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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_temporary_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development of temporary camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_temporary_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_purpose-built_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_purpose-built_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First purpose-built camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_purpose-built_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>American Civil War camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Boer War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boer_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boer War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boer_War_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_War_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Boer War camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boer_War_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geneva_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneva_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Geneva Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneva_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krasnoyarsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krasnoyarsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Krasnoyarsk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krasnoyarsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Soviet_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Soviet_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Polish–Soviet War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Soviet_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Escapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Escapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Red_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Red_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Role of the Red Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Red_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Allied camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_in_Japanese_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_in_Japanese_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Conditions in Japanese camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_in_Japanese_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Canadian camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Axis camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cigarettes_as_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cigarettes_as_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Cigarettes as currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cigarettes_as_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Korean War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.N._camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.N._camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>U.N. camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.N._camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Communist camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vietnam War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Vietnamese_Army_camps_in_South_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Vietnamese_Army_camps_in_South_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>South Vietnamese Army camps in South Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Vietnamese_Army_camps_in_South_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prisons_and_jails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisons_and_jails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Prisons and jails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisons_and_jails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Vietnamese_Army_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Vietnamese_Army_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>North Vietnamese Army camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Vietnamese_Army_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslav_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Yugoslav wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yugoslav_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Yugoslav wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serb_Camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serb_Camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Serb Camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serb_Camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other Camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Iraq_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan_and_Iraq_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Afghanistan and Iraq wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan_and_Iraq_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prisoner-of-war camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="معسكر أسرى الحرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر أسرى الحرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsfangelejr" title="Krigsfangelejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krigsfangelejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsgefangenenlager" title="Kriegsgefangenenlager – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegsgefangenenlager" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5javangilaager" title="Sõjavangilaager – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjavangilaager" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Στρατόπεδο αιχμαλώτων πολέμου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο αιχμαλώτων πολέμου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_prisioneros_de_guerra" title="Campo de prisioneros de guerra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de prisioneros de guerra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militprizono" title="Militprizono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militprizono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اردوگاه اسیران جنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه اسیران جنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_prisonniers_de_guerre" title="Camp de prisonniers de guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camp de prisonniers de guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A1%9C_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%86%8C" title="포로 수용소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포로 수용소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_tawanan_perang" title="Kamp tawanan perang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp tawanan perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מחנה שבויים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחנה שבויים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E8%99%9C%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="捕虜収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="捕虜収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsfangeleir" title="Krigsfangeleir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigsfangeleir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_jeniecki" title="Obóz jeniecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obóz jeniecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83r_de_prizonieri_de_r%C4%83zboi" title="Lagăr de prizonieri de război – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagăr de prizonieri de război" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Лагерь для военнопленных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лагерь для военнопленных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabori%C5%A1%C4%8De_za_vojne_ujetnike" title="Taborišče za vojne ujetnike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Taborišče za vojne ujetnike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logor_za_ratne_zarobljenike" title="Logor za ratne zarobljenike – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Logor za ratne zarobljenike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">military prison</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_and_North_Korean_POWs_at_camp_in_Pusan_HD-SN-99-03155.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chinese_and_North_Korean_POWs_at_camp_in_Pusan_HD-SN-99-03155.JPEG/300px-Chinese_and_North_Korean_POWs_at_camp_in_Pusan_HD-SN-99-03155.JPEG" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chinese_and_North_Korean_POWs_at_camp_in_Pusan_HD-SN-99-03155.JPEG/450px-Chinese_and_North_Korean_POWs_at_camp_in_Pusan_HD-SN-99-03155.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Chinese_and_North_Korean_POWs_at_camp_in_Pusan_HD-SN-99-03155.JPEG/600px-Chinese_and_North_Korean_POWs_at_camp_in_Pusan_HD-SN-99-03155.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>North Korean and Chinese Communist prisoners assembled at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' prisoner-of-war camp at <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>prisoner-of-war camp</b> (often abbreviated as <b>POW camp</b>) is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> power in time of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. </p><p>There are significant differences among POW camps, <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">military prisons</a>. Purpose-built prisoner-of-war camps appeared at <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cross_Prison" title="Norman Cross Prison">Norman Cross</a> in England in 1797 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Dartmoor" title="HM Prison Dartmoor">HM Prison Dartmoor</a>, constructed during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and they have been in use in all the main conflicts of the last 200 years. The main camps are used for <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">sailors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, and more recently, <a href="/wiki/Airmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmen">airmen</a> of an enemy power who have been captured by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant mariners</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondents</a>, have also been imprisoned in some conflicts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Per the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War</a>, later superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a>, such camps have been required to be open to inspection by representatives of a <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutral power</a>, but this hasn't always been consistently applied. