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Research stations in Antarctica - Wikipedia

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<li id="toc-First_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Antarctic_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Antarctic_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Antarctic Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Antarctic_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_active_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_active_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Permanent active stations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Permanent_active_stations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Permanent active stations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Permanent_active_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subantarctic_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subantarctic_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Subantarctic stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subantarctic_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer-only_active_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer-only_active_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Summer-only active stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer-only_active_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps_of_active_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps_of_active_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Maps of active stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps_of_active_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inactive_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inactive_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inactive stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inactive_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impact and pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Research stations in Antarctica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiese_navorsingstasie" title="Antarktiese navorsingstasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antarktiese navorsingstasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قائمة القواعد في القارة القطبية الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة القواعد في القارة القطبية الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktikada_yerl%C9%99%C5%9F%C9%99n_q%C3%BCtb_stansiyalar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Antarktikada yerləşən qütb stansiyalarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antarktikada yerləşən qütb stansiyalarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="অ্যান্টার্কটিকায় অবস্থিত গবেষণা কেন্দ্রসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টার্কটিকায় অবস্থিত গবেষণা কেন্দ্রসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bases_ant%C3%A0rtiques_permanents" title="Bases antàrtiques permanents – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bases antàrtiques permanents" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarstationer_i_Antarktis" title="Polarstationer i Antarktis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polarstationer i Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschungsstationen_in_der_Antarktis" title="Forschungsstationen in der Antarktis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Forschungsstationen in der Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaarjaamade_loend" title="Polaarjaamade loend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polaarjaamade loend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Base antártica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Base antártica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esploraj_stacioj_en_Antarkto" title="Esploraj stacioj en Antarkto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esploraj stacioj en Antarkto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایستگاه‌های پژوهشی در جنوبگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایستگاه‌های پژوهشی در جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9_%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%80" title="남극 기지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극 기지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%C3%A6%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4" title="Антарктикон станцæты номхыгъд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Антарктикон станцæты номхыгъд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi_scientifiche_in_Antartide" title="Basi scientifiche in Antartide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basi scientifiche in Antartide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktikas_pol%C4%81rstacijas" title="Antarktikas polārstacijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antarktikas polārstacijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktidos_mokslin%C4%97s_stotys" title="Antarktidos mokslinės stotys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antarktidos mokslinės stotys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Истражувачки станици на Антарктикот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Истражувачки станици на Антарктикот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" title="南極観測基地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極観測基地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskningsstasjoner_i_Antarktis" title="Forskningsstasjoner i Antarktis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forskningsstasjoner i Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskingsstasjonar_i_Antarktis" title="Forskingsstasjonar i Antarktis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forskingsstasjonar i Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacje_polarne_w_Antarktyce" title="Stacje polarne w Antarktyce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stacje polarne w Antarktyce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_pesquisa_na_Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Estações de pesquisa na Antártida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estações de pesquisa na Antártida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Антарктические станции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антарктические станции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Становништво и насеља на Антарктику – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Становништво и насеља на Антарктику" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4mantereen_tutkimusasemat" title="Etelämantereen tutkimusasemat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelämantereen tutkimusasemat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskningsstationer_i_Antarktis" title="Forskningsstationer i Antarktis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Forskningsstationer i Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Антарктичні дослідницькі станції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антарктичні дослідницькі станції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1m_nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u_%E1%BB%9F_Nam_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Trạm nghiên cứu ở Nam Cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạm nghiên cứu ở Nam Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For analogous stations in the Arctic, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">List of research stations in the Arctic</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permanent_and_summer-only_bases_at_Antarctica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the country with research stations in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Permanent_and_summer-only_bases_at_Antarctica.png/300px-Permanent_and_summer-only_bases_at_Antarctica.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Permanent_and_summer-only_bases_at_Antarctica.png/450px-Permanent_and_summer-only_bases_at_Antarctica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Permanent_and_summer-only_bases_at_Antarctica.png/600px-Permanent_and_summer-only_bases_at_Antarctica.png 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Countries with research stations in Antarctica. Countries with permanent stations (Orange), Countries with summer-only stations (Blue).