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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religions and the environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religions_and_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religions and the environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religions_and_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interfaith_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Interfaith cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The Dalai Lama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_17th_Gyalwang_Karmapa,_Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_17th_Gyalwang_Karmapa,_Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>The 17th Gyalwang Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_17th_Gyalwang_Karmapa,_Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choje_Akong_Tulku_Rinpoche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choje_Akong_Tulku_Rinpoche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Choje Akong Tulku Rinpoche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choje_Akong_Tulku_Rinpoche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lama_Yeshe_Losal_Rinpoche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lama_Yeshe_Losal_Rinpoche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lama_Yeshe_Losal_Rinpoche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thích_Nhất_Hạnh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thích_Nhất_Hạnh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Thích Nhất Hạnh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thích_Nhất_Hạnh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Latter Day Saint movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_To_The_Arang_Valley_(51495170).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/March_To_The_Arang_Valley_%2851495170%29.jpeg/220px-March_To_The_Arang_Valley_%2851495170%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/March_To_The_Arang_Valley_%2851495170%29.jpeg/330px-March_To_The_Arang_Valley_%2851495170%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/March_To_The_Arang_Valley_%2851495170%29.jpeg/440px-March_To_The_Arang_Valley_%2851495170%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Buddhist</a> monks in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> on a march in the Areng Valley in support of environmental conservation.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Religion and environmentalism</b> is an emerging interdisciplinary subfield in the academic disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious ethics">religious ethics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> amongst others, with <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> principles as a primary focus. </p><p>Within the context of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> "<a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a>", <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> called to fight <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological degradation">ecological degradation</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that humanity is facing a severe <a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">ecological crisis</a> and blamed <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and irresponsible development. The encyclical is addressed to "every person living on this planet."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> includes many principles linked to sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> has consistently called for strong climate action, reforestation, preserving ecosystems, a reduction in meat consumption. He declared that if he will ever join a political party it will be the green party and if Buddha returned to our world now: "<a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> would be green."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of Buddhism issued a special declaration calling on all believers to fight climate change and environmental destruction as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_overview">General overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_values">Crisis of values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crisis of values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This subfield is founded on the understanding that, in the words of Iranian-American <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>, "the environmental crisis is fundamentally a crisis of <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a>," and that <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>, being a primary source of values in any <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, are thus implicated in the decisions humans make regarding the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. For example, a 2020 study shows that religion, as the primary source of values for religious people, can help narrow the political gap between liberals and conservatives over environmental protection.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burden_of_guilt">Burden of guilt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Burden of guilt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">Historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr." title="Lynn Townsend White Jr.">Lynn White Jr.</a> made the argument in a 1966 lecture before the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, subsequently published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, that <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, having de-<a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sacralized</a> and instrumentalized <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> to human ends, bears a substantial "burden of guilt" for the contemporary environmental crisis. White's essay stimulated a flurry of responses, ranging from defenses of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to qualified admissions to complete agreement with his analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_religions_and_indigenous_peoples">Eastern religions and indigenous peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastern religions and indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some proposed that <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a>, as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">neo-pagans</a>, and others, offered more <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">eco-friendly</a> <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">worldviews</a> than Christianity. A third, more obscure camp, argued that while White's theory was indeed correct, this was actually a benefit to society, and that thinning the populations of weaker plant and animal species via environmental destruction would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of stronger, more productive creatures. See <a href="/wiki/Kaitiaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaitiaki">Kaitiaki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori religion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_ecology">Religion and ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1990s, many scholars of religion had entered the debate and begun to generate a substantial body of literature discussing and analyzing how nature is valued in the world's various religious systems. A landmark event was a series of ten conferences on Religion and Ecology organized by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> professors <a href="/wiki/Mary_Evelyn_Tucker" title="Mary Evelyn Tucker">Mary Evelyn Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Grim" title="John Allen Grim">John Grim</a> and held at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Center for the Study of World Religions from 1996 to 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 800 international scholars, religious leaders, and environmentalists participated in the conference series. The conferences concluded at the United Nations and at the American Museum of Natural History with more than 1,000 people in attendance. Papers from the conferences were published in a series of ten books (The Religions of the World and Ecology Book Series), one for each of the world's major religious traditions. </p><p>From these conferences, Tucker and Grim would form the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Forum_on_Religion_and_Ecology" title="Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology">Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Forum has been instrumental in the creation of scholarship, in forming environmental policy, and in the greening of religion. In addition to their work with the Forum, Tucker and Grim's work continues in the <i>Journey of the Universe</i> film, book, and educational DVD series.