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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forme_de_energie_internă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forme de energie internă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forme_de_energie_internă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia_internă_a_unui_mediu_elastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia_internă_a_unui_mediu_elastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Energia internă a unui mediu elastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia_internă_a_unui_mediu_elastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia_liberă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia_liberă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energia liberă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia_liberă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Energie internă</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 66 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة داخلية – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاقة داخلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_interno" title="Enerxía interno – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enerxía interno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Унутраная энергія – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Унутраная энергія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нутраная энэргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нутраная энэргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вътрешна енергия – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вътрешна енергия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অভ্যন্তরীণ শক্তি – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভ্যন্তরীণ শক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" title="Unutrašnja energija – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Unutrašnja energija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_interna" title="Energia interna – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Energia interna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وزەی ناوەکی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وزەی ناوەکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vnit%C5%99n%C3%AD_energie" title="Vnitřní energie – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vnitřní energie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Шалти энерги – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шалти энерги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_energi" title="Indre energi – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indre energi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innere_Energie" title="Innere Energie – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Innere Energie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Εσωτερική ενέργεια – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσωτερική ενέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Internal energy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interna_energio" title="Interna energio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interna energio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_interna" title="Energía interna – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Energía interna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siseenergia" title="Siseenergia – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siseenergia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barne_energia" title="Barne energia – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barne energia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="انرژی درونی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی درونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sis%C3%A4energia" title="Sisäenergia – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisäenergia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_interne" title="Énergie interne – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie interne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuinneamh_inmhe%C3%A1nach" title="Fuinneamh inmheánach – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuinneamh inmheánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_interna" title="Enerxía interna – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enerxía interna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנרגיה פנימית – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרגיה פנימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="आन्तरिक ऊर्जा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आन्तरिक ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unutarnja_energija" title="Unutarnja energija – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Unutarnja energija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C3%A8ji_t%C3%A8mik" title="Enèji tèmik – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Enèji tèmik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bels%C5%91_energia" title="Belső energia – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belső energia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ներքին էներգիա – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներքին էներգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_dalam" title="Energi dalam – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Energi dalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_interna" title="Energia interna – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Energia interna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="内部エネルギー – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="内部エネルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ішкі энергия – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ішкі энергия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="내부 에너지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ички энергия – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ички энергия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin%C4%97_energija" title="Vidinė energija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidinė energija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iek%C5%A1%C4%93j%C4%81_ener%C4%A3ija" title="Iekšējā enerģija – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iekšējā enerģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Внатрешна енергија – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Внатрешна енергија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%8A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82" title="ആന്തരിക ഊർജ്ജം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്തരിക ഊർജ്ജം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Дотоод