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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Physical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_city_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_city_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The city centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_city_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Green belt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Car_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Car production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Retail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Brewing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bellfounding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bellfounding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Bellfounding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bellfounding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buildings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks_and_nature_walks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_nature_walks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Parks and nature walks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_nature_walks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail–airport_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail–airport_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Rail–airport links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail–airport_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Coach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_and_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_and_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>River and canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_and_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.1</span> <span>A roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zero-emission_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zero-emission_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.2</span> <span>Zero-emission zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zero-emission_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.3</span> <span>Bus gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.4</span> <span>Motorway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Universities and colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Bodleian_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bodleian_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>The Bodleian Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bodleian_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres_and_cinemas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres_and_cinemas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Theatres and cinemas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres_and_cinemas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Literature and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Rowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Rugby league</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Rugby union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Ice hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speedway_and_greyhound_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speedway_and_greyhound_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>Speedway and greyhound racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speedway_and_greyhound_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.10</span> <span>American football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaelic_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaelic_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.11</span> <span>Gaelic football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaelic_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Freedom of the City</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Freedom of the City subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Military units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxford</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ኦክስፎርድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦክስፎርድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnaford" title="Oxnaford – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oxnaford" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оқсфорд – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Оқсфорд" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="أكسفورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكسفورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oksford" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="آکسفورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آکسفورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="অক্সফোর্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্সফোর্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оксфард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфард – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оксфард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Oxford (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oxford (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhydychen" title="Rhydychen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhydychen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Οξφόρδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οξφόρδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksfordo" title="Oksfordo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oksfordo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="آکسفورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکسفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80th_nan_Damh" title="Àth nan Damh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àth nan Damh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%8A%A4%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="옥스퍼드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옥스퍼드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%84%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Օքսֆորդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օքսֆորդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ऑक्सफ़ोर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑक्सफ़ोर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="אוקספורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקספורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಕ್ಸ್‌ಫರ್ಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಕ್ಸ್‌ಫರ್ಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ოქსფორდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოქსფორდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rysoghen" title="Rysoghen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rysoghen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxonia" title="Oxonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oxonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksforda" title="Oksforda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oksforda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksfordas" title="Oksfordas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oksfordas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ऑक्सफर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑक्सफर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="اوكسفورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكسفورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="آکسفورد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آکسفورد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%97" title="ꯑꯣꯛꯁ꯭ꯐꯣꯔ꯭ꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯣꯛꯁ꯭ꯐꯣꯔ꯭ꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အောက်စဖို့မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အောက်စဖို့မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Oxford (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oxford (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="オックスフォード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オックスフォード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਆਕਸਫ਼ੋਰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਕਸਫ਼ੋਰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="آکسفورڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آکسفورڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oksford" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oksford" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oksford" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%8A" title="آڪسفورڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آڪسفورڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ئۆکسفۆرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆکسفۆرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஆக்சுபோர்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆக்சுபோர்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Oksford" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="ออกซฟอร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออกซฟอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оксфорд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оксфорд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88" title="اوکسفرڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوکسفرڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Oksford" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Oksford" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5" title="牛津 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="牛津" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="אקספארד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקספארד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5" title="牛津 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛津" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oxford" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksfuords" title="Oksfuords – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Oksfuords" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oxford&params=51_45_7_N_1_15_28_W_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°15′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.75194°N 1.25778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.75194; -1.25778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and district in Oxfordshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in England. For the university, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oxford_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oxford (disambiguation)">Oxford (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and non-metropolitan district in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Oxford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Oxford_(5652685943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg/178px-Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg/267px-Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg/356px-Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="3112" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall" title="Oxford Town Hall">Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_Sighs_with_Lampost,_Oxford,_July_25,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bridge_of_Sighs_with_Lampost%2C_Oxford%2C_July_25%2C_2023.jpg/106px-Bridge_of_Sighs_with_Lampost%2C_Oxford%2C_July_25%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bridge_of_Sighs_with_Lampost%2C_Oxford%2C_July_25%2C_2023.jpg/159px-Bridge_of_Sighs_with_Lampost%2C_Oxford%2C_July_25%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bridge_of_Sighs_with_Lampost%2C_Oxford%2C_July_25%2C_2023.jpg/212px-Bridge_of_Sighs_with_Lampost%2C_Oxford%2C_July_25%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Sighs,_Oxford" title="Bridge of Sighs, Oxford">Bridge of Sighs</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cathedral_oxford.jpg/74px-Cathedral_oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cathedral_oxford.jpg/111px-Cathedral_oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cathedral_oxford.jpg/148px-Cathedral_oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarendon_Building,_Oxford,_England_-_May_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg/210px-Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg/315px-Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg/420px-Clarendon_Building%2C_Oxford%2C_England_-_May_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7181" data-file-height="3792" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Building" title="Clarendon Building">Clarendon Building</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford_2023_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford_2023_03.jpg/195px-Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford_2023_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford_2023_03.jpg/293px-Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford_2023_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford_2023_03.jpg/390px-Sheldonian_Theatre_Oxford_2023_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4638" data-file-height="3122" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre">Sheldonian Theatre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radcliffe_Camera,_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/89px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/134px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/178px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3077" data-file-height="4524" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera">Radcliffe Camera</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_for_the_City_of_Oxford.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Oxford"><img alt="Coat of arms of Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_arms_for_the_City_of_Oxford.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_for_the_City_of_Oxford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_arms_for_the_City_of_Oxford.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_for_the_City_of_Oxford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_arms_for_the_City_of_Oxford.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_for_the_City_of_Oxford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Oxford" title="Coat of arms of Oxford">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of dreaming spires</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Fortis est veritas</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the truth is strong'</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxford shown within Oxfordshire"><img alt="Oxford shown within Oxfordshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oxford_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Oxford_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oxford_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Oxford_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oxford_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Oxford_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Oxford shown within <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oxford&params=51_45_7_N_1_15_28_W_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°15′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.75194°N 1.25778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.75194; -1.25778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">8th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data">1542</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall" title="Oxford Town Hall">Oxford Town Hall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Council_leadership_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_leadership-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Council" title="Oxford City Council">Oxford City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements" title="Executive arrangements">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader and cabinet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">No overall control</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Susan Brown (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oxford" title="List of mayors of Oxford">Lord Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mike Rowley</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Dodds" title="Anneliese Dodds">Anneliese Dodds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative_Party" title="Labour and Co-operative Party">L</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Layla_Moran" title="Layla Moran">Layla Moran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">LD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 sq mi (46 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">248th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">163,257</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">126th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">9,300/sq mi (3,580/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Oxonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 70.7% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 15.4% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.6% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.7% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.7% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 39.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 38.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 8.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.6% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.9% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode areas</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/OX_postcode_area" title="OX postcode area">OX</a>1–4</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E07000178</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxford.gov.uk">oxford<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oxford</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/En-uk-Oxford.ogg\/En-uk-Oxford.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Oxford.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/En-uk-Oxford.ogg/En-uk-Oxford.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Oxford.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Oxford.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">cathedral city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, England, of which it is the county town. Founded in the 8th century, it was granted city status in 1542. The city is located at the confluence of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> (locally known as <a href="/wiki/The_Isis" title="The Isis">the Isis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell">Cherwell</a>. It had a population of 163,257 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and 61 miles (98 km) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest university</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has buildings in every style of <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">English architecture</a> since late <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a>. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, science, and information technologies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxford" title="History of Oxford">History of Oxford</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Oxford" title="Timeline of Oxford">Timeline of Oxford</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myles_Birket_Foster_The_High_Oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Myles_Birket_Foster_The_High_Oxford.jpg/220px-Myles_Birket_Foster_The_High_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Myles_Birket_Foster_The_High_Oxford.jpg/330px-Myles_Birket_Foster_The_High_Oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Myles_Birket_Foster_The_High_Oxford.jpg/440px-Myles_Birket_Foster_The_High_Oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>19th-century view of the <a href="/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford" title="High Street, Oxford">High Street</a> in Oxford</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Saxon period</a>. Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> at its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell">River Cherwell</a>, the town grew in national importance during the early <a href="/wiki/Norman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman dynasty">Norman period</a>, and in the late 12th century became home to the fledgling <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford_(1142)" title="Siege of Oxford (1142)">city was besieged</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a> in 1142.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages Oxford had an important Jewish community, of which David of Oxford and his wife <a href="/wiki/Licoricia_of_Winchester" title="Licoricia of Winchester">Licoricia of Winchester</a> were prominent members.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, emerging as the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Oxford" title="Diocese of Oxford">seat of a bishopric</a> and a full-fledged city. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, Oxford housed the court of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and stood at the heart of national affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century, with major printing and car-manufacturing industries. These declined, along with other British heavy industry, in the 1970s and 1980s, leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Location">Location</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxford's latitude and longitude are <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oxford&params=51_45_07_N_1_15_28_W_type:city_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°15′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.75194°N 1.25778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.75194; -1.25778</span></span></span></a></span></span>, with Ordnance Survey <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oxford&params=51.751253_N_1.258267_W_region:GB_scale:25000">SP513061</a></span> (at <a href="/wiki/Carfax_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Carfax Tower">Carfax Tower</a>, which is usually considered the centre). Oxford is 24 miles (39 km) north-west of <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, 26 miles (42 km) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, 36 miles (58 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, 43 miles (69 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, 29 miles (47 km) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>, 38 miles (61 km) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Evesham" title="Evesham">Evesham</a>, 43 miles (69 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</a> and 51 miles (82 km) west-north-west of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell">Cherwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> (also sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/The_Isis" title="The Isis">the Isis</a> locally, supposedly from the Latinised name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Thamesis</i></span>) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. These rivers and their flood plains constrain the size of the city centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate">Climate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxford has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime temperate climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>). <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 24 December 1860. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 38.1 °C (101 °F) on 19 July 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe <a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological Station">Meteorological Station</a>. It has the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>. These records are continuous from January 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud cover, and temperature exist since 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The driest year on record was 1788, with 336.7 mm (13.26 in) of rainfall. The wettest year was 2012, with 979.5 mm (38.56 in). The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of 223.9 mm (8.81 in). The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of 21.1 °C (70 °F) and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of −3.0 °C (27 °F). The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of 11.8 °C (53 °F) and the coldest is 1879, with a mean temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F). The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours. The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of 87.9 mm (3.46 in). The greatest known snow depth was 61.0 cm (24.0 in) in February 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Oxford (<a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Observatory" title="Radcliffe Observatory">RMS</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elevation: 200 ft (61 m), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1815–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.6<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.2<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.8<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.8<br />(0.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6<br />(2.35) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.8<br />(1.84) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.2<br />(1.70) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.7<br />(1.92) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9<br />(2.24) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7<br />(1.96) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.5<br />(2.07) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br />(2.43) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9<br />(2.04) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.2<br />(2.88) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5<br />(2.81) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.1<br />(2.60) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">681.6<br />(26.83) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #737373; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.4 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.9 </td> <td style="background: #B5B564; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.1 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.3 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.3 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110.2 </td> <td style="background: #858585; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #696969; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.6 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,615.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-Met_Averages_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weather station is located 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the Oxford city centre.</span> </li> </ol></div></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_United_Kingdom_Oxford.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Location_map_United_Kingdom_Oxford.svg/500px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_Oxford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Location_map_United_Kingdom_Oxford.svg/750px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_Oxford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Location_map_United_Kingdom_Oxford.svg/1000px-Location_map_United_Kingdom_Oxford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Map of Oxford</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_city_centre">The city centre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The city centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city centre is relatively small and is centred on <a href="/wiki/Carfax,_Oxford" title="Carfax, Oxford">Carfax</a>, a crossroads which forms the junction of <a href="/wiki/Cornmarket_Street,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornmarket Street, Oxford">Cornmarket Street</a> (pedestrianised), <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Oxford" title="Queen Street, Oxford">Queen Street</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Pedestrianised" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrianised">pedestrianised</a>), <a href="/wiki/St_Aldate%27s,_Oxford" title="St Aldate's, Oxford">St Aldate's</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Street,_Oxford" title="High Street, Oxford">High Street</a> ("the High"; blocked for through traffic). Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was <a href="/wiki/Boswells_of_Oxford" title="Boswells of Oxford">Boswell's</a>, founded in 1738.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The store closed in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Aldate's has few shops but several local government buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town hall</a>, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word <i>street</i> is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly university and college buildings. The historic buildings mean the area is often used by film and TV crews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford, including: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barton,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Barton, Oxford">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Leys" title="Blackbird Leys">Blackbird Leys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire" title="Cowley, Oxfordshire">Cowley</a> <ul><li>Temple Cowley</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iffley" title="Iffley">Iffley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littlemore" title="Littlemore">Littlemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Oxfordshire" title="Rose Hill, Oxfordshire">Rose Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutteslowe" title="Cutteslowe">Cutteslowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">Headington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Marston" title="New Marston">New Marston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho,_Oxford" title="Jericho, Oxford">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Oxford" title="North Oxford">North Oxford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Park_Town,_Oxford" title="Park Town, Oxford">Park Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norham_Manor" title="Norham Manor">Norham Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton_Manor" title="Walton Manor">Walton Manor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osney" title="Osney">Osney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risinghurst" title="Risinghurst">Risinghurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summertown,_Oxford" title="Summertown, Oxford">Summertown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnymead" title="Sunnymead">Sunnymead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterways,_Oxford" title="Waterways, Oxford">Waterways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolvercote" title="Wolvercote">Wolvercote</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Green belt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Green_Belt" title="Oxford Green Belt">Oxford Green Belt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg/220px-Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg/330px-Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg/440px-Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Oxford Malmaison Hotel</figcaption></figure> <p>Oxford is at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Green_Belt" title="Oxford Green Belt">Oxford Green Belt</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning in the United Kingdom">planning</a> policy that regulates the rural space in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> surrounding the city, aiming to prevent <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and minimize convergence with nearby settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy has been blamed for the large rise in house prices in Oxford, making it the least affordable city in the United Kingdom outside of London, with <a href="/wiki/Estate_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate agents">estate agents</a> calling for <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfield</a> land inside the green belt to be released for new housing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the area covered is outside of the city, but there are some green spaces within that which are covered by the designation, such as much of the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell">river Cherwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">flood-meadows</a>, and the village of <a href="/wiki/Binsey,_Oxfordshire" title="Binsey, Oxfordshire">Binsey</a>, along with several smaller portions on the fringes. Other landscape features and places of interest covered include <a href="/wiki/Cutteslowe" title="Cutteslowe">Cutteslowe</a> Park and the mini railway attraction, the <a href="/wiki/University_Parks" title="University Parks">University Parks</a>, Hogacre Common Eco Park, numerous sports grounds, <a href="/wiki/Aston%27s_Eyot" title="Aston's Eyot">Aston's Eyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="St Margaret of England">St Margaret</a>'s Church and well, and <a href="/wiki/Wolvercote_Common" title="Wolvercote Common">Wolvercote Common</a> and community orchard.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Destinations_from_Oxford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Destinations_from_Oxford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Destinations from Oxford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Witney" title="Witney">Witney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Oxford</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didcot" title="Didcot">Didcot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newbury,_Berkshire" title="Newbury, Berkshire">Newbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Council" title="Oxford City Council">Oxford City Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Oxford_(5652685943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Oxford_%285652685943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="3112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall" title="Oxford Town Hall">Town Hall, St Aldate's</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two tiers of local government covering Oxford, at district and county level: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Council" title="Oxford City Council">Oxford City Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council" title="Oxfordshire County Council">Oxfordshire County Council</a>. From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a>, independent from the county council.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford City Council meets at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall" title="Oxford Town Hall">Town Hall</a> on the street called <a href="/wiki/St_Aldate%27s,_Oxford" title="St Aldate's, Oxford">St Aldate's</a> in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's <a href="/wiki/Guildhall" title="Guildhall">guildhall</a> since the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Oxford is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>, but there are four <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> within the city's boundaries: <a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Leys" title="Blackbird Leys">Blackbird Leys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Littlemore" title="Littlemore">Littlemore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Marston" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Marston">Old Marston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Risinghurst_and_Sandhills" title="Risinghurst and Sandhills">Risinghurst and Sandhills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, sports, entertainment, breweries, research and tourism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car_production">Car production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Car production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since <a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris Motors</a> was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for <a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">Mini</a> cars, owned by <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of <a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire" title="Cowley, Oxfordshire">Cowley</a>. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of <a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a> in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover</a> brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, a department of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">University of Oxford</a>, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several smaller publishing houses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Instruments" title="Oxford Instruments">Oxford Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Machines">Research Machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>. The university established <a href="/wiki/Isis_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Isis Innovation">Isis Innovation</a> in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Science_Park" title="Oxford Science Park">Oxford Science Park</a> was established in 1990, and the <a href="/wiki/Begbroke_Science_Park" title="Begbroke Science Park">Begbroke Science Park</a>, owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several startups including Passle,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brainomix,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labstep,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more, are based in Oxford. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divinity_School_Interior_2,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Divinity_School_Interior_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6900" data-file-height="6277" /></a><figcaption>The Divinity School at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg/220px-Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg/330px-Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg/440px-Wellington_Square_Oxford_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Square,_Oxford" title="Wellington Square, Oxford">Wellington Square</a>, the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration</figcaption></figure> <p>The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> students and graduates, and, especially for <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_Foreign_or_Second_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English as a Foreign or Second Language">EFL education</a>, use their Oxford location as a selling point.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Radcliffe_Sq,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Radcliffe_Sq%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Radcliffe_Sq%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Radcliffe_Sq%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Radcliffe_Sq%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Radcliffe_Sq%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Radcliffe_Sq%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="5199" /></a><figcaption>The University Church of St Mary the Virgin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carfaxtower_fromcornmarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Carfaxtower_fromcornmarket.jpg/220px-Carfaxtower_fromcornmarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Carfaxtower_fromcornmarket.jpg/330px-Carfaxtower_fromcornmarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Carfaxtower_fromcornmarket.jpg/440px-Carfaxtower_fromcornmarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Carfax Tower at Carfax, the junction of the High Street, Queen Street, <a href="/wiki/Cornmarket_Street" title="Cornmarket Street">Cornmarket</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Aldate%27s,_Oxford" title="St Aldate's, Oxford">St Aldate's</a> streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the city</figcaption></figure> <p>Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to <a href="/wiki/Carfax_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Carfax Tower">Carfax Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" title="University Church of St Mary the Virgin">University Church</a> of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic <a href="/wiki/Covered_Market,_Oxford" title="Covered Market, Oxford">Covered Market</a>. In the summer, <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">punting</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>/<a href="/wiki/River_Isis" class="mw-redirect" title="River Isis">Isis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell">Cherwell</a> is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Retail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street_in_Oxford_by_Night_2009_LL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/High_Street_in_Oxford_by_Night_2009_LL.jpg/220px-High_Street_in_Oxford_by_Night_2009_LL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/High_Street_in_Oxford_by_Night_2009_LL.jpg/330px-High_Street_in_Oxford_by_Night_2009_LL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/High_Street_in_Oxford_by_Night_2009_LL.jpg/440px-High_Street_in_Oxford_by_Night_2009_LL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4182" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Night view of High Street with Christmas lights – one of Oxford's main streets</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two small <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a> in the city centre: the <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Centre">Clarendon Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Westgate_Oxford" title="Westgate Oxford">Westgate Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is at the west end of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Oxford" title="Queen Street, Oxford">Queen Street</a>. A major redevelopment and expansion to 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m<sup>2</sup>), with a new 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Partnership" title="John Lewis Partnership">John Lewis</a> department store and a number of new homes, was completed in October 2017. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell UK">Blackwell's Bookshop</a> is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brewing">Brewing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Brewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a long history of <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a> in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at <a href="/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford" title="Brasenose College, Oxford">Brasenose</a>, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and <a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">malting</a> appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in <a href="/wiki/Brewer_Street,_Oxford" title="Brewer Street, Oxford">Brewer Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Street,_Oxford" title="Paradise Street, Oxford">Paradise Street</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Mill_Stream" title="Castle Mill Stream">Castle Mill Stream</a>. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolley78_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolley78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolley78_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolley78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolley78_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolley78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in <a href="/wiki/Cowley_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowley Road">Cowley Road</a>, Hall's <a href="/wiki/St_Giles,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="St Giles, Oxford">St Giles</a> Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Oxford" title="Queen Street, Oxford">Queen Street</a>, Le Mills's Brewery in <a href="/wiki/St._Ebbes" title="St. Ebbes">St. Ebbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrells_Brewing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrells Brewing Company">Morrell's</a> Lion Brewery in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St Thomas</a> Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in <a href="/wiki/Park_End_Street" title="Park End Street">Park End Street</a> and Wootten and Cole's <a href="/wiki/St_Clement%27s,_Oxford" title="St Clement's, Oxford">St. Clement's</a> Brewery.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolley78_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolley78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Street,_Oxford" title="Paradise Street, Oxford">Paradise Street</a>, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a> became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Allsopp_%26_Sons" title="Samuel Allsopp & Sons">Samuel Allsopp & Sons</a> in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morrell%27s_Brewing_Company" title="Morrell's Brewing Company">Morrell's</a> was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an acrimonious family dispute the brewery was closed in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beer brand names were taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 132 <a href="/wiki/Tied_house" title="Tied house">tied</a> <a href="/wiki/Pubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs">pubs</a> were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain <a href="/wiki/Fuddruckers" title="Fuddruckers">Fuddruckers</a>, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new owners sold most of the pubs on to <a href="/wiki/Greene_King" title="Greene King">Greene King</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford's first legal <a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">distillery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Artisan_Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Artisan Distillery">Oxford Artisan Distillery</a>, was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of <a href="/wiki/South_Park,_Oxford" title="South Park, Oxford">South Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bellfounding">Bellfounding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bellfounding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Loughborough" title="Loughborough">Loughborough</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">bell-foundry</a> in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-DoveFounders_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoveFounders-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The spires of Oxford facing Christ Church to the south (Christ Church Cathedral on the left and Tom Tower on the right)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg/800px-Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg/1200px-Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg/1600px-Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6787" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Skyline_Panorama_from_St_Mary%27s_Church_-_Oct_2006.jpg" title="File:Oxford Skyline Panorama from St Mary's Church - Oct 2006.jpg"> </a></div>The spires of Oxford facing Christ Church to the south (<a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral</a> on the left and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tower" title="Tom Tower">Tom Tower</a> on the right)</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Oxford" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Oxford">Category: Buildings and structures in Oxford</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg/220px-Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg/330px-Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg/440px-Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Botanic_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Botanic Garden">Oxford Botanic Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This is a small selection of the many notable buildings in Oxford. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Headington_Shark" class="mw-redirect" title="The Headington Shark">The Headington Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Botanic_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Botanic Garden">Oxford Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre">Sheldonian Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Church, Oxford">St. Mary the Virgin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera">Radcliffe Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Observatory" title="Radcliffe Observatory">Radcliffe Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Oratory" title="Oxford Oratory">Oxford Oratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malmaison_(hotel_chain)" title="Malmaison (hotel chain)">Malmaison</a> Hotel, in a converted prison in part of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Castle" title="Oxford Castle">Oxford Castle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_nature_walks">Parks and nature walks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parks and nature walks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_and_open_spaces_in_Oxford" title="Category:Parks and open spaces in Oxford">Category: Parks and open spaces in Oxford</a></div> <p>Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Ring_Road" title="Oxford Ring Road">ring road</a>, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> exist within or just outside the ring road, including: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Parks" title="University Parks">University Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia,_Oxford" title="Mesopotamia, Oxford">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Edge_Nature_Reserve" title="Rock Edge Nature Reserve">Rock Edge Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye_Valley" title="Lye Valley">Lye Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park,_Oxford" title="South Park, Oxford">South Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> Nature Reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotover" title="Shotover">Shotover Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Meadow">Port Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutteslowe_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutteslowe Park">Cutteslowe Park</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oxford_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Oxford_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oxford_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Oxford_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oxford_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Oxford_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Oxford in 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Oxford_in_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Oxford_in_2021.svg/220px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Oxford_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Oxford_in_2021.svg/330px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Oxford_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Oxford_in_2021.svg/440px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Oxford_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2629" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>UK and foreign born population pyramid of Oxford in 2021</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="2">1981 estimates<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<sup id="cite_ref-Casweb-1991_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casweb-1991-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalarchives-2021_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalarchives-2021-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalarchives-2022_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalarchives-2022-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>83,762 </th> <th>93% </th> <th>99,935 </th> <th>90.8% </th> <th>116,948 </th> <th>87.1% </th> <th>117,957 </th> <th>77.7% </th> <th>120,509 </th> <th>70.7% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>103,041 </td> <td>76.8% </td> <td>96,633 </td> <td>63.6% </td> <td>86,672 </td> <td>53.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,898 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,431 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,351 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>92 </td> <td> </td> <td>62 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>501 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>11,009 </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>18,801 </td> <td>12.4% </td> <td>24,975 </td> <td>15.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>5,808 </th> <th>5.3% </th> <th>8,931 </th> <th>6.7% </th> <th>18,827 </th> <th>12.4% </th> <th>24,991 </th> <th>15.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,560 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>2,323 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>4,449 </td> <td>2.9% </td> <td>6,005 </td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2042 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>2,625 </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>4,825 </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>6,619 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>510 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>878 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,791 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>2,025 </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>859 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>2,460 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>3,559 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>4,479 </td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>837 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>645 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>4,203 </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>5,863 </td> <td>3.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>3,055 </th> <th>2.8% </th> <th>3,368 </th> <th>2.5% </th> <th>7,028 </th> <th>4.6% </th> <th>7,535 </th> <th>4.7% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1745 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,664 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,874 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,629 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>593 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,408 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,456 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,060 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>717 </td> <td> </td> <td>296 </td> <td> </td> <td>698 </td> <td> </td> <td>846 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>3,239 </th> <th>2.4% </th> <th>6,035 </th> <th>4% </th> <th>9,005 </th> <th>5.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,030 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,721 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,916 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>380 </td> <td> </td> <td>703 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,072 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>974 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,008 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,197 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>855 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,603 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,820 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,305 </th> <th>1.2% </th> <th>1,762 </th> <th>1.3% </th> <th>2,059 </th> <th>1.4% </th> <th>5,948 </th> <th>3.7% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>922 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>1,449 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,305 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>1,762 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>1,137 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>4,499 </td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ethnic minority: Total </th> <th>6,265 </th> <th>7% </th> <th>10,168 </th> <th>9.2% </th> <th>17,300 </th> <th>12.9% </th> <th>33,949 </th> <th>22.3% </th> <th>47,479 </th> <th>29.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>90,027 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>110,103 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>134,248 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>151,906 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>162,040 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td>32,075</td> <td>23.9</td> <td>50,274</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>63,201</td> <td>39.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td>81,100</td> <td>60.4</td> <td>72,924</td> <td>48.0</td> <td>61,750</td> <td>38.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Religion not stated</td> <td>11,725</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>12,611</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>16,110</td> <td>9.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a></td> <td>5,165</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>10,320</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>14,093</td> <td>8.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a></td> <td>1,041</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2,044</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2,523</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other religion</td> <td>656</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>796</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1,447</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhism</a></td> <td>1,080</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1,431</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>1,195</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a></td> <td>1,091</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1,072</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1,120</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a></td> <td>315</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>434</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>599</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold;"> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>134,248</td> <td>100.0%</td> <td>151,906</td> <td>100.0%</td> <td>162,040</td> <td>100.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the larger <a href="/wiki/Airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Airports">airports</a> in the region, Oxford is served by nearby <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Airport" title="Oxford Airport">Oxford Airport</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a>. The airport is also home to <a href="/wiki/CAE_Oxford" title="CAE Oxford">CAE Oxford Aviation Academy</a> and Airways Aviation<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> airline pilot flight training centres, and several private jet companies. The airport is also home to <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters" title="Airbus Helicopters">Airbus Helicopters</a> UK headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail–airport_links"><span id="Rail.E2.80.93airport_links"></span>Rail–airport links</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rail–airport links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct trains run from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_railway_station" title="Oxford railway station">Oxford station</a> to <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> where there is an interchange with the <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Express" title="Heathrow Express">Heathrow Express</a> train links serving <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>. Passengers can change at <a href="/wiki/Reading_railway_station" title="Reading railway station">Reading</a> for connecting trains to <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport_railway_station" title="Gatwick Airport railway station">Gatwick Airport</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> trains run direct services to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_railway_station" title="Birmingham International railway station">Birmingham International</a>, as well as to <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Airport_Parkway_railway_station" title="Southampton Airport Parkway railway station">Southampton Airport Parkway</a> further afield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_StreetDeck_SK66_HTY_Oxford_StGiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wright_StreetDeck_SK66_HTY_Oxford_StGiles.jpg/220px-Wright_StreetDeck_SK66_HTY_Oxford_StGiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wright_StreetDeck_SK66_HTY_Oxford_StGiles.jpg/330px-Wright_StreetDeck_SK66_HTY_Oxford_StGiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wright_StreetDeck_SK66_HTY_Oxford_StGiles.jpg/440px-Wright_StreetDeck_SK66_HTY_Oxford_StGiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bus_Company" title="Oxford Bus Company">Oxford Bus Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_bus" title="Hybrid electric bus">hybrid bus</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Park_%26_ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Park & ride">park & ride</a> service</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Bus_Company_604_on_Route_U1,_Oxford_Station_(14966079163).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oxford_Bus_Company_604_on_Route_U1%2C_Oxford_Station_%2814966079163%29.jpg/220px-Oxford_Bus_Company_604_on_Route_U1%2C_Oxford_Station_%2814966079163%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oxford_Bus_Company_604_on_Route_U1%2C_Oxford_Station_%2814966079163%29.jpg/330px-Oxford_Bus_Company_604_on_Route_U1%2C_Oxford_Station_%2814966079163%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oxford_Bus_Company_604_on_Route_U1%2C_Oxford_Station_%2814966079163%29.jpg/440px-Oxford_Bus_Company_604_on_Route_U1%2C_Oxford_Station_%2814966079163%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bus_Company" title="Oxford Bus Company">Oxford Bus Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage" title="Flywheel energy storage">flywheel energy storage</a> bus on a BrookesBus service</figcaption></figure> <p>Bus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bus_Company" title="Oxford Bus Company">Oxford Bus Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_West" title="Stagecoach West">Stagecoach West</a> as well as other operators including <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Shires_%26_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Arriva Shires & Essex">Arriva Shires & Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thames_Travel" title="Thames Travel">Thames Travel</a>. Oxford has one of the largest urban <a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">park and ride</a> networks in the United Kingdom. Its five sites, at Pear Tree, <a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Oxford" title="Redbridge, Oxford">Redbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seacourt" title="Seacourt">Seacourt</a>, Thornhill, <a href="/wiki/Water_Eaton,_Oxfordshire" title="Water Eaton, Oxfordshire">Water Eaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Parkway">Oxford Parkway</a> have a combined capacity of 4,930 car parking spaces,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1,695 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_bus" title="Hybrid electric bus">Hybrid buses</a> began to be used in Oxford in 2010, and their usage has been expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with <a href="/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage" title="Flywheel energy storage">flywheel energy storage</a> on the services it operates under contract for <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most buses in the city now use a <a href="/wiki/Smartcard" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartcard">smartcard</a> to pay for journeys<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have free <a href="/wiki/WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a> installed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coach">Coach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Coach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oxford to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Tube">Oxford Tube</a> is operated by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_West" title="Stagecoach West">Stagecoach West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bus_Company" title="Oxford Bus Company">Oxford Bus Company</a> runs the Airline services to <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a> airports. There is a bus station at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Green" title="Gloucester Green">Gloucester Green</a>, used mainly by the London and airport buses, <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> coaches and other long-distance buses including route <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_X5" title="Stagecoach X5">X5</a> to <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Coachway" title="Milton Keynes Coachway">Milton Keynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Gold" title="Stagecoach Gold">Stagecoach Gold</a> route S6. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among cities in England and Wales, Oxford has the second highest percentage of people <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> to work.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Railway_Station_at_dusk_Nov_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Oxford_Railway_Station_at_dusk_Nov_2011.jpg/220px-Oxford_Railway_Station_at_dusk_Nov_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Oxford_Railway_Station_at_dusk_Nov_2011.jpg/330px-Oxford_Railway_Station_at_dusk_Nov_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Oxford_Railway_Station_at_dusk_Nov_2011.jpg/440px-Oxford_Railway_Station_at_dusk_Nov_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxford_railway_station" title="Oxford railway station">Oxford railway station</a>, in the city centre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Parkway_3rd_November2015_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oxford_Parkway_3rd_November2015_14.JPG/220px-Oxford_Parkway_3rd_November2015_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oxford_Parkway_3rd_November2015_14.JPG/330px-Oxford_Parkway_3rd_November2015_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oxford_Parkway_3rd_November2015_14.JPG/440px-Oxford_Parkway_3rd_November2015_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parkway_railway_station" title="Oxford Parkway railway station">Oxford Parkway Station</a>, on the outskirts near <a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_railway_station" title="Oxford railway station">Oxford railway station</a> is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by <a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> services to <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_railway_station" title="Bournemouth railway station">Bournemouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> (who manage the station) services to <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banbury_railway_station" title="Banbury railway station">Banbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hereford_railway_station" title="Hereford railway station">Hereford</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a> services to <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Marylebone railway station">London Marylebone</a>. Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927180–181_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927180–181-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927300_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927300-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was replaced by the present station on <a href="/wiki/Park_End_Street" title="Park End Street">Park End Street</a> in 1852 with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham</a> route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927327_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927327-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another terminus, at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Rewley_Road_railway_station" title="Oxford Rewley Road railway station">Rewley Road</a>, was opened in 1851 to serve the <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station" title="Bletchley railway station">Bletchley</a> route;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005Historical_Background_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005Historical_Background-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this station closed in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005fig._8_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005fig._8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed. A fourth station, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parkway_railway_station" title="Oxford Parkway railway station">Oxford Parkway</a>, is just outside the city, at the <a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">park and ride</a> site near <a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a>. The present railway station opened in 1852. </p><p>Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to <a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a>, a remnant of the former <a href="/wiki/Varsity_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Varsity line">Varsity line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93Bicester_line" title="Oxford–Bicester line">Oxford–Bicester line</a> was upgraded to 100 mph (161 km/h) running during an 18-month closure in 2014/2015 – and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned <a href="/wiki/East_West_Rail" title="East West Rail">East West Rail</a> line to Milton Keynes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East West Rail is proposed to continue through <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station" title="Bletchley railway station">Bletchley</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station" title="Milton Keynes Central railway station">Milton Keynes Central</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Bedford_railway_station" title="Bedford railway station">Bedford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambridge,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_railway_station" title="Ipswich railway station">Ipswich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus providing alternative route to <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> without needing to travel via, and connect between, the <a href="/wiki/London_station_group" title="London station group">London</a> mainline terminals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a> operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Village_railway_station" title="Bicester Village railway station">Bicester Village</a>, having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line" title="Chiltern Main Line">Chiltern Main Line</a> southwards in 2014. The route serves <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe_railway_station" title="High Wycombe railway station">High Wycombe</a> and London Marylebone, avoiding London Paddington and <a href="/wiki/Didcot_Parkway_railway_station" title="Didcot Parkway railway