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continues to be the largest international multireligious project of its kind. </p><p>An active Religion and Ecology group has been in existence within the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a> since 1991, and an increasing number of universities in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and around the world are now offering courses on religion and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent scholarship on the field of religion and ecology can be found in the peer-reviewed academic journal <i>Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology</i> and in reference works such as the encyclopedia <i>The Spirit of Sustainability</i>. </p><p>Understanding the unique role religious leaders and faith-based communities have in play in the field of conservation, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)</a> established its Sacred Earth: Faiths for Conservation initiative by partnering with faith groups to deliver effective and sustainable conservation strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_nature">Religion and nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion and nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another landmark in the emerging field was the publication of the <i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature</i> in 2005, which was edited by <a href="/wiki/Bron_Taylor" title="Bron Taylor">Bron Taylor</a>. Taylor also led the effort to form the International Society for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, which was established in 2006, and began publishing the quarterly <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_Religion,_Nature_and_Culture" title="Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture">Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture</a></i> in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions_and_the_environment">Religions and the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religions and the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaith_cooperation">Interfaith cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interfaith cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formed in 1992, <a href="/wiki/GreenFaith" title="GreenFaith">GreenFaith</a> is a global interfaith environmental coalition with more than 100 chapters (called "Circles") in the Pacific Islands, North America, Australia, Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Europe as well as religious partners in over 40 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Antrim_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antrim-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focusing on <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots activism</a>, they encourages religious communities to invest in green energy, divest from fossil fuels, and publicly advocate for climate justice on a religious basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example of their activism, in 2015, GreenFaith led the <i>Una Terra, Una Familglia Humana</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">One Earth, One Human Family</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) Climate Change March in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 over 150 leaders from various faiths issued a joint statement to the UN Climate Summit in Paris 2015 <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ahead of the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP21 in Paris in December 2015. In it they reiterated a statement made at the interfaith summit in New York made in September 2014: </p><p>We as religious leaders: "stand together to express deep concern for the consequences of climate change on the earth and its people, all entrusted, as our faiths reveal, to our common care. Climate change is indeed a threat to life. Life is a precious gift we have received and that we need to care for".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Center_for_Sustainable_Development" title="Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development">Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development</a> (ICSD), a non-profit organization based in Jerusalem, led by <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Yonatan_Neril" title="Yonatan Neril">Yonatan Neril</a> promotes cooperation between religions for ensuring sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmentalism_in_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmentalism in Buddhism (page does not exist)">Environmentalism in Buddhism</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_and_environmentalism#Splitting_proposal" title="Talk:Religion and environmentalism">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(May 2023)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> includes many principles linked to sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> has consistently called for strong climate action, reforestation, preserving ecosystems, and a reduction in meat consumption. He declared that if he will ever join a political party it will be the green party and if Buddha returned to our world now: "<a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> would be green."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of Buddhism issued a special declaration calling on all believers to fight climate change and environmental destruction as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">historical Buddha</a> and other prominent Buddhist figures gave many teachings and instructions on the importance of caring for the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Edelglass_2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edelglass_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These narratives were later written down and compiled in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist sacred scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edelglass_2021_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edelglass_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> teaches that all things are interconnected on both gross and subtle levels.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It teaches that by observing how everything in life happens due to causes and conditions coming together, we come to see how everything is interconnected in a complex web of causality. Because humans are entwined with natural systems, damage done upon the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is also harm done to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Badiner,_A.H._1990_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badiner,_A.H._1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through contemplation and investigation, we can begin to develop an understanding which takes us beyond mere intellectual understanding leading us towards realisation of more subtle and profound aspects of interdependent origination.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When we have developed this true feeling of interconnectedness, it will naturally influence the way in which we relate to our external world. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkapavattana_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta">First Turning of the Dharma wheel</a></i>, it is taught that attachment is a cause of <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">suffering</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a>, the founder of Buddhism, spent his life searching to understand what is human suffering, what is it causes and how can one liberate themself from this suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as we experience suffering so too do other sentient beings. It is from this basis that we can develop the aspiration to alleviate them from their suffering. Since beginningless time it is taught that at one time all beings have been our kind parents, so by wishing to repay their kindness we can come to develop compassion for all sentient beings, by developing the aspiration to relieve them of their suffering and the causes of suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism teaches that merely listening to and reading the words is not sufficient to bring about transformation within our minds. We need to contemplate them and then apply them to our daily lives. Developing compassion takes training and practice, but by developing habitual tendencies to bring benefit to others, a more healthy relationship with others and our environment will naturally develop.