</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple governments have set up permanent <b>research stations in Antarctica</b> and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">drifting ice stations</a> set up in the Arctic, the current <a href="/wiki/Research_station" title="Research station">research stations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> are constructed either on rocks or on ice that are (for practical purposes) fixed in place. </p><p>Many of these stations are <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">staffed</a> throughout the year. Of the 56 signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, a total of 55 countries (as of 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The number of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,800 during the summer to around 1,200 during the winter (June).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to these permanent stations, approximately <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">30 field camps</a> are established each summer to support specific projects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2011)">dubious</span></a>&#32;&#8211; <a href="/wiki/Talk:Research_stations_in_Antarctica#Dubious" title="Talk:Research stations in Antarctica">discuss</a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_bases">First bases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: First bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_and_Hut,_Antarctica,_Southern_Cross_Expedition,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg/220px-Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg/330px-Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg/440px-Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>The first base on Antarctica of <a href="/wiki/Carstens_Borchgrevink" class="mw-redirect" title="Carstens Borchgrevink">Carstens Borchgrevink</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Expedition</a></i> (1899). The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a>, the cape where in 1895 Borchgrevnik participated in the <a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">first documented landing</a> on Antarctica.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a> in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Carsten Borchgrevink</a>, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Expedition,_1898-1900" class="mw-redirect" title="British Antarctic Expedition, 1898-1900">British Antarctic Expedition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a>, where he established the first Antarctic base on <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridley Beach">Ridley Beach</a>. This expedition is often referred to now as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition"><i>Southern Cross</i> Expedition</a>, after the expedition's ship name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Newnes" title="George Newnes">George Newnes</a>. The 10 members of this expedition explored <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Bay" title="Robertson Bay">Robertson Bay</a> to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a> for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and is visited frequently by tourists. </p><p>The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Campbell_(Royal_Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Campbell (Royal Navy officer)">Victor Campbell</a> for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omond_House_-_Laurie_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Omond_House_-_Laurie_Island.jpg/220px-Omond_House_-_Laurie_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Omond_House_-_Laurie_Island.jpg/330px-Omond_House_-_Laurie_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Omond_House_-_Laurie_Island.jpg/440px-Omond_House_-_Laurie_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>"Omond House", the oldest permanent base on an Antarctic island, constructed in 1903 by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish National Antarctic Expedition</a>, which is today <a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1903, <a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">William S. Bruce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish National Antarctic Expedition</a> set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Island" title="Laurie Island">Laurie Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Orkneys" class="mw-redirect" title="South Orkneys">South Orkneys</a> and find an anchorage there.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudmose_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudmose-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudmose_BrownPirieMossman200257_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudmose_BrownPirieMossman200257-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bruce instituted a comprehensive program of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudmose_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudmose-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a> method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m&#160;×&#160;6m), with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> and no <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry#Tools" title="Stonemasonry">masons' tools</a> it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence&#160;..."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruce later offered to transfer the station and instruments to Argentina on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.<sup id="cite_ref-RREE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RREE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce's proposition.<sup id="cite_ref-moneta_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moneta-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></i> sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904, transporting Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Base_Orcadas_-_archivo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Base_Orcadas_-_archivo_02.jpg/220px-Base_Orcadas_-_archivo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Base_Orcadas_-_archivo_02.jpg/330px-Base_Orcadas_-_archivo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Base_Orcadas_-_archivo_02.jpg/440px-Base_Orcadas_-_archivo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Orcadas Base, c. 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Little happened for the following forty years. </p><p>The United States starting under the leadership of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> constructed a series of five bases near the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a> named <a href="/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base)" title="Little America (exploration base)">Little America</a> between 1929 and 1958. All of them have now drifted off to sea on icebergs. </p><p>Before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a> in an attempt to create a territorial claim (<a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943 the British launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a>, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany. </p><p>Led by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_William_Slessor_Marr" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Slessor Marr">James Marr</a>, the 14-strong team left the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> in two ships, <a href="/wiki/RRS_William_Scoresby" title="RRS William Scoresby">HMS <i>William Scoresby</i></a> (a minesweeping trawler) and <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fitzroy_(K553)" title="HMS Fitzroy (K553)">HMS Fitzroy</a></i>, on Saturday, January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921–22. Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on <a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at <a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy" title="Port Lockroy">Port Lockroy</a> (on February 11) on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>. A further base was founded at <a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a> on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These were the first permanent bases to be constructed on the Antarctic mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007,_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG/220px-Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG/330px-Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG/440px-Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a> (1902) at <a href="/wiki/Hut_Point_Peninsula" title="Hut Point Peninsula">Hut Point Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a>, Antarctica, one of the earliest repeatedly temporarily used dwellings on Antarctica. In the background <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, the largest on Antarctica today, with cargo operations of the supply ship MV <i>American Tern</i> of <i>Operation Deep Freeze</i> 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>A massive expansion in international activity followed the war. Chile organized its <a href="/wiki/First_Chilean_Antarctic_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chilean Antarctic Expedition">First Chilean Antarctic Expedition</a> in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla" title="Gabriel González Videla">Gabriel González Videla</a> to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Signy_Research_Station" title="Signy Research Station">Signy Research Station</a> (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson Station</a> in 1954, <a href="/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville_Station" title="Dumont d&#39;Urville Station">Dumont d'Urville Station</a> was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a>, and the Soviet Union built <a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny Station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Antarctic_Treaty">The Antarctic Treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: The Antarctic Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></div> <p>The Antarctic Treaty, first signed on 1 December 1959 by 12 countries, stated that scientific investigations in research stations in Antarctica can continue, but all observations must be shared.