mêtre bilind e ku yek ji çiyayê Zincîreçiyayê Tatrayê ye.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Bilindtirîn lûtkeya girseya Zincîreçiyayê Sûdetê Çiyayê Śnieżka ye ku bilindahiya çiyayê 1.603,3 mêtre ye û nîvê çiyayê di erdê Komara Çek de ye.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Xala herî nizim a li Polonyayê li Raczki Elbląskie ku li Deltaya Vistulayê de ye û 1.8 mêtre di bin asta deryayê de ye.<a href="#cite_note-:2-117">[117]</a> Çemên herî dirêjên Polonyayê Çemê Vistula, Çemê Oderê, Çemê Wartayê û Çemê Bugê nin.<a href="#cite_note-:2-117">[117]</a> Welat di heman demê de xwedan yek ji hêjmara zêdeyê golên li cîhanê ye ku hejmara wan derdora deh hezarî ye û bi piranî li herêma bakurê rojhilatê Masûriyê, di nav devera Gola Masûriyê de ne.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Golên herî mezin ku zêdetirî 100 kîlometre çargoşe vedigirin ku golên Śniardwy û Mamry ne û gola herî kûr Gola Hańcza ye bi kûrahiya 108,5 mêtre kûr e.<a href="#cite_note-:2-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avhewa">Avhewa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Beşê biguhêre: Avhewa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Avhewa">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> Avhewa Polonya xwedan guhertinek nerm e ku ji okyanûsa li bakurê rojava heta parzemîna li başûrê rojhilat diguhere. Peravên başûr ên çiyayî di nav avhewa alpinî de cih digirin.<a href="#cite_note-Korzeniewska2019-119">[119]</a> Polonya bi havînên germ, bi germahiya navînî di meha tîrmehê de li dora 20 °C e û zivistanên bi nermî hewaya sar bi navînî -1 °C e ku di meha kanûnê de pêk tê.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Deverê herî germ û bi tav a Polonyayê li başûrêrojavayê Sîlesyaya Jêrîn e û devera herî sar jî quncikê bakurêrojhilatê ye ku li derdora Suwałki li parêzgeha Podlaskie ku avhewa ji hêla eniyên sar ên Skandînavya û Sîbîryayê ve bi bandor dibe. Baran di mehên havînê de pirtir e ku barana herî zêde ji hezîranê heya îlonê tê tomar kirin. Di hewaya rojane de guheztinek berbiçav heye û awayê hatina demsalan dikare her sal cûda bibe. Guherîna avhewa û faktorên din bûne sedema anomaliyên germî yên navsalane û germahiya zêde ku germahiya hewayê ya salane ya navîn di navbera salên 2011 û 2020an de 9,33 °C bû ku li gorî serdema 2001-2010 dora 1,11 °C bilindtir e. Di demsala zivistan de jî hewa her ku diçe zuwa dibe, şilope û berf kêm dibare.<a href="#cite_note-Korzeniewska2019-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biyopirrengî">Biyopirrengî</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Beşê biguhêre: Biyopirrengî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Biyopirrengî">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> Ji aliyê fîtogeografî ve Polonya girêdayî parêzgeha Ewropaya Navendî ya Herêma Circumboreal ku di nav Qiraliyeta Borealê de ye. Li welêt çar ekoherêmên Palearktîk hene ku di nav herêman de Navend, Bakur, Ewropî ya Rojavayî, daristana berbelav û tevlihev û daristana çiyayê Karpatê heye. Qada daristanî %31 ji rûerda Polonyayê digire ku daristana herî mezin Daristana Silesiyaya Jêrîn e.<a href="#cite_note-:9-121">[121]</a> Cureya darên herî berbelav ên ku li seranserê welêt têne dîtin darê berû, Darazerî (bi îngilîzî Maple) û Narewan in. Darên pelderzî yên herî berbelav darên çam, çama ladîn û çama fîr in. Tê texmîn kirin ku ji %69 ji hemî daristanan konîfer in.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Flora û faunaya li Polonyayê ya Parzemîna Ewropayê ye ku bi ajelên kovî, leyleka spî û eyloyê poçik spî ku wekî heywanên neteweyî têne binav kirin û gulebûka a sor (xecxecok) kulîlka amblem a nefermî ye.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Di nav cureyên herî parastî de bîzonê ewropî ku heywanê herî giran ê bejahiyê ya Ewropayê ye û her weha Darbira Ewrasyayê (Segavî), Werşek, Gurê gewr û Pezkoviya Çiyayê Tatrayê hene. Herêm di heman demê de malavaniya Gakoviyên windabûyî kiriye ku herî dawî di 1627an de li Polonyayê hatiye dîtin.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Ajalên nêçîrî yên wekî pezkoviya sor (Red deer), rovî û berazê kovî li piraniya daristanên polonî têne dîtin.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Polonya di heman demê de ji bo teyrên koçber û ji bo malavaniya çaryeka nifûsa gerdûnî ya leyleka spî jî cihekî girîng e.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Nêzîkî 315.100 hektar, bi qasî %1 ji axa Polonyayê di nav 23 parkên neteweyî yên polonî de têne parastin ku didu ji wan, Białowieża û Bieszczady cihên mîrateyên cîhanê yên <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCOyê</a> ne.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> 123 dever wekî parkên peyzajê hatine destnîşankirin ku ligel gelek rezervên xwezayê û deverên din ên parastî yên ku di bin tora Natura 2000an de ye.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rêveberî">Rêveberî</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Beşê biguhêre: Rêveberî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Rêveberî">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Zgromadzenie_pos%C5%82%C3%B3w_i_senator%C3%B3w_22_grudnia_2015_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Zgromadzenie_pos%C5%82%C3%B3w_i_senator%C3%B3w_22_grudnia_2015_01.JPG/220px-Zgromadzenie_pos%C5%82%C3%B3w_i_senator%C3%B3w_22_grudnia_2015_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Zgromadzenie_pos%C5%82%C3%B3w_i_senator%C3%B3w_22_grudnia_2015_01.JPG/330px-Zgromadzenie_pos%C5%82%C3%B3w_i_senator%C3%B3w_22_grudnia_2015_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Zgromadzenie_pos%C5%82%C3%B3w_i_senator%C3%B3w_22_grudnia_2015_01.JPG/440px-Zgromadzenie_pos%C5%82%C3%B3w_i_senator%C3%B3w_22_grudnia_2015_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5199" data-file-height="3458" /></a><figcaption>Wêneyek di dema civîna meclîsa Sejmê de.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:I_posiedzenie_Senatu_IX_kadencji_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/I_posiedzenie_Senatu_IX_kadencji_01.JPG/220px-I_posiedzenie_Senatu_IX_kadencji_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/I_posiedzenie_Senatu_IX_kadencji_01.JPG/330px-I_posiedzenie_Senatu_IX_kadencji_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/I_posiedzenie_Senatu_IX_kadencji_01.JPG/440px-I_posiedzenie_Senatu_IX_kadencji_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5518" data-file-height="2651" /></a><figcaption>Dîmenek di dema civîna senatoyê.</figcaption></figure> Polonya komareke unîter a parlemanî û demokrasiyeke temsîlî ye ku serokkomar wekê serokê dewletê ye. Desthilata cîbicîkar zêdetir ji aliyê Encumena Wezîran û serokwezîrê ku wek serokê hikûmetê kar dike tê bikaranîn. Endamên takekesî yên encumenê ji aliyê serokwezîr ve têne hilbijartin ku ji hêla serokkomar ve têne destnîşankirin û ji hêla parlamenê ve têne pejirandin.<a href="#cite_note-Stanisz2020-129">[129]</a> Serokê dewletê ji bo 5 salan di hilbijartinan de ji aliyê gel tê hilbijartin.<a href="#cite_note-Stanisz2020-129">[129]</a> Meclisa qanûndanîn a Polonyayê parlamanek du deme ye ku ji meclîsa jêrîn (Sejm) ji 460 endaman û meclîsa jorîn (Senate) ji 100 endaman pêk tê.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Sejm ji bo veguherîn a endam û dengan li gorî rêbaza d'Hondt bi nûnertiya rêjeyî ve tê hilbijartin.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Senato li gorî sîstema hilbijartinê ya dawîn tê hilbijartin ku ji bo sed herêmên hilbijartinê, ji bo her herêmek senatorek tê hilbijartin.<a href="#cite_note-Granat2019-132">[132]</a> Mafê Senatoyê heye ku qanûna ji aliyê Sejm ve hatiye pejirandin biguherîne yan red bike lê Sejm dikare bi piraniya dengan biryara Senatoyê betal bike.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Ji xeynî partiyên hindikayiyên etnîkî, tenê namzedên partiyên siyasî ku herî kêm %5 ji tevahiya dengên neteweyî werdigirin dikarin bikevin Sejmê.<a href="#cite_note-Granat2019-132">[132]</a> Li Polonyayê her du meclîsên jêrîn û jorîn ên parlamenê ji bo heyamek çar salan têne hilbijartin û her endamek parlamena Polonyayê bi parêzbendiya parlamenê tê garantî kirin. Li gorî qanûnên heyî, divê kesek ji 21 salî an zêdetir be ku bibe wekîl. Ji bo kesek bibe senator divê ji 30 salî mezintir be û ji bo kesek bibe namzedê serokatiyê divê ji 35 salan mezintir be.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Endamên Sejm û Senatoyê bi hev re Meclîsa Neteweyî ya Komara Polonyayê ava dikin. Meclîsa Neteweyî, bi serokatiya Sejm Mareşal jiber van sê sedeman civîn lidardixe; dema ku serokek nû sond dixwe, dema ku ji aliyê Dadgeha Dewletê ve îdianame li dijî serok tê derxistin û dema ku serokek ji ber rewşa tendirustiya wî nekaribe hertimî karibe erka xwe bike, civîn lidardixe.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herêmên_îdarî">Herêmên îdarî</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Beşê biguhêre: Herêmên îdarî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Herêmên îdarî">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> Polonya di nav 16 parêzgeh an eyaletên ku bi navê voivodeships têne zanîn hatiye dabeş kirin. Ji sala 2022an ve, voivodeship li 380 wîlayetan (powiats) têne dabeş kirin, ku li 2.477 şaredarî (gminas) têne dabeş kirin. Bajarên mezin bi gelemperî hem xwedî statuya gmina hem jî xwedî statuya powiat in.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Parêzgeh bi giranî li ser tixûbên herêmên dîrokî hatine damezrandin, yan jî bi navê bajarên yekemê li parêzgehê hatine binavkirin. Desthilatdariya îdarî li ser asta voivodetiyê di navbera parêzgarek ku ji hêla hikûmetê ve hatiye tayîn kirin (voivode), meclîsek herêmî ya hilbijartî (sejmik) û marşalek voivodeship ku rêveberek e ku ji hêla meclîsê ve hatiye hilbijartin ve tê parve kirin.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th>Herêmên îdarî (Voivodeship)</th> <th rowspan="2">Serbajar</th> <th>Qad</th> <th>Nifûs </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bi polonî</th> <th>km2<a href="#cite_note-Voivodeships-138">[138]</a></th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-Voivodeships-138">[138]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wielkopolskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań (rûpel hê tune)">Poznań</a></td> <td>29.826</td> <td>3.496.450 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kujawsko-Pomorskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bydgoszcz (rûpel hê tune)">Bydgoszcz</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toruń (rûpel hê tune)">Toruń</a></td> <td>17.971</td> <td>2.061.942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Małopolskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></td> <td>15.183</td> <td>3.410.441 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Łódzkie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Łódź (rûpel hê tune)">Łódź</a></td> <td>18.219</td> <td>2.437.970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dolnośląskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wrocław (rûpel hê tune)">Wrocław</a></td> <td>19.947</td> <td>2.891.321 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lubelskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lublin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lublin (rûpel hê tune)">Lublin</a></td> <td>25.123</td> <td>2.095.258 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lubuskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski (rûpel hê tune)">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zielona_G%C3%B3ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zielona Góra (rûpel hê tune)">Zielona Góra</a></td> <td>13.988</td> <td>1.007.145 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mazowieckie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warsaw (rûpel hê tune)">Warsaw</a></td> <td>35.559</td> <td>5.425.028 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Opolskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opole (rûpel hê tune)">Opole</a></td> <td>9.412</td> <td>976.774 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Podlaskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bia%C5%82ystok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Białystok (rûpel hê tune)">Białystok</a></td> <td>20.187</td> <td>1.173.286 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pomorskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gdańsk (rûpel hê tune)">Gdańsk</a></td> <td>18.323</td> <td>2.346.671 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śląskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></td> <td>12.333</td> <td>4.492.330 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Podkarpackie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rzesz%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rzeszów (rûpel hê tune)">Rzeszów</a></td> <td>17.846</td> <td>2.121.229 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Świętokrzyskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kielce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kielce (rûpel hê tune)">Kielce</a></td> <td>11.710</td> <td>1.224.626 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Warmińsko-Mazurskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olsztyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olsztyn (rûpel hê tune)">Olsztyn</a></td> <td>24.173</td> <td>1.416.495 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zachodniopomorskie</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Szczecin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szczecin (rûpel hê tune)">Szczecin</a></td> <td>22.905</td> <td>1.688.047 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografî">Demografî</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Beşê biguhêre: Demografî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Demografî">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> Ji sala 2021an vir ve nifûsa Polonya bi qasî 38.2 milyon e û welêt nehemîn welatê herî qerebalix ê Ewropayê ye, û pêncemî dewleta endamê herî populer ê <a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a> ye.