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddha taught that a balance must be established between self-destruction and self-indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These days much emphasis is placed on the economic and social aspects of life and environmental aspects are often overlooked. When human preferences are leveled by developing compassion and equanimity, there is balance and harmony within the mind which has an impact on our actions of body and speech. </p><p>In summary, Buddhism provides a structured framework that creates not only short-term solutions to amending the broken relationship between humanity and nature,<sup id="cite_ref-Badiner,_A.H._1990_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badiner,_A.H._1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it also teaches us how we can fulfill our ultimate collective aspirations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Dalai_Lama">The Dalai Lama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Dalai Lama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dalai Lama has done much to promote environmental awareness and support initiatives that help protect the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a meeting with the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of India <a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Roemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy J. Roemer">Timothy J. Roemer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> urged the U.S. to engage China on climate change in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalai Lama has also been part of a series on discussions organised by the <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Life_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind and Life Institute">Mind and Life Institute</a>; a non-profit organisation that specializes the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and Buddhism. The talks were partly about ecology, ethics, and interdependence, and issues on global warming were brought up.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 he published the book <i>Our Only Home: A Climate Appeal to the World</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in January 2021 was engaged in conversation on The Crisis of Climate Feedback Loops with <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> and leading scientists <a href="/wiki/William_Moomaw" title="William Moomaw">William Moomaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Natali" title="Susan M. Natali">Susan Natali</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_17th_Gyalwang_Karmapa,_Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje"><span id="The_17th_Gyalwang_Karmapa.2C_Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje"></span>The 17th Gyalwang Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The 17th Gyalwang Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 17th Gyalwang Karmapa, <a href="/wiki/Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje" title="Ogyen Trinley Dorje">Ogyen Trinley Dorje</a> is a passionate environmentalist who often incorporates this theme into his teachings and public talks<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 during the Kagyu Monlam Chenmo, he suggested that planting a single tree can be more beneficial than performing life release for many beings, and recommended that monasteries should plant one to two thousand trees. In addition he urged monks to practise restraint when sponsors offer technology upgrades.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 he established the Khoryug network meaning "environment" in Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped to connect over 50 monasteries, nunneries and centres throughout India, Nepal and Bhutan in the Himalayas and South India, who jointly made the commitment to help protect the Himalayan region from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> by acting in sustainable and environmentally friendly ways. In 2008 he published Environmental Guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> Buddhist Monasteries,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which address environmental issues such as forest, water, and wildlife protection, Waste management, and ways to tackle climate change by offering solutions based on the most recent scientific and practical knowledge available. </p><p>In 2009, the Karmapa approached the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> to assist the Khoryug network. As a result, more than 55 environmental projects such as solar panel installation were implemented by Khoryug monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 he published the book <i>The Future Is Now: Timely Advice for Creating a Better World</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which offers advice on caring for the environment. In 2015 he published the book <i>The Heart is Noble: Changing the World from the Inside Out</i> where he shares his vision for bringing social action into daily life,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2017 he published the book <i>Interconnected: Embracing Life in Our Global Society</i> which explores the interconnected relationships we have with family, community, and the rest of humanity, and how through these relationships we can become effective agents of social and ethical change.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also published a booklet entitled "One Hundred and Eight Things you can do to help the Environment"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was released on Earth Day, on 22 April 2009. </p><p>At the second conference on environmental protection (3 to 8 October 2009, Gyuto Monastery), he stated </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For too long, people have behaved thoughtlessly and ignored the damage to the environment that they are creating and, if this continued there was a great danger that it would be too late to do anything.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 24 October 2009, Ogyen Trinley Dorje supported international climate action day at a gathering at McLeod Ganj in northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, during his first European world tour he said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We should never exploit the world we live in for the purpose of short-term benefits. Rather than considering the Earth as a material thing, we should consider it as a mother who nurtures us; from generation to generation we need this loving mother.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Spring 2015 he participated in a two-month tour of the United States, where he visited six major universities, and delivered public talks focusing on environmental protection and compassionate activism.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time he was awarded <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>'s prestigious <a href="/wiki/Chubb_Fellowship" title="Chubb Fellowship">Chubb Fellowship</a>, and at The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Redlands" title="University of Redlands">University of Redlands</a> he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Choje_Akong_Tulku_Rinpoche">Choje Akong Tulku Rinpoche</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Choje Akong Tulku Rinpoche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Akong_Rinpoche" title="Akong Rinpoche">Choje Akong Tulku Rinpoche</a> was actively engaged in helping protect the environment. In the Tibetan Areas of China through the <a href="/wiki/ROKPA_International" title="ROKPA International">Rokpa</a> charity, he established a programme of reforestation over a period of several years<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in on the Holy Mountain of Drakkar he arranged for local people to be employed as rangers, to protect their local flora and fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing that that new demand was driving the herbs used in Tibetan medicine close to extinction, he initiated a pioneering project to preserve them by bringing three young doctors to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh</a> to study horticulture and biodynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lama_Yeshe_Losal_Rinpoche">Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Losal" title="Yeshe Losal">Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche</a> works to spread environmental awareness through his teachings and public talks.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the founder of The Holy Isle project on <a href="/wiki/Holy_Island,_Firth_of_Clyde" title="Holy Island, Firth of Clyde">Holy Island, Firth of Clyde</a>, which was purchased by the Rokpa Trust in 1992. Lama Yeshe's vision is to create a peaceful, sacred space, guided by environmental considerations for people of all faiths and religions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since acquiring the island up to 50 thousand indigenous trees have been planted as part of the "Trees for Peace" project. This was developed in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Scottish Forestry Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Office" title="Scottish Office">Scottish Office</a>, the Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group, and other environmental experts, and has helped to recreate a woodland habitat to support biodiversity. A designated nature reserve for native animals, birds, and sea life has been created on the east side of the island, and at the north end of the island, there is the Centre of World Peace and Health, whose design and construction are based upon environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, sensitive to the ecology of its unique environment. In creating a place where humans and animals can live in peace and harmony, Holy Isle has become a model of environmentally friendly living.