station">Didcot Parkway</a>. </p><p>In 1844, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> linked <a href="/wiki/Oxford_railway_station" title="Oxford railway station">Oxford</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> via <a href="/wiki/Didcot_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Didcot railway station">Didcot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reading_railway_station" title="Reading railway station">Reading</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson199759_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson199759-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson20019_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson20019-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1851, the <a href="/wiki/London_%26_North_Western_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London & North Western Railway">London & North Western Railway</a> opened its own route from Oxford to <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London Euston</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Bicester_Village_railway_station" title="Bicester Village railway station">Bicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station" title="Bletchley railway station">Bletchley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1997101_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1997101-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via <a href="/wiki/Thame_railway_station" title="Thame railway station">Thame</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe_railway_station" title="High Wycombe railway station">High Wycombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_railway_station" title="Maidenhead railway station">Maidenhead</a>, was provided;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200157_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200157-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of <a href="/wiki/Denham_railway_station" title="Denham railway station">Denham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1931432_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1931432-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles (125.5 km) via Bletchley; 63.5 miles (102.2 km) via Didcot and Reading; 63.25 miles (101.8 km) via Thame and Maidenhead;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke196070_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke196070-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 55.75 miles (89.7 km) via Denham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1931432_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1931432-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only the original (<a href="/wiki/Didcot_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Didcot railway station">Didcot</a>) route is still in use for its full length, portions of the others remain. There were also routes to the north and west. The line to <a href="/wiki/Banbury_railway_station" title="Banbury railway station">Banbury</a> was opened in 1850,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927300_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927300-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was extended to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station" title="Birmingham Snow Hill railway station">Birmingham Snow Hill</a> in 1852;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927327_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927327-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a route to <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Shrub_Hill_railway_station" title="Worcester Shrub Hill railway station">Worcester</a> opened in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927498_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927498-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A branch to <a href="/wiki/Witney_railway_station_(goods)" title="Witney railway station (goods)">Witney</a> was opened in 1862,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927551_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927551-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was extended to <a href="/wiki/Fairford_railway_station" title="Fairford railway station">Fairford</a> in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot193127_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot193127-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_and_canal">River and canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: River and canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxford was historically an important <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, with this section of the river being called the <a href="/wiki/River_Isis" class="mw-redirect" title="River Isis">Isis</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Oxford-Burcot_Commission" title="Oxford-Burcot Commission">Oxford-Burcot Commission</a> in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iffley_Lock" title="Iffley Lock">Iffley Lock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osney_Lock" title="Osney Lock">Osney Lock</a> lie within the bounds of the city. In the 18th century the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Canal" title="Oxford Canal">Oxford Canal</a> was built to connect Oxford with the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of <a href="/wiki/Salters_Steamers" title="Salters Steamers">Salters Steamers</a> (founded in 1858), which was a leading racing-boatbuilder that played an important role in popularising pleasure <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a> on the Upper Thames. The firm runs a regular service from <a href="/wiki/Folly_Bridge" title="Folly Bridge">Folly Bridge</a> downstream to <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abingdon, Oxfordshire">Abingdon</a> and beyond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M40_in_Warwickshire_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/M40_in_Warwickshire_Crop.jpg/220px-M40_in_Warwickshire_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/M40_in_Warwickshire_Crop.jpg/330px-M40_in_Warwickshire_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/M40_in_Warwickshire_Crop.jpg/440px-M40_in_Warwickshire_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a> extension</figcaption></figure> <p>Oxford's central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crossroads" class="extiw" title="wikt:crossroads">crossroads</a> city with many <a href="/wiki/Coaching_inn" title="Coaching inn">coaching inns</a>, although road traffic is now strongly discouraged, and largely prevented, from using the city centre. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Ring_Road" title="Oxford Ring Road">Oxford Ring Road</a> or A4142 (southern part) surrounds the city centre and close suburbs <a href="/wiki/Marston,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Marston, Oxfordshire">Marston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iffley" title="Iffley">Iffley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowley, Oxford">Cowley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">Headington</a>; it consists of the <a href="/wiki/A34_road_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="A34 road (England)">A34</a> to the west, a 330-yard section of the <a href="/wiki/A44_road" title="A44 road">A44</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a> north and north-east, A4142/<a href="/wiki/A423_road" title="A423 road">A423</a> to the east. It is a <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a>, except for a 330-yard section of the A40 where two residential <a href="/wiki/Service_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Service road">service roads</a> adjoin, and was completed in 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_roads">A roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: A roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main roads to/from Oxford are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A34_road_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="A34 road (England)">A34</a> – a trunk route connecting the <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> to the port of <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>. It leaves J9 of the <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a> north of Oxford, passes west of Oxford to <a href="/wiki/Newbury,_Berkshire" title="Newbury, Berkshire">Newbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> to the south and joins the <a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M3 motorway (Great Britain)">M3</a> 12.7 miles (20.4 km) north of Southampton. Since the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Newbury_bypass" title="Newbury bypass">Newbury bypass</a> in 1998, this section of the A34 has been an entirely <a href="/wiki/Grade_separated" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade separated">grade separated</a> <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a>. Historically the A34 led to <a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, but since the completion of the M40 it disappears at J9 and re-emerges 50 miles (80 km) north at <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A40_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A40 road (Great Britain)">A40</a> – leading east dualled to J8 of the <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40 motorway</a>, then an alternative route to <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; leading west part-dualled to <a href="/wiki/Witney" title="Witney">Witney</a> then bisecting <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a>, passing <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llandovery" title="Llandovery">Llandovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haverfordwest" title="Haverfordwest">Haverfordwest</a> to reach <a href="/wiki/Fishguard" title="Fishguard">Fishguard</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A44_road" title="A44 road">A44</a> – which begins in Oxford, leading past <a href="/wiki/Evesham" title="Evesham">Evesham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A420_road" title="A420 road">A420</a> – which also begins in Oxford and leads to <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, passing <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chippenham" title="Chippenham">Chippenham</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zero-emission_zone">Zero-emission zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Zero-emission zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zero-emission_zone_in_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-emission zone in Oxford">zero-emission zone in Oxford</a></div> <p>On 28 February 2022 a <a href="/wiki/Zero-emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-emission">zero-emission</a> pilot area became operational in Oxford city centre. Zero-emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles (including hybrids) incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A consultation on the introduction of a wider zero-emission zone is expected in the future, at a date to be confirmed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus_gates">Bus gates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bus gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. On 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by October 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional bus gates have been controversial; Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3,700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way, and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2022, Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group (OBAG), Oxford High Street Association (OHSA), ROX (Backing Oxford Business), Reconnecting Oxford, Jericho Traders, and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motorway">Motorway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Motorway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40 motorway</a>, which connects <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to <a href="/wiki/Waterstock" title="Waterstock">Waterstock</a>, where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur. The M40 comes no closer than 6 miles (10 km) away from the city centre, curving to pass to the east of <a href="/wiki/Otmoor" title="Otmoor">Otmoor</a>. The M40 meets the <a href="/wiki/A34_road" title="A34 road">A34</a> to the north of Oxford. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_2">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of schools in Oxfordshire">List of schools in Oxfordshire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_colleges">Universities and colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Universities and colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:902px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scrollable image. Aerial panorama of the university."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg/894px-1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="894" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg/1341px-1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg/1788px-1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15050" data-file-height="5051" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg" title="File:1 oxford aerial panorama 2016.jpg"> </a></div><i>Scrollable image</i>. Aerial panorama of the university.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheldonian_Theatre_2009_LL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheldonian_Theatre_2009_LL.jpg/220px-Sheldonian_Theatre_2009_LL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheldonian_Theatre_2009_LL.jpg/330px-Sheldonian_Theatre_2009_LL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheldonian_Theatre_2009_LL.jpg/440px-Sheldonian_Theatre_2009_LL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre">Sheldonian Theatre</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two universities in Oxford, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a>, as well as the specialist further and higher education institution <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_College" title="Ruskin College">Ruskin College</a> that is part of the University of West London in Oxford. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Azad_University" title="Islamic Azad University">Islamic Azad University</a> also has a campus near Oxford. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking">English-speaking</a> world,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging nine applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 17% of undergraduates from overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford is renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Tutorial" title="Tutorial">tutorial</a>-based method of teaching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Bodleian_Library">The Bodleian Library</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: The Bodleian Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Libraries of the University of Oxford">Category: Libraries of the University of Oxford</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-uls_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uls-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the United Kingdom, after the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">legal deposit</a> library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> national <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Oxford" title="BBC Radio Oxford">BBC Radio Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_South" title="Heart South">Heart South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny_105" class="mw-redirect" title="Destiny 105">Destiny 105</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio" title="Greatest Hits Radio">Greatest Hits Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_Oxfordshire" title="Hits Radio Oxfordshire">Hits Radio Oxfordshire</a>, along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local <a href="/wiki/TV_station" class="mw-redirect" title="TV station">TV station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Six_TV" title="Six TV">Six TV</a>: The Oxford Channel, was also available<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but closed in April 2009; a service operated by <a href="/wiki/That%27s_TV" title="That's TV">That's TV</a>, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is home to a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">newsroom</a> which produces an opt-out from the main <i><a href="/wiki/South_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="South Today">South Today</a></i> programme broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>. </p><p>Local papers include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Times" title="The Oxford Times">The Oxford Times</a></i> (compact; weekly), its sister papers the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Mail" title="Oxford Mail">Oxford Mail</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a>; daily) and the <i>Oxford Star</i> (tabloid; free and delivered), and <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Journal" title="Oxford Journal">Oxford Journal</a></i> (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising agencies">advertising agencies</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Information" title="Daily Information">Daily Information</a></i> (known locally as "Daily Info") is an event information and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website. <i><a href="/wiki/Nightshift_(Oxford_Music_Magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightshift (Oxford Music Magazine)">Nightshift</a></i> is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Museums of the University of Oxford">Category:Museums of the University of Oxford</a></div> <p>Oxford is home to many <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Oxford" title="List of museums in Oxford">museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">galleries</a>, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a>. The majority are departments of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. The first of these to be established was the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/University_museum" title="University museum">university museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oldest museum in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a> given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>, as well as treasures such as the <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_Macehead" title="Scorpion Macehead">Scorpion Macehead</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parian_Chronicle" title="Parian Chronicle">Parian Marble</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jewel" title="Alfred Jewel">Alfred Jewel</a>. It also contains "<a href="/wiki/Messiah_Stradivarius" title="Messiah Stradivarius">The Messiah</a>", a pristine <a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a> violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">University Museum of Natural History</a> holds the university's <a href="/wiki/Zoological" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological">zoological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entomological" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomological">entomological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> specimens. It is housed in a large <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> building on <a href="/wiki/Parks_Road" title="Parks Road">Parks Road</a>, in the university's <a href="/wiki/Science_Area,_Oxford" title="Science Area, Oxford">Science Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its collection are the skeletons of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Triceratops" title="Triceratops">Triceratops</a></i>, and the most complete remains of a <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Simonyi</a> Professorship of the <a href="/wiki/Simonyi_Professorship_for_the_Public_Understanding_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science">Public Understanding of Science</a>, currently held by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy" title="Marcus du Sautoy">Marcus du Sautoy</a>. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum">Pitt Rivers Museum</a>, founded in 1884, which displays the university's <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a> stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Science,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of Science, Oxford">Museum of the History of Science</a> is housed on <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford" title="Broad Street, Oxford">Broad Street</a> in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a>. In the university's <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Music">Faculty of Music</a> on <a href="/wiki/St_Aldate%27s,_Oxford" title="St Aldate's, Oxford">St Aldate's</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Bate_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bate Collection">Bate Collection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Instruments">Musical Instruments</a>, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Picture_Gallery" title="Christ Church Picture Gallery">Christ Church Picture Gallery</a> holds a collection of over 200 <a href="/wiki/Old_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Old master">old master</a> paintings. The university also has an archive at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press Museum">Oxford University Press Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other museums and galleries in Oxford include <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Oxford" title="Modern Art Oxford">Modern Art Oxford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Oxford" title="Museum of Oxford">Museum of Oxford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Castle" title="Oxford Castle">Oxford Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_Oxford" title="Science Oxford">Science Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Story_Museum" title="The Story Museum">The Story Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Art <a href="/wiki/Art_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Art museums">galleries</a> in Oxford include the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Picture_Gallery" title="Christ Church Picture Gallery">Christ Church Picture Gallery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Oxford" title="Modern Art Oxford">Modern Art Oxford</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Turner (artist)">William Turner</a> (aka "Turner of Oxford", 1789–1862), was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Society" title="Oxford Art Society">Oxford Art Society</a> was established in 1891. The later <a href="/wiki/Watercolourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolourist">watercolourist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drafter" title="Drafter">draughtsman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Messer" title="Ken Messer">Ken Messer</a> (1931–2018) has been dubbed "The Oxford Artist" by some, with his <a href="/wiki/Architectural_painting" title="Architectural painting">architectural paintings</a> around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford-mail_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-mail-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <i>The Oxford Art Book</i> featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Artweeks" title="Oxfordshire Artweeks">Oxfordshire Artweeks</a> is well-represented by artists in Oxford itself.