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Antarctic Treaty also stated that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and any exploitation of the continent such as mining is forbidden, thus scientific research is the only activity that may be performed on Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As more countries established research stations on Antarctica, the number of signatories of the treaty increased, with 56 signatories as of 2023, 55 of whom utilize their rights and operate research stations in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 7 of the signatories also laid claims on Antarctica (and 4 reserved their rights to do so), with the intention of expanding research in those territories in the future. However, research facilities have also been established by countries in the claimed area of other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permanent_active_stations">Permanent active stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Permanent active stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 266.15852094898px; border-left-color:indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:indigo"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; 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border-top-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.619633128171px 25.780738821406px 0 0; border-top-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:82.884232690476px 55.948225810217px 0 0; border-top-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:57.088553625422px 82.102966115466px 0 0; border-top-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:22.671930323432px 97.396014165927px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 633.95290467599px 100px 0; border-right-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 101.77495095082px 100px 0; border-right-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:7.8956824822729E-5px; border-width:0 0 99.999921043175px 0.12566367307022px; border-bottom-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>The percentage of the summer Antarctic population (formed by Antarctic and Subantarctic research stations) each country makes up<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Does not take Qinling Station into account yet (February 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;">&#160;</span>&#160;United States (24.98%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;">&#160;</span>&#160;Argentina (12.66%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;">&#160;</span>&#160;Chile (9.87%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;">&#160;</span>&#160;United Kingdom (6.13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;">&#160;</span>&#160;France (6.03%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; 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</td> <td>−1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Casey_Station" title="Casey Station">Casey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincennes_Bay" title="Vincennes Bay">Vincennes Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> </td> 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Brazil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctic_Program" title="Brazilian Antarctic Program">Brazilian Antarctic Program</a> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dome_C" title="Dome C">Dome C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Italy<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Research_Program" title="National Antarctic Research Program">National Antarctic Research Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPEV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPEV">IPEV</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="8.1" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">+8</a><sup id="cite_ref-dst_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>−51.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davis_Station" title="Davis Station">Davis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>91 </td> <td>91 </td> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">+7</a> </td> <td>−7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville_Station" title="Dumont d&#39;Urville Station">Dumont d'Urville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPEV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPEV">IPEV</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+10">+10</a> </td> <td>−11.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eco-Nelson" title="Eco-Nelson">Eco-Nelson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands)">Nelson Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Czech Republic </td> <td>Czech Antarctic Foundation </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_Presidente_Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva">Eduardo Frei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Las_Estrellas" title="Villa Las Estrellas">Villa Las Estrellas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Island (Antarctica)">King George Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force" title="Chilean Air Force">Chilean Air Force</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>80 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Profesor_Julio_Escudero_Base" title="Profesor Julio Escudero Base">Escudero</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Island (Antarctica)">King George Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>116 </td> <td>56 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Antarctic_Receiving_Station" title="German Antarctic Receiving Station">GARS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Legoupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Legoupil">Cape Legoupil</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>−3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme" title="Base General Bernardo O&#39;Higgins Riquelme">General Bernardo O'Higgins</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Legoupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Legoupil">Cape Legoupil</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a> </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Great_Wall_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Great Wall Station">Great Wall</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Island (Antarctica)">King George Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polar_Research_Institute_of_China" title="Polar Research Institute of China">Polar Research Institute of China</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halley_Research_Station" title="Halley Research Station">Halley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brunt_Ice_Shelf" title="Brunt Ice Shelf">Brunt Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−18.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jang_Bogo_Station" title="Jang Bogo Station">Jang Bogo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Bay" title="Terra Nova Bay">Terra Nova Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korea_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Korea Polar Research Institute">Korea Polar Research Institute</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+11">+11</a> </td> <td>−15.