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detention_of_prisoners_of_war_before_the_development_of_camps">Detention of prisoners of war before the development of camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Detention of prisoners of war before the development of camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, enemy fighters captured by belligerent forces were usually executed, enslaved, or held for ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, coupled with the relatively small size of armies, meant there was little need for any form of camp to hold prisoners of war. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, a series of treaties signed between May and October 1648 that ended the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, contained a provision that all prisoners should be released without ransom. This is generally considered to mark the point where captured enemy fighters would be reasonably treated before being released at the end of the conflict or under a <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a> not to take up arms. The practice of paroling enemy fighters had begun thousands of years earlier, at least as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">Carthage</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but became normal practice in Europe from 1648 onwards. The consequent increase in the number of prisoners was to lead eventually to the development of the prisoner of war camps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_temporary_camps">Development of temporary camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of temporary camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>Following General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>'s surrender at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a> in 1777, several thousand <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> and German (<a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian</a> and Brunswick) troops were marched to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. For various reasons, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> desired to move them south. For this purpose, one of the congressmen offered his land outside of <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>. The remaining soldiers (some 2,000 British, upwards of 1,900 German, and roughly 300 women and children) marched south in late 1778—arriving at the site (near Ivy Creek) in January 1779. Since the barracks were barely sufficient in construction, the officers were <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">paroled</a> to live as far away as <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton</a>. The camp was never adequately provisioned, but the prisoners built a theater on the site. Hundreds escaped <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Barracks" title="Albemarle Barracks">Albemarle Barracks</a> because of the shortage of guards. As the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> moved northward from the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a> in late 1780, the remaining prisoners were moved to <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>; and perhaps elsewhere. No remains of the encampment site are left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_purpose-built_camp">First purpose-built camp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First purpose-built camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cross_Prison" title="Norman Cross Prison">Norman Cross Prison</a></div> <p>The earliest known purpose-built prisoner-of-war camp was established by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cross_Prison" title="Norman Cross Prison">Norman Cross</a>, in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. The prison operated until 1814 and held between 3,300 and 6,272 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War_camps">American Civil War camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Civil War camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">American Civil War prison camps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoner_of_war,_from_Belle_Isle,_Richmond,_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital,_Div._1,_Annapolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/170px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/255px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/340px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> soldier on his release from a confederate prison around 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Lacking a means for dealing with large numbers of captured troops early in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> governments relied on the traditional European system of <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">exchange of prisoners</a>. While awaiting exchange, prisoners were confined to permanent camps. </p><p>Neither Union or Confederate prison camps were always well run, and it was common for prisoners to die of starvation or disease. It is estimated that about 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the war; almost 10% of all Civil War fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a period of 14 months in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Sumter" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Sumter">Camp Sumter</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Andersonville,_Georgia" title="Andersonville, Georgia">Andersonville, Georgia</a>, 13,000 (28%) of the 45,000 Union soldiers confined there died.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Camp_Douglas_(Chicago)" title="Camp Douglas (Chicago)">Camp Douglas</a> in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and the 25% death rate at <a href="/wiki/Elmira_Prison" title="Elmira Prison">Elmira Prison</a> in New York State very nearly equaled that of Andersonville's.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boer_War">Boer War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> established prisoner-of-war camps (to hold captured Boer belligerents or fighters) and <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">concentration camps</a> (to hold Boer civilians). In total, six prisoner-of-war camps were erected in South Africa and around 31 in overseas British colonies to hold Boer prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Boer prisoners of war were sent overseas (25,630 out of the 28,000 Boer men captured during the fighting). After an initial settling-in period, these prisoner-of-war camps were generally well administered.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of concentration camps, all located in South Africa, was much higher and a total of 109 of these camps had been constructed by the end of the war - 45 camps for Boer civilians and 64 camps for black Africans. The vast majority of Boers held in the concentration camps were women and children. The concentration camps were generally poorly administered, the food <a href="/wiki/Ration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration">rations</a> were insufficient to maintain health, standards of hygiene were low, and overcrowding was chronic.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these conditions, thousands perished in the 109 concentration camps. Of the Boer women and children held in captivity, over 26,000 died during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boer_War_camps">Boer War camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boer War camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:12%;">Combatant </th> <th style="width:10%;">Name </th> <th style="width:8%;">Location </th> <th style="width:40%;">Notes </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:40px;">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>Boer </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boer </td> <td> </td> <td>Waterval </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boer </td> <td> </td> <td>Nooitgedacht </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boer </td> <td> </td> <td>Barberton </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>British </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> </td> <td>The camp was constructed in 1900 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a>. It was primarily a concentration camp for civilians, of whom 26,370 Boer women and children, 14,154 black Africans, and 1,421 Boer men died during the camp's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Bloemfontein concentration camp</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>British </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> </td> <td>Prisoner-of-war camps: Greenpoint Camp No. 1 and Camp No. 2.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>British </td> <td> </td> <td>Simonstown </td> <td>Prisoner-of-war camps: Bellevue Camp and South Camp.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>British </td> <td> </td> <td>Natal </td> <td>Prisoner-of-war camps: Ladysmith Camp (later turned into a concentration camp) and Umbilo Camp.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overseas </td> <td> </td> <td>St. Helena </td> <td>The first Boer POW contingent was sent to St. Helena on 11 April 1900, where they were incarcerated at the two camps on the island, Broadbottom and Deadwood. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overseas </td> <td> </td> <td>Ceylon </td> <td>Approximately 5,500 Boer prisoners of war were transported to <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, with the first prisoners arriving on 9 August 1900. The majority of which were incarcerated at <a href="/wiki/Diyatalawa" title="Diyatalawa">Diyatalawa</a>, which opened 8 August 1900, with a convalescent camp at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lavinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lavinia">Mount Lavinia</a>, housing 150 prisoners, opening on 17 December 1900, whilst a camp at <a href="/wiki/Ragama" title="Ragama">Ragama</a>, opened 8 January 1901, housing 150 dissidents and irreconcilables. On 10 September 1901 a parole camp for 80 prisoners, was established at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urugasmanhandiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urugasmanhandiya (page does not exist)">Urugasmanhandiya</a>, with a subsequent parole camp for 120 prisoners opening on 19 September 1901 at <a href="/wiki/Hambantota" title="Hambantota">Hambantota</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overseas </td> <td> </td> <td>India </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overseas </td> <td> </td> <td>Bermuda </td> <td>Approximately 4,500 prisoners were sent to <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> between 28 June 1901 and 16 January 1902. The camps were situated on six islands located in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sound" title="Great Sound">Great Sound</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burt_Island,_Warwick,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Burt Island, Warwick, Bermuda">Burt Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrell%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="Darrell's Island, Bermuda">Darrell's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawkins_Island,_Bermuda" title="Hawkins Island, Bermuda">Hawkins Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinson%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="Hinson's Island, Bermuda">Hinson's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Island,_Great_Sound,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan's Island, Great Sound, Bermuda">Morgan's Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucker%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="Tucker's Island, Bermuda">Tucker's Island</a>). </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overseas </td> <td> </td> <td>Portugal </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tammisaari_prison_camp_1918-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tammisaari_prison_camp_1918-2.jpg/220px-Tammisaari_prison_camp_1918-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tammisaari_prison_camp_1918-2.jpg/330px-Tammisaari_prison_camp_1918-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tammisaari_prison_camp_1918-2.jpg/440px-Tammisaari_prison_camp_1918-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>A group of "<a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">red prisoners</a>" at the prison camp of <a href="/wiki/Dragsvik,_Finland" title="Dragsvik, Finland">Dragsvik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eken%C3%A4s,_Finland" title="Ekenäs, Finland">Ekenäs</a> in 1918 after the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first international convention on prisoners of war was signed at the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Peace Conference">Hague Peace Conference</a> of 1899. It was widened by the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention of 1907</a>. The main combatant nations engaged in World War I abided by the convention and treatment of prisoners was generally good.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern front (World War I)">eastern front</a> was significantly worse than the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">western front</a>, with prisoners in Russia at risk from starvation and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total during the war about eight million men were held in prisoner of war camps, with 2.5 million prisoners in German custody, 2.9 million held by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and about 720,000 held by Britain and France. </p><p>Permanent camps did not exist at the beginning of the war. The unexpectedly large number of prisoners captured in the first days of the war by the German army created an immediate problem. By September 1914, the German army had captured over 200,000 enemy combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-UHp92_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHp92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These first prisoners were held in temporary camps until 1915, by which time the prisoner population had increased to 652,000 living in unsatisfactory conditions. In response, the government began constructing permanent camps both in Germany and the occupied territories.<sup id="cite_ref-UHp92_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHp92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of prisoners increased significantly during the war, exceeding one million by August 1915 and 1,625,000 by August 1916, and reaching 2,415,000 by the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geneva_Conference">Geneva Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geneva Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> held a conference in <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland</a> in September 1917. The conference addressed the war, and the Red Cross addressed the conditions that the civilians were living under, which resembled those of soldiers in prisoner of war camps, as well as "barbed wire disease" (symptoms of mental illness) suffered by prisoners in France and Germany. It was agreed at the conference that the Red Cross would provide prisoners of war with mail, food parcels, clothes, and medical supplies and that prisoners in France and Germany suffering from "barbed wire disease" should be interned in Switzerland, a neutral country. </p><p>A few countries were not on the same terms as Germany and Austria. For example, Hungary believed that harsh conditions would reduce the number of traitors. </p><p>The countries in the east continued their fight to help the Red Cross provide support to POWs. At the end of the war, a Franco-German agreement was made that both countries would exchange their prisoners, but the French kept a small number while the Germans released all French prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Guglielmo,_T._A._2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guglielmo,_T._A._2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Krasnoyarsk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, Russia, was used after the Russian defeat to the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Japanese war">Russo-Japanese war</a>, as a base for military camps to train for future wars. Conditions there were dire and the detainees could be conscripted for war while they lived in concentration camps and prisons. Over 50,000 camp tenants were used for transportation, agriculture, mining and machinery production. </p><p>Throughout World War I, captured prisoners of war were sent to various camps including the one in Krasnoyarsk. There was a point<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> where a large mix of nationalities was together in Krasnoyarsk which included Bulgarians, Czechs, Germans, and Poles. Many prisoners were nationalists, which led to violence within the camp. Militants would be forced to put down the instigators and keep the camp running.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish–Soviet_War"><span id="Polish.E2.80.93Soviet_War"></span>Polish–Soviet War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Polish–Soviet War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camps_for_Russian_prisoners_and_internees_in_Poland_(1919%E2%80%931924)" title="Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)">Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners_and_internees_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Lithuania_(1919%E2%80%931921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners and internees in the Soviet Union and Lithuania (1919–1921)">Polish prisoners and internees in the Soviet Union and Lithuania (1919–1921)</a></div> <p>From autumn 1920, thousands of captured Red Army soldiers and guards had been placed in the <a href="/wiki/Tuchola_internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchola internment camp">Tuchola internment camp</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>. These prisoners lived in dugouts, and many died of hunger, cold, and infectious diseases. According to historians <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Karpus" title="Zbigniew Karpus">Zbigniew Karpus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Rezmer" title="Waldemar Rezmer">Waldemar Rezmer</a>, up to 2000 prisoners died in the camp during its operation.<sup id="cite_ref-RedArmyPOW_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedArmyPOW-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a joint work by Polish and Russian historians, Karpus and Rezmer estimate the total death toll in all Polish POW camps during the war at 16,000–17,000, while the Russian historian Matvejev estimates it at 18,000–20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other side of the frontline about 20,000 out of about 51,000 Polish POWs died in Soviet and Lithuanian camps<sup id="cite_ref-PolishPOW_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolishPOW-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the conditions for Soviet prisoners were clearly exposed by the free press in Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-PolishPOW_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolishPOW-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no corresponding fact-finding about Soviet camps for Polish POWs could be expected from the tightly controlled Soviet press of the time. Available data shows many cases of mistreatment of Polish prisoners. There have been also cases of Polish POWs' being executed by the Soviet army, when no POW facilities were available.<sup id="cite_ref-PolishPOW_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolishPOW-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War</a> established certain provisions relative to the treatment of prisoners of war. One requirement was that POW camps were to be open to inspection by authorised representatives of a neutral power. </p> <ul><li>Article 10 required that POWs should be lodged in adequately heated and lighted buildings where conditions were the same as their own troops.</li> <li>Articles 27–32 detailed the conditions of labour. <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted ranks</a> were required to perform whatever labour they were asked and able to do, so long as it was not dangerous and did not support the captor's war effort. Senior <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">Non-commissioned officers</a> (sergeants and above) were required to work only in a supervisory role. <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">Commissioned officers</a> were unrequired to work, although they could volunteer. The work performed was largely agricultural or industrial, ranging from coal or potash mining, stone quarrying, or work in saw mills, breweries, factories, railway yards, and forests. POWs hired out to military and civilian contractors and were paid $.80 per day in <a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">scrip</a> in U.S. camps. The workers were also supposed to get at least one day of rest per week.</li> <li>Article 76 ensured that POWs who died in captivity were to be honourably interred in marked graves.