энерги – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дотоод энерги" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_dalaman" title="Tenaga dalaman – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenaga dalaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwendige_energie" title="Inwendige energie – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inwendige energie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_energi" title="Indre energi – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indre energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_energi" title="Indre energi – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indre energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_int%C3%A8rna" title="Energia intèrna – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Energia intèrna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_wewn%C4%99trzna" title="Energia wewnętrzna – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Energia wewnętrzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_interna" title="Energia interna – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia interna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Внутренняя энергия – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внутренняя энергия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unutarnja_energija" title="Unutarnja energija – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Unutarnja energija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internal energy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vn%C3%BAtorn%C3%A1_energia" title="Vnútorná energia – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vnútorná energia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notranja_energija" title="Notranja energija – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Notranja energija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energjia_e_brendshme" title="Energjia e brendshme – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Energjia e brendshme" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unutra%C5%A1nja_energija" title="Unutrašnja energija – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Unutrašnja energija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inre_energi" title="Inre energi – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inre energi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அக ஆற்றல் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அக ஆற்றல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7_enerji" title="İç enerji – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İç enerji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Внутрішня енергія – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Внутрішня енергія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichki_energiya" title="Ichki energiya – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ichki energiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_n%C4%83ng" title="Nội năng – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nội năng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%83%BD" title="内能 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内能" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%83%BD" title="内能 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="内能" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" title="內能 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="內能" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8De-l%C3%AAng" title="Lōe-lêng – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lōe-lêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" title="內能 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內能" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" width="290" align="right" style="margin-left:1.6em;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" style="background:#ccccff" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențiale termodinamice</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energie internă</a></td> <td>  <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\left(S,V,N\right)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\left(S,V,N\right)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e845fd7bac7383cbca6850761162b4590b75ebe8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.784ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\left(S,V,N\right)\,}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a></td> <td>  <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H\left(S,p,N\right)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H\left(S,p,N\right)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c46595bccbcb45b96d3e12b0251266d2748c54f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.447ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H\left(S,p,N\right)\,}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă">Energie liberă</a></td> <td>  <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\left(T,V,N\right)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\left(T,V,N\right)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d830cab2d1b81a67c09c6759dd9fba2090e0384" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.879ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\left(T,V,N\right)\,}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Entalpie_liber%C4%83" title="Entalpie liberă">Entalpie liberă</a></td> <td>  <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G\left(T,p,N\right)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G\left(T,p,N\right)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaf53e6745c60f05f53c6736a76ec43481d06396" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.347ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G\left(T,p,N\right)\,}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" colspan="2"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Poten%C8%9Biale_termodinamice&action=edit">modifică </a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Termodinamică</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;display:block;margin:0.3em 0 0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fi%C8%99ier:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg&lang=ro" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Schema unei mașini termice Carnot</div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Ramuri</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Clasică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Mecanică statistică">Statistică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">Chimică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamic%C4%83_cuantic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamică cuantică — pagină