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thích_Nhất_Hạnh"><span id="Th.C3.ADch_Nh.E1.BA.A5t_H.E1.BA.A1nh"></span>Thích Nhất Hạnh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thích Nhất Hạnh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our love and admiration for the Earth has the power to unite us and remove all boundaries, separation and discrimination. Centuries of individualism and competition have brought about tremendous destruction and alienation. We need to re-establish true communication–true communion–with ourselves, with the Earth, and with one another as children of the same mother.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian views on environmentalism</a></div> <p>The status of nature in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has been hotly debated, especially since historian <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr." title="Lynn Townsend White Jr.">Lynn White</a> published the now classic <i>"The historical roots of present-day ecologic crisis"</i> in 1967. In it, White blames Christianity for the modern environmental crisis, which he concludes is largely due to the dominance of a Christian worldview in the West that is exploitative of nature in an unsustainable manner.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserts that proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Judeo-Christian</a> ethic are anti-ecological, hostile towards nature, and view nature as something separate from humanity, to be exploited by mankind. This exploitative attitude, combined with new technology and the industrial revolution, has wreaked havoc on the natural world. <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonial</a> forestry is a prime example of ecological destruction that also involves the destruction of native faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-ch1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the "Burden of guilt" section above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope Francis clearly demonstrated his concerns about protecting the environment and indigenous peoples in his first-ever address to an international audience in Brazil in 2013. Having heard about the plight of the Amazon rainforests in Brazil, he called for "respect and protection of the entire creation which God has entrusted to man."<sup id="cite_ref-worldwildlife.org_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldwildlife.org-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his guidance, The Global Catholic Climate Movement (GCCM) was established, offering advice on how to live in harmony with our environment by transforming our lifestyles, as well as calling for bold public policies to tackle climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i>, a document calling humanity to preserve the sustainability of the biosphere. The encyclical is taught in the academy of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document is also called: "on care for our common home."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the encyclical, the pope calls to fight <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological degradation">ecological degradation</a> as a whole. He claims that humanity is facing a severe <a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">ecological crisis</a> and blames <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overdevelopment" title="Overdevelopment">non-responsible development</a>. The encyclical is addressed to "every person living on this planet."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement">Latter Day Saint movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> environmentalists find theological reasons for stewardship and conservationism through biblical and additional scriptural references including a passage from the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>: "And it pleaseth God that he hath given all these things unto man; for unto this end were they made to be used, with judgment, not to excess, neither by extortion" (<a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">D&C</a> 59:20).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> has a complex relationship with environmental concerns, involving not only the religion but politics and economics.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> policies, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> has a history of utilizing elements of conservationist policies for their <a href="/wiki/Meeting_house" title="Meeting house">meetinghouses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church first placed <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar panels">solar panels</a> on a church meetinghouse in the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotu Islands</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the church unveiled five <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a> certified meetinghouse prototypes that are that will be used as future meetinghouse designs around the world, the first one having been completed in 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Farmington,_Utah" title="Farmington, Utah">Farmington, Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, practitioners and scholars find traditional approaches to the natural environment in such concepts as <a href="/wiki/Dharmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic">dharmic</a> ethics or <a href="/wiki/Prakrti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrti">prakrti</a> (material creation), the development of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a>, and readings of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">vedic literature</a>. Hindu <a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental activism">environmental activism</a> also may be inspired by <a href="/wiki/Gandhian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhian philosophy">Gandhian philosophy</a> and practical struggles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bishnoi" title="Bishnoi">Bishnoi</a> community in Rajasthan <sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chipko" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipko">Chipko</a> resistance to <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> policies in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahatma Gandhi played a major role in Indian environmentalism and has been called the "father of Indian environmentalism".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi's environmental thought parallels his social thoughts in that <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> and social inequalities should be managed in similar fashions.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His non-violent teachings left a lasting impact, even agriculturally. Contemporary agrarian practices use the Bhagavad-Gita to establish practices that are deemed non-violent.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islamic environmentalism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the Prophetic Traditions [sayings and actions of Muhammad] make it clear that the environment is a blessing and a sign of the divine. The Quran refers to natural phenomena numerous times and compels readers to ponder over the environment as a reflection of the truth – a signpost to a designer. One can gain profound knowledge from nature, so human beings are to preserve it and look after it.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of humanity having '<i>Khilafah</i>' or guardianship over the planet means that many Muslims believe that we should not exploit natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran refers to living beings as 'communities like yourselves<small>'</small> <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have said that this entails that other living beings have rights. </p><p>Sayings of Muhammad related to the environment:<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"If a Muslim plants a tree or sows seeds, and then a bird, or a person or an animal eats from it, it is regarded as a charitable gift for him." [Bukhari]</li> <li>The Companions [i.e. the disciples of the prophet] said, "O Messenger of God! Is there a reward for us in serving the animals?" He replied: "There is a reward for serving any living being." [Bukhari]</li> <li>"A woman entered the Fire because of a cat which she had tied, neither giving it food nor setting it free to eat from the vermin of the earth." [Bukhari]</li> <li>"The world is beautiful and verdant, and verily God, be He exalted, has made you His stewards in it, and He sees how you acquit yourselves." [Muslim]</li> <li>"Do not waste water, even if you are at a running stream." [Ibn Majah]</li> <li>"If the Hour (the day of Resurrection) is about to be established and one of you was holding a sapling, let him take advantage of even one second before the Hour is established to plant it." [Al-Albani]</li></ul> <p>Verses of the Quran linked to environmental protection:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"He is the One Who has placed you as successors [Khalifa] on earth ... so He may test you with what He has given you."