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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1940s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 1990s to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sub-genres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sub-genres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Action_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Action thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Comedy thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Conspiracy thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Crime thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erotic_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erotic_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Erotic thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erotic_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giallo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giallo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Giallo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giallo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horror_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horror_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Horror thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horror_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Legal thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Political thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Psychological thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Social thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spy_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spy_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Spy film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spy_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernatural_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernatural_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Supernatural thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supernatural_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techno-thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techno-thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Techno-thriller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techno-thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="فيلم إثارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم إثارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_d%27intriga" title="Cine d'intriga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine d'intriga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triller_filmi" title="Triller filmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Triller filmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffilm_gyffro" title="Ffilm gyffro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffilm gyffro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5nevusfilm" title="Põnevusfilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põnevusfilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فیلم دلهره‌آور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم دلهره‌آور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_suspense" title="Film à suspense – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film à suspense" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%B4%EB%9F%AC_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="스릴러 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스릴러 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="रोमांचक फिल्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमांचक फिल्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_cerita_seru" title="Film cerita seru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film cerita seru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_thriller" title="Film thriller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Film thriller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97" title="סרט מתח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט מתח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillera_filma" title="Trillera filma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trillera filma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Трилер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трилер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F" title="थरारपट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थरारपट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="فيلم اثاره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم اثاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem_debaran" title="Filem debaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filem debaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="スリラー映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スリラー映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triller_film" title="Triller film – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Triller film" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_sensacyjny" title="Film sensacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film sensacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_de_suspense" title="Filme de suspense – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme de suspense" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фильм-триллер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фильм-триллер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_movie" title="Thriller movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thriller movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filimada_xiisaha" title="Filimada xiisaha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Filimada xiisaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="فیلمی ھەستبزوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی ھەستبزوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrillerfilm" title="Thrillerfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thrillerfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பரபரப்பூட்டும் திரைப்படம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரபரப்பூட்டும் திரைப்படம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerilim_filmi" title="Gerilim filmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerilim filmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Гостросюжетний фільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гостросюжетний фільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phim_gi%E1%BA%ADt_g%C3%A2n" title="Phim giật gân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phim giật gân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%9A%E6%85%84%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="驚慄電影 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="驚慄電影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%9A%E6%82%9A%E7%89%87" title="驚悚片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="驚悚片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2484376#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film genre evoking excitement and suspense</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Suspense thriller" redirects here. For the general category "suspense/thriller", see <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller (genre)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RebeccaTrailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RebeccaTrailer.jpg/220px-RebeccaTrailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/RebeccaTrailer.jpg/330px-RebeccaTrailer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/RebeccaTrailer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>A common theme in thrillers involves innocent victims dealing with deranged adversaries, as seen in Hitchcock's film <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a> (1940), where Mrs. Danvers tries to persuade Mrs. De Winter to leap to her death.</figcaption></figure> Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a broad <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> that evokes excitement and <a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">suspense</a> in the audience.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The suspense element found in most films' plots is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, and is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">cover-up</a> of important information from the viewer, and fight and chase scenes are common methods. Life is typically threatened in a thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize that they are entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films' characters conflict with each other or with an outside force, which can sometimes be abstract. The protagonist is usually set against a problem, such as an escape, a <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">mission</a>, or a mystery.<a href="#cite_note-dirks1-3">[3]</a> Screenwriter and scholar <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Williams" title="Eric R. Williams">Eric R. Williams</a> identifies thriller films as one of eleven super-genres in his <a href="/wiki/Screenwriters_Taxonomy" title="Screenwriters Taxonomy">screenwriters' taxonomy</a>, claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thriller_film#undue" title="Talk:Thriller film">discuss</a>] The other ten super-genres are <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a>, slice of life, <a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_film_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western film (genre)">western</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Thriller films are typically hybridized with other super-genres; hybrids commonly including: action thrillers, fantasy and science fiction thrillers. Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective and more on generating suspense. Common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit and romantic triangles leading to murder.<a href="#cite_note-dirks1-3">[3]</a> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> (AFI) made its selection of <a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Thrills" title="AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills">the top 100 greatest American "heart-pounding" and "adrenaline-inducing" films of all time</a>. The 400 nominated films had to be American-made films whose thrills have "enlivened and enriched America's film heritage". AFI also asked jurors to consider "the total adrenaline-inducing impact of a film's artistry and craft".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-dirks1-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> In his book on the genre, Martin Rubin stated that the label "Thriller" was "highly problematic" declaring that "the very breadth and vagueness of the thriller category understandably discourage efforts to define it precisely.".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19993–4-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199913-7">[7]</a> This was echoed by Charles Derry in his book The Suspense Thriller, which found that the terms "suspense thriller", "thriller" and "suspense film" are used continuously in popular press, academic writings and the film industry with no clear agreement of what the definition is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry19887-8">[8]</a> Unlike other genres such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_film_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western film (genre)">Western</a> which had recognizable iconography (cowboys, saloons, southwestern landscapes), the thriller lacks such unique iconography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19995-9">[9]</a> Rubin went on to state that thrillers involve an excess of certain qualities beyond the narratives: they tend emphasize action, suspense and atmosphere and emphasize feelings of "suspense, fright, mystery, exhilaration, excitement, speed, movement" over more sensitive, cerebral, or emotionally heavy feelings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19995-9">[9]</a> Rubin described thrillers as being both quantitative and qualitative as virtually all narrative films could be considered thrilling to some degree, while they could contain suspense to some degree, but at "a certain hazy point", the films become thrilling enough to be considered part of the genre. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19995-9">[9]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, a director very associated with the genre, he proclaimed that the <a href="/wiki/Whodunnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Whodunnit">whodunnit</a> generated "the kind of curiosity that is void of emotion, and emotion is essential ingredient of suspense" and thus for Hitchcock, "mystery is seldom suspenseful"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry19888-10">[10]</a> In their discussions on the political thriller, Pablo Castrillo and Pablo Echart stated in 2015 that the concept of a thriller as an overarching, broad category is "traditionally unclear" due to the varied definitions between authors, with its "boundaries often blurred, overlapped, and hybridized with other genres."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastrilloEchart2015110-11">[11]</a> In his book The Suspense Thriller (1988), the genre-studies specialist Charles Derry found the "suspense thriller" to be <a href="/wiki/Crime_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime films">crime films</a> that lacked a traditional detective figure and featured non-professional criminals or innocent victims as protagonists and excluded films that are often labeled as thrillers such as hard-boiled detective stories, horror films, heist films and spy films. Derry found the non-professional or victim being placed in unfamiliar situations enhanced their vulnerability and thus increased greater suspense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19999-12">[12]</a> Derry specifically noted the "innocent-on-the-run" theme a coherent in the genre, presenting them in films such as <a href="/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)">The 39 Steps</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> (1959) and conspiracy thriller films like <a href="/wiki/The_Parallax_View" title="The Parallax View">The Parallax View</a> (1974) and the comedy-tinged <a href="/wiki/Silver_Streak_(film)" title="Silver Streak (film)">Silver Streak</a> (1976).