inexistentă">Cuantică</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamica_echilibrului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamica echilibrului — pagină inexistentă">la echilibru</a> / <a href="/wiki/Termodinamica_neechilibrului" title="Termodinamica neechilibrului">nu la echilibru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Principiile_termodinamicii" title="Principiile termodinamicii">Principii</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii">Primul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">Al doilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii">Al treilea</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sisteme</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_izolat" title="Sistem izolat">Izolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_%C3%AEnchis" title="Sistem închis">Închis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_deschis" title="Sistem deschis">Deschis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic#Sisteme_termodinamice" title="Sistem termodinamic">Adiabatic</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Stare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Stare termodinamică">Stare</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Ecuație de stare">Ecuație de stare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_ideal" title="Gaz ideal">Gaz ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_real" title="Gaz real">Gaz real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Stare de agregare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Fază (termodinamică)">Fază</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echilibru_termodinamic" title="Echilibru termodinamic">Echilibru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volum_de_control" title="Volum de control">Volum de control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_pentru_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Instrument pentru termodinamică">Instrumente</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">Procese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destindere_Joule" title="Destindere Joule">Destindere liberă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izobar" title="Proces izobar">Izobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izocor" title="Proces izocor">Izocor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izotermic" title="Proces izotermic">Izotermic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_adiabatic" title="Proces adiabatic">Adiabatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_transformare_adiabatic%C4%83" title="Coeficient de transformare adiabatică">exponent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izentropic" title="Proces izentropic">Izentropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izentalpic" title="Proces izentalpic">Izentalpic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_politropic" title="Proces politropic">Politropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_cvasistatic" title="Proces cvasistatic">Cvasistatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_reversibil" title="Proces reversibil">Reversibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_ireversibil" title="Proces ireversibil">Ireversibil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disipare" title="Disipare">disipare</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic" title="Ciclu termodinamic">Cicluri</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Carnot" title="Ciclul Carnot">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_termic%C4%83" title="Mașină termică">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic_inversat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciclu termodinamic inversat">Inversat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randament_termic" title="Randament termic">Randament și eficiență</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Diagram%C4%83_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Diagramă termodinamică">Diagrame termodinamice</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_presiune%E2%80%93volum" title="Diagrama presiune–volum">p-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_temperatur%C4%83%E2%80%93entropie" title="Diagrama temperatură–entropie">T-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_entalpie%E2%80%93entropie" title="Diagrama entalpie–entropie">h-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_presiune%E2%80%93entalpie" title="Diagrama presiune–entalpie">p-h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_h-x" title="Diagrama h-x">h-x</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bilor_termodinamice" title="Lista proprietăților termodinamice">Propertăți ale sistemelor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div style="font-size:90%;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Notă: <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic#Parametri_conjugați" title="Potențial termodinamic">Parametri conjugați</a> cu <i>italice</i></div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_intensive_%C8%99i_extensive" title="Proprietăți intensive și extensive">Proprietăți intensive și extensive</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_proces" title="Funcție de proces">Funcții de proces</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucru_mecanic" title="Lucru mecanic">Lucru mecanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">Căldură</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Funcție de stare">Funcții de stare</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatură</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiune" title="Presiune">Presiune</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Presiune_intern%C4%83" title="Presiune internă">internă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presiune_par%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Presiune parțială">parțială</a>)</small> / <i><a href="/wiki/Volum_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Volum (termodinamică)">Volum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">Potențial chimic</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_particule" title="Număr de particule">Număr de particule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titlul_vaporilor" title="Titlul vaporilor">Titlul vaporilor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_reduse" title="Proprietăți reduse">Proprietăți reduse</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_ale_materialelor_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Proprietăți ale materialelor (termodinamică)">Proprietăți ale materialelor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baze_de_date_termodinamice_pentru_substan%C8%9Be_pure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baze