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Sejong_Station" title="King Sejong Station">King Sejong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Island (Antarctica)">King George Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korea_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Korea Polar Research Institute">Korea Polar Research Institute</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitri_(research_station)" title="Maitri (research station)">Maitri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schirmacher_Oasis" title="Schirmacher Oasis">Schirmacher Oasis</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Polar_and_Ocean_Research" title="National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research">National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>65 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">+5:30</a> </td> <td>−9.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marambio_Base" title="Marambio Base">Marambio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marambio_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Marambio Island">Marambio Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−8.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_Robertson_Land_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Robertson Land (Antarctica)">Mac Robertson Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+6">+6</a> </td> <td>−8.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo</a> </td> <td>Ross Island </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States Antarctic Program</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>1200 </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>153 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="12.1" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+12">+12</a><sup id="cite_ref-dst_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>−17.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td>Russian Antarctic Expedition </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+6">+6</a> </td> <td>−11.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_III" title="Neumayer Station III">Neumayer III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atka_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Atka Bay">Atka Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">0</a> </td> <td>−16.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td>Russian Antarctic Expedition </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">0</a> </td> <td>−10.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Island" title="Laurie Island">Laurie Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a> </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>65 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Station" title="Palmer Station">Palmer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anvers_Island" title="Anvers Island">Anvers Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States Antarctic Program</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Station" title="Progress Station">Progress</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prydz_Bay" title="Prydz Bay">Prydz Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td>Russian Antarctic Expedition </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">−5</a> </td> <td>−9.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Station_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Station (Antarctica)">Qinling </a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inexpressible_Island" title="Inexpressible Island">Inexpressible Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Bay" title="Terra Nova Bay">Terra Nova Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polar_Research_Institute_of_China" title="Polar Research Institute of China">Polar Research Institute of China</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>30<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+12">+12</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Island" title="Adelaide Island">Adelaide Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>136 </td> <td>160 </td> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Base" title="San Martín Base">San Martín</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Island_(Debenham_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Island (Debenham Islands)">Barry Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1951<sup id="cite_ref-smb_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smb-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vesleskarvet" title="Vesleskarvet">Vesleskarvet</a>, Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>110 </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">+2</a> </td> <td>−16.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> </td> <td>Ross Island </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>New Zealand </td> <td>Antarctica New Zealand </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>86 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>11 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="12.1" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+12">+12</a><sup id="cite_ref-dst_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>−19.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Ongul_Island" title="East Ongul Island">East Ongul Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Polar_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Polar Research">National Institute of Polar Research</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>130 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">+3</a> </td> <td>−10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian 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href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Scientific_Center_of_Ukraine" title="National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine">National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Ice Sheet">Antarctic Ice Sheet</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td>Russian Antarctic Expedition </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+6">+6</a> </td> <td>−55.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Zhongshan Station (Antarctica)">Zhongshan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larsemann_Hills" title="Larsemann Hills">Larsemann Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prydz_Bay" title="Prydz Bay">Prydz Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polar_Research_Institute_of_China" title="Polar Research Institute of China">Polar Research Institute of China</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">+7</a> </td> <td>−11.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subantarctic_stations">Subantarctic stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Subantarctic stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic region</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226773818"> <table class="wikitable sortable col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Administration </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Year <abbr title="established">est.</abbr> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Summer<br /><abbr title="population">pop.</abbr> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Winter<br />pop. </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">UTC<br />offset</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Mean annual<br /><abbr title="temperature">temp.</abbr><br />(°C) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Faure#Research_Station" title="Alfred Faure">Alfred Faure</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Possession" title="Île de la Possession">Île de la Possession</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Polar_Institute" title="French Polar Institute">French Polar Institute</a> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5">+5</a> </td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia#Research_Station" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%922" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−2">−2</a> </td> <td>−0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand#Weather_station" title="Campbell Island, New Zealand">Campbell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand" title="Campbell Island, New Zealand">Campbell Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MetService" title="MetService">MetService</a> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="12.1" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+12">+12</a><sup id="cite_ref-dst_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island#Weather_station" title="Gough Island">Gough</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_Weather_Service" title="South African Weather Service">South African Weather Service</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">0</a> </td> <td>11.