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199910-13">[13]</a> Alternatively, British communication professor Jerry Palmer in his book Thrillers defined the genre by literary roots, ideology and sociological backgrounds and that thrillers could be reduced to just two components: a hero and a conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199911-14">[14]</a> Palmer noted the hero in a thriller must be professional and competitive and not an amateur or an average citizen and suggested and declared characters such as spy <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> or private eye <a href="/wiki/Mike_Hammer_(character)" title="Mike Hammer (character)">Mike Hammer</a> to be "quintessential thriller heroes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199911-14">[14]</a> Palmer also noted that audiences must approve of the hero's actions and adopt their moral perspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199911-14">[14]</a> Palmer included styles such as detective films as part of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199912-15">[15]</a> Rubin argued against Palmer's definition, noting that it would include <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">courtroom dramas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Meet_John_Doe" title="Meet John Doe">Meet John Doe</a> (1941) into the genre and eliminate such films as <a href="/wiki/Purple_Noon" title="Purple Noon">Purple Noon</a> (1960) and <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a> (1960) from the genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199912–13-16">[16]</a> Rubin borrowed from <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>'s "A Defence of Detective Stories", stating that the world of the thriller is in an urban world, opposed to bygone eras of knights, pirates and cowboys which assists with the concept that "one normally does not think of Westerns as thrillers, even though they often contain a great deal of action, adventures chases and suspense."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199914–15-17">[17]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">adventure film</a> is predominantly set in an environment that is already exotic and primitive, and removed form the realm of mundane and modern-day urban existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199916-18">[18]</a> In his book Crime Movies: An Illustrated History, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Clarens" title="Carlos Clarens">Carlos Clarens</a> discussed location being related to thrillers as well, stating that crime films as emphasized broad, socially symbolic characters such as the criminal, the Law, and society while thrillers were more concerned with violence or disturbances within a private sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer20122-19">[19]</a> Rubin declared that thrillers attached itself to other genres such as the <a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">spy film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> and various sub-genres of <a href="/wiki/Crime_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime films">crime films</a> more so than <a href="/wiki/Western_film_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western film (genre)">Westerns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musicals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_films" class="mw-redirect" title="War films">war films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19994-20">[20]</a> Derry also suggested this, stating that the film was an "umbrella genre" that cuts across several more clearly defined genres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199910-13">[13]</a> Rubin went as far to suggest that there was possibly no such thing as a pure "thriller thriller" as it was easier to apply it as a quality as a <a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">spy thriller</a>, detective thriller, <a href="/wiki/Horror_thriller" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror thriller">horror thriller</a>, and that there is possibly no such thing as a pure "thriller thriller".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19994-20">[20]</a> Rubin further expanded on the problematic usage of the genre due to its wide usage in media, such as the American magazine <a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a> listing <a href="/wiki/Basket_Case_(film)" title="Basket Case (film)">Basket Case</a> (1982) as a thriller, while its sequel <a href="/wiki/Basket_Case_2" title="Basket Case 2">Basket Case 2</a> (1990) was a comedy and that films as diverse as the horror film <a href="/wiki/Halloween_(1978_film)" title="Halloween (1978 film)">Halloween</a> (1978), the detective film <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)" title="The Big Sleep (1946 film)">The Big Sleep</a> (1946), the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> comedy film <a href="/wiki/Safety_Last!" title="Safety Last!">Safety Last!</a> (1923), the Hitchcock spy film North by Northwest (1959), the disaster film <a href="/wiki/The_Poseidon_Adventure_(1972_film)" title="The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)">The Poseidon Adventure</a> (1972), and the science fiction monster movie <a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a> (1979) can all be considered thrillers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19993-4-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-film">Pre-film</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-film">edit</a>]</div> Due to what Rubin describe as a "wide, imprecise scope", it is unwieldy to attempt a comprehensive history of individual genres, including the thriller, and suggests it better to view the style in terms of cycles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199939-22">[22]</a> Prior to the development of films, the genre has its connections to broadly-based fiction of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199940-23">[23]</a> Elements of the thriller are traced to the earliest gothic novel with <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a> (1765) which led to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Lewis_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Lewis (writer)">Matthew Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Monk" title="The Monk">The Monk</a> (1796) and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Ann Radcliffe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Udolpho" title="The Mysteries of Udolpho">The Mysteries of Udolpho</a> (1794) and <a href="/wiki/The_Italian_(Radcliffe_novel)" title="The Italian (Radcliffe novel)">The Italian</a> (1797). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199940-23">[23]</a> Rubin noted that the extended vulnerability of the enthralled protagonists and victims in the thriller anticipated the thriller genre, a statement echoed by Robert D. Hume's 1969 essay which asserts that the Gothic novel involved a reader in a new way, with increased emphasis on suspense, sensation and emotion opposed to moral and intellectual focuses. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199941-24">[24]</a> The gothics being considered thrillers is problematic as they are set in antiquated decaying worlds and fail the tradition of being considered "modern".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199941-24">[24]</a> The second literary form that predated thrillers was the Victorian <a href="/wiki/Sensation_novel" title="Sensation novel">sensation novel</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Woman_in_White_(novel)" title="The Woman in White (novel)">The Woman in White</a> (1859–1860) which stripped the gothic genre of its mysticism and brought to a contemporary time closer to everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199941–42-25">[25]</a> These sensation novels often were published in serialized form, sometimes concluding their installments with <a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">cliffhangers</a> called "climax and curtain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199942-26">[26]</a> The third of the proto-types to the thriller was early detective and mystery fiction, such as <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>" (1841), which is widely considered the first detective story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199942-26">[26]</a> The detective story drew upon the previously mentioned forms, and is shown through stories such as the <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles" title="The Hound of the Baskervilles">The Hound of the Baskervilles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199943-27">[27]</a> The roots of the thriller also generally associated with the rise of the urban-industrial society in the 19th century which created new and expanded mass audience, along with new forms of entertainment. This included stage play melodramas such as <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> (1852) in which an escaped slave escapes over an ice-choked river and the rural-set melodrama <a href="/wiki/Blue_Jeans_(play)" title="Blue Jeans (play)">Blue Jeans</a> (1890) which features a heroine who unties the hero just before he is cut by and advancing buzz saw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199943-27">[27]</a> Other forms of entertainment arrived in the 19th century at fairgrounds and amusements parks with thrill-oriented rides and attractions such as <a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferris wheels">Ferris wheels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoot_the_Chute" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoot the Chute">Shoot the Chutes</a>, which Rubin described as offering a "departure from humdrum reality that is merely a heightened version of that same humdrum reality.".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199944-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silent_era">Silent era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Silent era">edit</a>]</div> Fairgrounds were the earliest venues for film exhibitions in peep-show arcades, which film historian Tom Gunning described as "the cinema of attractions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199944–45-29">[29]</a> Film exhibitions were composed of novelty-oriented shorts that provided surprise, amazement, laughter, or sexual stimulation with no narrative. The sensation of motion in these early films was later input into a framework known as the "chase film" which came into prominence in 1903. The chase films were often produced in Britain and France and employed minimal narrative for an extended chase scene. This genre led to one of the most commercially celebrated American films of the period, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a> (1903).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199945-30">[30]</a> It contained elements of the <a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">heist film</a> with its depictions of ingeniously planned robberies, as well as relying on the thriller's technique of accelerated motion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199945-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199946-31">[31]</a> Chase films were limited in scope, but their emphasis on the chase sequence would extend well into the future in films such as <a href="/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)" title="On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)">On Her Majesty's Secret Service</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_Point_(1971_film)" title="Vanishing Point (1971 film)">Vanishing Point</a> (1971), and <a href="/wiki/Speed_(1994_film)" title="Speed (1994 film)">Speed</a> (1994).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199947-32">[32]</a> The period between 1907 and 1913 solidified the film industry's increasing mastery of narrative filmmaking, predominantly with <a href="/wiki/D.W._Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="D.W. Griffith">D.W. Griffith</a>'s films, which Rubin described as "enhancing suspense, psychological depth, and spatial orientation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199947-32">[32]</a> Griffith applied new techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Cross-cutting" title="Cross-cutting">cross-cutting</a> to build suspense in films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_and_Her_Trust" title="The Girl and Her Trust">The Girl and Her Trust</a> (1912), which also supplied psychological context for the actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199947–48-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_serial" class="mw-redirect" title="Film serial">Film serials</a>, featuring stories broken up into regularly scheduled episodes, expanded on the suspense-inducing devices of the earlier chase films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199950-34">[34]</a> Originally published in newspapers as fictional story installments, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> came upon the idea in 1913 by running serialized stories in both newspapers and film versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199951-35">[35]</a> This led to <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Kathlyn" title="The Adventures of Kathlyn">The Adventures of Kathlyn</a>, a serial in 13 parts which was a grand success and resulted in the newspaper developing the even more successful <a href="/wiki/The_Million_Dollar_Mystery" title="The Million Dollar Mystery">The Million Dollar Mystery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199952-36">[36]</a> Serials often ended with cliffhangers, an element that led to the tendency in thrillers to break up the story into a series of self-enclosed set pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199953-37">[37]</a> Film serials were later produced in Europe, with French directors such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Feuillade" title="Louis Feuillade">Louis Feuillade</a> who went from making chase films to making serials based on novels about master criminals, such as <a href="/wiki/Fant%C3%B4mas_(1913_serial)" title="Fantômas (1913 serial)">Fantômas</a> (1913) and <a href="/wiki/Les_Vampires" title="Les Vampires">Les Vampires</a> (1915).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199954-38">[38]</a> Outside of France, the most significant European venue for serials was Germany, with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> writing serials like <a href="/wiki/The_Mistress_of_the_World" title="The Mistress of the World">The Mistress of the World</a> (1919) and later directing films like <a href="/wiki/The_Spiders_(film)" title="The Spiders (film)">The Spiders</a> (1919).