</li> <li>"O Children of Adam! ... Eat and drink, but do not waste. Surely He does not like the wasteful."</li> <li>"...do not commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption."</li> <li>"Indeed, We offered the trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, but they all declined to bear it, being fearful of it. But humanity assumed it, for they are truly wrongful to themselves and ignorant of the consequences."</li> <li>"All living beings roaming the earth and winged birds soaring in the sky are communities like yourselves."</li></ul> <p>One of the primary figures of the religion and environmentalism movement, Iranian Muslim philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>, details the theme of "man's total disharmony with his environment." Nasr believes that to overcome the environmental crisis there needs to be a recognition that "the whole of nature is descended from higher spiritual realms."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nasr, the desacralization of the West has led to the increase of ideology promoting dominion over the earth and its resources, which is contrary to Islamic thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to conservationist and scholar Jonathan Benthall, Islam offers a useful perspective of environmentalism through two primary themes. The first is the "glory and logic of the cosmos and of the cyclical regeneration of life" that is visible through Qur'anic passages, particularly ones referencing stewardship (<i><a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">khalifa</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second theme Benthall references is the very environmental basis from which Islam was founded, "an environment where natural recourses, especially water, fruit trees, and livestock have always had to be carefully conserved to ensure human survival, a concern which is inevitably reflected in the Qur'an."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Muslims have taken up climate activism. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Foundation_for_Ecology_and_Environmental_Science" title="Islamic Foundation for Ecology and Environmental Science">Islamic Foundation for Ecology and Environmental Science</a> is a charity organization dedicated to offering up dialogues and encouraging activism that combines both Islamic perspectives and ecological <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. The organization's objectives are to generate a center for Islamic research that will also serve as a location with which to gather and experiment with new sustainable technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Hima_(environmental_protection)" title="Hima (environmental protection)">hima</a> or "inviolate zone" refers to a piece of land that has been set aside to prevent cultivation or any use other than <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> purposes. This concept, in addition to alternative interpretations of Islamic teachings, such as <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">sufism</a>, are found to be helpful in developing Islamic pro-environmental ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism and environmentalism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the natural world plays a central role in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, literature, and liturgical and other practices. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Within the diverse arena of Jewish thought, beliefs vary widely about the human relation to the environment, though the rabbinic tradition has put Judaism primarily on an <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentric</a> trajectory. However, a few contemporary Jewish thinkers and rabbis in the US and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> emphasized that a central belief in Judaism is that the Man (Ha Adam – האדם whose root comes from Haadama (earth) – האדמה, in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>), should keep the Earth in the same state as he received it from God, its eternal and actual "owner" (especially for the land of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>), thus the people today should avoid polluting it and keep it clean for the future generations. According to this opinion, Judaism is clearly in line with the principles of environmental protection and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. </p><p>In Jewish law (<i>halakhah</i>), ecological concerns are reflected in Biblical protection for fruit trees, rules in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> against harming the public domain, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> debate over noise and smoke <a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">damages</a>, and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural pollution</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, there has been some attempt to adopt <a href="/wiki/Eco-Kashrut" title="Eco-Kashrut">ecokashrut</a> ideas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> developed in the 1970s by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Schachter-Shalomi" title="Zalman Schachter-Shalomi">Zalman Schachter-Shalomi</a>. In addition, Jewish activists have recruited principles of <i>halakhah</i> for environmental purposes, such as the injunction against unnecessary destruction, known as <a href="/wiki/Bal_tashkhit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal tashkhit">bal tashkhit</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In contemporary Jewish liturgy, ecological concerns have been promoted by adapting a <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> for the holiday of trees, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Bishvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Bishvat">Tu Bishvat</a>. Biblical and rabbinic texts have been enlisted for prayers about the environment, especially in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a> movements. </p><p>In the U.S., a diverse coalition of Jewish environmentalists undertakes both educational and policy advocacy on such issues as <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish environmentalists are drawn from all branches of religious life, ranging from Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waskow" title="Arthur Waskow">Arthur Waskow</a> to the Orthodox group Canfei Nesharim.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">secular Jews</a> have formed numerous governmental and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> to protect nature and reduce pollution. </p><p>While many Israeli environmental organizations make limited use of Jewish religious teachings, a few do approach Israel's environmental problems from a Jewish standpoint, including the Heschel Center for Environmental Learning and Leadership, named after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Abraham Joshua Heschel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> offers many ideas that are in line with environmentalism, such as <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">wu wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">moderation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a> and Taoist <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. Parallels were found between Taoism and <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>. Pioneer of environmentalism <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> was called "the Taoist of the West". Rosenfeld wrote "Taoism is environmentalism".<sup id="cite_ref-Zai_2015_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zai_2015-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the ancient and perhaps timeless philosophical concepts, like <i><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></i>, were more recently compiled into a Jain Declaration on Nature, which describes the religion's inherent <a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">biocentrism</a> and deep ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Sikh faith, it is believed that one should treat air as one's Guru (the spiritual teacher), water as one's father and the earth as the Great Mother. (Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the Siri Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scriptures of the Sikhs Page 8 Line 10.) </p><p>More than five hundred and fifty years ago, Guru Nanak Dev Ji wrote in prayer on Page 8 Line 10 wrote, "We are all the children of air which is word of the Guru, water the Father, and earth the Great Mother who sustains us all." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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Khoryug.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Guidelines+for+Karma+Kagyu+Buddhist+Monasteries&rft.pub=Khoryug.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhello.khoryug.info%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FEnvironmental-GuidelinesFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/tibetan-monasteries-at-work-for-the-environment">"Tibetan Monasteries at Work for the Environment"</a>. WWF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Monasteries+at+Work+for+the+Environment&rft.pub=WWF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fstories%2Ftibetan-monasteries-at-work-for-the-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetsociety.com/a-special-talk-by-his-holiness-the-17th-gyalwang-karmapa-on-tibet-s-environment">"A Special Talk by His Holiness the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa on Tibet's Environment"</a>. Tibet Society. 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Special+Talk+by+His+Holiness+the+17th+Gyalwang+Karmapa+on+Tibet%27s+Environment&rft.pub=Tibet+Society&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftibetsociety.com%2Fa-special-talk-by-his-holiness-the-17th-gyalwang-karmapa-on-tibet-s-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogyen Trinley Dorje, "The Future Is Now: Timely Advice for Creating a Better World", 2009, Hay House UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401923006" title="Special:BookSources/9781401923006">9781401923006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogyen Trinley Dorje,"The Heart is Noble: Changing the World from the Inside Out"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgyen_Trinley_Dorje" class="citation book cs1">Ogyen Trinley Dorje. <i>Interconnected: Embracing Life in Our Global Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interconnected%3A+Embracing+Life+in+Our+Global+Society&rft.au=Ogyen+Trinley+Dorje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgyen_Trinley_Dorje" class="citation web cs1">Ogyen Trinley Dorje. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albanyktc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/108-Things-you-can-do-to-help-the-environment.pdf">"One Hundred and Eight Things you can do to help the Environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+and+Eight+Things+you+can+do+to+help+the+Environment&rft.au=Ogyen+Trinley+Dorje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falbanyktc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F01%2F108-Things-you-can-do-to-help-the-environment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimberleyGelongLama2018" class="citation news cs1">Kimberley, Graham; Gelong, Trinley; Lama, Zangmo (17 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theecologist.org/2018/apr/17/environmental-and-buddhist-perspectives-find-confluence-earth-day-event-london-satish">"Environmental and Buddhist perspectives find confluence at Earth Day event in London with Satish Kumar"</a>. <i>The Ecologist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ecologist&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+Buddhist+perspectives+find+confluence+at+Earth+Day+event+in+London+with+Satish+Kumar&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Kimberley&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Gelong%2C+Trinley&rft.au=Lama%2C+Zangmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheecologist.org%2F2018%2Fapr%2F17%2Fenvironmental-and-buddhist-perspectives-find-confluence-earth-day-event-london-satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609200412/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=25703">"Gyuto Monastery in Dharamsala Hosts Conference on Environmental Protection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=25703">the original</a> on 2011-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gyuto+Monastery+in+Dharamsala+Hosts+Conference+on+Environmental+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phayul.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D25703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609200422/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=25798&article=Karmapa+supports+international+climate+action+day&t=1&c=1">"Karmapa supports international climate action day"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=25798&article=Karmapa+supports+international+climate+action+day&t=1&c=1">the original</a> on 2011-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karmapa+supports+international+climate+action+day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phayul.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D25798%26article%3DKarmapa%2Bsupports%2Binternational%2Bclimate%2Baction%2Bday%26t%3D1%26c%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phayul.com/2014/06/11/34974/">"17th Karmapa completes his Europe tour"</a>. <i>Phayul</i>. 11 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phayul&rft.atitle=17th+Karmapa+completes+his+Europe+tour&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phayul.com%2F2014%2F06%2F11%2F34974%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=C6a0yVzM1Is">"The 17th Gyalwang Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, "Compassion in Action: Buddhism and the Environment"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 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Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Holiness+the+Seventeenth+Karmapa+to+Visit+Yale+University&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcampuspress.yale.edu%2Fandrewquintman%2Fkarmapa-at-yale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karmapaamerica2015.org/karmapa-princeton-focuses-activism-art-environment-gender/">"Karmapa at Princeton Focuses on Activism, Art, Environment and Gender"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canfei+Nesharim+Named+One+of+North+America%27s+Most+Innovative+Jewish+Nonprofits&rft.pub=Canfei+Nesharim&rft.date=2007-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanfeinesharim.org%2Fwho_we_are%2Fin_news.php%3Fpage%3D13141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zai_2015-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zai_2015_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr Zai, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WzMCQAAQBAJ"><i>Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more</i></a>. Ultravisum, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2014" class="citation news cs1">Rosenfeld, Arthur (23 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/taoism-is-environmentalis_b_6208594">"Taoism Is Environmentalism"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Taoism+Is+Environmentalism&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Ftaoism-is-environmentalis_b_6208594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Baird Earth's Insights: A Multicultural Survey of Ecological Ethics from the Mediterranean Basin to the Australian Outback Callicott</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180610110156/http://www.jainology.org/publications/jain-delaration-on-nature/">"Jain Declaration on Nature"</a>. Institute on Jainology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainology.org/publications/jain-delaration-on-nature">the original</a> on 2018-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jain+Declaration+on+Nature&rft.pub=Institute+on+Jainology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jainology.org%2Fpublications%2Fjain-delaration-on-nature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_environmentalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Religion_and_environmentalism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p>Religions of the world and ecology book series: </p> <ul><li><i>Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds</i>. Mary Evelyn Tucker and <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Ry%C5%ABken_Williams" title="Duncan Ryūken Williams">Duncan Ryuken Williams</a>, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1997.</li> <li><i>Christianity and Ecology: Seeking the Well-being of Earth and Humans</i>. Dieter T. Hessel and Rosemary Radford Ruether, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000.</li> <li><i>Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, and Humans</i>. Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Berthrong, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998.</li> <li><i>Daoism and Ecology: Ways Within a Cosmic Landscape</i>. N. J. Girardot, James Miller, and Liu Xiaogan, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.