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point#Research_Station" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%922" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−2">−2</a> </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island_Station" title="Macquarie Island Station">Macquarie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>16 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="10.1" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+10">+10</a><sup id="cite_ref-dst_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands#Marion_Research_Station" title="Prince Edward Islands">Marion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a> </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">+3</a> </td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norvegia_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Norvegia Station">Norvegia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Norway </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a> </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port-aux-Fran%C3%A7ais#Research_Station" title="Port-aux-Français">Port-aux-Français</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Polar_Institute" title="French Polar Institute">French Polar Institute</a> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5">+5</a> </td> <td>5.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summer-only_active_stations">Summer-only active stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Summer-only active stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226773818"> <table class="wikitable sortable col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200">Name </th> <th width="200">Location </th> <th width="230">Country </th> <th width="200"><abbr title="Administration">Admin.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Year <abbr title="established">est.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Max. <abbr title="persons">pers.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Summer <abbr title="population">pop.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">UTC offset</a> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Mean annual <abbr title="temperature">temp.</abbr> (°C) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aboa_(research_station)" title="Aboa (research station)">Aboa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Finland </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Antarctic_Research_Program&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Antarctic Research Program (page does not exist)">Finnish Antarctic Research Program</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td>−15.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_Station" title="Brown Station">Brown</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradise Harbor">Paradise Harbor</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td>Instituto Antártico Argentino </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_Base" title="Cámara Base">Cámara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_Island" title="Half Moon Island">Half Moon Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Carvajal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Island" title="Adelaide Island">Adelaide Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>46 </td> <td> </td> <td>−9.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Collins_Base" title="Collins Base">Collins</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fildes_Peninsula" title="Fildes Peninsula">Fildes Peninsula</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallmann_Laboratory" title="Dallmann Laboratory">Dallmann</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlini_Base" title="Carlini Base">Carlini Station</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>16 </td> <td> </td> <td>−2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deception_Station" title="Deception Station">Deception</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dirck_Gerritsz_Laboratory" title="Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory">Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera Station</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Netherlands </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Polar_Programme" title="Netherlands Polar Programme">Netherlands Polar Programme</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>−5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Dobrowolski</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunger_Hills" title="Bunger Hills">Bunger Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Poland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>−9.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECARE" title="ECARE">Elichiribehety</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Uruguay </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Antarctic_Institute" title="Uruguayan Antarctic Institute">Uruguayan Antarctic Institute</a> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <td>−4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Castilla_Base" title="Gabriel de Castilla Base">Gabriel de Castilla</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Spain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>33 </td> <td> </td> <td>−0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Station" title="Gondwana Station">Gondwana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla_Antarctic_Base" title="González Videla Antarctic Base">González Videla</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waterboat_Point" title="Waterboat Point">Waterboat Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force" title="Chilean Air Force">Chilean Air Force</a> </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td> <td>−6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Mann_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo Mann Base">Guillermo Mann</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Shirreff" title="Cape Shirreff">Cape Shirreff</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station" title="Jinnah Antarctic Station">Jinnah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r_Rondane_Mountains" title="Sør Rondane Mountains">Sør Rondane Mountains</a>, Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Pakistan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Antarctic_Programme" title="Pakistan Antarctic Programme">Pakistan Antarctic Programme</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_Antarctic_Base" title="Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base">Juan Carlos I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Livingston_Island)" title="South Bay (Livingston Island)">South Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Spain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Julio_Ripamonti_Base" title="Julio Ripamonti Base">Julio Ripamonti</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ardley_Island" title="Ardley Island">Ardley Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-3">-3</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kohnen_Station" title="Kohnen Station">Kohnen</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td>−42.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Station_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunlun Station (Antarctica)">Kunlun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dome_A" title="Dome A">Dome A</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polar_Research_Institute_of_China" title="Polar Research Institute of China">Polar Research Institute of China</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>26 </td> <td> </td> <td>−51.