de date termodinamice pentru substanțe pure — pagină inexistentă">Baze de date cu proprietăți</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Compresibilitate" title="Compresibilitate">Coeficient de compresibilitate</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Dilatare_termic%C4%83" title="Dilatare termică">Coeficient de dilatare volumică</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Bii_termodinamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuații termodinamice — pagină inexistentă">Ecuații</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Carnot_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Teorema lui Carnot (termodinamică)">Teorema lui Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Clausius" title="Teorema lui Clausius">Teorema lui Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Bia_fundamental%C4%83_a_termodinamicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relația fundamentală a termodinamicii — pagină inexistentă">Relația fundamentală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legea_gazelor_ideale" title="Legea gazelor ideale">Legea gazelor ideale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_st%C4%83rilor_corespondente" title="Teorema stărilor corespondente">Stări corespondente</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic#Relațiile_Maxwell" title="Potențial termodinamic">Relațiile Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Biile_reciproce_Onsager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relațiile reciproce Onsager — pagină inexistentă">Relațiile Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_termodinamice_ale_lui_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuațiile termodinamice ale lui Bridgman — pagină inexistentă">Ecuațiile Bridgman</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_cu_ecua%C8%9Bii_termodinamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel cu ecuații termodinamice — pagină inexistentă">Tabel cu ecuații termodinamice</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențiale</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energie internă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă">Energie liberă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie_liber%C4%83" title="Entalpie liberă">Entalpie liberă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropie_liber%C4%83" title="Entropie liberă">Entropie liberă</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">Istorie </li><li style="">Cultură</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Istorie</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_termodinamicii" title="Istoria termodinamicii">Generală</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_entropiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria entropiei — pagină inexistentă">Istoria entropiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legile_gazelor" title="Legile gazelor">Legile gazelor</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_perpetuum_mobilelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria perpetuum mobilelor — pagină inexistentă">Istoria perpetuum mobilelor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofia_fizicii" title="Filozofia fizicii">Filozofie</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropie_%C8%99i_timp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropie și timp — pagină inexistentă">Entropie și timp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropie_%C8%99i_via%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropie și viață — pagină inexistentă">Entropie și viață</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clichetul_brownian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clichetul brownian — pagină inexistentă">Clichetul brownian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonul_lui_Maxwell" title="Demonul lui Maxwell">Demonul lui Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxul_mor%C8%9Bii_termice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxul morții termice — pagină inexistentă">Paradoxul morții termice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxul_lui_Loschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxul lui Loschmidt — pagină inexistentă">Paradoxul lui Loschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinergetic%C4%83_(Haken)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinergetică (Haken) — pagină inexistentă">Sinergetică</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Teorii</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_caloricului" title="Teoria caloricului">Teoria caloricului</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vis_viva" title="Vis viva">Forța vie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echivalentul_mecanic_al_caloriei" title="Echivalentul mecanic al caloriei">Echivalentul mecanic al caloriei</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Putere" title="Putere">Putere motrice</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Lucrări fundamentale</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Experimental_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_which_is_Excited_by_Friction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction — pagină inexistentă">An Experimental Enquiry<br />Concerning ... Heat</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances" title="On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances">On the Equilibrium of<br />Heterogeneous Substances</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexions_sur_la_puissance_motrice_du_feu_et_sur_les_machines_propres_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9velopper_cette_puissance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance — pagină inexistentă">Réflexions sur la puissance<br />motrice du feu</a></i></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Cronologii</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_termodinamicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia termodinamicii — pagină inexistentă">Termodinamică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_ma%C8%99inilor_termice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia mașinilor termice — pagină inexistentă">mașini termice</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">Artă</li><li style="">Învățământ</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafa%C8%9Ba_termodinamic%C4%83_a_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprafața termodinamică a lui Maxwell — pagină inexistentă">Suprafața termodinamică a lui Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropia_ca_disipare_a_energiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropia ca disipare a energiei — pagină inexistentă">Entropia