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Rêjeya belavbûna niştecihên welêt bi rêjeya 122kes/km² belav dibe.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Rêjeya jidayîkbûnê ya giştî di sala 2019an de serê dayikek 1,42 zarok dikeve ku di nav rêjeya herî kêm a cîhanê de ye.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Nêzîkî %60 ji nifûsa welêt li deverên bajarî an bajarên mezin dijîn û %40 li deverên gundewarî dijîn.<a href="#cite_note-:9-121">[121]</a> Li gorî daneyên sala 2020an %50,2 polonî li xaniyên veqetandî û %44,3 di avahiyên pirqatî de jiyan dikin. Parêzgeha îdarî yan jî eyaleta herî qerebalix Voivodeship Masovian e û bajarê herî qerebalix paytexta welat bajarê Warşovayê ye ku 1.8 milyon niştecîh li devera bajarî û 2-3 milyon kes jî li herêma metropolê dijîn.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Qada metropolê ya Katowice bi nifûsa di navbera 2.7 milyon û 5.3 milyon niştecîh ve mezintirîn devera bajarî ye.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Rêjeya nifûsê li başûrê Polonya bilindtir e û bi piranî di navbera bajarên Wrocław û Kraków de ye.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Di serjimêriya Polonyaya sala 2011an de, 37.310.341 kesan nasnameya polonî, 846.719 kes sîlesî, 232.547 kaşubî û 147.814 kesan jî nasnameya almanî ragihandine. Nasnameyên din ji hêla 163,363 kesan (%0,41) ve hatine ragihandin û 521,470 kesan (%1,35) ti neteweyek diyar nekirine. Statîstîkên fermî yên nifûsê karkerên koçber ên ku xwediyê destûra rûniştina daîmî an Karta Polaka ne di nav xwe de nagirin. Zêdetirî 1.7 milyon hemwelatiyên Ûkraynayê di sala 2017an de li Polonyayê bi awayekî qanûnî bicih bûne û xebitîne. Hejmara koçberan her ku diçe zêde dibe; welat tenê di sala 2021an de ji bo biyaniyan 504.172 destûrên xebatê pejirandiye.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_gybrr9pvu0a2t7e30d3a3ehmllo5wui"></map><img usemap="#timeline_gybrr9pvu0a2t7e30d3a3ehmllo5wui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ku/timeline/gybrr9pvu0a2t7e30d3a3ehmllo5wui.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çavkanî">Çavkanî</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Beşê biguhêre: Çavkanî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Çavkanî">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1068480">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1850135">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_8jAQAAIAAJ&q=500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus">Dzieje powiatu wrocławskiego</a> (bi polonî). Starostwo Powiatowe. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-913985-3-1" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-913985-3-1"><bdi>978-83-913985-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+powiatu+wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft.pub=Starostwo+Powiatowe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-83-913985-3-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_8jAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D500%252520000%252520lat%252520temu%252520polska%252520homo%252520erectus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFJurekMrozowskiAdamczakDuchnowski2019" class="citation book cs1">Jurek, Krzysztof; Mrozowski, Krzysztof; Adamczak, Joanna; Duchnowski, Tomasz Marcin (2019). Poznać przeszłość 1: karty pracy ucznia do historii dla liceum ogólnokształcącego i technikum: zakres podstawowy. Warszawa: Nowa Era. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-267-3653-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-267-3653-7"><bdi>978-83-267-3653-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pozna%C4%87+przesz%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87+1%3A+karty+pracy+ucznia+do+historii+dla+liceum+og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85cego+i+technikum%3A+zakres+podstawowy&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Nowa+Era&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-83-267-3653-7&rft.aulast=Jurek&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft.au=Mrozowski%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Adamczak%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Duchnowski%2C+Tomasz+Marcin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFSubbaraman2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Subbaraman, Nidhi (12 kanûna pêşîn 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2012.12020">"Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old"</a>. Nature (bi îngilîzî). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2012.12020">10.1038/nature.2012.12020</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Art+of+cheese-making+is+7%2C500+years+old&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2012.12020&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Subbaraman&rft.aufirst=Nidhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature.2012.12020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFBrandesSmitNguyenRienstra2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brandes, Axel; Smit, Marcelle D; Nguyen, Bao Oanh; Rienstra, Michiel; Van Gelder, Isabelle C (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2018.18.2">"Risk Factor Management in Atrial Fibrillation"</a>. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review. 7 (2): 118. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15420%2Faer.2018.18.2">10.15420/aer.2018.18.2</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2050-3369">2050-3369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arrhythmia+%26amp%3B+Electrophysiology+Review&rft.atitle=Risk+Factor+Management+in+Atrial+Fibrillation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15420%2Faer.2018.18.2&rft.issn=2050-3369&rft.aulast=Brandes&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft.au=Smit%2C+Marcelle+D&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Bao+Oanh&rft.au=Rienstra%2C+Michiel&rft.au=Van+Gelder%2C+Isabelle+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.15420%2Faer.2018.18.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFHardingFokkens2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harding, Anthony; Fokkens, Harry (27 hezîran 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA772&dq=bronze+age+poland+lusatian">The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age</a> (bi îngilîzî). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-100732-3" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-100732-3"><bdi>978-0-19-100732-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+European+Bronze+Age&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100732-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Fokkens%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoxoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA772%26dq%3Dbronze%2Bage%2Bpoland%2Blusatian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Price, T. Douglas (12 hezîran 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ_KBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212&dq=lusatian+culture+1300+BC+%25E2%2580%2593+500+BC">Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings</a> (bi îngilîzî). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-023198-9" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-023198-9"><bdi>978-0-19-023198-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Scandinavia%3A+An+Archaeological+History+from+the+First+Humans+to+the+Vikings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023198-9&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=T.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ_KBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212%26dq%3Dlusatian%2Bculture%2B1300%2BBC%2B%2525E2%252580%252593%2B500%2BBC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (28 çiriya pêşîn 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&q=biskupin">Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a> (bi îngilîzî). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9"><bdi>978-1-136-63944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63944-9&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfPYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96%26q%3Dbiskupin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davies, Norman (31 gulan 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkcSDAAAQBAJ">Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present</a> (bi îngilîzî). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-280126-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-280126-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+of+Europe%3A+The+Past+in+Poland%27s+Present&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280126-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkcSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMielnik-SikorskaDacaMalyarchukDerenko2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mielnik-Sikorska, Marta; Daca, Patrycja; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Perkova, Maria; Dobosz, Tadeusz; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054360">"The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences"</a>. PLOS ONE (bi îngilîzî). 8 (1): e54360. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054360">10.1371/journal.pone.0054360</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544712">3544712</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23342138">23342138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Slavs+Inferred+from+Complete+Mitochondrial+Genome+Sequences&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e54360&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC3544712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23342138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054360&rft.aulast=Mielnik-Sikorska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Daca%2C+Patrycja&rft.au=Malyarchuk%2C+Boris&rft.au=Derenko%2C+Miroslava&rft.au=Skonieczna%2C+Katarzyna&rft.au=Perkova%2C+Maria&rft.au=Dobosz%2C+Tadeusz&rft.au=Grzybowski%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Şablon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: PMC format (<a href="/wiki/Kategor%C3%AE:CS1_maint:_PMC_format" title="Kategorî:CS1 maint: PMC format">lînk</a>) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (<a href="/wiki/Kategor%C3%AE:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI" title="Kategorî:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI">lînk</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brather, Sebastian (1 kanûna paşîn 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/eceu/31/1/article-p77_7.xml">"The Archaeology of the Northwestern Slavs (Seventh To Ninth Centuries)"</a>. East Central Europe (bi îngilîzî). 31 (1): 77–97. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633004X00116">10.1163/187633004X00116</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1876-3308">1876-3308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Northwestern+Slavs+%28Seventh+To+Ninth+Centuries%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-97&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633004X00116&rft.issn=1876-3308&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Feceu%2F31%2F1%2Farticle-p77_7.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFPublishing2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Publishing, Britannica Educational (1 hezîran 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=polanie+tribal+monarchy">Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland</a> (bi îngilîzî). Britanncia Educational Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61530-991-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61530-991-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-991-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+Poland&rft.pub=Britanncia+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-991-7&rft.aulast=Publishing&rft.aufirst=Britannica+Educational&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEf2cAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132%26dq%3Dpolanie%2Btribal%2Bmonarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramet, Sabrina P. (22 hezîran 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2gpDwAAQBAJ">The Catholic Church in Polish History: From 966 to the Present</a> (bi îngilîzî). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-137-40281-3" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-137-40281-3"><bdi>978-1-137-40281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+Polish+History%3A+From+966+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.isbn=978-1-137-40281-3&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2gpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta2016-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curta2016_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta2016_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta2016_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFCurtaHolt2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (28 çiriya paşîn 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA468&dq=dagome+iudex+gniezno+poland">Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]</a> (bi îngilîzî). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-566-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pivotal+Events+in+Religious+History+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-566-4&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft.au=Holt%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgF9DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA468%26dq%3Ddagome%2Biudex%2Bgniezno%2Bpoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFOżóg2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ożóg, Krzysztof (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbouAQAAIAAJ&q=gniezno%2520krakow%2520wroclaw%2520ko%25C5%2582obrzeg">The Role of Poland in the Intellectual Development of Europe in the Middle Ages</a> (bi îngilîzî). Societas Vistulana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-61033-36-3" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-61033-36-3"><bdi>978-83-61033-36-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Poland+in+the+Intellectual+Development+of+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Societas+Vistulana&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-61033-36-3&rft.aulast=O%C5%BC%C3%B3g&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbouAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgniezno%252520krakow%252520wroclaw%252520ko%2525C5%252582obrzeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LrYAAAAMAAJ&q=boles%25C5%2582aw%2520morawy%2520%25C5%2582u%25C5%25BCyce%2520w%25C4%2599gry">Historia Kościoła w Polsce</a> (bi polonî). Pallottinum. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a+w+Polsce&rft.pub=Pallottinum&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LrYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dboles%2525C5%252582aw%252520morawy%252520%2525C5%252582u%2525C5%2525BCyce%252520w%2525C4%252599gry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFLabuda1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Labuda, Gerard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8gAAAAIAAJ&q=1032">Mieszko II król Polski: 1025-1034 : czasy przełomu w dziejach państwa polskiego</a> (bi polonî). Secesja. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-85483-46-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-85483-46-5"><bdi>978-83-85483-46-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mieszko+II+kr%C3%B3l+Polski%3A+1025-1034+%3A+czasy+prze%C5%82omu+w+dziejach+pa%C5%84stwa+polskiego&rft.pub=Secesja&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-83-85483-46-5&rft.aulast=Labuda&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGb8gAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKrajewska2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krajewska, Monika (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnlGAQAAIAAJ&q=mieszko%2520II%2520w%25201031%2520utraci%25C5%2582%25201032%2520ksi%25C4%2585%25C5%25BC%25C4%2599">Integracja i dezintegracja państwa Piastów w kronikach polskich Marcina Kromera oraz Marcina i Joachima Bielskich</a> (bi polonî). Wydawnictwo "Neriton". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-7543-157-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-7543-157-5"><bdi>978-83-7543-157-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integracja+i+dezintegracja+pa%C5%84stwa+Piast%C3%B3w+w+kronikach+polskich+Marcina+Kromera+oraz+Marcina+i+Joachima+Bielskich&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+%22Neriton%22&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-7543-157-5&rft.aulast=Krajewska&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnlGAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmieszko%252520II%252520w%2525201031%252520utraci%2525C5%252582%2525201032%252520ksi%2525C4%252585%2525C5%2525BC%2525C4%252599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melton, J. Gordon (13 îlon 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC">Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</a> (bi îngilîzî). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA14&dq=1138+%2522five%2522+silesia+mazovia+sandomierz+pomerania">The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</a> (bi îngilîzî). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539536-5&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA14%26dq%3D1138%2B%252522five%252522%2Bsilesia%2Bmazovia%2Bsandomierz%2Bpomerania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFBiber2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biber, Tomasz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbYjAQAAIAAJ&q=konrad%2520mazowiecki%2520krzy%25C5%25BCacy%2520sprowadzi%25C5%2582">Encyklopedia Polska 2000: poczet władców</a> (bi polonî). Podsiedlik-Raniowski i Spółka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-7212-307-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-7212-307-7"><bdi>978-83-7212-307-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Polska+2000%3A+poczet+w%C5%82adc%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Podsiedlik-Raniowski+i+Sp%C3%B3%C5%82ka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-83-7212-307-7&rft.aulast=Biber&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAbYjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkonrad%252520mazowiecki%252520krzy%2525C5%2525BCacy%252520sprowadzi%2525C5%252582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKrasuski2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krasuski, Jerzy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBcsAQAAMAAJ&q=henryk%2520pobo%25C5%25BCny%2520zjednoczenie">Polska--Niemcy: stosunki polityczne od zarania po czasy najnowsze</a> (bi polonî). Zakł. Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-04-04985-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-04-04985-7"><bdi>978-83-04-04985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska--Niemcy%3A+stosunki+polityczne+od+zarania+po+czasy+najnowsze&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82.+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-04-04985-7&rft.aulast=Krasuski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBcsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhenryk%252520pobo%2525C5%2525BCny%252520zjednoczenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMaroń1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maroń, Jerzy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CASkn7zoJj8C">Legnica 1241</a> (bi polonî). Bellona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnica+1241&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Maro%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCASkn7zoJj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davies, Norman (30 îlon 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD7SWb5lXBAC&pg=PA366&dq=germans+flemish+into+poland+mongol+invasion">Europe: A History</a> (bi îngilîzî). Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4070-9179-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4070-9179-2"><bdi>978-1-4070-9179-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4070-9179-2&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvD7SWb5lXBAC%26pg%3DPA366%26dq%3Dgermans%2Bflemish%2Binto%2Bpoland%2Bmongol%2Binvasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFDembkowski1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dembkowski, Harry E. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svAaAAAAMAAJ&q=poland+lithuania+1588+slavery">The Union of Lublin, Polish Federalism in the Golden Age</a> (bi îngilîzî). East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-88033-009-1" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-88033-009-1"><bdi>978-0-88033-009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+of+Lublin%2C+Polish+Federalism+in+the+Golden+Age&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-009-1&rft.aulast=Dembkowski&rft.aufirst=Harry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvAaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpoland%2Blithuania%2B1588%2Bslavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFWróblewski2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wróblewski, Bohdan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unEWAQAAIAAJ&q=%25C5%2582okietek%25201320%2520szczerbiec">Jaki znak twój? Orzeł Biały</a> (bi polonî). Wydawn. "Z.P. Poligrafia". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-922944-3-6" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-922944-3-6"><bdi>978-83-922944-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaki+znak+tw%C3%B3j%3F+Orze%C5%82+Bia%C5%82y&rft.pub=Wydawn.+%22Z.P.+Poligrafia%22&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-83-922944-3-6&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3blewski&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunEWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2525C5%252582okietek%2525201320%252520szczerbiec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFSokolKissaneAbramowicz1992" class="citation book cs1">Sokol, Stanley S.; Kissane, Sharon F. Mrotek; Abramowicz, Alfred L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/polishbiographic00soko">The Polish biographical dictionary : profiles of nearly 900 Poles who have made lasting contributions to world civilization</a>. Internet Archive. Wauconda, Ill. : Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-86516-245-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-86516-245-7"><bdi>978-0-86516-245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+biographical+dictionary+%3A+profiles+of+nearly+900+Poles+who+have+made+lasting+contributions+to+world+civilization&rft.pub=Wauconda%2C+Ill.+%3A+Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-245-7&rft.aulast=Sokol&rft.aufirst=Stanley+S.&rft.au=Kissane%2C+Sharon+F.+Mrotek&rft.au=Abramowicz%2C+Alfred+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolishbiographic00soko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMagill2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magill, Frank N. (12 çiriya paşîn 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBHSc2hTfeUC">The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2</a> (bi îngilîzî). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-59313-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-59313-0"><bdi>978-1-136-59313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages%3A+Dictionary+of+World+Biography%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59313-0&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBHSc2hTfeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (28 çiriya pêşîn 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ">Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a> (bi îngilîzî). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9"><bdi>978-1-136-63944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63944-9&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfPYAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMagill2012" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank N., edîtor (12 çiriya paşîn 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203058527">The Middle Ages</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-59306-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-136-59306-2"><bdi>978-1-136-59306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59306-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203058527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&oldid=1176381502">"Poland"</a>. 