</li> <li><i>Hinduism and Ecology: The Intersection of Earth, Sky, and Water</i>. Christopher Key Chapple and Mary Evelyn Tucker, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000.</li> <li><i>Indigenous Traditions and Ecology: The Interbeing of Cosmology and Community</i>. John A. Grim, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.</li> <li><i>Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard C. Foltz</a>, Frederick M. Denny, Azizan Baharuddin, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003.</li> <li><i>Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life</i>. Christopher Key Chapple, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2002.</li> <li><i>Judaism and Ecology: Created World and Revealed Word</i>. Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2002.</li> <li><i>Shinto and Ecology</i>. Rosemarie Bernard, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004.</li></ul> <p>Other texts: </p> <ul><li>Tucker, Mary Evelyn. <i>Worldly Wonder: Religions Enter Their Ecological Phase</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court</a>, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt2010" class="citation book cs1">Merritt, Jonathan (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenlikegodunlo00merr"><i>Green like God: unlocking the divine plan for our planet</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/FaithWords" class="mw-redirect" title="FaithWords">FaithWords</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-55725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-55725-2"><bdi>978-0-446-55725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+like+God%3A+unlocking+the+divine+plan+for+our+planet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=FaithWords&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-446-55725-2&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenlikegodunlo00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Seyyed <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a>, <i>Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis in Modern Man</i>. Rev. ed. Chicago, Ill.: Kazi Publishers, 1997 [1967].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn White">Lynn White</a>, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis," <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> 155 (1967): 1203–1207.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, ed., <i>Worldviews, Religion, and the Environment: A Global Anthology</i>, Belmont, CA: <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth publishing">Wadsworth</a>, 2002.</li> <li>Anand Veeraraj, <i>Green History of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, India: Centre for Contemporary Christianity, 2006.</li> <li>Jens Koehrsen, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221042241730103X">Religious Agency in Sustainability Transitions. Between Experimentation, Upscaling, and Regime Support</a>." Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. Vol. 27, 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McFarland_Taylor" title="Sarah McFarland Taylor">Sarah McFarland Taylor</a>, "What If Religions Had Ecologies?: The Case for Reinhabiting Religious Studies." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_Religion,_Nature_and_Culture" title="Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture">Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture</a></i>. Vol. 1.1 (Spring 2007).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bron_Taylor" title="Bron Taylor">Bron Taylor</a>, ed., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religionandnature.com/ern">Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature</a></i> (2 volumes) London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsergany" class="citation web cs1">Elsergany, Ragheb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.islamstory.com/article.php?id=625">"Environment Rights in Islamic Civilization"</a>. english.islamstory.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environment+Rights+in+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=english.islamstory.com&rft.aulast=Elsergany&rft.aufirst=Ragheb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.islamstory.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatling2009" class="citation book cs1">Watling, Tony (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzWbvAad0GoC"><i>Ecological imaginations in the world religions : an ethnographic analysis</i></a>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-428-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-428-8"><bdi>978-1-84706-428-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+imaginations+in+the+world+religions+%3A+an+ethnographic+analysis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84706-428-8&rft.aulast=Watling&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzWbvAad0GoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Buddhism, Virtue and Environment</i>. David Edward, Edward Cooper, and S.P James. Ashgate Publishing, 2005.</li> <li><i>Dhrama Rain: Sources of Buddhist Environmentalism</i>. Stephanie Kaza and Kenneth Kraft, eds. Shambhala, 2000.</li> <li><i>The Ethics of Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Celia_Deane-Drummond" title="Celia Deane-Drummond">Celia E. Deane-Drummond</a> John Wiley & Sons, 2004.</li></ul> <p>Journals: </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionandnature.com/journal/">Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/worldviews-global-religions-culture-and-ecology">Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_and_..." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and ...</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">(<i>Some topic...</i>) and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_religion" title="Astronomy and religion">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_and_religion" title="Fertility and religion">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_religion" title="Law and religion">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_and_religion" title="Morality and religion">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud_and_religion" title="Subud and religion">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion" title="Vaccination and religion">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_and_religion" title="World War I and religion">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Religion and (<i>some topic</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and animal rights">animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_authoritarianism" title="Religion and authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_birth_control" title="Religion and birth control">birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_child_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and child marriage">child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_children" title="Religion and children">children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and climate change">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and communism">communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coping_with_trauma" title="Religion and coping with trauma">coping with trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and coronavirus">coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and corruption">corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and crime">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the death penalty">death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_disability" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and disability">disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_divorce" title="Religion and divorce">divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and domestic violence">domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_education_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and education in Pakistan">education in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethnicity">ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and executions">executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gambling">gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and government">government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_human_migration" title="Religion and human migration">human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and identity">identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and intelligence">intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the internet">the internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental health">mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental illness">mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_schizophrenia" title="Religion and schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and morality">morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_negotiations" title="Religion and