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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Torus" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Torus" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Soorten_torussen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soorten_torussen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Soorten torussen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soorten_torussen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binnenstebuiten_keren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binnenstebuiten_keren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Binnenstebuiten keren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binnenstebuiten_keren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorbeelden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorbeelden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voorbeelden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 68 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="طارة (رياضيات) – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طارة (رياضيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(h%C9%99nd%C9%99si_fiqur)" title="Tor (həndəsi fiqur) – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tor (həndəsi fiqur)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Тор (геаметрыя) – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тор (геаметрыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тор (геометрия) – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тор (геометрия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(geometria)" title="Tor (geometria) – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tor (geometria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_(giumitria)" title="Toru (giumitria) – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Toru (giumitria)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%C3%A7%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Тор (çий) – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тор (çий)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τόρος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_(geometrio)" title="Toro (geometrio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toro (geometrio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_(geometr%C3%ADa)" title="Toro (geometría) – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toro (geometría)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toor" title="Toor – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru" title="Toru – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="چنبره – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چنبره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore" title="Tore – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(Geometrii)" title="Ring (Geometrii) – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ring (Geometrii)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ras" title="Tóras – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tóras" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_(xeometr%C3%ADa_e_topolox%C3%ADa)" title="Toro (xeometría e topoloxía) – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toro (xeometría e topoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="טורוס – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="टॉरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टॉरस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rusz" title="Tórusz – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tórusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9)" title="Տոր (մակերևույթ) – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոր (մակերևույթ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro" title="Toro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Toro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro" title="Toro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Toro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_(geometria)" title="Toro (geometria) – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toro (geometria)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="トーラス – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ტორი (გეომეტრია) – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტორი (გეომეტრია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbiriga_(mathabu)" title="Mbiriga (mathabu) – Gikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mbiriga (mathabu)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Gikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%ED%99%98%EB%A9%B4" title="원환면 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원환면" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_(mathematica)" title="Torus (mathematica) – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Torus (mathematica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toras_(geometrija)" title="Toras (geometrija) – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toras (geometrija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tors_(%C4%A3eometrija)" title="Tors (ģeometrija) – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tors (ģeometrija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Тор (геометрија) – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тор (геометрија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2r_(geometria)" title="Tòr (geometria) – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tòr (geometria)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_(matematyka)" title="Torus (matematyka) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Torus (matematyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_(topologia)" title="Toro (topologia) – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toro (topologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Тор (поверхность) – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тор (поверхность)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_(giometr%C3%ACa)" title="Toru (giometrìa) – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Toru (giometrìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_(geometria)" title="Torus (geometria) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Torus (geometria)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torusi" title="Torusi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Torusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Торус – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Торус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus" title="Torus – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உருள்வளையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருள்வளையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95)" title="ทอรัส (เรขาคณิต) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอรัส (เรขาคณิต)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simit_(geometri)" title="Simit (geometri) – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Simit (geometri)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Тор (геометрія) – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тор (геометрія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(jism)" title="Tor (jism) – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tor (jism)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ACnh_xuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Hình xuyến – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hình xuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E9%9D%A2" title="环面 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="环面" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тор – Kalmuks" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Тор" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E9%9D%A2" title="环面 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="环面" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12510#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><div id="sjabloon_zie_artikel" class="hatnote" style="padding:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Voor het gelijknamige begrip uit de architectuur, zie <a href="/wiki/Torus_(architectuur)" title="Torus (architectuur)">Torus (architectuur)</a>.</i> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Torus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torus.png/260px-Torus.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torus.png/390px-Torus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torus.png/520px-Torus.