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Nomos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-3-7489-0113-6" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-3-7489-0113-6"><bdi>978-3-7489-0113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visegrad+Four+and+the+Western+Balkans%3A+Framing+Regional+Identities&rft.pub=Nomos+Verlag&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.isbn=978-3-7489-0113-6&rft.aulast=Balazs&rft.aufirst=Adam+Bence&rft.au=Griessler%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dinb4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFWyrozumski1985" class="citation book cs1">Wyrozumski, Jerzy (1985). Historia Polski. 1: do roku 1505 (Çapa Wyd. 8). Warszawa: Państw. Wydawn. Naukowe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1"><bdi>978-83-01-03732-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Polski.+1%3A+do+roku+1505&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.edition=Wyd.+8&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stw.+Wydawn.+Naukowe&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-83-01-03732-1&rft.aulast=Wyrozumski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabrowski2014-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski2014_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski2014_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski2014_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski2014_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski2014_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski2014_34-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowski2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dabrowski, Patrice M. (1 çiriya pêşîn 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X__-DwAAQBAJ">Poland: The First Thousand Years</a> (bi îngilîzî). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-5017-5740-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-5017-5740-2"><bdi>978-1-5017-5740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5740-2&rft.aulast=Dabrowski&rft.aufirst=Patrice+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX__-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frost, Robert I. (16 tîrmeh 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=245lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA242&dq=poland+feudal+agricultural+folwark+nobility">The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385-1569: Volume I</a> (bi îngilîzî). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-256814-4" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-256814-4"><bdi>978-0-19-256814-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Polish-Lithuanian+Union+1385-1569%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft.isbn=978-0-19-256814-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D245lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242%26dq%3Dpoland%2Bfeudal%2Bagricultural%2Bfolwark%2Bnobility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graves, M. A. R. (6 hezîran 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2rJAwAAQBAJ">The Parliaments of Early Modern Europe: 1400 - 1700</a> (bi îngilîzî). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-317-88433-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-317-88433-0"><bdi>978-1-317-88433-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliaments+of+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+1400+-+1700&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88433-0&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2rJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFYanoff2014" class="citation book cs1">Yanoff, Myron (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12179_68">Graves Disease (Thyroid Eye Disease, Graves Ophthalmopathy) (242.0)</a>. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. rr. 230–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graves+Disease+%28Thyroid+Eye+Disease%2C+Graves+Ophthalmopathy%29+%28242.0%29&rft.pages=230-230&rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Medical+Publishers+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Yanoff&rft.aufirst=Myron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5005%2Fjp%2Fbooks%2F12179_68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFLouthanCohenSzabo2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Louthan, Howard; Cohen, Gary B.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (1 adar 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuzLNXpa-hYC&pg=PA30">Diversity and Dissent: Negotiating Religious Difference in Central Europe, 1500-1800</a> (bi îngilîzî). Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-85745-109-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-85745-109-5"><bdi>978-0-85745-109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Dissent%3A+Negotiating+Religious+Difference+in+Central+Europe%2C+1500-1800&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-109-5&rft.aulast=Louthan&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Gary+B.&rft.au=Szabo%2C+Franz+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuzLNXpa-hYC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFHouldenMinard2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Houlden, Leslie; Minard, Antone (23 hezîran 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mf7WCQAAQBAJ">Jesus in History, Legend, Scripture, and Tradition: A World Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A World Encyclopedia</a> (bi îngilîzî). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61069-804-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61069-804-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Legend%2C+Scripture%2C+and+Tradition%3A+A+World+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+World+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-804-7&rft.aulast=Houlden&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Minard%2C+Antone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmf7WCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterwick2021-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butterwick2021_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterwick2021_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFButterwick2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Butterwick, Richard (5 kanûna paşîn 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2cOEAAAQBAJ">The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795</a> (bi îngilîzî). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-300-25220-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-300-25220-0"><bdi>978-0-300-25220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth%2C+1733-1795&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25220-0&rft.aulast=Butterwick&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2cOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFParker2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Parker, Geoffrey (2 hezîran 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GMlDwAAQBAJ">Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century</a> (bi îngilîzî). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-300-21936-4" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-300-21936-4"><bdi>978-0-300-21936-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Crisis%3A+War%2C+Climate+Change+and+Catastrophe+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21936-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GMlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFWardHume2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ward, Adolphus; Hume, Martin (4 adar 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrJ4DwAAQBAJ">The Wars of Religion in Europe</a> (bi îngilîzî). Perennial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-5312-6318-8" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-5312-6318-8"><bdi>978-1-5312-6318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.pub=Perennial+Press&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft.isbn=978-1-5312-6318-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Adolphus&rft.au=Hume%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrJ4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFPh.D2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ph.D, Kevin C. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61069-916-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-61069-916-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Baltic+States%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-916-7&rft.aulast=Ph.D&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.+O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOdjCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lerski, Halina (19 kanûna paşîn 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC&pg=PA678">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945</a> (bi îngilîzî). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5"><bdi>978-0-313-03456-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966-1945&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996-01-19&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03456-5&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Halina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFSzujski1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szujski, Józef (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlAFSS-12xwC">Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego: Dzieje Polski</a> (bi polonî). nakładem rodziny Józefa Szujskiego.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzie%C5%82a+J%C3%B3zefa+Szujskiego%3A+Dzieje+Polski&rft.pub=nak%C5%82adem+rodziny+J%C3%B3zefa+Szujskiego&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Szujski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlAFSS-12xwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peterson, Gary Dean (21 tebax 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtFDthqmB2wC">Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</a> (bi îngilîzî). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4766-0411-4" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4766-0411-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-0411-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Kings+of+Sweden%3A+The+Rise+of+an+Empire+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0411-4&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtFDthqmB2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1861" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQZOAAAAcAAJ">The History of Modern Europe, from the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the War in the Crimea in 1857</a> (bi îngilîzî). J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Europe%2C+from+the+Fall+of+Constantinople+in+1453+to+the+War+in+the+Crimea+in+1857&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQZOAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKizwalter1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kizwalter, Tomasz (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7JFAAAAIAAJ&q=srebrn%2520wiek%2520%2520z%25C5%2582oty%2520waz%25C3%25B3w">Kryzys Oświecenia a początki konserwatyzmu polskiego</a> (bi polonî). Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kryzys+O%C5%9Bwiecenia+a+pocz%C4%85tki+konserwatyzmu+polskiego&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kizwalter&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7JFAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsrebrn%252520wiek%252520%252520z%2525C5%252582oty%252520waz%2525C3%2525B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFScott2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scott, Hamish (23 tîrmeh 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb4DCgAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume II: Cultures and Power</a> (bi îngilîzî). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-102000-1" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-102000-1"><bdi>978-0-19-102000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Modern+European+History%2C+1350-1750%3A+Volume+II%3A+Cultures+and+Power&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102000-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb4DCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFRiewaldRodeo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Riewald, Scott; Rodeo, Scott, edîtor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781492595854">"Science of Swimming Faster"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781492595854">10.5040/9781492595854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Science+of+Swimming+Faster&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781492595854&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5040%2F9781492595854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Şablon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Ji bo journal parametreya <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> hewce ye (<a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AEkar%C3%AE:Xeletiy%C3%AAn_%C3%A7avkaniy%C3%AA#missing_periodical" title="Alîkarî:Xeletiyên çavkaniyê">alîkarî</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Boen2021-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boen2021_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boen2021_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boen2021_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFBoenAlhaddadButterwick2021" class="citation book cs1">Boen, Monica; Alhaddad, Marwan; Butterwick, Kimberly (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491852">Specific Use: Cosmeceuticals for the Treatment of Scars, Hypertrophic Scars, and Keloids</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-820701-6" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-820701-6"><bdi>978-0-19-820701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%E2%80%99s+Last+King+and+English+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820701-6&rft.aulast=Butterwick&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198207016.