ca disipare a energiei</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Personalități</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Carathéodory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Paul_%C3%89mile_Clapeyron" title="Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron">Clapeyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Clausius">Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Donder" title="Théophile de Donder">de Donder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Massieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Massieu — pagină inexistentă">Massieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Mayer — pagină inexistentă">von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">Smeaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Tait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Tait — pagină inexistentă">Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Thompson — pagină inexistentă">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_James_Waterston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John James Waterston — pagină inexistentă">Waterston</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Altele</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclea%C8%9Bie" title="Nucleație">Nucleație</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoasamblare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoasamblare — pagină inexistentă">Autoasamblare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoorganizare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoorganizare — pagină inexistentă">Autoorganizare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordine_%C8%99i_dezordine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordine și dezordine — pagină inexistentă">Ordine și dezordine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Categorie:Termodinamică">Categorie</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Format:Termodinamică"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Discuție Format:Termodinamică"><abbr title="Discută acest format">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Termodinamic%C4%83&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Energia internă</b> este o <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Funcție de stare">funcție de stare</a> a unui <a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">sistem termodinamic</a>. Variația energiei interne într-o <a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">transformare termodinamică</a> este egală cu energia transferată către sistem în cursul transformării, sub formă de <a href="/wiki/Lucru_mecanic" title="Lucru mecanic">lucru mecanic</a> și <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">căldură</a>. </p><p>Energia internă, notată de obicei <i>U</i> (uneori <i>E</i>) corespunde energiei intrinseci a unui <a href="/wiki/Sistem_fizic" title="Sistem fizic">sistem fizic</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Sistem_chimic" title="Sistem chimic">chimic</a>, evidențiabilă la scară micro-scopică prin mișcarea particulelor microscopice (molecule, <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomi</a>, etc.) care compun sistemul. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=\sum E_{\text{cin,micro}}+\sum E_{\text{pot,micro}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cin,micro</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pot,micro</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=\sum E_{\text{cin,micro}}+\sum E_{\text{pot,micro}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b42bf7c6d1fbaf00a5a655363e91e157bc606717" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:32.538ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=\sum E_{\text{cin,micro}}+\sum E_{\text{pot,micro}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Energia internă e o componentă a energiei totale a unui sistem, definită prin relația următoare: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\text{totală}}=E_{\text{cin,macro}}+\sum E_{\text{pot,macro}}+U}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>totală</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cin,macro</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pot,macro</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>U</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\text{totală}}=E_{\text{cin,macro}}+\sum E_{\text{pot,macro}}+U}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dc1329e25c969168412cc957099acd8c4104fd5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:38.695ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\text{totală}}=E_{\text{cin,macro}}+\sum E_{\text{pot,macro}}+U}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ea depinde numai de <i><a href="/wiki/Parametru_de_stare" class="mw-redirect" title="Parametru de stare">parametrii de stare</a> interni</i> ai sistemului, ca urmare este o <i><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">funcție de stare</a></i>, variația <a href="/wiki/Infinitezimal" title="Infinitezimal">infinitezimală</a> <i>dU</i> fiind <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diferen%C8%9Bial%C4%83_exact%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diferențială exactă — pagină inexistentă">diferențială exactă</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ea cuprinde și energiile <a href="/wiki/Energie_chimic%C4%83" title="Energie chimică">chimică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energie_electric%C4%83" title="Energie electrică">electrică</a>, magnetică, cuprinse sub formă intrinsecă în substanța care se transformă. Starea internă poate cuprinde și <a href="/wiki/Polarizabilitate" title="Polarizabilitate">polarizarea electrică</a> și magnetizarea. </p><p>Variația energiei interne se manifestă la nivel macroscopic prin variația temperaturii. Se spune că energia internă e dependentă de temperatură, fapt datorat introducerii temperaturii empirice mult înaintea definirii energiei interne. </p><p>Temperatura apare în ecuația caracteristică a energiei interne alături de variabilele de poziție conjugate variabilelor de forță. Dacă s-ar ignora temperatura și variațiile ei prin schimb de căldură, ecuația caracteristică ar conține numai produsul variabilelor de poziție cu variabilele de forță generalizată care corespunde unei funcții de stare a sistemelor conservative numită <a href="/wiki/Energie_poten%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Energie potențială">energie potențială</a>. Energia internă ține seama de schimbul caloric în formularea unei funcții de stare, adăugând variabilelor de poziție variabila de stare temperatură<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Informații