</li></ul> <p>Not all combatants applied the provisions of the convention. In particular the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, which had signed but never ratified the convention,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was notorious for its treatment of prisoners of war; this poor treatment occurred in part because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonourable. Prisoners from all nations were subject to forced labour, beatings, torture, murder, and even medical experimentation. Rations fell short of the minimum required to sustain life, and many were forced into labour. After March 20, 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a> was under orders to execute all prisoners taken at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tlcmap.org/view/3d.html?load=https://tlcmap.org/ghap/publicdatasets/154/json">Japanese POW camps</a> are found throughout south-east Asia and the Japanese conquered territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escapes">Escapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Escapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_escape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalag Luft III escape">Great Escape</a> from Stalag Luft III, on the night of March 24, 1944, involved the escape of 76 Allied servicemen, although only three were able to avoid recapture.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cowra_breakout" title="Cowra breakout">Cowra breakout</a>, on August 5, 1944, is believed to be the largest escape of POWs in recorded history and possibly the largest prison breakout ever. At least 545 <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> POWs attempted to escape from a camp near <a href="/wiki/Cowra,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowra, New South Wales">Cowra, New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Most sources say that 234 POWs were killed or committed suicide. The remainder were recaptured.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Papago_Escape" title="Great Papago Escape">Great Papago Escape</a>, on December 23, 1944, was the largest POW escape to occur from an American facility. Over 25 German POWs tunneled out of <a href="/wiki/Camp_Papago_Park" title="Camp Papago Park">Camp Papago Park</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, and fled into the surrounding desert. Over the next few weeks all were recaptured.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The escape of Felice Benuzzi, Giovanni ('Giuàn') Balletto, and Vincenzo ('Enzo') Barsotti from Camp 354 in Nanyuki, Kenya, on a lark to climb Mount Kenya is of particular note. The account is recorded by Benuzzi in <a href="/wiki/No_Picnic_on_Mount_Kenya" title="No Picnic on Mount Kenya">No Picnic on Mount Kenya</a>. After their attempt to climb Mount Kenya, the trio "escaped" back into Camp 354.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Red_Cross">Role of the Red Cross</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role of the Red Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when around 40 million civilians and prisoners could not be saved, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> was entrusted with more rights and responsibilities. In the course of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it provided millions of <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_parcel" title="Red Cross parcel">Red Cross parcels</a> to Allied POWs in Axis prison camps; most of these contained food and personal hygiene items, while others held medical kits. A special "release kit" parcel was also provided to some newly released POWs at the war's end. During the United States' call for war on Japan, the Red Cross stepped up to provide services for the soldiers overseas. A large number of provisions were needed for the soldiers in World War II over the 4 years that the Americans were involved. The American Red Cross and thirteen million volunteers had donated in the country with an average weekly donation of 111,000 pints of blood. Nurses, doctors, and volunteer workers worked on the front lines overseas to provide for the wounded and the needy. This program saved thousands of lives as plasma donations were delivered to the camps and bases. However, the Red Cross only accepted donations from white Americans and excluded those of Japanese, Italian, German and African Americans<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2016)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup>. To combat this, activists tried to fight such segregation back home with arguments that blood of Whites and blood of Blacks is the same.<sup id="cite_ref-Guglielmo,_T._A._2010_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guglielmo,_T._A._2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_camps">Allied camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allied camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Featherston_prisoner_of_war_camp" title="Featherston prisoner of war camp">Featherston prisoner of war camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in Australia">List of POW camps in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in Britain">List of POW camps in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in Canada">List of POW camps in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in Kenya">List of POW camps in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_occupied_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in occupied Germany">List of POW camps in occupied Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in the United States">List of POW camps in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in USSR">List of POW camps in USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_prisoner_of_war_camp" title="Lom prisoner of war camp">Lom prisoner of war camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skorpa_prisoner_of_war_camp" title="Skorpa prisoner of war camp">Skorpa prisoner of war camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li>Zonderwater POW camp in <a href="/wiki/Cullinan,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullinan, Gauteng">Cullinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_in_Japanese_camps">Conditions in Japanese camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conditions in Japanese camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the lead up to the Second World War, Japan had engaged in several conflicts aimed at expanding its empire, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. Although maintaining its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> at the outbreak of war in Europe, in 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese military</a> launched surprise attacks on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, which had brought the United States <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">into the war</a> on the side of the Allies. In 1942, after they had captured Hong Kong from the British, the Japanese established several prisoner-of-war camps in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> to house Allied prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Empire_2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Empire_2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Believing it was shameful to be captured alive in combat, the Japanese ran their prisoner-of-war camps brutally, with many Allied prisoners of war dying in them. The Japanese field army code included a "warrior spirit", which stated that an individual must calmly face death. Those who disobeyed orders would be sentenced to death via <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitation</a>, usually carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a> of Japanese officers. The sword was seen as a symbol of wisdom and perseverance to the Japanese, and they perceived that it was an honor to die by it.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Empire_2005_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Empire_2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_Irl-POW_Japan_censor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1943_Irl-POW_Japan_censor.jpg/150px-1943_Irl-POW_Japan_censor.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1943_Irl-POW_Japan_censor.jpg/225px-1943_Irl-POW_Japan_censor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1943_Irl-POW_Japan_censor.jpg/300px-1943_Irl-POW_Japan_censor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>A triple-censored mail from <a href="/wiki/Arklow" title="Arklow">Arklow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> to an Irish prisoner of war in Japanese-occupied Malaya. The mail is covered with Irish, British and Japanese censorship.</figcaption></figure> <p>Allied prisoners-of-war in Japanese camps were forced to engage in physical labour such as building bridges, erecting forts, and digging defence trenches. These prisoners received limited food, and once their military uniforms wore out, no replacements were given. Some brutal prison guards would answer requests for water with their beatings or rifle butts. Prisoners who were seen as no use, physically weak, or rebellious, would often be killed. At the end of the war, when the camp inmates were released, many had lost body parts, and many were starved and faced extreme <a href="/wiki/Emaciation" title="Emaciation">emaciation</a>. Some prisoners feared execution by the Japanese in response to American bombing. The brutality of the guards caused traumatized prisoners to suffer mental illnesses that persisted for decades afterward. In many cases, survivors of camps were traumatized or ended up living with a disability. Many survivors went home or to other areas of the world to have a successful life as a businessman, or they would devote themselves to helping poor people or people in the camps who were in need of support. A former PoW, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Philip_Toosey" title="Philip Toosey">Philip Toosey</a>, stated that the Japanese committed brutal atrocities. Some of these included filling a prisoner's nose with water while the guards tied them with barbed wire, then they would stand on the prisoners, stepping on the wires. Or the guards would tie a prisoner on a tree by their thumbs, with their toes barely touching the ground, and leave them there for two days without food or water. After the two days of torture, the prisoner would be jailed prior to execution, after which their corpses would later be burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Bridger_Chalker" title="Jack Bridger Chalker">Jack Bridger Chalker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Meninsky" title="Philip Meninsky">Philip Meninsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mennie" title="John Mennie">John Mennie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashley_George_Old" title="Ashley George Old">Ashley George Old</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Searle" title="Ronald Searle">Ronald Searle</a>. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Many are now held by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> in London. The State Library of Victoria exhibited many of these works under the title <i>The Major <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moon" title="Arthur Moon">Arthur Moon</a> Collection</i>, in 1995. </p><p>In 2016, war historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> (who had recently completed his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book)" title="The Second World War (book)">The Second World War</a></i>), said that the UK government had recently declassified information that some British POWs in some Japanese POW camps were subjected to being fattened, then cannibalised. Apparently, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had been aware of this atrocity, but kept the information secret; families would have been too distressed to learn that their sons had been the victims of <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_in_Asia#Japanese_soldiers_during_World_War_II" title="Cannibalism in Asia">cannibalism</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>. </p><p>More deaths occurred in Japanese POW camps than in any others.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Red Cross were not able to drop parcels into these camps because they were too well defended to fly over.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_camps">Canadian camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canadian camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second World War was mainly fought in Europe and western Russia, East Asia, and the Pacific; there were no invasions of Canada. The few prisoners of war sent to Canada included Japanese and German soldiers, captured U-boat crews, and prisoners from raids such as <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</a> and Normandy. </p><p>The camps meant for German POWs were smaller than those meant for Japanese prisoners of war and were far less brutal. German prisoners generally benefitted from good food. However, the hardest part was surviving the Canadian winters. Most camps were isolated and located in the far north. Death and sickness caused by the elements was common. </p><p>Many camps were only lightly watched, and as such, many Germans attempted escape. Tunnelling was the most common method. Peter Krug, an escapee from a prison located in <a href="/wiki/Bowmanville,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowmanville, Ontario">Bowmanville, Ontario</a>, managed to escape along the railroads, using forests as cover. He made his way to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, where he then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. </p><p>Fighting, sometimes to the death, was somewhat common in the camps. Punishments for major infractions could include death by hanging. German POWs wore shirts with a large red dot painted on the back, an easily identifiable mark outside the camps. Therefore, escapees could be easily found and recaptured.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><b>Japanese in Canada</b></dt></dl> <p>In the wake of the Japanese attacking Hong Kong, the Philippines and Pearl Harbor in which 2000 Canadians were involved, Canadians put a large focus onto Japanese-Canadians even though innocent. Japan seemed to be able to attack along the Pacific and Canada could potentially be next. Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> implemented the <i><a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Canada_Regulations" title="Defence of Canada Regulations">Defence of Canada Regulations</a></i>; therefore, they could not get involved with Canadian services along with the Italians and Germans. The Nikkei (Canadians and Immigrants of Japanese origin) were stripped of possessions, which were later auctioned off without consent. The intense cold winters made it hard to live as the Nikkei were placed in camps; these campers were made of Japanese immigrants and Japanese-Canadians. They lived in barns and stables which were used for animals, therefore unsanitary. It took 5 years after the war for the Nikkei to gain their rights. Compensation was given but was not enough to cover the loss of properties. Over 22,000 Nikkei were put into these camps.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_camps">Axis camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Axis camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">List of POW camps in Germany</a> and German-occupied countries (Stalags)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Japanese_war_ships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Japanese war ships (page does not exist)">List of Japanese war ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in Italy">List of POW camps in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in Japan">List of POW camps in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_POW_camps_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of POW camps in Switzerland (page does not exist)">List of POW camps in Switzerland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cigarettes_as_currency">Cigarettes as currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cigarettes as currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many POW camps, cigarettes were widely used as currency known as '<a href="/wiki/Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">commodity money</a>'. They performed the functions of money as a medium of exchange because they were generally accepted among the prisoners for settling payments or debts, and the function of money as a unit of account, because prices of other goods were expressed in terms of cigarettes. Compared with other goods, the supply of cigarettes was more stable, as they were rationed in the POW camps, and cigarettes were more divisible, portable, and homogeneous.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.N._camps">U.N. camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: U.N. camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The International Red Cross visited United Nations-run POW camps, often unannounced, noting prisoner hygiene, quality of medical care, variety of diet, and weight gain. They talked to the prisoners and asked for their comments on conditions, as well as providing them with copies of the Geneva Convention. The IRC delegates dispersed boots, soap, and other requested goods. </p><p>A prison camp was established on the island of <a href="/wiki/Koje-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Koje-do">Koje-do</a>, where over 170,000 communist and non-communist prisoners were held from December 1950 until June 1952. Throughout 1951 and early 1952, upper-level communist agents infiltrated and conquered much of Koje section-by-section by uniting fellow communists; bending dissenters to their will through staged trials and public executions; and exporting allegations of abuse to the international community to benefit the communist negotiation team. In May 1952, Chinese and North Korean prisoners rioted and took Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Francis_T._Dodd" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis T. Dodd">Francis T. Dodd</a> captive.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952 the camp's administration were afraid that the prisoners would riot and demonstrate on May Day (a day honoring Communism) and so <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> ships (such as the <a href="/wiki/USS_Gunston_Hall_(LSD-5)" title="USS Gunston Hall (LSD-5)">USS <i>Gunston Hall</i></a>) removed 15,000 North Korean and Chinese prisoners from the island and moved them to prison facilities at Ulsan and Cheju-do. These ships also participated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Switch" title="Operation Big Switch">Operation Big Switch</a> in September 1953 when prisoners were exchanged at the end of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_camps">Communist camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Communist camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese operated three types of POW camps during the Korean war. <i>Peace camps</i> housed POWs who were sympathetic to communism, <i>reform camps</i> were intended for skilled POWs who were to be indoctrinated in communist ideologies and the third type was the <i>normal POW camps</i>. Chinese policy did not allow for the exchange of prisoners in the first two camp types.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these POW camps were designated numerically by the communists, the POWs often gave the camps a colloquial name. </p> <ul><li>Camp 1 – Changsong – near Camp 3 on the Yalu River.</li> <li>Camp 2 – Pyoktong – on the Yalu River.</li> <li>Camp 3 – Changsong – near Camp 1 on the Yalu River.</li> <li>Camp 4 – north of Camp 2</li> <li>Camp 5 – near Pyoktong.</li> <li>Camp 6 – P'yong-yang</li> <li>Camp 7 – near Pyoktong.</li> <li>Camp 8 – Kangdong</li> <li>Camp 9 – P'yong-yang.</li> <li>Camp 10 – Chon ma</li> <li>Camp 11 – Pukchin</li> <li>Camp 12 – P'yong-yang- (Peace Camp) was located in the northwestern vicinity of the capitol. Nearby were several other camps including PAK's Palace.</li> <li>Bean Camp – Suan</li> <li>Camp DeSoto – P'yong-yang locale – The camp was near to Camp 12.</li> <li>Pak's Palace Camp – P'yong-yang locale – Located in the northernmost area near the Capitol. The camp was near Camp 12.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Pukchin Mining Camp – between Kunu-ri and Pyoktong – (aka. Death Valley Camp).</li> <li>Sunchon Tunnel – - (aka. Caves Camp)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Suan Mining Camp – P'yong-yang</li> <li>Valley Camps – Teksil-li</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Vietnamese_Army_camps_in_South_Vietnam">South Vietnamese Army camps in South Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: South Vietnamese Army camps in South Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of 1965, <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> suspects, prisoners of war, and even juvenile delinquents were mixed together in South Vietnamese jails and prisons. After June 1965, the prison population steadily rose, and by early 1966, there was no space to accommodate additional prisoners in the existing jails and prisons. In 1965, plans were made to construct five POW camps, each with an initial capacity of 1,000 prisoners and to be staffed by the South Vietnamese military police, with U.S. military policemen as a prisoner of war advisers assigned to each stockade.