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199957-39">[39]</a> Lang would make films similar to those of Feuillade, with his films based on <a href="/wiki/Dr._Mabuse" title="Dr. Mabuse">Dr. Mabuse</a> that were set in a contemporary time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199958-40">[40]</a> Lang's <a href="/wiki/Dr._Mabuse_the_Gambler" title="Dr. Mabuse the Gambler">Dr. Mabuse the Gambler</a> (1922) was described by Rubin as an important part of the development of the thriller with its "duplicitous, labyrinthine network of decadent nightspots and secret dens that are linked together by murky thoroughfares, twisting back alleys and subterranean passages."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199959-41">[41]</a> Lang's later film <a href="/wiki/Spione" title="Spione">Spies</a> (1928) extensively used crosscutting not only to enhance suspense and draw thematic parallels, but also to develop what Rubin described as a "paranoid vision of a world where everything seems to fit together as part of an ever-widening web of conspiracy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199960-42">[42]</a> This type of editing was later applied to numerous <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noirs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Siodmak" title="Robert Siodmak">Robert Siodmak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1946_film)" title="The Killers (1946 film)">The Killers</a> (1946) and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Killing_(film)" title="The Killing (film)">The Killing</a> (1956). It was also used in <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/JFK_(film)" title="JFK (film)">JFK</a> (1991) and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Singer" title="Bryan Singer">Bryan Singer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Usual_Suspects" title="The Usual Suspects">The Usual Suspects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199962-43">[43]</a> During the silent era, <a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism (cinema)">German Expressionism</a> was active from 1905 onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199964-44">[44]</a> These films featured distorted sets and stylized gestures which had an influence on filmmaking all over the world, including the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199964-65-45">[45]</a> The expressionist cinematic style was particularly relevant to the thriller, combining psychology and spectacle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199965-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1930s">edit</a>]</div> The early 1930s saw the rise of two film genre movements: the gothic styled horror film and the <a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">gangster film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199970-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> was the leader of the horror genre in the early 1930s with its expressionist-derived atmosphere that started with two big hits film: <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931) and <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1931).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199971-48">[48]</a> Rubin noted that both films lacked the thriller's fundamental tension between the familiar and exotic or adventurous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199972-49">[49]</a> Also in the early 1930s, the gangster film arrived with early major films including <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)" title="Little Caesar (film)">Little Caesar</a> (1930), <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wellman" title="William A. Wellman">William A. Wellman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Enemy" title="The Public Enemy">The Public Enemy</a> (1932) and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1932_film)" title="Scarface (1932 film)">Scarface</a> (1932).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199972-49">[49]</a> These films centered on the rise of and fall of the criminal with Rubin noting that suspense in these films was "relatively slight", with both genres leaving an imprint on subsequent forms of the thriller with mid-1930s <a href="/wiki/G-man" title="G-man">G-Man</a> films, the early detective films of the 1940s, and the gangster films of the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199973-50">[50]</a> The gangster film itself imbued the modern urban environment with larger-than-life overtones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199973-74-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Lang_CM738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fritz_Lang_CM738.jpg/220px-Fritz_Lang_CM738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fritz_Lang_CM738.jpg/330px-Fritz_Lang_CM738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Fritz_Lang_CM738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Fritz Lang (on the left) in 1938.</figcaption></figure> Rubin described the mid-1930s as when the thriller entered its "classical period" with the emergence of key genres that were previously either non-existent or minor. These included the spy film, detective film, the film noir, the police film and the science fiction thriller.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199979-52">[52]</a> The horror films of the early 1930s with their Europeanized settings and villains led to what Rubin described as a "growing uneasiness towards Europe" Such anxieties were directly registered with spy thriller films, that were previously marginalised but grew as the tensions of the 1930s and the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199979-52">[52]</a> The genre grew into popularity in Great Britain in the mid-1930s with the output of the countries leading filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>. Between 1934 and 1938, Hitchcock directed five spy thrillers: <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1934_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a> (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), <a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_(1936_film)" title="Secret Agent (1936 film)">Secret Agent</a> (1936), <a href="/wiki/Sabotage_(1936_film)" title="Sabotage (1936 film)">Sabotage</a> (1936), and <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a> (1938). Along with Lang's output of the period, Rubin stated that Hitchcock became a "top rank" filmmaker specialising in the classical film thrillers, opposed to his prior output, which only sporadically included films that could be considered thrillers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199980-53">[53]</a> Compared to Lang, Hitchcock approach to the spy thriller was described by Rubin as "less abstract, less epic" with "a greater emphasis on individual psychology and subjective points of view" while Lang's primary focus was on "the structure of the trap", Hitchcock's was on the "mental state of the entrapped."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199980-53">[53]</a> The first major American spy thriller of the World War II era was <a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Nazi_Spy" title="Confessions of a Nazi Spy">Confessions of a Nazi Spy</a> (1939).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199985-54">[54]</a> After relocating to the United States, Hitchcock continued his attachment to spy films with films like <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(film)" title="Foreign Correspondent (film)">Foreign Correspondent</a> (1940) and <a href="/wiki/Saboteur_(film)" title="Saboteur (film)">Saboteur</a> (1942).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199980-53">[53]</a> Despite having these films exist beyond the cityscapes of the thriller genre, they do not deploy the adventure nature of The Adventures of Kathlyn or The Spiders usually lacking in exaggerated methods of transport, such as parachute drops, safaris, submarines, or even high-speed chases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199985-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1940s">edit</a>]</div> Like the spy film, another genre that grew popular due to the war-generated phenomena in the early to mid-1940s saw the rise of thrillers centered around various phases of crime films such as the rise in popularity of detective films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199986-87-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199988-56">[56]</a> These ranged from <a href="/wiki/B-film" class="mw-redirect" title="B-film">B-film</a> detectives such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shayne" title="Michael Shayne">Michael Shayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Falcon_(fictional_detective)" title="The Falcon (fictional detective)">The Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Blackie" title="Boston Blackie">Boston Blackie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crime_Doctor_(character)" title="Crime Doctor (character)">Crime Doctor</a> as well as modernized <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> stories having him battle Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199986-87-55">[55]</a> These smaller budget films led to more major productions such as <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(1941_film)" title="The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)">The Maltese Falcon</a> (1941) while <a href="/wiki/Murder,_My_Sweet" title="Murder, My Sweet">Murder, My Sweet</a> (1944) introduced the character <a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe" title="Philip Marlowe">Philip Marlowe</a> to film. Marlowe would appear again in <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)" title="The Big Sleep (1946 film)">The Big Sleep</a> (1946).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199988-56">[56]</a> These detective films drew upon thriller and thriller-related genres with their nocturnal atmosphere and style influenced by expressionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199988-56">[56]</a> They often overlapped with <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>, a style coined by French critics in 1946 which arose in the mid-1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199989-90-57">[57]</a> The film noir style was not acknowledge by American filmmakers, critics or audiences until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199990-58">[58]</a> Early films considered as harbingers of the movement include Fritz Lang's <a href="/wiki/You_Only_Live_Once_(1937_film)" title="You Only Live Once (1937 film)">You Only Live Once</a> (1937), the b-film <a href="/wiki/Stranger_on_the_Third_Floor" title="Stranger on the Third Floor">Stranger on the Third Floor</a> (1940) and <a href="/wiki/I_Wake_Up_Screaming" title="I Wake Up Screaming">I Wake Up Screaming</a> (1941) and the first universally acknowledged major film noir: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Double_Indemnity" title="Double Indemnity">Double Indemnity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199991-59">[59]</a> During the 1940s, the influence of other foreign movements such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_neo-realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian neo-realism">Italian neo-realism</a> and American filmmaker's participation in making war documentaries and the audience's growing familiarity with these documentaries gritty and fact-based style led to Hollywood developing crime films that were shot in actual locations opposed to studio sets. These films included <a href="/wiki/The_House_on_92nd_Street" title="The House on 92nd Street">The House on 92nd Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Call_Northside_777" title="Call Northside 777">Call Northside 777</a> (1947) and the most acclaimed of these films, <a href="/wiki/The_Naked_City" title="The Naked City">The Naked City</a> (1948) which re-created a police manhunt for a brutal killer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199997-60">[60]</a> These films eventually began toning down their factuality to be applied to more noir styles, such as with <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Death_(1947_film)" title="Kiss of Death (1947 film)">Kiss of Death</a> (1947), <a href="/wiki/The_Street_with_No_Name" title="The Street with No Name">The Street with No Name</a> (1948), and <a href="/wiki/He_Walked_by_Night" title="He Walked by Night">He Walked by Night</a> (1949).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199997-60">[60]</a> Rubin found that placing these films in actual locations increased the tension of the ordinary world opposed to the limited confines of the studio sets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199998-61">[61]</a> Further spy films were made, including The House on 92nd Street began encompassing anti-communist themes. This was inaugurated with films like <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Curtain_(film)" title="The Iron Curtain (film)">The Iron Curtain</a> (1948).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999100-101-62">[62]</a> These titles drew on 1930s gangster film conventions, with the American branch of the communist parties being depicted like a gangster organization. This cycle continued into the 1950s with <a href="/wiki/I_Was_a_Communist_for_the_FBI" title="I Was a Communist for the FBI">I Was a Communist for the FBI</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Menace_(film)" title="The Red Menace (film)">The Red Menace</a> (1949), and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Samuel Fuller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pickup_on_South_Street" title="Pickup on South Street">Pickup on South Street</a> (1953).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999101-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> Crime was the significant focus of thrillers in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999102-64">[64]</a> The more realistic crime films of the 1940s and film noir merged into films about police detectives thrillers. Unlike the more clean-cut police officers of the 1940s realistic films, these films often had the police officer following darker paths. These included <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Cheated_Himself" title="The Man Who Cheated Himself">The Man Who Cheated Himself</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/The_Prowler_(1951_film)" title="The Prowler (1951 film)">The Prowler</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Pushover_(film)" title="Pushover (film)">Pushover</a> (1954).