neverificate" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VER" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VER">sursa nu confirmă</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Pentru variabile de poziție constante în cursul transformării variația de energie internă exprimă căldura schimbată cu exteriorul sistemului, care nu depinde de drumul urmat în transformare, numai de stările inițială și finală. Acest fapt constituie baza metodelor calorimetrice<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forme_de_energie_internă"><span id="Forme_de_energie_intern.C4.83"></span>Forme de energie internă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Forme de energie internă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Forme de energie internă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;"> <caption>Forme de energie internă </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#f0f0f0"> <th>Tip</th> <th>Din ce este formată </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_latent%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie latentă — pagină inexistentă">Energie latentă</a></td> <td>Potențialul energetic asociat <a href="/wiki/Transformare_de_faz%C4%83" title="Transformare de fază">schimbărilor de fază</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_termic%C4%83" title="Energie termică">Energie termică</a></td> <td>Potențialul energetic asociat modificării temperaturii </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_chimic%C4%83" title="Energie chimică">Energie chimică</a></td> <td>Potențialul energetic asociat reacțiilor chimice </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Energie nucleară">Energie nucleară</a></td> <td>Potențialul energetic asociat reacțiilor nucleare </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Energia latentă</i> este partea de energie internă datorită <a href="/wiki/Topire" title="Topire">topirii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaporizare" title="Vaporizare">vaporizării</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Sublimare" title="Sublimare">sublimării</a> substanțelor. </p><p><i>Energia termică</i> este partea de energie internă datorită <a href="/wiki/Energie_cinetic%C4%83" title="Energie cinetică">energiei cinetice</a> de <a href="/wiki/Transla%C8%9Bie" title="Translație">translație</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energie_cinetic%C4%83_de_rota%C8%9Bie" title="Energie cinetică de rotație">rotație</a> și <a href="/wiki/Vibra%C8%9Bie" title="Vibrație">vibrație</a> a <a href="/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă">moleculelor</a>, de translație a <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electronilor</a> și de <a href="/wiki/Spin" class="mw-disambig" title="Spin">spin</a> a electronilor și a <a href="/wiki/Nucleu" class="mw-disambig" title="Nucleu">nucleelor</a>. Energia termică include energia latentă. </p><p><i>Energie chimică</i> este partea de energie internă datorată forțelor intramoleculare. </p><p><i>Energia nucleară</i> este partea de energie internă datorată forțelor intraatomice. </p><p>Energia internă este importantă în <a href="/wiki/Termotehnic%C4%83" title="Termotehnică">termodinamica tehnică</a> și în <a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">termodinamica chimică</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energia_internă_a_unui_mediu_elastic"><span id="Energia_intern.C4.83_a_unui_mediu_elastic"></span>Energia internă a unui mediu elastic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Energia internă a unui mediu elastic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Energia internă a unui mediu elastic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pentru un mediu <a href="/wiki/Elasticitate" title="Elasticitate">elastic</a> componenta de <a href="/wiki/Energie_poten%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Energie potențială">energie potențială</a> a energiei interne are o natură elastică exprimată în termenii eforturilor unitare <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43acbf52cc4d4f83f187ceaa49f045114b71772e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.804ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}"></span> și deformațiilor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ij}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ij}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a71e2079cee1685c2402d4d4ef48d75db18b4a64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.561ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ij}}"></span> implicate în procesele elastice. În <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nota%C8%9Bia_Einstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notația Einstein — pagină inexistentă">notația Einstein</a> pentru <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensori</a>, cu însumarea peste indici repetați, pe un volum de control, enunțul infinitesimal e: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\mathrm {d} S+\sigma _{ij}\mathrm {d} \varepsilon _{ij}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\mathrm {d} S+\sigma _{ij}\mathrm {d} \varepsilon _{ij}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e38750019a910de15a77c7db591e6314dedf8d6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.746ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\mathrm {d} S+\sigma _{ij}\mathrm {d} \varepsilon _{ij}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Teorema lui Euler pentru funcții omogene dă pentru energia internă:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=TS+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{ij}\varepsilon _{ij}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=TS+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{ij}\varepsilon _{ij}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db41be27ceaacbb94719691039e8d804a511cf41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=TS+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{ij}\varepsilon _{ij}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Pentru un material linear elastic, solicitarea e legată de deformare prin: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}=C_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{kl},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}=C_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{kl},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be431267e61d6d33045a6e8ffb7cc8929b38bb02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.698ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}=C_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{kl},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>unde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{ijkl}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{ijkl}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94cb5780b92c6b4cec637a215f2f467f20f67927" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.486ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{ijkl}}"></span> sunt componentele tensorului constantei elastice a mediului. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energia_liberă"><span id="Energia_liber.C4.83"></span>Energia liberă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Energia liberă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Energia liberă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nu toată energia internă a unui <a href="/wiki/Corp_(fizic%C4%83)" title="Corp (fizică)">corp</a> sau sistem poate fi transformată (convertită) în orice altă formă de energie. În acest scop se definesc noțiunile de <i>energie liberă</i> și <i>energie legată</i>: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Energia liberă</a></b> este energia internă care se poate transforma, în transformările izoterme, direct în alte forme de energie. Variația energiei libere într-un <a href="/wiki/Sistem_fizic" title="Sistem fizic">sistem fizic</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Sistem_chimic" title="Sistem chimic">chimic</a> într-o <a href="/wiki/Proces_izoterm" class="mw-redirect" title="Proces izoterm">transformare izotermă</a> <a href="/wiki/Proces_reversibil" title="Proces reversibil">reversibilă</a> este egală cu lucrul mecanic efectuat în cursul transformării. Din această egalitate se pot calcula acțiunile motoare care se exercită asupra sistemului, dacă se cunoaște expresia energiei libere în funcție de <a href="/wiki/Variabil%C4%83_de_stare" title="Variabilă de stare">mărimile de stare</a>. Se obține din energia internă scăzând energia legată reprezentată prin produsul temperatură - entropie<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Energia legată</b> este diferența dintre energia internă și energia liberă a sistemului. Această diferență este egală cu produsul <i>TS</i> (termenul entropic), unde <i>T</i> este temperatura absolută a sistemului, iar <i>S</i> este <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">entropia</a> lui.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Vâlcu, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Țițeica, p. 38-39, 45-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Țițeica, p. 36-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandauLifshitz1986">Landau & Lifshitz 1986</a>, p. 8. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Țițeica, p. 103</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remus_R%C4%83dule%C8%9B" title="Remus Răduleț">Remus Răduleț</a> și colab. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexiconul_Tehnic_Rom%C3%A2n" title="Lexiconul Tehnic Român">Lexiconul Tehnic Român</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Tehnic%C4%83" title="Editura Tehnică">Editura Tehnică</a>, București, 1957-1966</li> <li>Bunget, I., Burlacu, L., Ciobotaru, D.: <i>Compendiu de fizică</i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83_%C8%99i_Enciclopedic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică">Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică</a>, București, 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_G%C3%A1bos" title="Zoltán Gábos">Zoltán Gábos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliviu_Gherman" title="Oliviu Gherman">Oliviu Gherman</a>: <i>Termodinamica și fizica statistică</i>, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, 1964, 1967</li> <li>George C. Moisil: <i>Termodinamica</i>, Editura Academiei RSR, București, 1988,</li> <li>I.G. Murgulescu, R. Vîlcu: <i>Introducere în chimia fizică vol. III Termodinamică chimică</i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Academiei_RSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Editura Academiei RSR">Editura Academiei RSR</a>, București, 1982</li> <li>Stoian Petrescu, Valeria Petrescu: <i>Principiile termodinamicii - Evoluție, fundamentări, aplicații</i>, Editura Tehnică, București, 1983</li> <li>Ion M. Popescu: <i>Fizica - Termodinamica</i>, Editura Politehnica Press, București, 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98erban_%C8%9Ai%C8%9Beica" title="Șerban Țițeica">Șerban Țițeica</a>: <i>Termodinamica</i>, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, București, 1982.</li> <li>V. Kirillin, V. Sîcev, A. Șeindlin: <i>Termodinamica</i>, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1985, (traducere din limba rusă)</li> <li>Rodica Vâlcu, <i>Termodinamica chimică</i>, Editura Tehnică, București, 1975, 1994</li> <li>Dumitru Săndulescu, <i>Chimie fizică - vol I</i>, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1979</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_intern%C4%83&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Termodinamică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențial termodinamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">Potențial chimic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică">Capacitate termică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">Termodinamică chimică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatură</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sistem termodinamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Ecuație de stare">Ecuație de stare</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fizic%C4%83" title="Portal:Fizică">Portal Fizică </a></b> </td></tr> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chimie" title="Portal:Chimie">Portal Chimie </a></b> </td></tr> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Crystal_128_energy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Crystal_128_energy.png/28px-Crystal_128_energy.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Crystal_128_energy.png/42px-Crystal_128_energy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Crystal_128_energy.png/56px-Crystal_128_energy.