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Law-Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83-Negoi%C8%9B%C4%83_Station" title="Law-Racoviță-Negoiță Station">Law-Racoviță-Negoiță</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larsemann_Hills" title="Larsemann Hills">Larsemann Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Romania </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Polar_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Polar Research Institute">Romanian Polar Research Institute</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td> </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pieter_J._Lenie_Base" title="Captain Pieter J. Lenie Base">Lenie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Bay_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands)">Admiralty Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States Antarctic Program</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu_Base" title="Machu Picchu Base">Machu Picchu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Bay_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands)">Admiralty Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Island (Antarctica)">King George Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Peru </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Peruano" title="Instituto Antártico Peruano">Instituto Antártico Peruano</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td> </td> <td>−2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldonado_Base" title="Maldonado Base">Maldonado</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Island" title="Greenwich Island">Greenwich Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Ecuador </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Ecuatoriano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano (page does not exist)">Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano</a> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>32 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_A%C3%A9rea_Teniente_Benjam%C3%ADn_Matienzo" title="Base Aérea Teniente Benjamín Matienzo">Matienzo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Base" title="Melchior Base">Melchior</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Islands" title="Melchior Islands">Melchior Islands</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Polar_Station" title="Mendel Polar Station">Mendel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_Island" title="James Ross Island">James Ross Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Czech Republic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td>−6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)">Molodyozhnaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thala_Hills" title="Thala Hills">Thala Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td>Russian Antarctic Expedition </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td> <td>−11.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Petrel_Base" title="Petrel Base">Petrel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dundee_Island" title="Dundee Island">Dundee Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy" title="Port Lockroy">Port Lockroy</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goudier_Island" title="Goudier Island">Goudier Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Antarctic_Heritage_Trust" title="United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust">United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust</a> </td> <td>1944 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_Primavera" title="Base Primavera">Primavera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Antartico_Argentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Antartico Argentino">Instituto Antartico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Princess Elisabeth</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Belgium </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Foundation" title="International Polar Foundation">International Polar Foundation</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>22 </td> <td> </td> <td>−18.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Risopatr%C3%B3n_Base" title="Risopatrón Base">Risopatrón</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Island" title="Robert Island">Robert Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1949 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td>−2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shirreff_Base" title="Shirreff Base">Shirreff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Shirreff" title="Cape Shirreff">Cape Shirreff</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Signy_Research_Station" title="Signy Research Station">Signy</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Signy_Island" title="Signy Island">Signy Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>14 </td> <td> </td> <td>−2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sobral_Base" title="Sobral Base">Sobral</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Argentino" title="Instituto Antártico Argentino">Instituto Antártico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Kliment_Ohridski_Base" title="St. Kliment Ohridski Base">St. Kliment Ohridski</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emona_Anchorage" title="Emona Anchorage">Emona Anchorage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands)">Livingston Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Bulgaria </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Antarctic_Institute" title="Bulgarian Antarctic Institute">Bulgarian Antarctic Institute</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td>−1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Svea_Research_Station" title="Svea Research Station">Svea</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Sweden </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Polar_Research_Secretariat" title="Swedish Polar Research Secretariat">Swedish Polar Research Secretariat</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td> </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taishan_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Taishan Station (Antarctica)">Taishan</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polar_Research_Institute_of_China" title="Polar Research Institute of China">Polar Research Institute of China</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td>−30.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Antarctic_Research_Station" title="Turkish Antarctic Research Station">TARS</a> </td> <td><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force" title="Chilean Air Force">Chilean Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td> </td> <td>70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vechernyaya_Base" title="Vechernyaya Base">Vechernyaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mount Vechernyaya, <a href="/wiki/Thala_Hills" title="Thala Hills">Thala Hills</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Belarus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus" title="National Academy of Sciences of Belarus">National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>11 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wasa_Research_Station" title="Wasa Research Station">Wasa</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Sweden </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Polar_Research_Secretariat" title="Swedish Polar Research Secretariat">Swedish Polar Research Secretariat</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td>−15.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yelcho_Base" title="Yelcho Base">Yelcho</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Doumer_Island)" title="South Bay (Doumer Island)">South Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doumer_Island" title="Doumer Island">Doumer Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zucchelli_Station" title="Zucchelli Station">Zucchelli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Bay" title="Terra Nova Bay">Terra Nova Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Research_Program" title="National Antarctic Research Program">National Antarctic Research Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/ENEA_(Italy)" title="ENEA (Italy)">ENEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerche" class="mw-redirect" title="Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche">CNR</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>120 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="12.1" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+12">+12</a><sup id="cite_ref-dst_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>−14.