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999102-64">[64]</a> A smaller wave of similar police thrillers had the police detective having moral weakness, but excessiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999102-103-65">[65]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Where_the_Sidewalk_Ends_(film)" title="Where the Sidewalk Ends (film)">Where the Sidewalk Ends</a> (1950), <a href="/wiki/On_Dangerous_Ground" title="On Dangerous Ground">On Dangerous Ground</a> (1952), <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Heat" title="The Big Heat">The Big Heat</a> (1953).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999103-104-66">[66]</a> Rubin declared <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a> (1958) as another major film of this flawed-cop style. Rubin found that these late noirs collectively represent a peak of character development and moral complexity in the film thriller that was closer to the psychology films of Alfred Hitchcock than the action or mystery-oriented forms of the police thriller.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999105-67">[67]</a> Syndicate gangster films of the era had similarities to the anti-communist spy films and alien-invasion science fiction films of the era with films like <a href="/wiki/The_Enforcer_(1951_film)" title="The Enforcer (1951 film)">The Enforcer</a> (1951) while <a href="/wiki/The_Phenix_City_Story" title="The Phenix City Story">The Phenix City Story</a> (1955) and <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Rico" title="The Brothers Rico">The Brothers Rico</a> which contained borderline breakdowns of the criminal world and the lawful world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999107-68">[68]</a> The gangsters of these films do not resemble conventional criminals of the past, they dressed casually while being non-confrontational with muted violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999108-69">[69]</a> The 1950s also saw the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> thriller, which previously was a relatively minor genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999109-70">[70]</a> The most prevalent was a hybrid of science fiction and horror in films like <a href="/wiki/Them!" title="Them!">Them!</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/Tarantula_(film)" title="Tarantula (film)">Tarantula</a> (1955) while the films more attuned to the thriller occasionally saw an alien invasion theme, such as in <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers" title="Invasion of the Body Snatchers">Invasion of the Body Snatchers</a> (1956) which Rubin described as being between "science-fiction mundaneness and film-noir moodiness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999110-111-71">[71]</a> The science fiction thrillers of the era are not set on far off planets or but featured in present-day locales such as in <a href="/wiki/It_Came_from_Outer_Space" title="It Came from Outer Space">It Came from Outer Space</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Shrinking_Man" title="The Incredible Shrinking Man">The Incredible Shrinking Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999111-112-72">[72]</a> The 1950s also launched what Rubin called "a run of Hitchcock masterpieces", following an uneven part of experimentation in the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999113-73">[73]</a> Rubin noted as Hitchcock hitting his stride with <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window" title="Rear Window">Rear Window</a> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a> (1958), North by Northwest (1959), and Psycho (1960).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999113-114-74">[74]</a> During this period, Anglo-American critics of the era preferred Hitchcock's lighter-hearted British classics of the 1930s, these films were declared as "more ambitious and mature works" by Rubin, which became the focus of a major reevaluation of Hitchcock's artistic stature, which included with the first full-length books study of his work: Hitchcock (1957), by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Rohmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Rohmer">Eric Rohmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a> as well as the first English-language assessment, with <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wood_(critic)" title="Robin Wood (critic)">Robin Wood</a>'s Hitchcock's Films (1965).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999116-117-75">[75]</a> The plots and themes of these films would be re-worked into later directors such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Last_Embrace" title="Last Embrace">Last Embrace</a> (1979)), <a href="/wiki/Brian_de_Palma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian de Palma">Brian de Palma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dressed_to_Kill_(1980_film)" title="Dressed to Kill (1980 film)">Dressed to Kill</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Body_Double" title="Body Double">Body Double</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Obsession_(1976_film)" title="Obsession (1976 film)">Obsession</a> (1976)) and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hanson" title="Curtis Hanson">Curtis Hanson</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Bedroom_Window_(1987_film)" title="The Bedroom Window (1987 film)">The Bedroom Window</a> (1987)).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999117-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> Around 1960, Rubin described that key thriller categories went through major overhauls. This led to closing what he described as "subversive debunking" that nearly closed the doors on genres like the detective film, re-contextualizing genres like the <a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">neo-noir</a>, and enhancing the popularity of some genres such as the spy film briefly and other genres like the police film for longer periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999119-77">[77]</a> The expansion of foreign-film exhibition in the United States of highly regarded thrillers was an influence on the American thriller film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999119-77">[77]</a> Among the earliest of these was <a href="/wiki/Henri-Georges_Clouzot" title="Henri-Georges Clouzot">Henri-Georges Clouzot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Fear" title="The Wages of Fear">The Wages of Fear</a> (1953) and <a href="/wiki/Les_Diaboliques_(film)" title="Les Diaboliques (film)">Les Diaboliques</a> (1955) and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Jules Dassin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rififi" title="Rififi">Rififi</a> (1955) which influenced the 1960s thrillers with their sordid atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999120-121-78">[78]</a> Another cross-fertilization between American and European thrillers was the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a>, a movement which arose in the late 1950s. The style of these films were generally more self-conscious and intrusive than that of Hollywood films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999124-79">[79]</a> When these films had thriller aspects, these aspects of their story had a throwaway quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999125-80">[80]</a> The influence of the French New Wave was seen on American thrillers such as <a href="/wiki/Mickey_One" title="Mickey One">Mickey One</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Point_Blank_(1967_film)" title="Point Blank (1967 film)">Point Blank</a> (1967) and <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde_(film)" title="Bonnie and Clyde (film)">Bonnie and Clyde</a> (1967) as well as later films (<a href="/wiki/Sisters_(1972_film)" title="Sisters (1972 film)">Sisters</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Blue_Velvet_(film)" title="Blue Velvet (film)">Blue Velvet</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs" title="Reservoir Dogs">Reservoir Dogs</a> (1992)).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999127-81">[81]</a> The spy film had been what Rubin described as "stagnating" for several years due to the limitations of post-war anti-communist films. The genre was dramatically revitalized by the surprised hit <a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(film)" title="Dr. No (film)">Dr. No</a> (1962), which led to increasingly expensive and lucrative sequels as well as spearheading a 1960s spy craze in cinema and mass media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999127-81">[81]</a> Dr. No was conceived as a series of action set pieces (called "bumps" by the series co-producer <a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli" title="Albert R. Broccoli">Albert R. Broccoli</a>) which mixed the film's action and violence with generous doses of humor and Bond's post-bloodshed quips and sexual banter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999128-82">[82]</a> The Bond films generally distanced themselves with apolitical villains, that toned down the cold war elements of the original novels and spy films of the past, locating their films in Jamaica, Istanbul and Miami over Cuba, Berlin or Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999130-83">[83]</a> Rubin found that the Bond films important to the development of the thriller, but their own thriller dimensions was limited due to the Bond stories gravitating towards adventures, suspense sequences being moderate, and tensions kept simple compared to the films of Hitchcock or Lang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999130-131-84">[84]</a> Following the success of the Bond films, the character became the standard which all other spy films of the era were defined by within their similarities or dissimilarities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999132-85">[85]</a> These included having the spy being suave hero, colorful locations, attractive women and flamboyant decors. Many pre-1970s spy films were predominantly comedies with spy film elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Our_Man_Flint" title="Our Man Flint">Our Man Flint</a> (1966) and <a href="/wiki/The_Silencers_(film)" title="The Silencers (film)">The Silencers</a> (1966) and their sequels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999133-86">[86]</a> Another style of spy films attempted to differentiate themselves from the Bond films, while still differentiating themselves from the patriotic and Anti-Nazi and anti-communist spy films of the past. These films deglamorized the nature of the Bond films while still remaining thrillers, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Ipcress_File_(film)" title="The Ipcress File (film)">The Ipcress File</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Funeral_in_Berlin_(film)" title="Funeral in Berlin (film)">Funeral in Berlin</a> (1966), <a href="/wiki/The_Defector_(film)" title="The Defector (film)">The Defector</a> (1966) and <a href="/wiki/The_Quiller_Memorandum" title="The Quiller Memorandum">The Quiller Memorandum</a> (1966).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999133-134-87">[87]</a> These films featured spies who seemed less invincible than James Bond and other super spies, and often featured a more paranoid edge to their plots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999135-136-88">[88]</a> Police thrillers returned to popularity around the period of law-and-order issues between 1968 and 1972 presidential campaigns through a general swing towards the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> in the United States due to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The police-centered were much less critical in their treatment of their justice obsessed lawmen and were showcased fighting to protect society where official institutions have failed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999137-89">[89]</a> The police thriller returned in 1967 with the multiple-Oscar winning film <a href="/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(film)" title="In the Heat of the Night (film)">In the Heat of the Night</a> (1967), which was more about social issues than being a straight thriller, the films' use of racial epithets and strong-arm methods paved the way for films featuring characters like <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Harry_(character)" title="Dirty Harry (character)">Dirty Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_%22Popeye%22_Doyle" title="Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle">Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle</a> for the upcoming police cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999137-89">[89]</a> Early films in the cycle included <a href="/wiki/Madigan" title="Madigan">Madigan</a> (1968), <a href="/wiki/The_Detective_(1968_film)" title="The Detective (1968 film)">The Detective</a> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Coogan%27s_Bluff_(film)" title="Coogan's Bluff (film)">Coogan's Bluff</a> (1968) and <a href="/wiki/Bullitt" title="Bullitt">Bullitt</a> (1968), the latter being more successful financially than any the previously mentioned thrillers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999137-138-90">[90]</a> Like Bond, Bullitt featured much of the mystique as the James Bond series, with his stylish lifestyle and being an elite specialist working with a larger organization and is granted considerable autonomy on the course of his assignments. Bullitt's producer <a href="/wiki/Philip_D%27Antoni" title="Philip D'Antoni">Philip D'Antoni</a> featured even more elaborate variations in his later productions such as <a href="/wiki/The_French_Connection_(film)" title="The French Connection (film)">The French Connection</a> (1971) and <a href="/wiki/The_Seven-Ups" title="The Seven-Ups">The Seven-Ups</a> (1973) as car chases became staple to modern police thrillers. These police thrillers also featured a harsher more conflict-riddled world closer to those of the anti-Bond spy films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999138-91">[91]</a> These films were also harsher and more violent, mostly due to the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Hays_Code" title="Hays Code">Hays Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999139-140-92">[92]</a> The influence of the police thriller was long lasting, leading into the popular <a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Hard (film series)">Die Hard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lethal_Weapon_(franchise)" title="Lethal Weapon (franchise)">Lethal Weapon</a> film series and attaching itself to other genres such as science fiction (<a href="/wiki/Mad_Max" title="Mad Max">Mad Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_(franchise)" title="Blade Runner (franchise)">Blade Runner</a>, <a href="/wiki/RoboCop_(franchise)" title="RoboCop (franchise)">RoboCop</a>), and comedy (<a href="/wiki/48_Hrs." title="48 Hrs.">48 Hrs.