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aria-label="Malper"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menuya esasî" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menuya esasî</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div 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Destpêkê [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Destpêk · Sereta</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:B%C3%BByer%C3%AAn_rojane" title="Der barê bûyerên dawî de agahiyên nûjen bibîne"><span>Bûyerên rojane</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:R%C3%BBpela_tesaduf%C3%AE" title="Rûpeleke ketober bar bike [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rûpeleke ketober</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Beşdarî" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Beşdarî" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beşdarî </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:Portala_kom%C3%AA" title="Agahdarî li ser projeyê, tu dikarî çi bikî, tu dikarî tiştan li ku bibînî"><span>Portala komê</span></a></li><li id="n-Dîwana-Wîkîpediyayê" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:D%C3%AEwan"><span>Dîwana 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type="search" name="search" placeholder="Li ser Wîkîpediyayê bigere" aria-label="Li ser Wîkîpediyayê bigere" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Li ser Wîkîpediyayê bigere [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Taybet:Lêgerîn"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Lêgerîn</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Amûrên kesane"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Xuyakirin"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Xuyakirin" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Xuyakirin</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ku.wikipedia.org&uselang=ku" class=""><span>Bexş bike</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:CreateAccount&returnto=Polonya&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D5" title="Em pêşniyar dikin ku tu ji xwe re hesabek çêbikî û bi wê hesabê têkevî, lêbelê ev ne mecbûrî ye." class=""><span>Hesabekî çêke</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:UserLogin&returnto=Polonya&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D5" title="Têketina we dê baş be; lê belê, lê pêwîstî tune ye. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Têkeve</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Zêdetir opsiyon" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Amûrên kesane" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Amûrên kesane</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ku.wikipedia.org&uselang=ku"><span>Bexş bike</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:CreateAccount&returnto=Polonya&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D5" title="Em pêşniyar dikin ku tu ji xwe re hesabek çêbikî û bi wê hesabê têkevî, lêbelê ev ne mecbûrî ye."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hesabekî çêke</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:UserLogin&returnto=Polonya&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D5" title="Têketina we dê baş be; lê belê, lê pêwîstî tune ye. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Têkeve</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Rûpelên ji bo edîtorên derketî <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AEkar%C3%AE:Gav%C3%AAn_p%C3%AA%C5%9F%C3%AEn" aria-label="Di derbarê guhartinê de zêdetir hîn bibe"><span>Zêdetir hîn bibe</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:MyContributions" title="Lîsteyeke guhartinên ji vê IP adresê [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Beşdariyên min</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Gotûbêj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Malper"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Çavkaniya Polonya bibîne</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ev gotar tenê bi vî zimanî heye. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya">Polonya</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>Mafên te bo vê rûpelê biguhêre tune ye ji bo vê sedemê: </p> <div class="permissions-errors"><div class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Your IP address is in a range that has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis</a>.</b> <p>The block was made by <a href="/wiki/Bikarh%C3%AAner:Jon_Kolbert" title="Bikarhêner:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>. 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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Tu dikarî li çavkaniya vê rûpelê binêrî û wê kopî bikî. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="ku" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">=== Beşên Polonyayê === [[Wêne:Stanisław II August Poniatowski in coronation clothes.PNG|thumb|rast|Stanisław II Augustus ku keyê paşîn ê Polonyayê ye ku ji sala 1764an heya 25ê mijdara sala 1795an de serwerî kiriye.]] Hilbijartina key a di sala 1764an dibe sedema bilindbûna Stanisław II Augustus Poniyatowskî wek key .