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Holywell_Music_Room" title="Holywell Music Room">Holywell Music Room</a> is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first <a href="/wiki/Concert_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert hall">concert hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tyack_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyack-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradition has it that <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> performed there, though there is little evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> in 1791, an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the <a href="/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre">Sheldonian Theatre</a>, directed by the composer and from which his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._92_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 92 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 92</a> earned the nickname of the "Oxford" Symphony.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victorian composer <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Stainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Stainer">Sir John Stainer</a> was organist at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a> and later Professor of Music at the university, and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Holywell_Cemetery" title="Holywell Cemetery">Holywell Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. The most notable Oxford act is <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>, who all met at nearby <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_School" title="Abingdon School">Abingdon School</a>, though other well known local bands include <a href="/wiki/Supergrass" title="Supergrass">Supergrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ride_(band)" title="Ride (band)">Ride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr_Big_(British_band)" title="Mr Big (British band)">Mr Big</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swervedriver" title="Swervedriver">Swervedriver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lab_4" title="Lab 4">Lab 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talulah_Gosh" title="Talulah Gosh">Talulah Gosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Candyskins" title="The Candyskins">the Candyskins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medal_(band)" title="Medal (band)">Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Egg_(band)" title="The Egg (band)">the Egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unbelievable_Truth" title="Unbelievable Truth">Unbelievable Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_No._1" title="Hurricane No. 1">Hurricane No. 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crackout_(band)" title="Crackout (band)">Crackout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldrush_(band)" title="Goldrush (band)">Goldrush</a> and more recently, <a href="/wiki/Young_Knives" title="Young Knives">Young Knives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foals_(band)" title="Foals (band)">Foals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_Animals" title="Glass Animals">Glass Animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dive_Dive" title="Dive Dive">Dive Dive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stornoway_(band)" title="Stornoway (band)">Stornoway</a>. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Anyone_Can_Play_Guitar_(film)" title="Anyone Can Play Guitar (film)">Anyone Can Play Guitar</a>?</i>. In 1997, Oxford played host to <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">Radio 1's</a> Sound City, with acts such as <a href="/wiki/Travis_(band)" title="Travis (band)">Travis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Rhythm_Ace" title="Bentley Rhythm Ace">Bentley Rhythm Ace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embrace_(English_band)" title="Embrace (English band)">Embrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritualized" title="Spiritualized">Spiritualized</a> and <a href="/wiki/DJ_Shadow" title="DJ Shadow">DJ Shadow</a> playing in various venues around the city including <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also home to several <a href="/wiki/Brass_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass bands">brass bands</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Oxford_Silver_Band" title="City of Oxford Silver Band">City of Oxford Silver Band</a>, founded in 1887. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres_and_cinemas">Theatres and cinemas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Theatres and cinemas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Taylor_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton Taylor Theater">Burton Taylor Studio</a>, Gloucester Street</li> <li>Curzon Cinema, Westgate, <a href="/wiki/Bonn_Square" title="Bonn Square">Bonn Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Pilch_Studio" title="Michael Pilch Studio">Michael Pilch Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jowett_Walk" title="Jowett Walk">Jowett Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Theatre_Oxford" title="New Theatre Oxford">New Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Oxford" title="George Street, Oxford">George Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wall_Arts_Centre" title="North Wall Arts Centre">North Wall Arts Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Parade" title="South Parade">South Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon</a> Cinema, George Street</li> <li>Odeon Cinema, <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Street" title="Magdalen Street">Magdalen Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Fire_Station_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Fire Station Theatre">Old Fire Station Theatre</a>, George Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Reilly Theatre">O'Reilly Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackhall_Road,_Oxford" title="Blackhall Road, Oxford">Blackhall Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Playhouse" title="Oxford Playhouse">Oxford Playhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Street" title="Beaumont Street">Beaumont Street</a></li> <li>Pegasus Theatre,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magdalen Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Picturehouse" title="Phoenix Picturehouse">Phoenix Picturehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walton_Street,_Oxford" title="Walton Street, Oxford">Walton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Picture_Palace" title="Ultimate Picture Palace">Ultimate Picture Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowley_Road,_Oxford" title="Cowley Road, Oxford">Cowley Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vue Cinemas">Vue Cinema</a>, Grenoble Road</li></ul> <dl><dt>Theatre company</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Theatre_Company" title="Creation Theatre Company">Creation Theatre Company</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_film">Literature and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Literature and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:-50px; width:360px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Dreaming spires" of Oxford University viewed from South Park in the snow"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg/360px-South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg/540px-South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg/720px-South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <p>{{{annotations}}} </p> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg/360px-South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg/540px-South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg/720px-South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Park_Oxford_snow.jpg" title="File:South Park Oxford snow.jpg"> </a></div>"Dreaming spires" of Oxford University viewed from <a href="/wiki/South_Park,_Oxford" title="South Park, Oxford">South Park</a> in the snow</div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in Oxford">Literature in Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Oxford" title="List of films shot in Oxford">List of films shot in Oxford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_Oxford_colleges" title="List of fictional Oxford colleges">List of fictional Oxford colleges</a></div> <p>Well-known Oxford-based authors include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> (1925–2017), science fiction novelist, lived in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordmail.co.uk_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordmail.co.uk-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a> (1893–1970), undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan,_1st_Baron_Tweedsmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir">John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir</a> (1875–1940), attended <a href="/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford" title="Brasenose College, Oxford">Brasenose College</a>, best known for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-nine_Steps" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thirty-nine Steps">The Thirty-nine Steps</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.S._Byatt" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Byatt">A.S. Byatt</a> (born 1936), <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> winner, undergraduate at Somerville.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), (1832–1898), author of <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> was a student and Mathematical Lecturer of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Cooper" title="Susan Cooper">Susan Cooper</a> (born 1935), undergraduate at Somerville, best known for her <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Is_Rising_Sequence" title="The Dark Is Rising Sequence"><i>The Dark Is Rising</i></a> sequence.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a> (1606–1668), poet and playwright.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Dexter" title="Colin Dexter">Colin Dexter</a> (1930–2017), wrote and set his <a href="/wiki/Inspector_Morse" title="Inspector Morse">Inspector Morse</a> <a href="/wiki/Detective_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective novels">detective novels</a> in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordmail.co.uk_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordmail.co.uk-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Donaldson_(author)" title="John Donaldson (author)">John Donaldson</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1921</span>–1989), a poet resident in Oxford in later life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_Dowd" title="Siobhan Dowd">Siobhan Dowd</a> (1960–2007), Oxford resident, undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford" title="Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford">Lady Margaret Hall</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Glendinning" title="Victoria Glendinning">Victoria Glendinning</a> (born 1937), undergraduate at Somerville.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a> (1859–1932), educated at <a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_School,_Oxford" title="St Edward's School, Oxford">St Edward's School</a>, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._M._Stewart" title="J. I. M. Stewart">Michael Innes</a> (J. I. M. Stewart) (1906–1994), Scottish novelist and academic, Student of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._D._James" title="P. D. James">P. D. James</a> (1920–2014), born and died in Oxford; wrote about <i><a href="/wiki/Adam_Dalgliesh" title="Adam Dalgliesh">Adam Dalgliesh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> (1898–1963), student at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a> and Fellow of Magdalen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> (1888–1935), "Lawrence of Arabia", Oxford resident, undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus</a>, postgraduate at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a> (1919–1999), undergraduate at Somerville and fellow of <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Anne's College, Oxford">St Anne's</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carola_Oman" title="Carola Oman">Carola Oman</a> (1897–1978), novelist and biographer, born and brought up in the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Pears" title="Iain Pears">Iain Pears</a> (born 1955), undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham</a> and Oxford resident, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/An_Instance_of_the_Fingerpost" title="An Instance of the Fingerpost">An Instance of the Fingerpost</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a> (born 1946), undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter</a>, teacher and resident in the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a> (1893–1957), undergraduate at Somerville, wrote about <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey" title="Lord Peter Wimsey">Lord Peter Wimsey</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (1892–1973), undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wain" title="John Wain">John Wain</a> (1925–1994), undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's</a> and later Professor of Poetry at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> 1973–78.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> (1854–1900), 19th-century poet and author who attended Oxford from 1874 to 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athol_Williams" title="Athol Williams">Athol Williams</a> (born 1970), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> poet, postgraduate at <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford" title="Regent's Park College, Oxford">Regent's Park</a> from 2015 to 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(British_writer)" title="Charles Williams (British writer)">Charles Williams</a> (1886–1945), editor at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li></ul> <p>Oxford appears in the following works:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>the poems <a href="/wiki/The_Scholar_Gypsy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scholar Gypsy">The Scholar Gypsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyrsis_(poem)" title="Thyrsis (poem)">Thyrsis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thyrsis includes the lines: "And that sweet city with her dreaming spires, She needs not June for beauty's heightening,..."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel" title="The Scarlet Pimpernel">The Scarlet Pimpernel</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a>" (all the films to date)</li> <li><i>The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Owen" title="James A. Owen">James A. Owen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure" title="Jude the Obscure">Jude the Obscure</a></i> (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster")<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuleika_Dobson" title="Zuleika Dobson">Zuleika Dobson</a></i> (1911) by <a href="/wiki/Max_Beerbohm" title="Max Beerbohm">Max Beerbohm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudy_Night" title="Gaudy Night">Gaudy Night</a></i> (1935) by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited" title="Brideshead Revisited">Brideshead Revisited</a></i> (1945) by <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Upbringing" title="A Question of Upbringing">A Question of Upbringing</a></i> (1951 ) by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell" title="Anthony Powell">Anthony Powell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)">Alice in Wonderland</a></i> (1951 ) by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Generation_(1964_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Generation (1964 novel)">Second Generation</a></i> (1964) by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Sherlock_Holmes" title="Young Sherlock Holmes">Young Sherlock Holmes</a></i> (1985) by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Morse_(TV_series)" title="Inspector Morse (TV series)">Inspector Morse</a></i> (1987–2000)</li> <li><i>Where the Rivers Meet</i> (1988) trilogy set in Oxford by <a href="/wiki/John_Wain" title="John Wain">John Wain</a></li> <li><i>All Souls</i> (1989) by <a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Men" title="The Children of Men">The Children of Men</a></i> (1992) by <a href="/wiki/P._D._James" title="P. D. James">P. D. James</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Book_(novel)" title="Doomsday Book (novel)">Doomsday Book</a></i> (1992) by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Dark_Materials" title="His Dark Materials">His Dark Materials</a></i> trilogy (1995 onwards) by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies" title="Tomorrow Never Dies">Tomorrow Never Dies</a></i> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Saint_(1997_film)" title="The Saint (1997 film)">The Saint</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/102_Dalmatians" title="102 Dalmatians">102 Dalmatians</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Spring" title="Endymion Spring">Endymion Spring</a></i> (2006) by Matthew Skelton</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(TV_series)" title="Lewis (TV series)">Lewis</a></i> (2006–15)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Murders_(film)" title="The Oxford Murders (film)">The Oxford Murders</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Nice_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Nice (book)">Mr. Nice</a></i> (1996), autobiography of <a href="/wiki/Howard_Marks" title="Howard Marks">Howard Marks</a>, subsequently a 2010 film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Discovery_of_Witches" title="A Discovery of Witches">A Discovery of Witches</a></i> (2011) by <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Harkness" title="Deborah Harkness">Deborah Harkness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class" title="X-Men: First Class">X-Men: First Class</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_(TV_series)" title="Endeavour (TV series)">Endeavour</a></i> (2012 onwards)</li> <li><i>The Reluctant Cannibals</i> (2013) by Ian Flitcroft</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again" title="Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again">Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Scholar" title="The Late Scholar">The Late Scholar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jill_Paton_Walsh" title="Jill Paton Walsh">Jill Paton Walsh</a>, part of the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey" title="Lord Peter Wimsey">Lord Peter Wimsey</a> books of <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oxford" title="Special:EditPage/Oxford">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_stand,_Kassam_Stadium,_Oxford_United_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_stand%2C_Kassam_Stadium%2C_Oxford_United_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705831.jpg/220px-East_stand%2C_Kassam_Stadium%2C_Oxford_United_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_stand%2C_Kassam_Stadium%2C_Oxford_United_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705831.jpg/330px-East_stand%2C_Kassam_Stadium%2C_Oxford_United_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_stand%2C_Kassam_Stadium%2C_Oxford_United_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705831.jpg/440px-East_stand%2C_Kassam_Stadium%2C_Oxford_United_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1705831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kassam_Stadium" title="Kassam Stadium">Kassam Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Road,_Manor_Ground,_Oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/London_Road%2C_Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford.jpg/220px-London_Road%2C_Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/London_Road%2C_Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford.jpg/330px-London_Road%2C_Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/London_Road%2C_Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford.jpg/440px-London_Road%2C_Manor_Ground%2C_Oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manor_Ground,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Manor Ground, Oxford">Manor Ground</a>, off London Road in Headington</figcaption></figure> <p>The city's leading <a href="/wiki/Football_club_(association_football)" title="Football club (association football)">football club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C." title="Oxford United F.C.">Oxford United</a>, compete in the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a>, the second level of the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">English football league system</a>, following promotion in the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Oxford_United_F.C._season" title="2023–24 Oxford United F.C. season">2023–24 season</a>. They play at the <a href="/wiki/Kassam_Stadium" title="Kassam Stadium">Kassam Stadium</a> (named after former chairman <a href="/wiki/Firoz_Kassam" title="Firoz Kassam">Firoz Kassam</a>), which is near the <a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Leys" title="Blackbird Leys">Blackbird Leys</a> housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the <a href="/wiki/Manor_Ground,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Manor Ground, Oxford">Manor Ground</a> in 2001. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_F.C." title="Oxford City F.C.">Oxford City F.C.</a> is a semi-professional football club, separate from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford United">Oxford United</a>, they play in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_North" title="National League North">National League North</a>, the sixth tier, two levels below the <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">pyramid</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Nomads_F.C." title="Oxford City Nomads F.C.">Oxford City Nomads F.C.</a> was a semi-professional football club that ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Football_League" title="Hellenic Football League">Hellenic league</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowing">Rowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Rowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Boat_Club" title="Oxford University Boat Club">Oxford University Boat Club</a> compete in the world-famous <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">Boat Race</a>. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in <a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire" title="Wallingford, Oxfordshire">Wallingford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University_Boat_Club" title="Oxford Brookes University Boat Club">elite rowing club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are public clubs near <a href="/wiki/Donnington_Bridge" title="Donnington Bridge">Donnington Bridge</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Oxford_Rowing_Club" title="City of Oxford Rowing Club">City of Oxford Rowing Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falcon Boat Club<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club" title="Oxford University Cricket Club">Oxford University Cricket Club</a> is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including <a href="/wiki/Colin_Cowdrey" title="Colin Cowdrey">Colin Cowdrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jardine" title="Douglas Jardine">Douglas Jardine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Oxfordshire County Cricket Club">Oxfordshire County Cricket Club</a> play in the Minor Counties League. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Lane,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsh Lane, Oxford">Marsh Lane</a> (next to <a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_F.C." title="Oxford City F.C.">Oxford City F.C.