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Cop_(franchise)" title="Beverly Hills Cop (franchise)">Beverly Hills Cop</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999144-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> Offshoots of the police thriller is the <a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">vigilante film</a>, in which an avenger in an urban setting throws off the restraints of the super cop of the police thrillers to operate as a loner without a badge or uniform. The main characters usually revolve around personal revenge and desire to cleanse society of its evil doers. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Death_Wish_(film_series)" title="Death Wish (film series)">Death Wish</a> film series, <a href="/wiki/Taxi_Driver" title="Taxi Driver">Taxi Driver</a> (1976) and <a href="/wiki/Ms._45" class="mw-redirect" title="Ms. 45">Ms. 45</a> (1981).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999144-93">[93]</a> A cycle of <a href="/wiki/Action_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Action films">action films</a> featuring black leads that came from the police thriller, vigilante films, and <a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaxploitation films">blaxploitation films</a> arrived with the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999144-93">[93]</a> The films predominantly feature loose-cannon private eyes such as in <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Slaughter_(1972_film)" title="Slaughter (1972 film)">Slaughter</a> (1972) and <a href="/wiki/Coffy" title="Coffy">Coffy</a> (1973) or hustlers such as in <a href="/wiki/Super_Fly_(1972_film)" title="Super Fly (1972 film)">Super Fly</a> (1972) and <a href="/wiki/The_Mack" title="The Mack">The Mack</a> (1973).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999145-94">[94]</a> The films were often derivations of earlier films such as <a href="/wiki/Cool_Breeze_(film)" title="Cool Breeze (film)">Cool Breeze</a> (1972), a remake of <a href="/wiki/The_Asphalt_Jungle" title="The Asphalt Jungle">The Asphalt Jungle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hit_Man_(1972_film)" title="Hit Man (1972 film)">Hit Man</a> (1972) a remake of <a href="/wiki/Get_Carter" title="Get Carter">Get Carter</a> (1971), and <a href="/wiki/Black_Mama,_White_Mama" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mama, White Mama">Black Mama, White Mama</a> (1973) a remake of <a href="/wiki/The_Defiant_Ones" title="The Defiant Ones">The Defiant Ones</a> (1958). The cycle generally slowed down by the mid 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999146-95">[95]</a> During the 1970s, contemporary situations such as the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> and disillusionment about the Vietnam War led to conspiracy thrillers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999148-149-96">[96]</a> A cycle of these films included <a href="/wiki/Executive_Action_(film)" title="Executive Action (film)">Executive Action</a> (1973) about the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Parallax_View" title="The Parallax View">The Parallax View</a> (1974) about a sinister corporation linked to a series of political murders, and others like <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation" title="The Conversation">The Conversation</a> (1974) and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Kills_(film)" title="Winter Kills (film)">Winter Kills</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-97">[97]</a> Unlike other films of the past, the paranoia of these films often focused on American institutions opposed to gangsterism or communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-97">[97]</a> A thriller-related movement in the 1970s was the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">disaster film</a>, which came with the great financial success of <a href="/wiki/Airport_(1970_film)" title="Airport (1970 film)">Airport</a> (1970), about an airplane crippled by a bomb that struggles to land in a snowstorm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-97">[97]</a> Similar films about a group of survivors escape several locations, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Poseidon_Adventure_(1972_film)" title="The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)">The Poseidon Adventure</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/The_Towering_Inferno" title="The Towering Inferno">The Towering Inferno</a> (1974) and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_(1974_film)" title="Earthquake (1974 film)">Earthquake</a> (1974) about a group of troubled people in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-97">[97]</a> The films often featured all-star casts and often had the disaster happening early or mid-way into the story rather than at the climax with the narrative focusing on the group of survivors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-150-98">[98]</a> The genre ended following overt sequels, television films and parodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-97">[97]</a> The genre had a brief revival in the late 1990s through the science-fiction and disaster hybrid <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a> (1996), which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Peak" title="Dante's Peak">Dante's Peak</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Volcano_(1997_film)" title="Volcano (1997 film)">Volcano</a> (1997) and <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> (1997).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999150-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_to_present">1990s to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990s to present">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1990s, thrillers had recurring elements of obsession and trapped protagonists who must find a way to escape the clutches of the villain—these devices influenced a number of thrillers in the following years. <a href="/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Misery_(film)" title="Misery (film)">Misery</a> (1990), based on a book by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, featured <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Bates" title="Kathy Bates">Kathy Bates</a> as an unbalanced fan who terrorizes an incapacitated author (<a href="/wiki/James_Caan" title="James Caan">James Caan</a>) who is in her care. Other films include <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hanson" title="Curtis Hanson">Curtis Hanson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hand_That_Rocks_the_Cradle_(film)" title="The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (film)">The Hand That Rocks the Cradle</a> (1992) and <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Entry_(film)" title="Unlawful Entry (film)">Unlawful Entry</a> (1992), starring <a href="/wiki/Ray_Liotta" title="Ray Liotta">Ray Liotta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 1990s. A famous example is <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a>'s Best Picture–winning crime thriller <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a> (1991)—in which young <a href="/wiki/FBI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI agent">FBI agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Starling" title="Clarice Starling">Clarice Starling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a>) engages in a psychological conflict with a <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> named <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter" title="Hannibal Lecter">Hannibal Lecter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a>) while tracking down <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> Buffalo Bill—and <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>'s crime thriller <a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)">Seven</a> (1995), about the search for a serial killer who re-enacts the <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a>. Another notable example is <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s neo-noir psychological thriller <a href="/wiki/Shutter_Island_(film)" title="Shutter Island (film)">Shutter Island</a> (2010), in which a U.S. Marshal must investigate a psychiatric facility after one of the patients inexplicably disappears. In recent years, thrillers have often overlapped with the horror genre, having more gore/sadistic violence, brutality, terror and frightening scenes. The recent films in which this has occurred include <a href="/wiki/Disturbia_(film)" title="Disturbia (film)">Disturbia</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Eden_Lake" title="Eden Lake">Eden Lake</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/The_Last_House_on_the_Left_(2009_film)" title="The Last House on the Left (2009 film)">The Last House on the Left</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/P2_(film)" title="P2 (film)">P2</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Captivity_(film)" title="Captivity (film)">Captivity</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Vacancy_(film)" title="Vacancy (film)">Vacancy</a> (2007), and <a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Quiet Place (film)">A Quiet Place</a> (2018). Action scenes have also gotten more elaborate in the thriller genre. Films such as <a href="/wiki/Unknown_(2011_film)" title="Unknown (2011 film)">Unknown</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Hostage_(2005_film)" title="Hostage (2005 film)">Hostage</a> (2005), and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_(film)" title="Cellular (film)">Cellular</a> (2004) have crossed over into the action genre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-genres">Sub-genres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sub-genres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_thriller_films" title="Lists of thriller films">Lists of thriller films</a></div> The thriller film genre includes the following sub-genres:<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_thriller">Action thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Action thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action thriller</a> is a blend of both <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a> and thriller film in which the protagonist confronts dangerous adversaries, obstacles, or situations which he/she must conquer, normally in an action setting. Action thrillers usually feature a race against the clock, weapons and explosions, frequent violence, and a clear antagonist.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Examples include, <a href="/wiki/Face/Off" title="Face/Off">Face/Off</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_Boiled" title="Hard Boiled">Hard Boiled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Harry" title="Dirty Harry">Dirty Harry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taken_(film)" title="Taken (film)">Taken</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1993_film)" title="The Fugitive (1993 film)">The Fugitive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snakes_on_a_Plane" title="Snakes on a Plane">Snakes on a Plane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_(1994_film)" title="Speed (1994 film)">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Equalizer_(film)" title="The Equalizer (film)">The Equalizer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Hard (film series)">Die Hard</a> series, and the <a href="/wiki/Bourne_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourne (film series)">Bourne</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedy_thriller">Comedy thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comedy thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy thriller</a> is a genre that combines elements of humor with suspense. Such films include <a href="/wiki/Silver_Streak_(film)" title="Silver Streak (film)">Silver Streak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charade_(1963_film)" title="Charade (1963 film)">Charade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hera_Pheri_(2000_film)" title="Hera Pheri (2000 film)">Hera Pheri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malamaal_Weekly" title="Malamaal Weekly">Malamaal Weekly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_Kiss_Bang_Bang" title="Kiss Kiss Bang Bang">Kiss Kiss Bang Bang</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Bruges" title="In Bruges">In Bruges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_(2005_film)" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grosse_Point_Blank" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosse Point Blank">Grosse Point Blank</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Man" title="The Thin Man">The Thin Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Fix_(1947_film)" title="The Big Fix (1947 film)">The Big Fix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Listing_(film)" title="Pocket Listing (film)">Pocket Listing</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes_(1938_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)">The Lady Vanishes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_Night_(film)" title="Game Night (film)">Game Night</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_thriller">Conspiracy thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conspiracy thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy thriller</a> a genre in which the hero/heroine confronts a large, powerful group of enemies whose true extent only she/he recognizes. <a href="/wiki/The_Chancellor_Manuscript" title="The Chancellor Manuscript">The Chancellor Manuscript</a> and The Aquitaine Progression by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ludlum" title="Robert Ludlum">Robert Ludlum</a> fall into this category, as do films such as <a href="/wiki/Awake_(2007_film)" title="Awake (2007 film)">Awake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_Eyes_(1998_film)" title="Snake Eyes (1998 film)">Snake Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">The Da Vinci Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Darkness_(2010_film)" title="Edge of Darkness (2010 film)">Edge of Darkness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Power_(film)" title="Absolute Power (film)">Absolute Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Man_(film)" title="Marathon Man (film)">Marathon Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire" title="In the Line of Fire">In the Line of Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_One" title="Capricorn One">Capricorn One</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JFK_(film)" title="JFK (film)">JFK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_thriller">Crime thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Crime thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime thriller</a> as an genre is a hybrid type of both <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime films</a> and thrillers, which offers a suspenseful account of a successful or failed crime or crimes. Such films often focus on the criminal(s) rather than a policeman[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Central topics include serial killers/murders, <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robberies</a>, chases, <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">heists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Double_cross_(betrayal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double cross (betrayal)">double-crosses</a>. Some examples of crime thrillers involving murderers are <a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)">Seven</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/No_Country_for_Old_Men_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="No Country for Old Men (film)">No Country for Old Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_French_Connection_(film)" title="The French Connection (film)">The French Connection</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence Of The Lambs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memento_(film)" title="Memento (film)">Memento</a>, <a href="/wiki/To_Live_and_Die_in_L.A._(film)" title="To Live and Die in L.A. (film)">To Live and Die in L.