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energie" title="Portal:Energie">Portal Energie </a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Format:Fizică statistică"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Fizică statistică — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Fizică statistică">Fizică statistică</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termodinamică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Calorimetrie" title="Calorimetrie">Calorimetrie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică">Capacitate termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83_latent%C4%83" title="Căldură latentă">Căldură latentă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic" title="Ciclu termodinamic">Ciclu termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Carnot" title="Ciclul Carnot">Ciclul Carnot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Clausius-Rankine" title="Ciclul Clausius-Rankine">Ciclul Clausius-Rankine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_transformare_adiabatic%C4%83" title="Coeficient de transformare adiabatică">Coeficient de transformare adiabatică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Constanta_universal%C4%83_a_gazului_ideal" title="Constanta universală a gazului ideal">Constanta universală a gazului ideal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Echilibru_termodinamic" title="Echilibru termodinamic">Echilibru termodinamic</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energie internă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă">Energie liberă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entalpie_liber%C4%83" title="Entalpie liberă">Entalpie liberă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropia_radia%C8%9Biei_electromagnetice" title="Entropia radiației electromagnetice">Entropia radiației electromagnetice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropia_termodinamic%C4%83_(dup%C4%83_Carath%C3%A9odory)" title="Entropia termodinamică (după Carathéodory)">Entropia termodinamică (după Carathéodory)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropie_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Entropie termodinamică">Entropie termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evaporare" title="Evaporare">Evaporare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Fază (termodinamică)">Fază (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fierbere" title="Fierbere">Fierbere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Formula_lui_Planck" title="Formula lui Planck">Formula lui Planck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frac%C8%9Bie_molar%C4%83" title="Fracție molară">Fracție molară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_ideal" title="Gaz ideal">Gaz ideal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_perfect" title="Gaz perfect">Gaz perfect</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_real" title="Gaz real">Gaz real</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_Boyle-Mariotte" title="Legea Boyle-Mariotte">Legea Boyle-Mariotte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_Dulong-Petit" title="Legea Dulong-Petit">Legea Dulong-Petit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Avogadro" title="Legea lui Avogadro">Legea lui Avogadro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Dalton" title="Legea lui Dalton">Legea lui Dalton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Henry" title="Legea lui Henry">Legea lui Henry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Raoult" title="Legea lui Raoult">Legea lui Raoult</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legile_de_deplasare_ale_lui_Wien" title="Legile de deplasare ale lui Wien">Legile de deplasare ale lui Wien</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legile_lui_Kirchhoff_(radia%C8%9Bie)" title="Legile lui Kirchhoff (radiație)">Legile lui Kirchhoff (radiație)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lema_lui_Carath%C3%A9odory_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Lema lui Carathéodory (termodinamică)">Lema lui Carathéodory (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83rimi_molare_de_exces" title="Mărimi molare de exces">Mărimi molare de exces</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paradoxul_lui_Gibbs_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Paradoxul lui Gibbs (termodinamică)">Paradoxul lui Gibbs (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">Perpetuum mobile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">Potențial chimic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențial termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiile_termodinamicii" title="Principiile termodinamicii">Principiile termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii:_Planck_versus_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii: Planck versus Carathéodory">Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii: Planck versus Carathéodory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii">Principiul întâi al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Principiul zero al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proces_adiabatic" title="Proces adiabatic">Proces adiabatic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" title="Radiație termică">Radiație termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bia_lui_Mayer" title="Relația lui Mayer">Relația lui Mayer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rezonatorul_lui_Planck" title="Rezonatorul lui Planck">Rezonatorul lui Planck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sistem termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termochimie" title="Termochimie">Termochimie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformare_Legendre" title="Transformare Legendre">Transformare Legendre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">Transformare termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">Termodinamică chimică</a> •</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Mecanică statistică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Entropie_statistic%C4%83" title="Entropie statistică">Entropie statistică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83)" title="Fază (mecanică statistică)">Fază (mecanică statistică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grad_de_libertate" title="Grad de libertate">Grad de libertate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Mecanică statistică">Mecanică statistică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Operator_statistic" title="Operator statistic">Operator statistic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Teorie cinetică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Agita%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Agitație termică">Agitație termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Constanta_Boltzmann" title="Constanta Boltzmann">Constanta Boltzmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demonul_lui_Maxwell" title="Demonul lui Maxwell">Demonul lui Maxwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83rul_lui_Avogadro" title="Numărul lui Avogadro">Numărul lui Avogadro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teoria_cinetic%C4%83_a_gazelor" title="Teoria cinetică a gazelor">Teoria cinetică a gazelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teoria_haosului" title="Teoria haosului">Teoria haosului</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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