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFTapperPalfreyman2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tapper, Ted; Palfreyman, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riv0UCM90AMC&pg=RA2-PA140">Understanding Mass Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives on Access</a> (bi îngilîzî). Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-415-35491-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-415-35491-2"><bdi>978-0-415-35491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mass+Higher+Education%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Access&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35491-2&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Palfreyman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Driv0UCM90AMC%26pg%3DRA2-PA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfs5AQAAIAAJ">Nauka polska</a> (bi polonî). Polska Akademia Nauk. 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauka+polska&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Nauk.&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfs5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&oldid=1177695956">"Poland"</a>. Wikipedia (bi îngilîzî). 29 îlon 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Poland&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPoland%26oldid%3D1177695956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html">"ANNALES BENJAMIN CONSTANT 46 - ANNALES BENJAMIN CONSTANT"</a>. EDITIONS SLATKINE (bi fransî). 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Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-90-5201-235-3" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-90-5201-235-3"><bdi>978-90-5201-235-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+civilisation%3A+European+travel+and+travel+writing&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.series=Multiple+Europes&rft.pub=P.I.E.-P.+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-235-3&rft.aulast=Schulz-Forberg&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ABookSources%2F90-5201-235-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFStorozynski2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Storozynski, Alex (28 nîsan 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVqnlTbsdXcC">The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution</a> (bi îngilîzî). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4299-6607-8" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4299-6607-8"><bdi>978-1-4299-6607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+Prince%3A+Thaddeus+Kosciuszko+and+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-6607-8&rft.aulast=Storozynski&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVqnlTbsdXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27882/27882-h/27882-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Kościuszko: A Biography, by Monika M. Gardner"</a>. www.gutenberg.org. Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+Ko%C5%9Bciuszko%3A+A+Biography%2C+by+Monika+M.+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F27882%2F27882-h%2F27882-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFLukowskiZawadzki2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (20 îlon 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA115&q=1807">A Concise History of Poland</a> (bi îngilîzî). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1"><bdi>978-0-521-55917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55917-1&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26pg%3DPA115%26q%3D1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFArmenterosBlanningNoronha-DiVanna2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Armenteros, Carolina; Blanning, Tim; Noronha-DiVanna, Isabel (27 gulan 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4hJDAAAQBAJ">Historicising the French Revolution</a> (bi îngilîzî). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4438-1157-6" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-4438-1157-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-1157-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historicising+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1157-6&rft.aulast=Armenteros&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rft.au=Blanning%2C+Tim&rft.au=Noronha-DiVanna%2C+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4hJDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kappeler, Andreas (27 tebax 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ9eBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249&q=congress+poland+integration+paskevich">The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History</a> (bi îngilîzî). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-317-56810-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-317-56810-0"><bdi>978-1-317-56810-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire%3A+A+Multi-ethnic+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56810-0&rft.aulast=Kappeler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZ9eBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA249%26q%3Dcongress%2Bpoland%2Bintegration%2Bpaskevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFLucassenFeldmanOltmer2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lucassen, Leo; Feldman, David; Oltmer, Jochen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YUuGSKXsFUC&pg=PA140&q=1848+prussia+uprising+posen">Paths of Integration: Migrants in Western Europe (1880-2004)</a> (bi îngilîzî). Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-90-5356-883-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-90-5356-883-5"><bdi>978-90-5356-883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Integration%3A+Migrants+in+Western+Europe+%281880-2004%29&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-883-5&rft.aulast=Lucassen&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Feldman%2C+David&rft.au=Oltmer%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YUuGSKXsFUC%26pg%3DPA140%26q%3D1848%2Bprussia%2Buprising%2Bposen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFRestivo2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Restivo, Sal (19 gulan 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_tQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA613&dq=%22economy+of+Russian+poland+zinc+textiles%22">Science, Technology, and Society: An Encyclopedia</a> (bi îngilîzî). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-977153-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-19-977153-0"><bdi>978-0-19-977153-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977153-0&rft.aulast=Restivo&rft.aufirst=Sal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_tQEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA613%26dq%3D%2522economy%2Bof%2BRussian%2Bpoland%2Bzinc%2Btextiles%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKoryś2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koryś, Piotr (29 çiriya paşîn 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKR8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181&q=january+uprising+economic">Poland From Partitions to EU Accession: A Modern Economic History, 1772–2004</a> (bi îngilîzî). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-3-319-97126-1" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-3-319-97126-1"><bdi>978-3-319-97126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+From+Partitions+to+EU+Accession%3A+A+Modern+Economic+History%2C+1772%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97126-1&rft.aulast=Kory%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKR8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA181%26q%3Djanuary%2Buprising%2Beconomic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisLibrary_of_Congress1994" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Glenn E.; Library of Congress, edîtor (1994). Poland: a country study. Pamphlet / Department of the Army (Çapa Research completed October 1992, 3. ed., 1. print). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-8444-0827-9" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-8444-0827-9"><bdi>978-0-8444-0827-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Pamphlet+%2F+Department+of+the+Army&rft.edition=Research+completed+October+1992%2C+3.+ed.%2C+1.+print&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0827-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFWandycz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wandycz, Piotr S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779809">"The Second Republic, 1921-1939"</a>. The Polish Review. 54 (2): 159–171. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2970">0032-2970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Second+Republic%2C+1921-1939&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-171&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0032-2970&rft.aulast=Wandycz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25779809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKukiel1929" class="citation journal cs1">Kukiel, Marjan (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202361">"The Polish-Soviet Campaign of 1920"</a>. The Slavonic and East European Review. 8 (22): 48–65. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795">0037-6795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Polish-Soviet+Campaign+of+1920&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=48-65&rft.date=1929&rft.issn=0037-6795&rft.aulast=Kukiel&rft.aufirst=Marjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4202361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMachray1930" class="citation journal cs1">Machray, Robert (1 çiriya paşîn 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1930.33.2.195">"Pilsudski, the Strong Man of Poland"</a>. Current History. 33 (2): 195–199. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.1930.33.2.195">10.1525/curh.1930.33.2.195</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3530">0011-3530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=Pilsudski%2C+the+Strong+Man+of+Poland&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-199&rft.date=1930-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1930.33.2.195&rft.issn=0011-3530&rft.aulast=Machray&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1930.33.2.195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11845315">"Russian parliament condemns Stalin for Katyn massacre"</a>. BBC News (bi îngilîziya brîtanî). 26 çiriya paşîn 2010. Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+parliament+condemns+Stalin+for+Katyn+massacre&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11845315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFGeyerFitzpatrick2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcB3oASHnkAC&pg=PA152">Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</a> (bi îngilîzî). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Totalitarianism%3A+Stalinism+and+Nazism+Compared&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89796-9&rft.aulast=Geyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcB3oASHnkAC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA18">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945</a> (bi îngilîzî). Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966-1945&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTUTqE2difgC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walters, E. Garrison (1 hezîran 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64VpSBd7xUcC&pg=PA276">The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945</a> (bi îngilîzî). Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-8156-2440-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-8156-2440-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-2440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Europe%3A+Eastern+Europe+to+1945&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2440-0&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=E.+Garrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64VpSBd7xUcC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFHall2021" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Timothy (27 îlon 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003212140-7">Under Siege</a>. London: Routledge. rr. 123–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Siege&rft.place=London&rft.pages=123-156&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003212140-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFCiciarelli2002" class="citation book cs1">Ciciarelli, John A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1550-8_19">The Geology of the Battle of Monte Cassino, 1944</a>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. rr. 325–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-90-481-5940-6" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-90-481-5940-6"><bdi>978-90-481-5940-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+the+Battle+of+Monte+Cassino%2C+1944&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=325-343&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-481-5940-6&rft.aulast=Ciciarelli&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-1550-8_19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKochanski2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kochanski, Halik (13 çiriya paşîn 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&pg=PA234&q=22%252C047+Polish">The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War</a> (bi îngilîzî). Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-674-06816-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-674-06816-2"><bdi>978-0-674-06816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+Unbowed%3A+Poland+and+the+Poles+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06816-2&rft.aulast=Kochanski&rft.aufirst=Halik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJ5vIyDBpLcC%26pg%3DPA234%26q%3D22%25252C047%2BPolish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski1996-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski1996_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski1996_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6aUBuWPqywC&pg=PA34">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945</a> (bi îngilîzî). Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966-1945&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6aUBuWPqywC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polandinexile.com/rising.htm">"Poland in Exile - The Warsaw Rising"</a>. www.polandinexile.com. Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polandinexile.com&rft.atitle=Poland+in+Exile+-+The+Warsaw+Rising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polandinexile.com%2Frising.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFBrowningMatthäus2004" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Christopher R.; Matthäus, Jürgen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow">The origins of the final solution: the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy, September 1939 - March 1942</a>. Comprehensive history of the Holocaust. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-8032-1327-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-8032-1327-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-1327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+final+solution%3A+the+evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+policy%2C+September+1939+-+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Comprehensive+history+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1327-2&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft.au=Matth%C3%A4us%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffinalso00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims">"Polish Victims"</a>. encyclopedia.ushmm.org (bi îngilîzî). Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Polish+Victims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpolish-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm">"Project InPosterum: Poland WWII Casualties"</a>. projectinposterum.org. Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=projectinposterum.org&rft.atitle=Project+InPosterum%3A+Poland+WWII+Casualties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojectinposterum.org%2Fdocs%2Fpoland_WWII_casualties.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Materski2021-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Materski2021_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Materski2021_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMaterski2021" class="citation journal cs1">Materski, Wojciech (9 gulan 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/dn.2021.1.01">"Łotewska droga do niepodległości 1917–1921"</a>. Dzieje Najnowsze. 53 (1): 5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12775%2Fdn.2021.1.01">10.12775/dn.2021.1.01</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0419-8824">0419-8824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzieje+Najnowsze&rft.atitle=%C5%81otewska+droga+do+niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2021-05-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12775%2Fdn.2021.1.01&rft.issn=0419-8824&rft.aulast=Materski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.12775%2Fdn.2021.1.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution">"Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution"</a>. encyclopedia.ushmm.org (bi îngilîzî). Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Documenting+Numbers+of+Victims+of+the+Holocaust+and+Nazi+Persecution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdocumenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035451/http://pamiec.pl/download/49/34737/BYLROK1939.pdf">"Wayback Machine"</a> (PDF). web.archive.org. Ji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pamiec.pl/download/49/34737/BYLROK1939.pdf">orîjînalê</a> (PDF) di 29 çiriya paşîn 2014 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Wayback+Machine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpamiec.pl%2Fdownload%2F49%2F34737%2FBYLROK1939.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMassacre" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Massacre, Volhynia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volhyniamassacre.eu/">"Volhynia Massacre"</a>. Volhynia Massacre (bi îngilîzî). Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volhynia+Massacre&rft.atitle=Volhynia+Massacre&rft.aulast=Massacre&rft.aufirst=Volhynia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolhyniamassacre.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://remember.org/forgotten">"Holocaust Victims: Five Million Forgotten - Non Jewish Victims of the Shoah"</a>. The Holocaust History - A People's and Survivor History - Remember.org (bi îngilîziya amerîkî). Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+History+-+A+People%27s+and+Survivor+History+-+Remember.org&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Victims%3A+Five+Million+Forgotten+-+Non+Jewish+Victims+of+the+Shoah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fremember.org%2Fforgotten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818035613/https://www.expatica.com/de/polish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll/">"Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll - Expat Guide to Germany | Expatica"</a>. web.archive.org. 18 tebax 2019. Ji orîjînalê hat arşîvkirin. Roja arşîvkirinê: 18 tebax 2019. Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Polish+experts+lower+nation%27s+WWII+death+toll+-+Expat+Guide+to+Germany+%7C+Expatica&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fde%2Fpolish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Şablon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Kategor%C3%AE:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Kategorî:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">lînk</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFCzerny2006" class="citation book cs1">Czerny, Miroslawa, edîtor (2006). Poland in the geographical centre of Europe: political, social and economic consequences. New York: Nova Science Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-59454-603-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-59454-603-7"><bdi>978-1-59454-603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+in+the+geographical+centre+of+Europe%3A+political%2C+social+and+economic+consequences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publ&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-603-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220409/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf">"Wayback Machine"</a> (PDF). web.archive.org. Ji orîjînalê hat arşîvkirin. Roja arşîvkirinê: 20 gulan 2014. Roja gihiştinê 1 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Wayback+Machine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F15652%2FWA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Şablon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Kategor%C3%AE:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Kategorî:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">lînk</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/refugees_01.shtml">"BBC - History - World Wars: European Refugee Movements After World War Two"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk (bi îngilîziya brîtanî). 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-3-030-83225-4" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-3-030-83225-4"><bdi>978-3-030-83225-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Ecology%3A+How+agriculture%2C+forestry+and+fisheries+shape+our+planet&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.isbn=978-3-030-83225-4&rft.aulast=Frouz&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Frouzov%C3%A1%2C+Jaroslava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UpUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA245%26dq%3D%2522most%2Bcommon%2Btrees%2B%2Boak%2Bbeech%2Bpine%2B%2B%252522poland%252522%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/thats-polish-exploring-the-history-of-polands-national-emblems">"That's Polish: Exploring the History of Poland's National Emblems"</a>. Culture.pl (bi îngilîzî). Roja gihiştinê 3 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture.pl&rft.atitle=That%E2%80%99s+Polish%3A+Exploring+the+History+of+Poland%E2%80%99s+National+Emblems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthats-polish-exploring-the-history-of-polands-national-emblems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152435/http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/Documents/Library/docs/agri16_95.pdf">"Wayback Machine"</a> (PDF). web.archive.org. Ji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/Documents/Library/docs/agri16_95.pdf">orîjînalê</a> (PDF) di 14 kanûna paşîn 2013 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 3 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Wayback+Machine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagtr.ilri.cgiar.org%2Fagtrweb%2FDocuments%2FLibrary%2Fdocs%2Fagri16_95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFApollonioAndersenPutman2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Apollonio, Marco; Andersen, Reidar; Putman, Rory (4 sibat 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycg5PtQPugC&pg=PA225&dq=%22boar+deer+poland%22">European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century</a> (bi îngilîzî). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-0-521-76061-4" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-0-521-76061-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76061-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Ungulates+and+Their+Management+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76061-4&rft.aulast=Apollonio&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Reidar&rft.au=Putman%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ycg5PtQPugC%26pg%3DPA225%26dq%3D%2522boar%2Bdeer%2Bpoland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFHillstromHillstrom2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hillstrom, Kevin; Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (13 tebax 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMexywMD_okC&q=%252240%252C000+breeding+pairs%2522">Europe: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues</a> (bi îngilîzî). Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-57607-686-6" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-57607-686-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-686-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+Continental+Overview+of+Environmental+Issues&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-686-6&rft.aulast=Hillstrom&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Hillstrom%2C+Laurie+Collier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMexywMD_okC%26q%3D%25252240%25252C000%2Bbreeding%2Bpairs%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMayerZbaraszewskiPieńkowskiGach2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayer, Marius; Zbaraszewski, Wojciech; Pieńkowski, Dariusz; Gach, Gabriel; Gernert, Johanna (6 sibat 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt-GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115&dq=%2223+national+parks+poland%22">Cross-Border Tourism in Protected Areas: Potentials, Pitfalls and Perspectives</a> (bi îngilîzî). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-3-030-05961-3" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-3-030-05961-3"><bdi>978-3-030-05961-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Border+Tourism+in+Protected+Areas%3A+Potentials%2C+Pitfalls+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.isbn=978-3-030-05961-3&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft.au=Zbaraszewski%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Pie%C5%84kowski%2C+Dariusz&rft.au=Gach%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Gernert%2C+Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt-GDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115%26dq%3D%252223%2Bnational%2Bparks%2Bpoland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFKowalczykMikowskiMikowski2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kowalczyk, Barbara; Mikowski, Rafał; Mikowski, Łukasz (26 adar 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eo6WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202&dq=%22%2522123%2522+landscape+parks+poland%22">Environmental law in Poland</a> (bi îngilîzî). Kluwer Law International B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-1000-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-1000-2"><bdi>978-94-035-1000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+law+in+Poland&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.isbn=978-94-035-1000-2&rft.aulast=Kowalczyk&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Mikowski%2C+Rafa%C5%82&rft.au=Mikowski%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deo6WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT202%26dq%3D%2522%252522123%252522%2Blandscape%2Bparks%2Bpoland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanisz2020-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanisz2020_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanisz2020_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFStanisz2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stanisz, Piotr (20 kanûna pêşîn 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4MSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&q=duda">Religion and Law in Poland</a> (bi îngilîzî). Kluwer Law International B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-2973-8" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-2973-8"><bdi>978-94-035-2973-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Law+in+Poland&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft.isbn=978-94-035-2973-8&rft.aulast=Stanisz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4MSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14%26q%3Dduda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFSmolakWalasikPiątekMataczyński2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smolak, Marek; Walasik, Marcin; Piątek, Wojciech; Mataczyński, Maciej; Sójka, Tomasz; Kępiński, Marian; Mączyński, Dominik; Skoczylas, Andrzej; Sokołowski, Tomasz (9 hezîran 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJROEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127&dq=%22sejm+460++senate+100%22">Foundations of Law: The Polish Perspective</a> (bi îngilîzî). Wolters Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-83-8246-298-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-83-8246-298-2"><bdi>978-83-8246-298-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Law%3A+The+Polish+Perspective&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft.isbn=978-83-8246-298-2&rft.aulast=Smolak&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft.au=Walasik%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Pi%C4%85tek%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Mataczy%C5%84ski%2C+Maciej&rft.au=S%C3%B3jka%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=K%C4%99pi%C5%84ski%2C+Marian&rft.au=M%C4%85czy%C5%84ski%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Skoczylas%2C+Andrzej&rft.au=Soko%C5%82owski%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJROEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127%26dq%3D%2522sejm%2B460%2B%2Bsenate%2B100%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFGwiazda2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gwiazda, Anna (24 tîrmeh 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBk-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=%22sejm++d%2527Hondt%22">Democracy in Poland: Representation, participation, competition and accountability since 1989</a> (bi îngilîzî). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-317-39621-5" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-317-39621-5"><bdi>978-1-317-39621-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Poland%3A+Representation%2C+participation%2C+competition+and+accountability+since+1989&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39621-5&rft.aulast=Gwiazda&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBk-CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67%26dq%3D%2522sejm%2B%2Bd%252527Hondt%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granat2019-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Granat2019_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granat2019_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFGranatGranat2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Granat, Miroslaw; Granat, Katarzyna (28 çiriya paşîn 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJzGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=%22poland+senate+first-past-the-post+100%22">The Constitution of Poland: A Contextual Analysis</a> (bi îngilîzî). Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-1-5099-1396-1" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-1-5099-1396-1"><bdi>978-1-5099-1396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Poland%3A+A+Contextual+Analysis&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.isbn=978-1-5099-1396-1&rft.aulast=Granat&rft.aufirst=Miroslaw&rft.au=Granat%2C+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJzGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52%26dq%3D%2522poland%2Bsenate%2Bfirst-past-the-post%2B100%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFMachnikowskiBalcarczykDrela2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Machnikowski, Piotr; Balcarczyk, Justyna; Drela, Monika (15 hezîran 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI2WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&dq=%22poland+voting+age+eighteen%22">Contract Law in Poland</a> (bi îngilîzî). Kluwer Law International B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-90-411-8933-2" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-90-411-8933-2"><bdi>978-90-411-8933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contract+Law+in+Poland&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft.isbn=978-90-411-8933-2&rft.aulast=Machnikowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Balcarczyk%2C+Justyna&rft.au=Drela%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI2WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT19%26dq%3D%2522poland%2Bvoting%2Bage%2Beighteen%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFJasińskiKremens2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jasiński, Wojciech; Kremens, Karolina (10 tîrmeh 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSysDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21&dq=%22sejm+poland+four+year%22">Criminal Law in Poland</a> (bi îngilîzî). Kluwer Law International B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-1360-7" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-1360-7"><bdi>978-94-035-1360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+in+Poland&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.isbn=978-94-035-1360-7&rft.aulast=Jasi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Kremens%2C+Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSysDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT21%26dq%3D%2522sejm%2Bpoland%2Bfour%2Byear%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFBień-KacałaMłynarska-Sobaczewska2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka; Młynarska-Sobaczewska, Anna (20 nîsan 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNstEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT126&dq=%22national+assembly+poland++president+oath%22">Constitutional Law in Poland</a> (bi îngilîzî). Kluwer Law International B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-3301-8" title="Taybet:BookSources/978-94-035-3301-8"><bdi>978-94-035-3301-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+in+Poland&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.isbn=978-94-035-3301-8&rft.aulast=Bie%C5%84-Kaca%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft.au=M%C5%82ynarska-Sobaczewska%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNstEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT126%26dq%3D%2522national%2Bassembly%2Bpoland%2B%2Bpresident%2Boath%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eteryt.stat.gov.pl/eteryt/raporty/WebRaportZestawienie.aspx">"Raport: Liczba jednostek podziału terytorialnego"</a>. eteryt.stat.gov.pl. 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Roja gihiştinê 3 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Median+age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fmedian-age%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120341/http://www.mrr.gov.pl/polityka_regionalna/SRPW_2020/Dokumenty%20i%20ekspertyzy/Documents/17d0ccd2c3f14ed3893369e56d59849cMarkowski.pdf">"Wayback Machine"</a> (PDF). web.archive.org. Ji orîjînalê hat arşîvkirin. Roja arşîvkirinê: 27 adar 2009. 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Roja gihiştinê 3 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Urban+Audit+-+Data+that+can+be+accessed&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanaudit.org%2FDataAccessed.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Şablon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Kategor%C3%AE:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Kategorî:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">lînk</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf">"Wayback Machine"</a> (PDF). web.archive.org. 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Miscellanea Geographica (bi îngilîzî). 21 (3): 107–113. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (rûpel hê tune)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmgrsd-2017-0017">10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miscellanea+Geographica&rft.atitle=density+of+the+urban+population+in+southern+Poland+in+the+period+1950-2011+against+the+background+of+political+and+economic+transformation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=107-113&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fmgrsd-2017-0017&rft.aulast=Ja%C5%BCd%C5%BCewska&rft.aufirst=Iwona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciendo.com%2Farticle%2F10.1515%2Fmgrsd-2017-0017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1850135"><cite id="CITEREFS.A" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S.A, eo Networks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psz.praca.gov.pl/-/8180075-zezwolenia-na-prace-cudzoziemcow">"Statystyka | WORTAL"</a>. psz.praca.gov.pl (bi polonî). Roja gihiştinê 3 çiriya pêşîn 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psz.praca.