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps_of_active_stations">Maps of active stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Maps of active stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px"><div style="position:relative;width:800px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Research stations in Antarctica is located in Antarctica"><img alt="Research stations in Antarctica is located in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/800px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="800" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/1200px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/1600px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:94.359%;left:7.163%;font-size:130%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:0.209%;left:30.887%;font-size:130%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:4.9%;left:92.057%;font-size:130%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.65%;left:21.513%;font-size:130%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.977%;left:12.179%;font-size:110%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.835%;left:0.139%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-67deg);">↑</span><br />Chile</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:0.04%;left:68.184%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(20deg);">↑</span><br />South Africa</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.327%;left:100.212%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:1px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(78deg);">↑</span><br />India</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:100.063%;left:59.731%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><span class="nowrap">New Zealand</span><br /><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(169deg);">↑</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.577%;left:64.192%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jinnah"><img alt="Jinnah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/4px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station" title="Jinnah Antarctic Station">Jinnah</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.796%;left:45.002%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Svea"><img alt="Svea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Svea_Research_Station" title="Svea Research Station">Svea</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.725%;left:40.319%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sobral"><img alt="Sobral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Sobral_Base" title="Sobral Base">Sobral</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.938%;left:52.714%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tor"><img alt="Tor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Tor_(research_station)" title="Tor (research station)">Tor</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.376%;left:88.849%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dobrowolski"><img alt="Dobrowolski" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Dobrowolski</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.84%;left:15.123%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Signy"><img alt="Signy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Signy_Research_Station" title="Signy Research Station">Signy</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.209%;left:82.77%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Law- Racoviță"><img alt="Law- Racoviță" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Law-Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83-Negoi%C8%9B%C4%83_Station" title="Law-Racoviță-Negoiță Station">Law-<br />Racoviță</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.003%;left:50.029%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kohnen"><img alt="Kohnen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Kohnen_Station" title="Kohnen Station">Kohnen</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.938%;left:76.202%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Taishan"><img alt="Taishan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Taishan_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Taishan Station">Taishan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.439%;left:65.569%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kunlun"><img alt="Kunlun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Kunlun_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Kunlun Station">Kunlun</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.068%;left:76.705%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Molodyozhnaya, Vechernyaya"><img alt="Molodyozhnaya, Vechernyaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)">Molodyozhnaya</a>,</span> <a href="/wiki/Vechernyaya_Base" title="Vechernyaya Base">Vechernyaya</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.38%;left:61.922%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Elisabeth"><img alt="Elisabeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Elisabeth</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.511%;left:43.485%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nordenskiöld"><img alt="Nordenskiöld" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Nordenski%C3%B6ld_Base" title="Nordenskiöld Base">Nordenskiöld</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.999%;left:33.065%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Union Glacier"><img alt="Union Glacier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/7px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/11px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/14px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n_Polar_Cient%C3%ADfica_Conjunta_Glaciar_Uni%C3%B3n" title="Estación Polar Científica Conjunta Glaciar Unión">Union Glacier</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.976%;left:56.917%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zucchelli, Gondwana"><img alt="Zucchelli, Gondwana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/16px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Zucchelli_Station" title="Zucchelli Station">Zucchelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Station" title="Gondwana Station">Gondwana</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:2.764%;left:13.026%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bird"><img alt="Bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/7px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia#Research_Station" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:2.145%;left:14.596%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="King Edward Point"><img alt="King Edward Point" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/7px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point#Research_Station" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.37%;left:38.516%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Belgrano"><img alt="Belgrano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_II_Base" title="Belgrano II Base">Belgrano</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.569%;left:68.402%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vostok"><img alt="Vostok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><b><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.357%;left:15.672%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Orcadas"><img alt="Orcadas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.98%;left:83.223%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mawson"><img alt="Mawson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.049%;left:51.326%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Troll"><img alt="Troll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><b><a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.052%;left:89.024%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mirny"><img alt="Mirny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.119%;left:45.36%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neumayer"><img alt="Neumayer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_III" title="Neumayer Station III">Neumayer</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.291%;left:39.642%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Halley"><img alt="Halley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Halley_Research_Station" title="Halley Research Station">Halley</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.646%;left:70.749%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Concordia"><img alt="Concordia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:6px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><b><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.346%;left:57.009%;font-size:103%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Qinling, Jang Bogo"><img alt="Qinling, Jang Bogo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/17px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/22px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><b><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Station_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Station (Antarctica)">Qinling</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Jang_Bogo_Station" title="Jang Bogo Station">Jang Bogo</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.557%;left:84.921%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Davis"><img alt="Davis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Davis_Station" title="Davis Station">Davis</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.796%;left:75.001%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dumont d&#39;Urville"><img alt="Dumont d&#39;Urville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/15px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/20px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville_Station" title="Dumont d&#39;Urville Station">Dumont