<ref name="Boen2021">{{Jêder-kitêb |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491852 |sernav=Specific Use: Cosmeceuticals for the Treatment of Scars, Hypertrophic Scars, and Keloids |paşnav=Boen |pêşnav=Monica |paşnav2=Alhaddad |pêşnav2=Marwan |paşnav3=Butterwick |pêşnav3=Kimberly |tarîx=2021 |weşanger=S. Karger AG |rr=121–131 }}</ref> Namzediya wî bi berfirehî ji aliyê evîndara wî ya berê, împeratorbanû Yekaterîna ''II'' ku şahjina Rûsyayê bû, hate fînanse kirin.<ref name="Boen2021"/> Keyê nû di navbera daxwaza xwe ya pêkanîna reformên nûjen ên pêwîst û hewcedariya ku bi dewletên derdorê re di aştiyê de bimîne, polîtîkayên xwe diguherîne.<ref name="Boen2021"/> Îdealên wî dibin sedema damezrandina Konfederasyona Barê ya 1768an ku serhildanek li dijî Poniatowski û hemî bandora derveyî hate rêve kirin ku bi neheqî armanc kir ku serwerî û îmtiyazên Polonyayê yên ku ji aliyê esilzadeyan ve hatine girtin, biparêzin.<ref name="Butterwick1993">{{Jêder-kitêb |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207016.001.0001 |sernav=Poland’s Last King and English Culture |paşnav=Butterwick |pêşnav=Richard |tarîx=1993-07-29 |weşanger=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-820701-6 }}</ref> Hewldanên têkçûyî yên ji nû veavakirina hikûmetê û her weha tevliheviya navxweyî cîranên wê provoke dikin ku sedema destekariya (mudaxile) Polonyayê.<ref name="Butterwick1993"/> Parvekirina Yekem a Yekîtiyê ku di sala 1772an de ji aliyê Prûsya, Rûsya û Awistiryayê ve tê parvekirin; kiryareke ku Sejm dabeşkirinê, di bin zordestiyek mezin de û di dawiyê de wekî bûyerek pêkhat dipejirîne. Ji xeynî windahiyên axê, di sala 1773an de planek reformên krîtîk hate damezrandin ku tê de Komîsyona Perwerdehiya Neteweyî, yekem desthilatdariya perwerdehiyê ya hikûmetê li Ewropayê, hatiye vekirin.<ref>{{Jêder-kitêb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riv0UCM90AMC&pg=RA2-PA140 |sernav=Understanding Mass Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives on Access |paşnav=Tapper |pêşnav=Ted |paşnav2=Palfreyman |pêşnav2=David |tarîx=2005 |weşanger=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-35491-2 |ziman=en }}</ref> Di sala 1783an de bi awayekî fermî cezakirina zarokên dibistanê hate qedexekirin. Poniyatowskî fîgurê sereke yê ronakbariyê bû ku teşwîqê pêşketina pîşesaziyê dide destpêkirin û neoklasîsîzma komarî qebûl dike.<ref name="Butterwick1993"/> Ji bo tevkariyên wî yên di warê hûner û zanistê de, xelata Endamê Civata Qraliyetê wergirtiye.<ref>{{Jêder-kitêb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfs5AQAAIAAJ |sernav=Nauka polska |tarîx=1973 |weşanger=Polska Akademia Nauk. |ziman=pl }}</ref> Di sala 1791an de parlamena Sejm a Mezin, Destûra Bingehîn a 3ê gulanê ku yekem koma qanûnên neteweyî yên bilind e dipejirîne û monarşiyek destûrî destnîşan dike. Konfederasyona Targowîka ku rêxistinek esilzade û parlamenterên ku li dijî vê kiryarê bûn, gazî Yekaterînayê dike û ev bûyer dibe sedema Şerê Polonî-Rûsî ya sala 1792an.<ref>{{Jêder-kovar |tarîx=2023-09-29 |sernav=Poland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&oldid=1177695956 |kovar=Wikipedia |ziman=en }}</ref> Ji ber tirsa vegerandina hegemonyaya Polonya, [[Rûsya]] û [[Prûsya]] di sala 1793an de ku Parvekirina duyem pêk hatiye Polonyayê ji axê û ji serxwebûnê bêpar dihêlin. Di 24ê cotmeha sala 1795an de, Yekîtiya Polonyayê cara sêyem hat dabeşkirin ku wekî pêkhateyek herêmî dimîne.<ref>{{Jêder-malper |url=https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html |sernav=ANNALES BENJAMIN CONSTANT 46 - ANNALES BENJAMIN CONSTANT |malper=EDITIONS SLATKINE |ziman=fr |tarîxa-gihiştinê=2023-09-30 }}</ref> Stanisław Augustus ku keyê paşîn ê Polonyayê bû di 25ê mijdara sala 1795an de dest ji textê berdide.<ref>{{Jêder-kitêb |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5201-235-0 |sernav=Unravelling civilisation: European travel and travel writing |paşnav=Schulz-Forberg |pêşnav=Hagen |tarîx=2005 |weşanger=P.I.E.-P. Lang |isbn=978-90-5201-235-3 |series=Multiple Europes |cih=Bruxelles }}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Vegere <a href="/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya">Polonya</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ji "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya">https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya</a>" hatiye standin.</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Siyaseta veşarîtiyê</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:Derbar%C3%AA_W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediyay%C3%AA_de">Di derbarê Wîkîpediyayê de</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:Ferexetnameya_gi%C5%9Ft%C3%AE">Ferexetname</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pêşdebir</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ku.wikipedia.org">Statîstîk</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Agahiya kûkiyê (cookie)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ku.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polonya&action=edit&section=5&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Xuyakirina mobîl</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-vqkvc","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.022","walltime":"0.045","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":696,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-vqkvc","timestamp":"20241125003858","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>