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collateral_(film)" title="Collateral (film)">Collateral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copycat_(1995_film)" title="Copycat (1995 film)">Copycat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Examples of crime thrillers involving heists or robberies are <a href="/wiki/The_Asphalt_Jungle" title="The Asphalt Jungle">The Asphalt Jungle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Score_(2001_film)" title="The Score (2001 film)">The Score</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rififi" title="Rififi">Rififi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrapment_(film)" title="Entrapment (film)">Entrapment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_(1995_film)" title="Heat (1995 film)">Heat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Killing_(film)" title="The Killing (film)">The Killing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erotic_thriller">Erotic thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Erotic thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic thriller</a> is a thriller film that has an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">eroticism</a> and where a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual relationship">sexual relationship</a> plays an important role in the plot. It has become popular since the 1980s and the rise of VCR market penetration. The genre includes such films as <a href="/wiki/Body_Heat_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body Heat (film)">Body Heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Love_(film)" title="Sea of Love (film)">Sea of Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_Instinct" title="Basic Instinct">Basic Instinct</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chloe_(2009_film)" title="Chloe (2009 film)">Chloe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disclosure_(1994_film)" title="Disclosure (1994 film)">Disclosure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dressed_to_Kill_(1980_film)" title="Dressed to Kill (1980 film)">Dressed to Kill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyes_Wide_Shut" title="Eyes Wide Shut">Eyes Wide Shut</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_the_Cut_(film)" title="In the Cut (film)">In the Cut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lust,_Caution" title="Lust, Caution">Lust, Caution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Single_White_Female" title="Single White Female">Single White Female</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giallo">Giallo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Giallo">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> is an Italian thriller film that contains elements of <a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">mystery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">psychological thriller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">psychological horror</a>. It deals with an unknown killer murdering people, with the protagonist having to find out who the killer is. The genre was popular during the late 1960s-late 1970s and is still being produced today, albeit less commonly. Examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1963_film)" title="The Girl Who Knew Too Much (1963 film)">The Girl Who Knew Too Much</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Black_Lace" title="Blood and Black Lace">Blood and Black Lace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Red" title="Deep Red">Deep Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Queen_Kills_Seven_Times" title="The Red Queen Kills Seven Times">The Red Queen Kills Seven Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Torture_a_Duckling" title="Don't Torture a Duckling">Don't Torture a Duckling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenebrae_(film)" title="Tenebrae (film)">Tenebrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(1987_film)" title="Opera (1987 film)">Opera</a> , and <a href="/wiki/Sleepless_(2001_film)" title="Sleepless (2001 film)">Sleepless</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horror_thriller">Horror thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Horror thriller">edit</a>]</div> A subgenre involving <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_thriller">Legal thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legal thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal thriller</a> is a suspense film in which the major characters are lawyers and their employees. The system of justice itself is always a major part of these works, at times almost functioning as one of the characters. Examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Pelican_Brief_(film)" title="The Pelican Brief (film)">The Pelican Brief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presumed_Innocent_(film)" title="Presumed Innocent (film)">Presumed Innocent</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Time_to_Kill_(1996_film)" title="A Time to Kill (1996 film)">A Time to Kill</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Client_(1994_film)" title="The Client (1994 film)">The Client</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Lawyer_(film)" title="The Lincoln Lawyer (film)">The Lincoln Lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Firm_(1993_film)" title="The Firm (1993 film)">The Firm</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_thriller">Political thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political thriller</a> is a type of film in which the protagonist must ensure the stability of the government. The success of <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_in_May" title="Seven Days in May">Seven Days in May</a> (1962) by <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Knebel" title="Fletcher Knebel">Fletcher Knebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Jackal" title="The Day of the Jackal">The Day of the Jackal</a> (1971) by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Frederick Forsyth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate" title="The Manchurian Candidate">The Manchurian Candidate</a> (1959) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Condon" title="Richard Condon">Richard Condon</a> established this subgenre. Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Topaz_(1969_film)" title="Topaz (1969 film)">Topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Too_Much_(1934_film)" title="The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)">The Man Who Knew Too Much</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Interpreter_(2005_film)" title="The Interpreter (2005 film)">The Interpreter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_Life" title="Proof of Life">Proof of Life</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Play_(film)" title="State of Play (film)">State of Play</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer_(film)" title="The Ghost Writer (film)">The Ghost Writer.</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_thriller">Psychological thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Psychological thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological thriller</a> film is a psychological type of film (until the often violent resolution), the conflict between the main characters is mental and emotional rather than physical. Characters, either by accident or their own curiousness, are dragged into a dangerous conflict or situation that they are not prepared to resolve. To overcome their brutish enemies characters are reliant not on physical strength but on their mental resources. This subgenre usually has elements of <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a>, as there is an in-depth <a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">development of realistic characters</a> who must deal with emotional struggles.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> films <a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(1941_film)" title="Suspicion (1941 film)">Suspicion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_a_Doubt" title="Shadow of a Doubt">Shadow of a Doubt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rear_Window_(1954_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Window (1954 film)">Rear Window</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a>'s bizarre and influential <a href="/wiki/Blue_Velvet_(film)" title="Blue Velvet (film)">Blue Velvet</a>, are notable examples of the type, as are <a href="/wiki/The_Talented_Mr._Ripley_(film)" title="The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)">The Talented Mr. Ripley</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Machinist" title="The Machinist">The Machinist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutter_Island_(film)" title="Shutter Island (film)">Shutter Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirrors_(2008_film)" title="Mirrors (2008 film)">Mirrors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia_(2002_film)" title="Insomnia (2002 film)">Insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identity_(2003_film)" title="Identity (2003 film)">Identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gone_Girl_(film)" title="Gone Girl (film)">Gone Girl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Eye_(American_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Eye (American film)">Red Eye</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phone_Booth_(film)" title="Phone Booth (film)">Phone Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatal_Attraction" title="Fatal Attraction">Fatal Attraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_River_Wild" title="The River Wild">The River Wild</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panic_Room_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic Room (film)">Panic Room</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Misery_(film)" title="Misery (film)">Misery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_(1991_film)" title="Cape Fear (1991 film)">Cape Fear</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Cloverfield_Lane" title="10 Cloverfield Lane">10 Cloverfield Lane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Funny_Games_(2007_film)" title="Funny Games (2007 film)">Funny Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_thriller">Social thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Social_thriller" title="Social thriller">Social thriller</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a> that uses suspense to augment attention to abuses of power and instances of oppression in society. This new subgenre gained notoriety in 2017 with the release of <a href="/wiki/Get_Out" title="Get Out">Get Out</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ebiri,_2017-124">[124]</a> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Tall_Man_(2012_film)" title="The Tall Man (2012 film)">The Tall Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Pretty_Things_(film)" title="Dirty Pretty Things (film)">Dirty Pretty Things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)" title="Parasite (2019 film)">Parasite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Gardner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Constant Gardner">The Constant Gardner</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spy_film">Spy film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Spy film">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy film</a> is a genre in which the protagonist is generally a government agent who must take violent action against agents of a rival government or (in recent years) terrorists. The subgenre often deals with the subject of espionage in a realistic way (as in the adaptations of <a href="/wiki/John_Le_Carr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="John Le Carré">John Le Carré</a>'s novels). It is a significant aspect of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">British cinema</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> with leading British directors such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a> making notable contributions, and many films set in the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">British Secret Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Thrillers within this subgenre include <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Express" title="Berlin Express">Berlin Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spy_Game" title="Spy