</a>) is Oxford's only road <a href="/wiki/Running_club" title="Running club">running club</a> with an average annual membership exceeding 300. It was the club at which double <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mara_Yamauchi" title="Mara Yamauchi">Mara Yamauchi</a> started her running career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_league">Rugby league</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Rugby league"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Rugby_League" title="Oxford Rugby League">Oxford Rugby League</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>'s semi-professional <a href="/wiki/RFL_League_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RFL League 1">Championship 1</a>, the third tier of British rugby league. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers" title="Oxford Cavaliers">Oxford Cavaliers</a>, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the <a href="/wiki/Conference_League_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference League South">Conference League South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> (The Blues)<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a> (The Bulls)<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_union">Rugby union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Rugby union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Harlequins_RFC" title="Oxford Harlequins RFC">Oxford Harlequins RFC</a> is the city's main <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> team and currently plays in the South West Division. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_R.F.C" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford R.F.C">Oxford R.F.C</a> is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship. Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_RFC" title="Oxford University RFC">Oxford University RFC</a> are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including <a href="/wiki/Phil_de_Glanville" title="Phil de Glanville">Phil de Glanville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Roff" title="Joe Roff">Joe Roff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Howe" title="Tyrone Howe">Tyrone Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Oliver" title="Anton Oliver">Anton Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Halliday" title="Simon Halliday">Simon Halliday</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kirk" title="David Kirk">David Kirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Egerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Rob Egerton">Rob Egerton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/London_Welsh_RFC" title="London Welsh RFC">London Welsh RFC</a> moved to the <a href="/wiki/Kassam_Stadium" title="Kassam Stadium">Kassam Stadium</a> in 2012 to fulfil their <a href="/wiki/English_Premiership_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="English Premiership (rugby union)">Premiership</a> entry criteria regarding stadium capacity. At the end of the 2015 season, following <a href="/wiki/Relegation" class="mw-redirect" title="Relegation">relegation</a>, the club left Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hockey">Hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a>, Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and <a href="/wiki/Iffley_Road" title="Iffley Road">Iffley Road</a>. Oxford Hawks has two <a href="/wiki/Astroturf" class="mw-redirect" title="Astroturf">astroturf</a> pitches at <a href="/wiki/Banbury_Road,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Banbury Road, Oxford">Banbury Road</a> North, by <a href="/wiki/Cutteslowe_Park,_Oxford" title="Cutteslowe Park, Oxford">Cutteslowe Park</a> to the north of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Ice hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Stars" title="Oxford City Stars">Oxford City Stars</a> is the local <a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Hockey">Ice Hockey</a> Team which plays at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Ice_Rink" title="Oxford Ice Rink">Oxford Ice Rink</a>. There is a senior/adults' team<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a junior/children's team.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Ice_Hockey_Club" title="Oxford University Ice Hockey Club">Oxford University Ice Hockey Club</a> was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Moritz" class="mw-redirect" title="St Moritz">St Moritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club currently competes in Checking Division 1 of the <a href="/wiki/British_Universities_Ice_Hockey_Association" title="British Universities Ice Hockey Association">British Universities Ice Hockey Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speedway_and_greyhound_racing">Speedway and greyhound racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Speedway and greyhound racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speedway_racing,_Cowley_(1980).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Speedway_racing%2C_Cowley_%281980%29.JPG/220px-Speedway_racing%2C_Cowley_%281980%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Speedway_racing%2C_Cowley_%281980%29.JPG/330px-Speedway_racing%2C_Cowley_%281980%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Speedway_racing%2C_Cowley_%281980%29.JPG/440px-Speedway_racing%2C_Cowley_%281980%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>Speedway racing at Cowley in 1980</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Cheetahs" title="Oxford Cheetahs">Oxford Cheetahs</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">motorcycle speedway</a> team has raced at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Stadium" title="Oxford Stadium">Oxford Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire" title="Cowley, Oxfordshire">Cowley</a> on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the <a href="/wiki/Elite_League_(speedway)" title="Elite League (speedway)">Elite League</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Conference_League_(speedway)" title="Conference League (speedway)">Conference League</a> until 2007. They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989. Four-times world champion <a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_(speedway_rider)" title="Hans Nielsen (speedway rider)">Hans Nielsen</a> was the club's most successful rider. <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound racing</a> took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_Stakes" title="Pall Mall Stakes">Pall Mall Stakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cesarewitch" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cesarewitch">The Cesarewitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Cup" title="Trafalgar Cup">Trafalgar Cup</a>. The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_football">American football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: American football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Saints" title="Oxford Saints">Oxford Saints</a> is Oxford's senior <a href="/wiki/American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">American Football</a> team. One of the longest-running American football clubs in the UK, the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over 40 years against other British teams across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaelic_football">Gaelic football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Gaelic football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Éire Óg Oxford is Oxford's local <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Football">Gaelic Football</a> team. Originally founded as a <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> club by Irish immigrants in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire. Hurling is no longer played by the club; however, Éire Óg do contribute players to the Hertfordshire-wide amalgamated club, St Declans. Several well-known Irishmen have played for Éire Óg, including <a href="/wiki/Darragh_Ennis" title="Darragh Ennis">Darragh Ennis</a> of ITV's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chase_(British_game_show)" title="The Chase (British game show)">The Chase</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Molumphy" title="Stephen Molumphy">Stephen Molumphy</a>, former member of the <a href="/wiki/Waterford_county_hurling_team" title="Waterford county hurling team">Waterford county hurling team</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_2">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Christ_Church_cathedral.jpg/220px-Christ_Church_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Christ_Church_cathedral.jpg/330px-Christ_Church_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Christ_Church_cathedral.jpg/440px-Christ_Church_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Christ Church Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_1,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7863" data-file-height="5630" /></a><figcaption>Choir and organ of Christ Church Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Central_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Central Mosque (page does not exist)">Oxford Central Mosque, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Islamic_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies">Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" title="University Church of St Mary the Virgin">University Church of St Mary the Virgin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_England" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in England">List of twin towns and sister cities in England</a></div> <p>Oxford is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manizales" title="Manizales">Manizales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" title="Caldas Department">Caldas Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Department" title="León Department">León Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended in 2022 after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of Oxford. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a>: 22 July 1802.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Annesley,_11th_Viscount_Valentia" title="Arthur Annesley, 11th Viscount Valentia">Arthur Annesley, 11th Viscount Valentia</a>: 6 December 1900.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Tyrwhitt" title="Reginald Tyrwhitt">Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt</a>: 3 February 1919.</li> <li>Admiral of the Fleet <a href="/wiki/David_Beatty,_1st_Earl_Beatty" title="David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty">Lord Beatty</a>: 25 June 1919.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig</a>: 25 June 1919.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sadler_(educationist)" title="Michael Sadler (educationist)">Sir Michael Sadler</a>: 18 May 1931.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_R._Jones" title="Benjamin R. Jones">Benjamin R. Jones</a>: 4 September 1942.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris,_1st_Viscount_Nuffield" title="William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield">William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield</a>: 15 January 1951.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Sir Robert Menzies</a>: 6 June 1953.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alic_Halford_Smith" title="Alic Halford Smith">Alic Halford Smith</a>: 10 February 1955.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Smith,_1st_Baron_Bicester" title="Vivian Smith, 1st Baron Bicester">Vivian Smith, 1st Baron Bicester</a>: 1 March 1955.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>: 16 January 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Blackwell" title="Basil Blackwell">Sir Basil Blackwell</a>: 12 January 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Gibbs" title="Olive Gibbs">Olive Gibbs</a>: 17 June 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>: 23 June 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>: 15 December 1997 (Revoked by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Council" title="Oxford City Council">Oxford City Council</a> on 27 November 2017).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Dexter" title="Colin Dexter">Colin Dexter</a>: 26 February 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doll" title="Richard Doll">Sir Richard Doll</a>: 16 September 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bannister" title="Roger Bannister">Sir Roger Bannister</a>: 12 May 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Sir Philip Pullman</a>: 24 January 2007.</li> <li>Professor <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Brown_(museum_director)" title="Christopher Brown (museum director)">Christopher Brown</a>: 2 July 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Wenda" title="Benny Wenda">Benny Wenda</a>: 17 July 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_units">Military units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Military units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry" title="Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry">Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry</a>: 1 October 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Green_Jackets_(43rd_and_52nd)" title="1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)">1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)</a>: 7 November 1958.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Green_Jackets" title="Royal Green Jackets">Royal Green Jackets</a>: 1 January 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rifles" title="The Rifles">The Rifles</a>: 1 February 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford" title="Earl of Oxford">Earl of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_in_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions in Oxford">List of attractions in Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oxford_architects" title="List of Oxford architects">List of Oxford architects</a></li> <li><a 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Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Council_leadership-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Council_leadership_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxford.gov.uk/oxford-councillors">"Councillors"</a>. <i>Oxford City Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+City+Council&rft.atitle=Councillors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford.gov.uk%2Foxford-councillors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E07000178" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000178">"2021 Census Area Profile – Oxford Local Authority (E07000178)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Local+Authority+%28E07000178%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE07000178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton,_Clive2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Upton" title="Clive Upton">Upton, Clive</a>; et al., eds. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00upto/page/734"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English</i></a></span>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00upto/page/734">734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-863156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-863156-9"><bdi>978-0-19-863156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Pronunciation+for+Current+English&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=734&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-863156-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00upto%2Fpage%2F734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionary.com, "oxford" in Dictionary.com Unabridged. Source location: Random House, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oxford">http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oxford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623104138/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Oxford">Archived</a> 23 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dictionary.reference.com">http://dictionary.reference.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520140539/http://dictionary.reference.com/">Archived</a> 20 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed: 4 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSager2005">Sager 2005</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302031633/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief_history_of_the_university/">"A brief history of the University"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief_history_of_the_university/">the original</a> on 2 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+University&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fabout_the_university%2Fintroducing_oxford%2Fa_brief_history_of_the_university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2013" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, D. (2013). <i>The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31789-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31789-297-7"><bdi>978-1-31789-297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+King+Stephen%3A+1135%E2%80%931154&rft.place=London&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-31789-297-7&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2022" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Rebecca (2022). <i>Licoricia of Winchester: Power and Prejudice in Medieval England</i> (1st ed.). Winchester: The Licoricia of Winchester Appeal. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3999-1638-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3999-1638-7"><bdi>978-1-3999-1638-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Licoricia+of+Winchester%3A+Power+and+Prejudice+in+Medieval+England&rft.place=Winchester&rft.pages=57-58&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+Licoricia+of+Winchester+Appeal&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-3999-1638-7&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves-Mawdsley1973" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W. N. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/oxfordinageofjoh00harg"><i>Oxford in the Age of John Locke</i></a>. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1038-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-1038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+in+the+Age+of+John+Locke&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Norman%2C+University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1038-7&rft.aulast=Hargreaves-Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=W.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordinageofjoh00harg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurl1977" class="citation book cs1">Curl, James Stevens (1977). <i>The Erosion of Oxford</i>. Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902280-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-902280-40-6"><bdi>0-902280-40-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Erosion+of+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Illustrated+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-902280-40-6&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/daily-data.html">"Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623115453/https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/daily-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+from+the+Radcliffe+Observatory+site+in+Oxford&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Frms%2Fdaily-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/">"Radcliffe Meteorological Station"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601184328/http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radcliffe+Meteorological+Station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Frms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/monthly-annual.html">"Monthly, Annual and Seasonal Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626170040/https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/monthly-annual.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly%2C+Annual+and+Seasonal+Data+from+the+Radcliffe+Observatory+site+in+Oxford&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Frms%2Fmonthly-annual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met_Averages-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Met_Averages_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcpn7mp10">"Oxford (Oxfordshire) UK climate averages"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+%28Oxfordshire%29+UK+climate+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Fmaps-and-data%2Fuk-climate-averages%2Fgcpn7mp10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/daily-data.html">"Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623115453/https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/daily-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Data+from+the+Radcliffe+Observatory+site+in+Oxford&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Frms%2Fdaily-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123112907/http://www.boswells-online.co.uk/mall/infopageviewer.cfm/Boswells/AboutUs">"About Boswells"</a>. Boswells-online.co.uk. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+Oxford%27s+premier+shopping+centre+%E2%80%93+the+Westgate+Shopping+Centre&rft.pub=Oxfordcity.co.uk&rft.date=2009-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordcity.co.uk%2Fshops%2Fwestgate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/oxford/blackwells.htm">"Blackwell's Books, Oxford"</a>. britainexpress.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232350/http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/oxford/blackwells.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackwell%27s+Books%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=britainexpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2Fcities%2Foxford%2Fblackwells.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolley78-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woolley78_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woolley78_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woolley78_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woolley78_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Woolley, Liz (2010). "Industrial Architecture in Oxford, 1870 to 1914". <i>Oxoniensia</i>. <b>LXXV</b>. <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Architectural_and_Historical_Society" title="Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society">Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society</a>: 78. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-5562">0308-5562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxoniensia&rft.atitle=Industrial+Architecture+in+Oxford%2C+1870+to+1914&rft.volume=LXXV&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0308-5562&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Liz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Page_(historian)" title="William Page (historian)">Page, William</a>, ed. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12"><i>A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 2: Industries: Malting and Brewing</i></a>. Victoria County History. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Constable" title="Archibald Constable">Archibald Constable</a> & Co. pp. 225–277. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316074332/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Oxford%2C+Volume+2%3A+Industries%3A+Malting+and+Brewing&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=225-277&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D101945%23s12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmondTurton1990" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Lesley; Turton, Alison (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165"><i>The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3032-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-3032-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921111019/https://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brewing+industry%3A+a+guide+to+historical+records&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3032-1&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Turton%2C+Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNB8NAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm">"History of Headington, Oxford"</a>. Headington.org.uk. 19 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323033009/http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Headington%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Headington.org.uk&rft.date=2009-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.headington.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Ffamous_people%2Fmorrellfamily.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201232227/http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html">"Morrells Brewery up for sale"</a>. Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morrells+Brewery+up+for+sale&rft.pub=Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk%2F1998%2F7%2F9%2F85120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.quaffale.org.uk2001" class="citation web cs1">www.quaffale.org.uk (22 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479">"Morrells Brewery Ltd"</a>. Quaffale.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122013846/http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morrells+Brewery+Ltd&rft.pub=Quaffale.org.uk&rft.date=2001-09-22&rft.au=www.quaffale.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaffale.org.uk%2Fphp%2Fbrewery%2F479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html">"Jericho Echo"</a>. Pstalker.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808010233/http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jericho+Echo&rft.pub=Pstalker.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pstalker.com%2Fecho%2Ff_45a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm">"Brewer buys pub chain for £67m"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112044544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brewer+buys+pub+chain+for+%C2%A367m&rft.date=2002-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Flow%2Fengland%2F2051362.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225022552/http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html">"Brewery site plan nears final hurdle"</a>. Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. 19 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brewery+site+plan+nears+final+hurdle&rft.pub=Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk%2F2001%2F2%2F19%2F69009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2017" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Marc (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/15435753.grab-glass-oxford-artisan-distillery-opens-south-park-today/">"Grab a glass: The Oxford Artisan Distillery opens in South Park today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Mail" title="Oxford Mail">Oxford Mail</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910211013/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/15435753.grab-glass-oxford-artisan-distillery-opens-south-park-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Mail&rft.atitle=Grab+a+glass%3A+The+Oxford+Artisan+Distillery+opens+in+South+Park+today&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F15435753.grab-glass-oxford-artisan-distillery-opens-south-park-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoveFounders-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoveFounders_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/founders.php">"Bell Founders"</a>. <i>Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010159/http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/founders.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dove%27s+Guide+for+Church+Bell+Ringers&rft.atitle=Bell+Founders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdove.cccbr.org.uk%2Ffounders.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquality1985" class="citation journal cs1">Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement"</a>. <i>Commission for Racial Equality</i>: Table 2.2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513060235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Racial+Equality&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+in+Britain%3A+statistical+information+on+the+pattern+of+settlement&rft.pages=Table+2.2&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Equality&rft.aufirst=Commission+for+Racial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28327806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casweb-1991-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casweb-1991_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Archived</a> 15 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602031124/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalarchives-2021-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalarchives-2021_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808112341/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalarchives-2022-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalarchives-2022_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1">"Ethnic group, census2021 (TS021)"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129141139/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group%2C+census2021+%28TS021%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=1607">"KS007 - Religion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161339/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=1607">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KS007+-+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fquery%2Fconstruct%2Fsummary.asp%3Fmode%3Dconstruct%26version%3D0%26dataset%3D1607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS208EW/view/1946157259?cols=measures">"2011 census – theme tables"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062523/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS208EW/view/1946157259?cols=measures">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+census+%E2%80%93+theme+tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2FQS208EW%2Fview%2F1946157259%3Fcols%3Dmeasures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1">"Religion - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129115419/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bus+Company+Fleet+List&rft.pub=Oxford+Bus+Company&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.goaheadbus.com%2Fmedia%2Fcms_page_media%2F72%2FOBC%2520fleetlist-aug2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2010" class="citation news cs1">Little, Reg (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/8272347.Green_revolution_on_buses/">"Transport revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Times" title="The Oxford Times">The Oxford Times</a></i>. 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ITV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525140741/http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/update/2014-10-15/oxford-bus-users-to-get-free-wifi/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Oxford+bus+users+to+get+free+wifi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Fmeridian%2Fupdate%2F2014-10-15%2Foxford-bus-users-to-get-free-wifi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/cycling-to-work/2011-census-analysis---cycling-to-work.html">"2011 Census Analysis – Cycling to Work"</a>. ONS. 26 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825060052/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/cycling-to-work/2011-census-analysis---cycling-to-work.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+Analysis+%E2%80%93+Cycling+to+Work&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census-analysis%2Fcycling-to-work%2F2011-census-analysis---cycling-to-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927180–181-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927180–181_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDermot1927">MacDermot 1927</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927300-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927300_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927300_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDermot1927">MacDermot 1927</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927327-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927327_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermot1927327_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDermot1927">MacDermot 1927</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005Historical_Background-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005Historical_Background_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchellSmith2005">Mitchell & Smith 2005</a>, Historical Background.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005fig._8-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellSmith2005fig._8_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchellSmith2005">Mitchell & Smith 2005</a>, fig. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807025346/http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/">"Welcome to"</a>. East West Rail. 18 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/">the original</a> on 7 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to&rft.pub=East+West+Rail&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestrail.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/western-section">"Western Section"</a>. East West Rail. 18 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807030413/http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/western-section">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Section&rft.pub=East+West+Rail&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestrail.org.uk%2Fwestern-section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/central-section">"Central Section"</a>. East West Rail. 18 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807032336/http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/central-section">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Section&rft.pub=East+West+Rail&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestrail.org.uk%2Fcentral-section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807025204/http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/eastern-section">"Eastern Section"</a>. East West Rail. 18 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/eastern-section">the original</a> on 7 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Oxford%27s+Zero+Emission+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordshire.gov.uk%2Fresidents%2Froads-and-transport%2Foxford-zero-emission-zone-zez%2Fabout-zero-emission-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/residents/roads-and-transport/parking/parking-and-bus-gate-fines/bus-lanes-and-bus-gates">"Bus lanes and bus gates"</a>. Oxfordshire County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115143836/https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/residents/roads-and-transport/parking/parking-and-bus-gate-fines/bus-lanes-and-bus-gates">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bus+lanes+and+bus+gates&rft.pub=Oxfordshire+County+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordshire.gov.uk%2Fresidents%2Froads-and-transport%2Fparking%2Fparking-and-bus-gate-fines%2Fbus-lanes-and-bus-gates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColivicchi" class="citation news cs1">Colivicchi, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23157606.plans-six-traffic-filters-oxford-approved-council/">"Plans for six traffic filters in Oxford approved by council"</a>. Oxford Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204162608/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23157606.plans-six-traffic-filters-oxford-approved-council/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plans+for+six+traffic+filters+in+Oxford+approved+by+council&rft.aulast=Colivicchi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F23157606.plans-six-traffic-filters-oxford-approved-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letstalk.oxfordshire.gov.uk/traffic-filters-2022">"Consultation on trial traffic filters 2022"</a>. Oxford Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205200909/https://letstalk.oxfordshire.gov.uk/traffic-filters-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consultation+on+trial+traffic+filters+2022&rft.pub=Oxford+Mail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fletstalk.oxfordshire.gov.uk%2Ftraffic-filters-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-63500562">"Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company back traffic filters"</a>. BBC News. 4 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115143825/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-63500562">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Mail&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Why+six+new+bus+gates+will+be+a+mistake+for+Oxford+says+top+hotelier&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft.aulast=Ffrench&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F23076506.six-new-bus-gates-will-mistake-oxford-says-top-hotelier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFfrench2022" class="citation news cs1">Ffrench, Andrew (25 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23147823.legal-challenge-bus-gates-last-resort-says-jeremy-mogford/">"Legal challenge to bus gates is 'last resort' says Jeremy Mogford"</a>. <i>Oxford Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206134003/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23147823.legal-challenge-bus-gates-last-resort-says-jeremy-mogford/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+2016%E2%80%932017&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2017%2Fworld-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Fsort_by%2Frank_label%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Frank_only&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uls-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uls_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125090133/http://www.ox.ac.uk/research/libraries/index.html">"Libraries"</a>. University of Oxford. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Student+Radio&rft.pub=oxideradio.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxideradio.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milestonegroup.co.uk/310309.pdf">"Milestone Group"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Milestone Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestone+Group&rft.pub=Milestone+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milestonegroup.co.uk%2F310309.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFfrench2015" class="citation news cs1">Ffrench, Andrew (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/12873959.New_Oxfordshire_community_TV_channel__just_weeks_from_launch_/">"New Oxfordshire community TV channel 'just weeks from launch'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Oxford Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140615/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/12873959.New_Oxfordshire_community_TV_channel__just_weeks_from_launch_/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Mail&rft.atitle=New+Oxfordshire+community+TV+channel+%27just+weeks+from+launch%27&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.aulast=Ffrench&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F12873959.New_Oxfordshire_community_TV_channel__just_weeks_from_launch_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2000/07/06/Oxfordshire+Archive/6630975.Preview__Nightshift_night/">Preview: Nightshift night</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105092333/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2000/07/06/Oxfordshire+Archive/6630975.Preview__Nightshift_night/">Archived</a> 5 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", "Oxford Mail", 6 July 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor2001" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ville+de+Grenoble+%E2%80%93+Coop%C3%A9rations+et+villes+jumelles&rft.pub=Grenoble.fr&rft.au=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+Steffenino%2C+Marguerite+Masson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grenoble.fr%2Fjsp%2Fsite%2FPortal.jsp%3Fpage_id%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragg2016" class="citation web cs1">Bragg, Alexander (21 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecitypaperbogota.com/living/the-oxford-manizales-connection-of-town-versus-gown/15133">"The Oxford – Manizales connection of "town versus gown"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The City Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090404/https://thecitypaperbogota.com/living/the-oxford-manizales-connection-of-town-versus-gown/15133">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+%E2%80%93+Manizales+connection+of+%22town+versus+gown%22&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft.aulast=Bragg&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecitypaperbogota.com%2Fliving%2Fthe-oxford-manizales-connection-of-town-versus-gown%2F15133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2022" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Tim (4 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19971378.oxford-city-council-ends-unpopular-perm-twin-link-u-turn/">"Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn"</a>. <i>Oxford Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306180459/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19971378.oxford-city-council-ends-unpopular-perm-twin-link-u-turn/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Mail&rft.atitle=Oxford+City+Council+ends+unpopular+Perm+twin+link+in+U-turn&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F19971378.oxford-city-council-ends-unpopular-perm-twin-link-u-turn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ura.news/news/1052536858">"Оксфорд разорвал отношения с Пермью из-за спецоперации на Украине"</a>. Ura.news. 5 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305125348/https://ura.news/news/1052536858">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=Ura.news&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fura.news%2Fnews%2F1052536858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, Oxford City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1027/historic_moment_as_oxford_and_ramallah_in_palestine_become_twin_cities">"Historic moment as Oxford and Ramallah in Palestine become twin cities"</a>. <i>www.oxford.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025405/https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1027/historic_moment_as_oxford_and_ramallah_in_palestine_become_twin_cities">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxford.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Historic+moment+as+Oxford+and+Ramallah+in+Palestine+become+twin+cities&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Oxford+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F1027%2Fhistoric_moment_as_oxford_and_ramallah_in_palestine_become_twin_cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1233/oxford_padua_ramallah_%E2%80%93_twin_cities_recognised">"Oxford, Padua, Ramallah – twin cities recognised"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Council" title="Oxford City Council">Oxford City Council</a>. 4 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126153709/https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1233/oxford_padua_ramallah_%E2%80%93_twin_cities_recognised">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford%2C+Padua%2C+Ramallah+%E2%80%93+twin+cities+recognised&rft.pub=Oxford+City+Council&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F1233%2Foxford_padua_ramallah_%25E2%2580%2593_twin_cities_recognised&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-49009326">"Benny Wenda: West Papua leader receives freedom of Oxford"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811134939/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-49009326">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Benny+Wenda%3A+West+Papua+leader+receives+freedom+of+Oxford&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-oxfordshire-49009326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20002/your_council/334/freedom_of_the_city">"Freedom of the City"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811102038/https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20002/your_council/334/freedom_of_the_city">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F20002%2Fyour_council%2F334%2Ffreedom_of_the_city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFfrench2015" class="citation news cs1">Ffrench, Andrew (21 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/12964442.Regiment_to_exercise____Freedom_of_the_City___/">"Regiment to exercise 'Freedom of the City'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Oxford Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062454/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/12964442.Regiment_to_exercise____Freedom_of_the_City___/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Mail&rft.atitle=Regiment+to+exercise+%27Freedom+of+the+City%27&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.aulast=Ffrench&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F12964442.Regiment_to_exercise____Freedom_of_the_City___%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1960" class="citation magazine cs1">Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (January 1960). "The Why and the Wherefore: Distances from London to Oxford". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Magazine" title="The Railway Magazine">The Railway Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 106, no. 705. Westminster: Tothill Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Railway+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Why+and+the+Wherefore%3A+Distances+from+London+to+Oxford&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=705&rft.date=1960-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDermot1927" class="citation book cs1">MacDermot, E.T. (1927). <i>History of the Great Western Railway, vol. I: 1833–1863</i>. Paddington: <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+Western+Railway%2C+vol.+I%3A+1833%E2%80%931863&rft.place=Paddington&rft.pub=Great+Western+Railway&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=MacDermot&rft.aufirst=E.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDermot1931" class="citation book cs1">MacDermot, E.T. (1931). <i>History of the Great Western Railway, vol. II: 1863–1921</i>. Paddington: <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+Western+Railway%2C+vol.+II%3A+1863%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Paddington&rft.pub=Great+Western+Railway&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=MacDermot&rft.aufirst=E.