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Torus</figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>torus</b> (meervoud: <b>tori</b> of <b>torussen</b>) is een <a href="/wiki/Driedimensionaal" title="Driedimensionaal">driedimensionaal</a> <a href="/wiki/Omwentelingslichaam" title="Omwentelingslichaam">omwentelingslichaam</a>, dat ontstaat door een <a href="/wiki/Cirkel" title="Cirkel">cirkel</a> te wentelen om een lijn die zich in het vlak van de cirkel bevindt. Als deze lijn de cirkel niet snijdt of raakt, is het resultaat een open torus welke ringvormig is, of vergelijkbaar met de binnenband van een fiets. </p><p>Het <a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">oppervlak</a> van een open torus is: <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;">4 <i>π</i><sup>2</sup> <i>r R</i></span> </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Inhoud_(volume)" title="Inhoud (volume)">inhoud</a> van een open torus is: <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;">2 <i>π</i><sup>2</sup> <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> <i>R</i></span> </p><p>De cartesische vergelijking wordt gegeven door: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-R\right)^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-R\right)^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/954a523b9889c87184358b656c9d4ca08f07ddab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:29.029ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-R\right)^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}}"></span> </p><p>Een mogelijke parametrisatie van een torus rond de z-as is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x=\cos(u)(R+r\cos(v)),y=\sin(u)(R+r\cos(v)),z=r\sin(v)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x=\cos(u)(R+r\cos(v)),y=\sin(u)(R+r\cos(v)),z=r\sin(v)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd0f67d3baee53daf40f588aaaedc1325c7e2fb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:62.204ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x=\cos(u)(R+r\cos(v)),y=\sin(u)(R+r\cos(v)),z=r\sin(v)}}"></span> waar zowel <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>u</i></span> als <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>v</i></span> variëren van 0 tot 2π. </p><p>Hierin is <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>r</i></span> de straal van de cirkel en <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>R</i></span> de afstand tussen het middelpunt van de cirkel en de verticale as. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soorten_torussen">Soorten torussen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Soorten torussen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Soorten torussen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Les_trois_types_de_tores.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Les_trois_types_de_tores.PNG/260px-Les_trois_types_de_tores.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Les_trois_types_de_tores.PNG/390px-Les_trois_types_de_tores.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Les_trois_types_de_tores.PNG/520px-Les_trois_types_de_tores.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Drie soorten torussen.<br />Van links naar rechts: gesloten torus (<i>R < r</i>), torus met tot één punt samengetrokken gat (<i>R = r</i>), en open torus (<i>R > r</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Afhankelijk van de verhouding tussen <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>R</i></span> en <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>r</i></span> kan men drie soorten torussen onderscheiden: </p> <ul><li>Als <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R>r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>></mo> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R>r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/185691d6d238376261dda1cf90392a62e5df832f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.911ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R>r}"></span>, is het een <i>open torus</i> (ringvormig).</li> <li>Als <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\leq r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\leq r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de7659a9b46a6582f83321a24d62498f7337474a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.911ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\leq r}"></span>, is het een <i>gesloten torus</i>: <ul><li>bij <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ed97a934a158af5ecdf7587f66ec24b3234f52f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.911ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=r}"></span> is de opening samengetrokken in één punt;</li> <li>bij <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R<r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo><</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R<r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b07ed06b793f014ad6a6f8379116925aa30fe11" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.911ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R<r}"></span> zijn van de opening slechts twee „kuiltjes” over, die minder diep worden naarmate <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>R</i></span> dichter naar 0 nadert.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Als <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>R = 0</i></span>, zijn de kuiltjes weg en is de torus ontaard in een <a href="/wiki/Sfeer_(wiskunde)" title="Sfeer (wiskunde)">bol</a>. </p><p>In meer dimensies is de <a href="/wiki/3-torus" title="3-torus">3-torus</a> gedefinieerd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binnenstebuiten_keren">Binnenstebuiten keren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Binnenstebuiten keren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Binnenstebuiten keren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Inside-out_torus_(animated,_small).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Inside-out_torus_%28animated%2C_small%29.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Een torus kan topologisch binnenstebuiten worden gekeerd.</figcaption></figure> <p>Het is in <a href="/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie">topologische</a> zin mogelijk een binnenband via het ventielgat binnenstebuiten te keren. Hierbij wordt verondersteld dat het rubber zeer ver rekbaar is. Tekent men een lijn in de lengterichting van de torus en keert men de torus binnenstebuiten, dan komt de lijn natuurlijk aan de binnenkant, en bovendien in de breedterichting van de torus. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbeelden">Voorbeelden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbeelden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbeelden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Delphinapterus_leucas_Magic_ring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Delphinapterus_leucas_Magic_ring.JPG/260px-Delphinapterus_leucas_Magic_ring.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Delphinapterus_leucas_Magic_ring.JPG/390px-Delphinapterus_leucas_Magic_ring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Delphinapterus_leucas_Magic_ring.JPG/520px-Delphinapterus_leucas_Magic_ring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Een door een <a href="/wiki/Witte_dolfijn" title="Witte dolfijn">witte dolfijn</a> gemaakte werveling in de vorm van een torus (toroïdale vortex).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Voorbeelden van een torus uit het dagelijks leven zijn de <a href="/wiki/Donut" title="Donut">donut</a> van de warme bakker, en de binnenband van een auto of een fiets.</li> <li>Een door dolfijnen gemaakte <a href="/wiki/Vortex_(flu%C3%AFdum)" title="Vortex (fluïdum)">werveling</a> in de vorm van een torus (toroïdale vortex) is een zich voortbewegende <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magische_ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magische ring (de pagina bestaat niet)">"magische" ring</a>.</li> <li>Bij onderzoek naar <a href="/wiki/Kernfusie" title="Kernfusie">kernfusie</a> wordt vaak gebruikgemaakt van een <a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">tokamak</a>, een type onderzoeksreactor met een torusvormige plasmakamer. De naam <i>tokamak</i> is een <a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Russische afkorting</a>, waarbij de lettergreep <i>to</i> staat voor <i>torus</i>. Een voorbeeld van een tokamakreactor is de <i><a href="/wiki/Joint_European_Torus" title="Joint European Torus">Joint European Torus</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Culham" title="Culham">Culham</a> (Engeland).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torus&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirkelring" title="Cirkelring">Cirkelring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippopede" title="Hippopede">Hippopede</a></li></ul> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/torus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/torus">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><div class="interProjectTemplate"></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torus&oldid=67588584">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torus&oldid=67588584</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ruimtelijke_figuur" title="Categorie:Ruimtelijke figuur">Ruimtelijke figuur</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 27 mei 2024 om 11:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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