negotiations">negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_pacifism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and pacifism">pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_personality" title="Religion and personality">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Religion and politics in the United States">politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ritual">ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_adolescent_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and adolescent sexuality">adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and bestiality">bestiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_heterosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygamy">polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygyny" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygyny">polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_pornography" title="Religious views on pornography">pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_superstition" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and superstition">superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and terror">terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and torture">torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and vaccination">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and violence">violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and warfare">warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Category:... and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adoption_and_religion" title="Category:Adoption and religion">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Americans_and_religion" title="Category:African Americans and religion">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_and_religion" title="Category:Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_and_religion" title="Category:Economics and religion">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_and_religion" title="Category:Economy and religion">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_and_religion" title="Category:Environment and religion">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution_and_religion" title="Category:Evolution and religion">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_LGBTQ_and_religion" title="Category:Films about LGBTQ and religion">Films about LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry_and_religion" title="Category:Freemasonry and religion">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_and_religion" title="Category:Gender and religion">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_philosophy_and_religion" title="Category:Hellenistic philosophy and religion">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Category:Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_and_religion" title="Category:Liberalism and religion">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marriage_and_religion" title="Category:Marriage and religion">Marriage</a></li> <li>Mythology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aztec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Aztec mythology and religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Maya mythology and religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesoamerican_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Mesoamerican mythology and religion">Mesoamerican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mixtec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Mixtec mythology and religion">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Muisca mythology and religion">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olmec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Olmec mythology and religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Columbian_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Pre-Columbian mythology and religion">Pre-Columbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_and_religion" title="Category:Nature and religion">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychedelics_and_religion" title="Category:Psychedelics and religion">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_abstinence_and_religion" title="Category:Sexual abstinence and religion">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_and_religion" title="Category:Sexuality and religion">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_and_religion" title="Category:Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamils_and_religion" title="Category:Tamils and religion">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tobacco_and_religion" title="Category:Tobacco and religion">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics_and_religion" title="Category:Transgender topics and religion">Transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Category:Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_and_religion" title="Category:Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth_and_religion" title="Category:Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_and_religion" title="Category:Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Category:Religion and ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_the_arts" title="Category:Religion and the arts">the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_abortion" title="Category:Religion and abortion">abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_atheism" title="Category:Religion and atheism">atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Category:Religion and capital punishment">capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_children" title="Category:Religion and children">children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_death" title="Category:Religion and death">death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_drugs" title="Category:Religion and drugs">drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_alcohol" title="Category:Religion and alcohol">alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_education" title="Category:Religion and education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_euthanasia" title="Category:Religion and euthanasia">euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Category:Religion and the French Revolution">the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_geography" title="Category:Religion and geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_government" title="Category:Religion and government">government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_health" title="Category:Religion and health">health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_mental_health" title="Category:Religion and mental health">mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Category:Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_law" title="Category:Religion and law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_medicine" title="Category:Religion and medicine">medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_music" title="Category:Religion and music">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_peace" title="Category:Religion and peace">peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_race" title="Category:Religion and race">race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_science" title="Category:Religion and science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society_by_country" title="Category:Religion and society by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society_in_France" title="Category:Religion and society in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Religion and society in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_spirituality_podcasts" title="Category:Religion and spirituality podcasts">spirituality podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_sports" title="Category:Religion and sports">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_suicide" title="Category:Religion and suicide">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_technology" title="Category:Religion and technology">technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmentalism" title="Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmentalism" title="Template talk:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Environmentalism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Outline of environmentalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_humanities" title="Template talk:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_art" title="Crop art">Crop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/100px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/150px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/200px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1646" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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