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (July 2005). <i>Oxford to Bletchley</i>. Country Railway Routes. Middleton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904474-57-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-904474-57-8"><bdi>1-904474-57-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+to+Bletchley&rft.series=Country+Railway+Routes&rft.pub=Middleton+Press&rft.date=2005-07&rft.isbn=1-904474-57-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft.au=Smith%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSager2005" class="citation book cs1">Sager, Peter (2005). <i>Oxford & Cambridge: An Uncommon History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-51249-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-51249-3"><bdi>0-500-51249-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+%26+Cambridge%3A+An+Uncommon+History&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-500-51249-3&rft.aulast=Sager&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint1970" class="citation journal cs1">Saint, Andrew (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030922/http://www.oahs.org.uk/oxo/vol%2035/Saint.doc">"Three Oxford Architects"</a>. <i>Oxoniensia</i>. <b>XXXV</b>. <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_Architectural_and_Historical_Society" title="Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society">Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oahs.org.uk/oxo/vol%2035/Saint.doc">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxoniensia&rft.atitle=Three+Oxford+Architects&rft.volume=XXXV&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Saint&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oahs.org.uk%2Foxo%2Fvol%252035%2FSaint.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Simpson, Bill (1997). <i>A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire</i>. Vol. Part 1: The North. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899246-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-899246-02-9"><bdi>1-899246-02-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Railways+of+Oxfordshire&rft.place=Banbury+and+Witney&rft.pub=Lamplight&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-899246-02-9&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Simpson, Bill (2001). <i>A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire</i>. Vol. Part 2: The South. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899246-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-899246-06-1"><bdi>1-899246-06-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Railways+of+Oxfordshire&rft.place=Banbury+and+Witney&rft.pub=Lamplight&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-899246-06-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstonBond1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mick_Aston" title="Mick Aston">Aston, Michael</a>; Bond, James (1976). <i>The Landscape of Towns</i>. Archaeology in the Field Series. London: <a href="/wiki/J.M._Dent" class="mw-redirect" title="J.M. Dent">J.M. Dent</a> & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04194-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04194-0"><bdi>0-460-04194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Landscape+of+Towns&rft.place=London&rft.series=Archaeology+in+the+Field+Series&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-460-04194-0&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bond%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttlee2007" class="citation book cs1">Attlee, James (2007). <i>Isolarion: A Different Oxford Journey</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03093-7"><bdi>978-0-226-03093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isolarion%3A+A+Different+Oxford+Journey&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03093-7&rft.aulast=Attlee&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurl1977" class="citation book cs1">Curl, James Stevens (1977). <i>The Erosion of Oxford</i>. Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902280-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-902280-40-6"><bdi>0-902280-40-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Erosion+of+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Illustrated+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-902280-40-6&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1944" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Lawrence (1944). <i>Towards a Plan for Oxford City</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Plan+for+Oxford+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Anne (22 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/europe/articles/2008/06/22/history_learning_beauty_reign_over_oxford/">"History, learning, beauty reign over Oxford"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103215601/http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/europe/articles/2008/06/22/history_learning_beauty_reign_over_oxford/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=History%2C+learning%2C+beauty+reign+over+Oxford&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Ftravel%2Fgetaways%2Feurope%2Farticles%2F2008%2F06%2F22%2Fhistory_learning_beauty_reign_over_oxford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Morris" title="Jan Morris">Morris, Jan</a> (2001). <i>Oxford</i>. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280136-4"><bdi>978-0-19-280136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Paperbacks&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280136-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilfred_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Wilfred Sharp">Sharp, Thomas</a> (1948). <i>Oxford Replanned</i>. London: The Architectural Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Replanned&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyack1998" class="citation book cs1">Tyack, Geoffrey (1998). <i>Oxford An Architectural Guide</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-817423-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-817423-3"><bdi>0-19-817423-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+An+Architectural+Guide&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-817423-3&rft.aulast=Tyack&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley1975" class="citation book cs1">Woolley, A. R. (1975). <i>The Clarendon Guide to Oxford</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-951047-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-951047-4"><bdi>0-19-951047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clarendon+Guide+to+Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-19-951047-4&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oxford#Q34217" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Oxford">Oxford</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oxford" class="extiw" title="commons:Oxford"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Oxford</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Howarth, Osbert John Radcliffe (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oxford"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oxford">"Oxford" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 405–414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=405-414&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Osbert+John+Radcliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Oxfordshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxfordshire" title="Template:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxfordshire" title="Template talk:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Oxfordshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oxfordshire" title="Portal:Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">District of Cherwell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxfordshire" title="South Oxfordshire">District of South Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">District of the Vale of White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oxfordshire" title="West Oxfordshire">District of West Oxfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burford" title="Burford">Burford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carterton,_Oxfordshire" title="Carterton, Oxfordshire">Carterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlbury" title="Charlbury">Charlbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton" title="Chipping Norton">Chipping Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deddington" title="Deddington">Deddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didcot" title="Didcot">Didcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faringdon" title="Faringdon">Faringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thame" title="Thame">Thame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire" title="Wallingford, Oxfordshire">Wallingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watlington,_Oxfordshire" title="Watlington, Oxfordshire">Watlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witney" title="Witney">Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire">List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oxfordshire" title="Flag of Oxfordshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council_elections" title="Oxfordshire County Council elections">County Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of places in Oxfordshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Oxfordshire">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of schools in Oxfordshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Oxfordshire" title="Category:Country houses in Oxfordshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Oxfordshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Oxfordshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Oxfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Oxfordshire" title="High Sheriff of Oxfordshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of museums in Oxfordshire">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Oxford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Oxford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to Oxford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_City_of_Oxford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxford" title="Template:Oxford"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxford" title="Template talk:Oxford"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxford" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxford"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_City_of_Oxford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxford</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council_elections" title="Oxfordshire County Council elections">County Council elections</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford local elections">City Council elections</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxford East Borough Constituency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_West_and_Abingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxford West and Abingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxford West and Abingdon County Constituency</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wards, suburbs,<br />neighbourhoods<br />and districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barton,_Oxfordshire" title="Barton, Oxfordshire">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binsey,_Oxfordshire" title="Binsey, Oxfordshire">Binsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire" title="Cowley, Oxfordshire">Cowley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Park,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Park, Oxford">Florence Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxfordshire" title="Cowley, Oxfordshire">Temple Cowley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutteslowe" title="Cutteslowe">Cutteslowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnington,_Oxfordshire" title="Donnington, Oxfordshire">Donnington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godstow" title="Godstow">Godstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpont" title="Grandpont">Grandpont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">Headington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headington_Hill" title="Headington Hill">Headington Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">New Headington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">Old Headington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Oxford" title="Holywell, Oxford">Holywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iffley" title="Iffley">Iffley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho,_Oxford" title="Jericho, Oxford">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botley,_Oxfordshire" title="Botley, Oxfordshire">New Botley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hinksey" title="New Hinksey">New Hinksey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marston" title="New Marston">New Marston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norham_Manor" title="Norham Manor">Norham Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Oxford" title="North Oxford">North Oxford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Oxford" title="North Oxford">Central North Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Town,_Oxford" title="Park Town, Oxford">Park Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northway,_Oxford" title="Northway, Oxford">Northway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osney" title="Osney">Osney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Meadow,_Oxford" title="Port Meadow, Oxford">Port Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement%27s,_Oxford" title="St Clement's, Oxford">St Clement's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Ebbes" title="St. Ebbes">St. Ebbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Street_area" title="St John Street area">St John Street area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxpens_Road" title="Oxpens Road">St. Thomas'</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxpens_Road" title="Oxpens Road">Oxpens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Area,_Oxford" title="Science Area, Oxford">Science Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summertown,_Oxford" title="Summertown, Oxford">Summertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnymead" title="Sunnymead">Sunnymead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton_Manor" title="Walton Manor">Walton Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolvercote" title="Wolvercote">Wolvercote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterways,_Oxford" title="Waterways, Oxford">Waterways</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OxfordshireOxford.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/OxfordshireOxford.png/75px-OxfordshireOxford.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/OxfordshireOxford.png/113px-OxfordshireOxford.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/OxfordshireOxford.png/150px-OxfordshireOxford.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Leys" title="Blackbird Leys">Blackbird Leys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Leys" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Leys">Greater Leys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlemore" title="Littlemore">Littlemore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Oxfordshire" title="Rose Hill, Oxfordshire">Rose Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Marston" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Marston">Old Marston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risinghurst_and_Sandhills" title="Risinghurst and Sandhills">Risinghurst and Sandhills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risinghurst" title="Risinghurst">Risinghurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risinghurst_and_Sandhills" title="Risinghurst and Sandhills">Sandhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton,_Oxfordshire" title="Barton, Oxfordshire">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headington_Quarry" title="Headington Quarry">Headington Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Farm,_Oxfordshire" title="Wood Farm, Oxfordshire">Wood Farm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former district<br />and borough</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">County Borough of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headington_Rural_District" title="Headington Rural District">Headington Rural District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxford (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxford Borough Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxfordshire County Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxford University Constituency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Oxford" title="Coat of arms of Oxford">Coat of arms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire">List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of places in Oxfordshire">List of places in Oxfordshire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire">List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Oxfordshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxfordshire" title="Template:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxfordshire" title="Template talk:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Oxfordshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oxfordshire" title="Portal:Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">District of Cherwell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxfordshire" title="South Oxfordshire">District of South Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">District of the Vale of White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oxfordshire" title="West Oxfordshire">District of West Oxfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burford" title="Burford">Burford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carterton,_Oxfordshire" title="Carterton, Oxfordshire">Carterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlbury" title="Charlbury">Charlbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton" title="Chipping Norton">Chipping Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deddington" title="Deddington">Deddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didcot" title="Didcot">Didcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faringdon" title="Faringdon">Faringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thame" title="Thame">Thame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire" title="Wallingford, Oxfordshire">Wallingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watlington,_Oxfordshire" title="Watlington, Oxfordshire">Watlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witney" title="Witney">Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire">List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oxfordshire" title="Flag of Oxfordshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council_elections" title="Oxfordshire County Council elections">County Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of places in Oxfordshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Oxfordshire">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of schools in Oxfordshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Oxfordshire" title="Category:Country houses in Oxfordshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Oxfordshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Oxfordshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Oxfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Oxfordshire" title="High Sheriff of Oxfordshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Oxfordshire" title="List of museums in Oxfordshire">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_South_East_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SE_England" title="Template:SE England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SE_England" title="Template talk:SE England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SE_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SE England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_South_East_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/300px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/400px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_District" title="Lewes District">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Deane" title="Basingstoke and Deane">Basingstoke and Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampshire" title="East Hampshire">East Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_District" title="Hart District">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_District" title="New Forest District">New Forest</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmoor" title="Rushmoor">Rushmoor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Valley" title="Test Valley">Test Valley</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Ashford" title="Borough of Ashford">Ashford</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Dartford" title="Borough of Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_District" title="Dover District">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone_and_Hythe_District" title="Folkestone and Hythe District">Folkestone and Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesham" title="Gravesham">Gravesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Maidstone" title="Borough of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks_District" title="Sevenoaks District">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swale" title="Borough of Swale">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanet_District" title="Thanet District">Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge_and_Malling" title="Tonbridge and Malling">Tonbridge and Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Borough of Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">Cherwell</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxford</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxfordshire" title="South Oxfordshire">South Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">Vale of White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oxfordshire" title="West Oxfordshire">West Oxfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Elmbridge" title="Borough of Elmbridge">Elmbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Guildford" title="Borough of Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_Valley" title="Mole Valley">Mole Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead" title="Reigate and Banstead">Reigate and Banstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Runnymede" title="Borough of Runnymede">Runnymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Spelthorne" title="Borough of Spelthorne">Spelthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Heath" title="Surrey Heath">Surrey Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandridge_District" title="Tandridge District">Tandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Waverley" title="Borough of Waverley">Waverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adur_District" title="Adur District">Adur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_District" title="Arun District">Arun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chichester_District" title="Chichester District">Chichester</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham_District" title="Horsham District">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Sussex_District" title="Mid Sussex District">Mid Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="British_overseas_cities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34217#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145353627">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8KVBr6pjWgtpDvWg9Xd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044234-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065853">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628305">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oxford (Anglie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134422&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlkh5q25wl6cn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564229105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/33587495-c775-4483-b819-931c4cf438cd">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford&oldid=1259378228">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford&oldid=1259378228</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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