<sup id="cite_ref-Prugh_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prisons_and_jails">Prisons and jails</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prisons and jails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Prison" title="Côn Đảo Prison">Côn Đảo</a> National Prison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AD_H%C3%B2a_Prison" title="Chí Hòa Prison">Chí Hòa</a> National Prison</li> <li>Tam Hiep National Prison</li> <li>Thu Duc National Prison</li> <li>plus 42 Province jails</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camps">Camps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa_prisoner_of_war_camp" title="Bien Hoa prisoner of war camp">Bien Hoa camp</a> – in <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="III Corps (South Vietnam)">III Corps</a> area was opened May 1966<sup id="cite_ref-Prugh_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pleiku camp – in <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="II Corps (South Vietnam)">II Corps</a> area was opened August 1966<sup id="cite_ref-Prugh_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Da Nang camp (Non Nuoc) – in <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="I Corps (South Vietnam)">I Corps</a> area was opened in November 1966<sup id="cite_ref-Prugh_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_Tho_prisoner_of_war_camp" title="Can Tho prisoner of war camp">Can Tho camp</a> – in <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="IV Corps (South Vietnam)">IV Corps</a> area was opened early 1967<sup id="cite_ref-Prugh_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Qui Nhon (Phu Tai) – opened March 1968 (for female PoWs)<sup id="cite_ref-Prugh_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Prison" title="Phú Quốc Prison">Phú Quốc camp</a> – off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, opened in 1968<sup id="cite_ref-Prugh_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Vietnamese_Army_camps">North Vietnamese Army camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: North Vietnamese Army camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_POW_Camps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vietnam_POW_Camps.jpg/220px-Vietnam_POW_Camps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vietnam_POW_Camps.jpg/330px-Vietnam_POW_Camps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vietnam_POW_Camps.jpg/440px-Vietnam_POW_Camps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Map of North Vietnamese Army POW camps, along with descriptions</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>"Alcatraz" – North Central <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li> <li>"Briarpatch" – 53 km (33 mi) WNW of Hanoi</li> <li>"Camp Faith" – 14 km (9 mi) West of Hanoi</li> <li>"Dirty Bird" – Northern Hanoi</li> <li>"Dogpatch" – 169 km (105 mi) NNE of Hanoi</li> <li>"Farnsworth" – 29 km (18 mi) SW of Hanoi</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Hilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Hilton">Hanoi Hilton</a>" – Hoa Lo, Central Hanoi</li> <li>"Mountain Camp" – 64 km (40 mi) NW of Hanoi</li> <li>"Plantation – Northeast Hanoi</li> <li>"Rockpile" – 51 km (32 mi) South of Hanoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y_prison_camp" title="Sơn Tây prison camp">Sơn Tây</a> – 37 km (23 mi) West of Hanoi</li> <li>"Skidrow" – 10 km (6 mi) SW of Hanoi</li> <li>"The Zoo" – SW suburb of Hanoi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yugoslav_wars">Yugoslav wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Yugoslav wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serb_Camps">Serb Camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Serb Camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manja%C4%8Da_camp" title="Manjača camp">Manjača camp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sremska Mitrovica camp">Sremska Mitrovica camp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staji%C4%87evo_camp" title="Stajićevo camp">Stajićevo camp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Staji%C4%87evo" title="Stajićevo">Stajićevo</a>, Vojvodina</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Camps">Other Camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other Camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celebi%C4%87i_prison_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Čelebići prison camp">Čelebići prison camp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konjic" title="Konjic">Konjic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapu%C5%A1nik_prison_camp" title="Lapušnik prison camp">Lapušnik prison camp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afghanistan_and_Iraq_wars">Afghanistan and Iraq wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Afghanistan and Iraq wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Special:EditPage/Prisoner-of-war camp">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Prisoner-of-war+camp%22">"Prisoner-of-war camp"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Prisoner-of-war+camp%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Prisoner-of-war+camp%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Prisoner-of-war+camp%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Prisoner-of-war+camp%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Prisoner-of-war+camp%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The United States of America refused to grant prisoner-of-war status to many prisoners captured during its <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> and <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. This was mainly because it classed them as <a href="/wiki/Insurgents" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgents">insurgents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorists">terrorists</a>, which did not meet the requirements laid down by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a> of 1949 such as being part of a <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>, wearing a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bearing arms openly, and conducting military operations in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws and customs of war">laws and customs of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legality of this refusal has been questioned and cases are pending in the U.S. courts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a></i> court case, on June 29, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled that the captives at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> were entitled to the minimal protections listed under Common Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>. Other captives, including <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, have been accorded POW status. The International Red Cross has been permitted to visit at least some sites. Many prisoners were held in secret locations (<a href="/wiki/Black_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Black sites">black sites</a>) around the world. The identified sites are listed below: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a> – 32 km west of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagram_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagram Air Base">Bagram Air Base</a> – near Charikar in <a href="/wiki/Parv%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvān Province">Parvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Bucca" title="Camp Bucca">Camp Bucca</a> – near <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Delta">Camp Delta</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_the_United_States" title="List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States">List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">American Civil War prison camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="Finnish Civil War prison camps">Finnish Civil War prison camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">Internment camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">List of prisoner-of-war escapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_POW_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II POW camps">List of World War II POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Camp_Museum" title="Eden Camp Museum">Eden Camp Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477235/prisoner-of-war-POW">"Prisoner of war (POW)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024095006/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477235/prisoner-of-war-POW">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prisoner+of+war+%28POW%29&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F477235%2Fprisoner-of-war-POW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFooks,_Herbert_C.1924" class="citation book cs1">Fooks, Herbert C. (1924). <i>Prisoners of War 297</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+War+297&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Fooks%2C+Herbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_James_Walker1913" class="citation book cs1">Thomas James Walker (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31347447"><i>The depot for prisoners of war at Norman Cross, Huntingdonshire, 1796 to 1816</i></a>. Constable & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+depot+for+prisoners+of+war+at+Norman+Cross%2C+Huntingdonshire%2C+1796+to+1816&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Thomas+James+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb31347447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2180856/">"National Life After Death"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829050650/http://www.slate.com/id/2180856/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=National+Life+After+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2180856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm">"Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1"</a>. Nps.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118132339/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andersonville%3A+Prisoner+of+War+Camp-Reading+1&rft.pub=Nps.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftwhp%2Fwwwlps%2Flessons%2F11andersonville%2F11facts1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">|<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225182610/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html">"US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. July 1, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html">the original</a> on February 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=US+Civil+War+Prison+Camps+Claimed+Thousands&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F07%2F0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanguion2022" class="citation book cs1">Changuion, Louis (2022). <i>Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902</i>. Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-990915-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-990915-11-6"><bdi>978-1-990915-11-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasgevang%21+Die+lewe+van+die+Boere+in+die+Suid-Afrikaanse+krygsgevangenekampe+gedurende+die+Anglo-Boereoorlog%2C+1899-1902&rft.place=Centurion%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Kraal+Uitgewers&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-990915-11-6&rft.aulast=Changuion&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanguion2022" class="citation book cs1">Changuion, Louis (2022). <i>Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902</i>. Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. pp. 172–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-990915-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-990915-11-6"><bdi>978-1-990915-11-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasgevang%21+Die+lewe+van+die+Boere+in+die+Suid-Afrikaanse+krygsgevangenekampe+gedurende+die+Anglo-Boereoorlog%2C+1899-1902.&rft.place=Centurion%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=172-174&rft.pub=Kraal+Uitgewers&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-990915-11-6&rft.aulast=Changuion&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd,_DenisSurridge,_Keith2003" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boerwar00judd"><i>The Boer War</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6150-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6150-6"><bdi>1-4039-6150-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4039-6150-6&rft.au=Judd%2C+Denis&rft.au=Surridge%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboerwar00judd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mu2flgtRbVAC&pg=PA32">A Century of Postgraduate Anglo Boer War Studies</a></i>, p. 32, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Clive_Martin1957" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Clive Martin (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKkwAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Concentration Camps, 1900–1902: Facts, Figures and Fables</i></a>. H. Timmins. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concentration+Camps%2C+1900%E2%80%931902%3A+Facts%2C+Figures+and+Fables&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=H.+Timmins&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Arthur+Clive+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKkwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/concentration-camps/black-camps.php">"Black Concentration Camps"</a>. Anglo-boer.co.za. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815184327/http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/concentration-camps/black-camps.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Concentration+Camps&rft.pub=Anglo-boer.co.za&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglo-boer.co.za%2Fconcentration-camps%2Fblack-camps.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanguion2022" class="citation book cs1">Changuion, Louis (2022). <i>Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902</i>. Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasgevang%21+Die+lewe+van+die+Boere+in+die+Suid-Afrikaanse+krygsgevangenekampe+gedurende+die+Anglo-Boereoorlog%2C+1899-1902.&rft.place=Centurion%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Kraal+Uitgewers&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Changuion&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanguion2022" class="citation book cs1">Changuion, Louis (2022). <i>Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902</i>. Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasgevang%21+Die+lewe+van+die+Boere+in+die+Suid-Afrikaanse+krygsgevangenekampe+gedurende+die+Anglo-Boereoorlog%2C+1899-1902.&rft.place=Centurion%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Kraal+Uitgewers&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Changuion&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanguion2022" class="citation book cs1">Changuion, Louis (2022). <i>Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902</i>. Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. pp. 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasgevang%21+Die+lewe+van+die+Boere+in+die+Suid-Afrikaanse+krygsgevangenekampe+gedurende+die+Anglo-Boereoorlog%2C+1899-1902.&rft.place=Centurion%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Kraal+Uitgewers&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Changuion&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore,_Geo_G.Bellot,_Hugh_H._L.1919" class="citation journal cs1">Phillimore, Geo G.; Bellot, Hugh H. L. (1919). "Treatment of Prisoners of War". <i>Transactions of the Grotius Society</i>. <b>5</b>: 47–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Grotius+Society&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Prisoners+of+War&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=47-64&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Phillimore%2C+Geo+G.&rft.au=Bellot%2C+Hugh+H.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_B._KanePeter_Loewenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Robert B. Kane; Peter Loewenberg (2008). <i>Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3744-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-3744-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disobedience+and+Conspiracy+in+the+German+Army%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3744-3&rft.au=Robert+B.+Kane&rft.au=Peter+Loewenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UHp92-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UHp92_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UHp92_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hinz">Hinz (2006)</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinz2006" class="citation book cs1">Hinz, Uta (2006). <i>Gefangen im Großen Krieg. Kriegsgefangenschaft in Deutschland 1914–1921</i>. Essen: Klartext Verlag. pp. 93–128–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89861-352-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-89861-352-6"><bdi>3-89861-352-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gefangen+im+Gro%C3%9Fen+Krieg.+Kriegsgefangenschaft+in+Deutschland+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Essen&rft.pages=93-128-320&rft.pub=Klartext+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-89861-352-6&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Uta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guglielmo,_T._A._2010-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guglielmo,_T._A._2010_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guglielmo,_T._A._2010_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuglielmo,_T._A.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Guglielmo, T. A. (2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Red Cross, Double Cross': Race and America's World War II—Era Blood Donor Service". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>97</b> (1): 63–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjahist%2F97.1.63">10.2307/jahist/97.1.63</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=%27Red+Cross%2C+Double+Cross%27%3A+Race+and+America%27s+World+War+II%E2%80%94Era+Blood+Donor+Service&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-90&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjahist%2F97.1.63&rft.au=Guglielmo%2C+T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Gerald_H.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Gerald H. (Summer 1987). "Prisoner of War Camps as Social Communities in Russia: Krasnoyjarsk 1914–1921". <i>East European Quarterly</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Prisoner+of+War+Camps+as+Social+Communities+in+Russia%3A+Krasnoyjarsk+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Davis%2C+Gerald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedArmyPOW-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RedArmyPOW_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezmer,_W.Karpus,_ZbigniewMatvejev,_G." class="citation book cs1">Rezmer, W.; Karpus, Zbigniew; Matvejev, G. <i>Red Army POWs in the Polish POW camps 1919–1922</i>. p. 671.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Army+POWs+in+the+Polish+POW+camps+1919%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=671&rft.au=Rezmer%2C+W.&rft.au=Karpus%2C+Zbigniew&rft.au=Matvejev%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/pl/wydawnictwa/publikacje-wydane-we-wspolpracy-z-zagranica/358--czerwonoarmici-w-niewoli-polskiej.html">"Czerwonoarmiści w niewoli polskiej"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095417/http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/pl/wydawnictwa/publikacje-wydane-we-wspolpracy-z-zagranica/358--czerwonoarmici-w-niewoli-polskiej.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czerwonoarmi%C5%9Bci+w+niewoli+polskiej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiwa.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Fwydawnictwa%2Fpublikacje-wydane-we-wspolpracy-z-zagranica%2F358--czerwonoarmici-w-niewoli-polskiej.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novpol.ru/?id=498">"ПЛЕННЫЕ КРАСНОАРМЕЙЦЫ В ПОЛЬСКИХ ЛАГЕРЯХ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417085534/http://www.novpol.ru/?id=498">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%95+%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%99%D0%A6%D0%AB+%D0%92+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%AF%D0%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novpol.ru%2F%3Fid%3D498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolishPOW-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PolishPOW_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolishPOW_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolishPOW_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpus,_ZbigniewStanisław,_Alexandrowiczza_drutami,_Zwycięzcy1995" class="citation book cs1">Karpus, Zbigniew; Stanisław, Alexandrowicz; za drutami, Zwycięzcy (1995). <i>Jeńcy polscy w niewoli (1919–1922) Dokumenty i materiały (Victors behind the fences. Polish POWs (1919–1922) Documents and materials</i>. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-231-0627-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-231-0627-4"><bdi>83-231-0627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Je%C5%84cy+polscy+w+niewoli+%281919%E2%80%931922%29+Dokumenty+i+materia%C5%82y+%28Victors+behind+the+fences.