Game">Spy Game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_(film)" title="Hanna (film)">Hanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traitor_(film)" title="Traitor (film)">Traitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinker_Tailor_Soldier_Spy_(film)" title="Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)">Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Tourist_(2010_film)" title="The Tourist (2010 film)">The Tourist</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Parallax_View" title="The Parallax View">The Parallax View</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Tailor_of_Panama" title="The Tailor of Panama">The Tailor of Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film_series)" title="Mission: Impossible (film series)">Mission Impossible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unknown_(2011_film)" title="Unknown (2011 film)">Unknown</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Recruit_(film)" title="The Recruit (film)">The Recruit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond in film">James Bond</a> franchise, <a href="/wiki/The_Debt_(2011_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Debt (2011 film)">The Debt</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Shepherd_(film)" title="The Good Shepherd (film)">The Good Shepherd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three_Days_of_the_Condor" title="Three Days of the Condor">Three Days of the Condor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-filmsite.org-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supernatural_thriller">Supernatural thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Supernatural thriller">edit</a>]</div> Supernatural thriller films include an otherworldly element (such as fantasy or the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>) mixed with tension, suspense, or plot twists. Sometimes the protagonist or villain has some <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> ability and <a href="/wiki/Superpower_(ability)" title="Superpower (ability)">superpowers</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Fallen_(1998_film)" title="Fallen (1998 film)">Fallen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency_(2000_film)" title="Frequency (2000 film)">Frequency</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Dreams_(film)" title="In Dreams (film)">In Dreams</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flatliners" title="Flatliners">Flatliners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_(1990_film)" title="Jacob's Ladder (1990 film)">Jacob's Ladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Skeleton_Key" title="The Skeleton Key">The Skeleton Key</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/What_Lies_Beneath" title="What Lies Beneath">What Lies Beneath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unbreakable_(film)" title="Unbreakable (film)">Unbreakable</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Sense" title="The Sixth Sense">The Sixth Sense</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(2000_film)" title="The Gift (2000 film)">The Gift</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Zone_(film)" title="The Dead Zone (film)">The Dead Zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horns_(film)" title="Horns (film)">Horns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Techno-thriller">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a> is a suspenseful film in which the manipulation of sophisticated technology plays a prominent part. Examples include <a href="/wiki/WarGames" title="WarGames">WarGames</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thirteenth_Floor" title="The Thirteenth Floor">The Thirteenth Floor</a>, <a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)">I, Robot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Source_Code" title="Source Code">Source Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Eye" title="Eagle Eye">Eagle Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernova_(2000_film)" title="Supernova (2000 film)">Supernova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hackers_(film)" title="Hackers (film)">Hackers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Net_(1995_film)" title="The Net (1995 film)">The Net</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futureworld" title="Futureworld">Futureworld</a>, <a href="/wiki/EXistenZ" class="mw-redirect" title="EXistenZ">eXistenZ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtuosity" title="Virtuosity">Virtuosity</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Thrills" title="AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills">AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonigsberg1997">Konigsberg 1997</a>, p. 421 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonigsberg1997">Konigsberg 1997</a>, p. 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-dirks1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dirks1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirks1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirks1_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDirks" class="citation web cs1">Dirks, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmsite.org/thrillerfilms.html">"Thriller – Suspense Films"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Filmsite.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmsite.org">Filmsite.org</a>. Retrieved July 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thriller+%E2%80%93+Suspense+Films&rft.pub=Filmsite.org&rft.aulast=Dirks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmsite.org%2Fthrillerfilms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Eric_R.2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Eric R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993983488">The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling</a>. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10864-3"><bdi>978-1-315-10864-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993983488">993983488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+screenwriters+taxonomy+%3A+a+roadmap+to+collaborative+storytelling&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge+Studies+in+Media+Theory+and+Practice&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993983488&rft.isbn=978-1-315-10864-3&rft.au=Williams%2C+Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F993983488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/100years/thrills.aspx">"AFI's 100 YEARS...100 THRILLS"</a>. American Film Institute. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101193713/http://www.afi.com/100years/thrills.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFI%27s+100+YEARS...100+THRILLS&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F100years%2Fthrills.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19993–4-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19993–4_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199913-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199913_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry19887-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry19887_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry1988">Derry 1988</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19995-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19995_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19995_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19995_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry19888-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry19888_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerry1988">Derry 1988</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastrilloEchart2015110-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastrilloEchart2015110_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastrilloEchart2015">Castrillo & Echart 2015</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19999-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19999_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199910-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199910_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199910_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199911-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199911_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199911_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199911_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199912-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199912_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199912–13-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199912–13_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199914–15-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199914–15_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199916-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199916_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer20122-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer20122_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayer2012">Mayer 2012</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19994-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19994_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19994_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin19993-4-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin19993-4_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 3-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199939-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199939_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199940-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199940_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199940_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199941-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199941_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199941_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199941–42-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199941–42_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199942-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199942_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199942_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199943-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199943_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199943_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199944-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199944_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199944–45-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199944–45_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199945-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199945_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199945_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199946-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199946_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199947-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199947_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199947_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199947–48-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199947–48_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199950-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199950_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199951-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199951_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199952-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199952_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199953-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199953_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199954-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199954_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199957-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199957_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199958-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199958_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199959-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199959_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199960-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199960_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199962-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199962_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199964-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199964_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199964-65-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199964-65_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 64-65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199965-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199965_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199970-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199970_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199971-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199971_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199972-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199972_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199972_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199973-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199973_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199973-74-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199973-74_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 73-74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199979-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199979_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199979_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199980-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199980_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199980_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199980_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199985-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199985_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199985_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199986-87-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199986-87_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199986-87_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 