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Statystyka+%7C+WORTAL&rft.aulast=S.A&rft.aufirst=eo+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsz.praca.gov.pl%2F-%2F8180075-zezwolenia-na-prace-cudzoziemcow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fku.wikipedia.org%3APolonya" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Girêdanên_derve">Girêdanên derve</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Beşê biguhêre: Girêdanên derve" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">biguhêre</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Girêdanên derve">çavkaniyê biguhêre</a>]</div> <div class="sisterproject plainlinks" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-binêre"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:YE" title="Şablon:YE"><abbr title="Vê şablonê nîşan bide" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">n</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-gotûbêj"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Got%C3%BBb%C3%AAja_%C5%9Fablon%C3%AA:YE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotûbêja şablonê:YE (rûpel hê tune)"><abbr title="Vê şablonê gotûbêj bike" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">g</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-çêke"><a class="external text" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eablon:YE&action=edit"><abbr title="Vê şablonê biguhêre" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Endamên_Yekîtiya_Ewropayê_û_Berendamên_Yekîtiya_Ewropayê" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Endamên Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a> û <a href="/wiki/Berendam%C3%AAn_Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Berendamên Yekîtiya Ewropayê">Berendamên Yekîtiya Ewropayê</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endamên Yekîtiya Ewropayê</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya">Almanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Awistriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Awistriya">Awistriya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A7%C3%AEka" title="Belçîka">Belçîka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bulgaristan" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%AEmarka" title="Danîmarka">Danîmarka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya">Estonya</a> · <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AEnlenda" title="Fînlenda">Fînlenda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa">Fransa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Holenda" title="Holenda">Holenda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Komara_%C3%8Erlenday%C3%AA" title="Komara Îrlendayê">Komara Îrlendayê</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Etalya" title="Îtalya">Îtalya</a> · <a href="/wiki/K%C3%AEpros" title="Kîpros">Kîpros</a> · <a href="/wiki/Komara_%C3%87ek%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Komara Çekî">Komara Çekî</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroatya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kroatya">Kroatya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Letonya" title="Letonya">Letonya</a> · <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AEtvanya" title="Lîtvanya">Lîtvanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BBksemb%C3%BBrg" title="Lûksembûrg">Lûksembûrg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Macaristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaristan">Macaristan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polonya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%BBgal" title="Portûgal">Portûgal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Romanya" title="Romanya">Romanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovakya" title="Slovakya">Slovakya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovenya" title="Slovenya">Slovenya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spanya" title="Spanya">Spanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%AAd" title="Swêd">Swêd</a> · <a href="/wiki/Yewnanistan" title="Yewnanistan">Yewnanistan</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/80px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/160px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endamên berê</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%AEtanya" class="mw-disambig" title="Brîtanya">Brîtanya</a> (Keyaniya Yekbûyî ya Brîtaniya Mezin û Bakurê Îrlendayê), 1973-2020</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berendam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Komara_Makedonyay%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Komara Makedonyayê">Komara Makedonyayê</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tirkiye" title="Tirkiye">Tirkiye</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1138413"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1122230"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dewletên_Ewropayê" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r827285"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-binêre"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Dewlet%C3%AAn_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Şablon:Dewletên Ewropayê"><abbr title="Vê şablonê nîşan bide" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">n</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-gotûbêj"><a href="/wiki/Got%C3%BBb%C3%AAja_%C5%9Fablon%C3%AA:Dewlet%C3%AAn_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Gotûbêja şablonê:Dewletên Ewropayê"><abbr title="Vê şablonê gotûbêj bike" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">g</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-çêke"><a class="external text" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eablon:Dewlet%C3%AAn_Ewropay%C3%AA&action=edit"><abbr title="Vê şablonê biguhêre" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dewletên_Ewropayê" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa">Dewletên Ewropayê</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya">Albanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya">Almanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Awistriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Awistriya">Awistriya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azerbaycan" title="Azerbaycan">Azerbaycan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Belar%C3%BBs" title="Belarûs">Belarûs</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A7%C3%AEka" title="Belçîka">Belçîka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bosniya_%C3%BB_Herzegov%C3%AEna" title="Bosniya û Herzegovîna">Bosniya û Herzegovîna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bulgaristan" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%AEmarka" title="Danîmarka">Danîmarka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ermenistan" title="Ermenistan">Ermenistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya">Estonya</a> · <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AEnlenda" title="Fînlenda">Fînlenda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa">Fransa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gurcistan" title="Gurcistan">Gurcistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Holenda" title="Holenda">Holenda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Komara_%C3%8Erlenday%C3%AA" title="Komara Îrlendayê">Îrlenda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Keyaniya_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE" title="Keyaniya Yekbûyî">Keyaniya Yekbûyî</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ekya" title="Çekya">Çekya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroatya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kroatya">Kroatya</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eslenda" title="Îslenda">Îslenda</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Etalya" title="Îtalya">Îtalya</a> · <a href="/wiki/K%C3%AEpros" title="Kîpros">Kîpros</a> · <a href="/wiki/Makedonyaya_Bakur" title="Makedonyaya Bakur">Makedonyaya Bakur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Letonya" title="Letonya">Letonya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> · <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AEtvanya" title="Lîtvanya">Lîtvanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BBksemb%C3%BBrg" title="Lûksembûrg">Lûksembûrg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mecaristan" title="Mecaristan">Mecaristan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a> · <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norw%C3%AAc" title="Norwêc">Norwêc</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polonya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qazaxistan" title="Qazaxistan">Qazaxistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Romanya" title="Romanya">Romanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya">Rûsya</a> · <a href="/wiki/San_Mar%C3%AEno" title="San Marîno">San Marîno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Serbistan" title="Serbistan">Serbistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovakya" title="Slovakya">Slovakya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slovenya" title="Slovenya">Slovenya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spanya" title="Spanya">Spanya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%AAd" title="Swêd">Swêd</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%AEsre" title="Swîsre">Swîsre</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tirkiye" title="Tirkiye">Tirkiye</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Bkrayna" title="Ûkrayna">Ûkrayna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vat%C3%AEkan" title="Vatîkan">Vatîkan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Yewnanistan" title="Yewnanistan">Yewnanistan</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/80px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/120px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/160px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Dewletên ne aşartî: <a href="/wiki/Abxazya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abxazya">Abxazya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Komara_Tirk_a_Bakur%C3%AA_K%C3%AEpros%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Komara Tirk a Bakurê Kîprosê">Bakurê Kîprosê</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kosova" title="Kosova">Kosova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Osetyaya_Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr" class="mw-redirect" title="Osetyaya Başûr">Osetyaya Başûr</a> · <a href="/wiki/Komara_Nagorno_Qerebax%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Komara Nagorno Qerebaxê">Qerebaxa Jorîn</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transn%C3%AEstriya" title="Transnîstriya">Transnîstriya</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1138413"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1122230"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Danegehên_kontrola_otorîteyê_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Li_ser_Wîkîdaneyê_biguhêre&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Li_ser_Wîkîdaneyê_biguhêre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Danegehên_kontrola_otorîteyê_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Li_ser_Wîkîdaneyê_biguhêre&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Li_ser_Wîkîdaneyê_biguhêre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AEkar%C3%AE:Kontrola_otor%C3%AEte" class="mw-redirect" title="Alîkarî:Kontrola otorîte">Danegehên kontrola otorîteyê</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36#identifiers" title="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre"><img alt="Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navneteweyî</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206891/">FAST</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404710018">ISNI</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012293278X">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141810140">VIAF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRgyP3qcDKmj68x7FVbM">WorldCat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neteweyî</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880842g">Fransa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880842g">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046496-9">Almanya</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555089705171">Îsraêl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79131071">DYA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtsr1z0mdxhjq">Swêd</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569130">Japon</a></li> <li><abbr title="Polsko"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130478&CON_LNG=ENG">Komara Çekî</a></abbr></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547738505606">Polonya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cografî</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/dd7f80c8-f017-3d01-8608-2a8c9c32b954">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hunermend</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/9f432e5c-3dc3-4309-b930-0c8944f3b67f">KulturNav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Însan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/qwSRT1w0">Parlemana Keyaniya Yekbûyî</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yên din</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003367">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045341">NARA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02658994X">IdRef</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/polonya">Ensîklopediya Îslamê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ji "<a dir="ltr" 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