+Polish+POWs+%281919%E2%80%931922%29+Documents+and+materials&rft.place=Toru%C5%84&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Miko%C5%82aja+Kopernika+w+Toruniu&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=83-231-0627-4&rft.au=Karpus%2C+Zbigniew&rft.au=Stanis%C5%82aw%2C+Alexandrowicz&rft.au=za+drutami%2C+Zwyci%C4%99zcy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=S">"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories"</a>. Icrc.org. July 27, 1929. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307190121/http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=S">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Humanitarian+Law+%E2%80%93+State+Parties+%2F+Signatories&rft.pub=Icrc.org&rft.date=1929-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fihl.nsf%2FWebSign%3FReadForm%26id%3D305%26ps%3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Felton, <i>Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan's Naval War Crimes</i> (Naval Institute Press, 2008) p94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2004" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Tim (2004). <i>The Great Escapers</i>. Mainstream Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84018-904-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84018-904-5"><bdi>1-84018-904-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Escapers&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84018-904-5&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204705/http://theswastikatattoo.com/the-great-escape-at-camp-papago-park/">"The Great Escape at Camp Papago Park: The Swastika Tattoo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theswastikatattoo.com/the-great-escape-at-camp-papago-park/">the original</a> on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Escape+at+Camp+Papago+Park%3A+The+Swastika+Tattoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheswastikatattoo.com%2Fthe-great-escape-at-camp-papago-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Empire_2005-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Empire_2005_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Empire_2005_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire.</i> NYU Press (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stearn, Roger T. "Toosey, Sir Philip John Denton (1904–1975)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65101">10.1093/ref:odnb/65101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toosey%2C+Sir+Philip+John+Denton+%281904%E2%80%931975%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65101&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=Roger+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not, of course, considering the numbers killed by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacarthur,_B.2005" class="citation book cs1">Macarthur, B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivingswordpr0000maca/page/1"><i>Surviving The Sword Prisoners of the Japanese 1942–45</i></a>. London: Time Warner Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivingswordpr0000maca/page/1">1–440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11937-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11937-6"><bdi>0-349-11937-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+The+Sword+Prisoners+of+the+Japanese+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-440&rft.pub=Time+Warner+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-349-11937-6&rft.au=Macarthur%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurvivingswordpr0000maca%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melady.J (1981). <i>Escape from Canada – The Untold story of German POWs in Canada 1939–1945</i>. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. D805.C2M45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilford, Timothy. Intelligence & National Security. Aug2012, Vol. 27 Issue 4, p 531–558. 28p. Historical Period: 1942 to 1945. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2012.688306">10.1080/02684527.2012.688306</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Schwarz" class="citation web cs1">Werner Schwarz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moosburg.org/info/stalag/laglist.html">"Kriegsgefangenenlager (Liste)"</a>. Moosburg.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160101072309/http://www.moosburg.org/info/stalag/laglist.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kriegsgefangenenlager+%28Liste%29&rft.pub=Moosburg.org&rft.au=Werner+Schwarz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moosburg.org%2Finfo%2Fstalag%2Flaglist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford1945" class="citation journal cs1">Radford, R.A. (1945). "The Economic Organisation of a POW Camp". <i>Economica</i>. <b>12</b> (48): 189–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2550133">10.2307/2550133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2550133">2550133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Organisation+of+a+POW+Camp&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=189-201&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2550133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2550133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Truce Tent and Fighting Front, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Three-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Three_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpows.com/thechineseconnection.html">"Chinese operated three types of POW camps for Americans during the Korean War"</a>. April 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403133509/http://www.kpows.com/thechineseconnection.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+operated+three+types+of+POW+camps+for+Americans+during+the+Korean+War&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpows.com%2Fthechineseconnection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prugh-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prugh_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prugh_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prugh_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prugh_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prugh_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prugh_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prugh_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrugh1975" class="citation book cs1">Prugh, Georg (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-14/CMH_Pub_90-14.pdf"><i>Law at War: Vietnam, 1964-1973</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of the Army. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1517627737" title="Special:BookSources/978-1517627737"><bdi>978-1517627737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+at+War%3A+Vietnam%2C+1964-1973&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1517627737&rft.aulast=Prugh&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F090%2F90-14%2FCMH_Pub_90-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Krammer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Krammer" title="Arnold Krammer">Arnold Krammer</a> (November 30, 2007). <i>Prisoners of War: A Reference Handbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99300-9"><bdi>978-0-275-99300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+War%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2007-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99300-9&rft.au=Arnold+Krammer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrisoner-of-war+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prisoner-of-war_camp&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burnham, Philip. <i>So Far from Dixie: Confederates in Yankee Prisons</i> (2003)</li> <li>Byrne, Frank L., "Libby Prison: A Study in Emotions," <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 1958 24(4): 430–444. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2954671">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Cloyd, Benjamin G. <i>Haunted by Atrocity: Civil War Prisons in American Memory</i> (Louisiana State University Press; 2010) 272 pages.traces shifts in Americans' views of the brutal treatment of soldiers in both Confederate and Union prisons, from raw memories in the decades after the war to a position that deflected responsibility.</li> <li>Horigan, Michael. <i>Elmira: Death Camp of the North</i> (2002)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Incarceration" title="Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration" title="Template talk:Incarceration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incarceration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Incarceration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">Convict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Criminal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detainee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoner of conscience</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoner of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">Corrective labor colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors'</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_farm" title="Prison farm">Farm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_island" title="Prison island">Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Battalion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">Ship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Security levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison#Security_levels" title="Prison">Maximum security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">Supermax</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cell" title="Prison cell">Cell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Cemetery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">Commissary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Food</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_nursery" title="Prison nursery">Nursery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Officer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">Warden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_art" title="Prison art">Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Prison overcrowding</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United Kingdom and British overseas territories </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">England and Wales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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