86-87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199988-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199988_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199988_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199988_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199989-90-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199989-90_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 89-90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199990-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199990_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199991-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199991_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199997-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199997_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199997_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin199998-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin199998_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999100-101-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999100-101_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 100-101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999101-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999101_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999102-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999102_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999102_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999102-103-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999102-103_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 102-103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999103-104-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999103-104_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 103-104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999105-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999105_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999107-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999107_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999108-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999108_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999109-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999109_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999110-111-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999110-111_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 110-111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999111-112-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999111-112_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 111-112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999113-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999113_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999113-114-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999113-114_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 113-114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999116-117-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999116-117_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 116-117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999117-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999117_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999119-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999119_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999119_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999120-121-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999120-121_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 120-121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999124-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999124_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999125-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999125_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999127-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999127_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999127_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999128-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999128_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999130-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999130_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999130-131-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999130-131_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 130-131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999132-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999132_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999133-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999133_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999133-134-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999133-134_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 133-134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999135-136-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999135-136_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 135-136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999137-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999137_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999137_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999137-138-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999137-138_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 137-138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999138-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999138_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999139-140-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999139-140_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 139-140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999144-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999144_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999144_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999144_93-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999145-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999145_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999146-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999146_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999148-149-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999148-149_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 148-149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999149_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999149_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999149_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999149_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999149_97-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-150-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999149-150_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1999">Rubin 1999</a>, p. 149-150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1999150-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1999150_99-0">^</a> <a 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Communication & Society. 28 (4): 109–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15581%2F003.28.35944">10.15581/003.28.35944</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10171%2F41822">10171/41822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2386-7876">2386-7876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Towards+a+narrative+definition+of+the+American+political+thriller+film&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=109-121&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10171%2F41822&rft.issn=2386-7876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15581%2F003.28.35944&rft.aulast=Castrillo&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft.au=Echart%2C+Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry1988" class="citation book cs1">Derry, Charles (1988). The Suspense Thriller: Films in the Shadow of Alfred Hitchcock. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1208-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1208-9"><bdi>0-7864-1208-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suspense+Thriller%3A+Films+in+the+Shadow+of+Alfred+Hitchcock&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7864-1208-9&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonigsberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Konigsberg, Ira (1997). The Complete Film Dictionary (Second ed.). Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-10009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-10009-5"><bdi>978-0-670-10009-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Film+Dictionary&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-670-10009-5&rft.aulast=Konigsberg&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2012" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Geoff (2012). Historical Dictionary of Crime Films. The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6769-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6769-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6769-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Crime+Films&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6769-7&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesce2007" class="citation book cs1">Mesce, Bill (2007). Overkill: The Rise And Fall of Thriller Cinema. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2751-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-2751-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overkill%3A+The+Rise+And+Fall+of+Thriller+Cinema&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2751-2&rft.aulast=Mesce&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1999" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Martin (1999). Thrillers. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58183-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58183-4"><bdi>0-521-58183-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thrillers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-58183-4&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller_film&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1997" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Alan (1997). Frank's 500: The Thriller Film Guide. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-2728-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-2728-8"><bdi>978-0-7134-2728-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank%27s+500%3A+The+Thriller+Film+Guide&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-2728-8&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanich2010" class="citation book cs1">Hanich, Julian (2010). Cinematic Emotion in Horror Films and Thrillers: The Aesthetic Paradox of Pleasurable Fear. Routledge Advances in Film Studies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87139-6"><bdi>978-0-415-87139-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematic+Emotion+in+Horror+Films+and+Thrillers%3A+The+Aesthetic+Paradox+of+Pleasurable+Fear&rft.series=Routledge+Advances+in+Film+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-87139-6&rft.aulast=Hanich&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2002" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Neil D. (2002). Writing the Thriller Film: The Terror Within. Michael Wiese Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941188-46-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941188-46-3"><bdi>978-0-941188-46-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Thriller+Film%3A+The+Terror+Within&rft.pub=Michael+Wiese+Productions&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-941188-46-3&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Neil+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2006" class="citation book cs1">Indick, William (2006). Psycho Thrillers: Cinematic Explorations of the Mysteries of the Mind. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2371-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-2371-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psycho+Thrillers%3A+Cinematic+Explorations+of+the+Mysteries+of+the+Mind&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2371-2&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThriller+film" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see Exploitation film template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format, technique, approach, or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Films_by_genre" title="Template talk:Films by genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Films_by_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Films by genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_films_by_genre_and_themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> by <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genre</a> and themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_action_films" title="Lists of action films">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_films" title="List of martial arts films">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_films" title="List of mixed martial arts films">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_adventure_films" title="Lists of adventure films">Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pirate films">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film#Notable_films" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of animated feature films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_avant-garde_films" title="Lists of avant-garde films">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographical_films" title="List of biographical films">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_films" title="List of children's films">Children's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_films" title="List of Christian films">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comedy_films" title="Lists of comedy films">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Parody_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Parody films">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_crime_films" title="Lists of crime films">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films" title="List of documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drama_films" title="List of drama films">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_films" title="List of economics films">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_erotic_films" title="Lists of erotic films">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">Sword and sorcery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_horror" class="mw-redirect" 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