d'Urville</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.493%;left:48.493%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="SANAE"><img alt="SANAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/15px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/20px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.861%;left:87.019%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Casey"><img alt="Casey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/15px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/20px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Casey_Station" title="Casey Station">Casey</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.641%;left:56.565%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Novolazarevskaya, Maitri"><img alt="Novolazarevskaya, Maitri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/17px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/22px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya</a></b>,</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Maitri_(research_station)" title="Maitri (research station)">Maitri</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.03%;left:72.297%;font-size:103%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Showa"><img alt="Showa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/17px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/22px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50%;left:50%;font-size:103%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Amundsen–Scott"><img alt="Amundsen–Scott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/17px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/22px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.9%;left:83.409%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Progress, Bharati, Zhongshan"><img alt="Progress, Bharati, Zhongshan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/17px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/22px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Progress_Station" title="Progress Station">Progress</a></b>,<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Bharati_(research_station)" title="Bharati (research station)">Bharati</a></b>,<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Zhongshan Station (Antarctica)">Zhongshan</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.71%;left:54.671%;font-size:130%"><div class="id" style="left:-11px;top:-11px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="McMurdo, Scott"><img alt="McMurdo, Scott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/21px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/32px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/42px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:12px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott</a></b></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_location_map.svg" title="File:Antarctica location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Active research stations in Antarctica, except the Antarctic Peninsula. Red squares represent summer-only stations.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px"><div style="position:relative;width:800px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Research stations in Antarctica is located in Antarctic Peninsula"><img alt="Research stations in Antarctica is located in Antarctic Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg/800px-Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="1237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg/1200px-Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg/1600px-Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="2608" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.474%;left:23.451%;font-size:130%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.868%;left:71.681%;font-size:110%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.211%;left:48.673%;font-size:110%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.514%;left:85.784%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ECARE"><img alt="ECARE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/ECARE" title="ECARE">ECARE</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.942%;left:35.767%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gerritsz"><img alt="Gerritsz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Dirck_Gerritsz_Laboratory" title="Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory">Gerritsz</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.471%;left:71.808%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Matienzo"><img alt="Matienzo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Base_A%C3%A9rea_Teniente_Benjam%C3%ADn_Matienzo" title="Base Aérea Teniente Benjamín Matienzo">Matienzo</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.195%;left:58.953%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Melchior"><img alt="Melchior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Base" title="Melchior Base">Melchior</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.077%;left:67.897%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Primavera"><img alt="Primavera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Base_Primavera" title="Base Primavera">Primavera</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.741%;left:81.495%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mendel"><img alt="Mendel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Polar_Station" title="Mendel Polar Station">Mendel</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.944%;left:59.421%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Videla, Brown"><img alt="Videla, Brown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla_Antarctic_Base" title="González Videla Antarctic Base">Videla</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Brown_Station" title="Brown Station">Brown</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.815%;left:56.267%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yelcho, Lockroy"><img alt="Yelcho, Lockroy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yelcho_Base" title="Yelcho Base">Yelcho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy#History" title="Port Lockroy">Lockroy</a></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.618%;left:88.811%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Petrel"><img alt="Petrel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Petrel_Base" title="Petrel Base">Petrel</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.247%;left:40.103%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="TARS"><img alt="TARS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Antarctic_Research_Station" title="Turkish Antarctic Research Station">TARS</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.797%;left:32.68%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Carvajal"><img alt="Carvajal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Carvajal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.224%;left:40.702%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="San Martín"><img alt="San Martín" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/7px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Base" title="San Martín Base">San Martín</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.249%;left:53.284%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vernadsky"><img alt="Vernadsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_Research_Base" title="Vernadsky Research Base">Vernadsky</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.146%;left:54.192%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Palmer"><img alt="Palmer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><b><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Station" title="Palmer Station">Palmer</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.585%;left:81.417%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="O&#39;Higgins"><img alt="O&#39;Higgins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme" title="Base General Bernardo O&#39;Higgins Riquelme">O'Higgins</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.094%;left:85.415%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Esperanza"><img alt="Esperanza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/15px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/20px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.531%;left:36.172%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rothera"><img alt="Rothera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/17px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/22px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div style="background-color:#FEFEEACC"><b><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.638%;left:87.05%;font-size:103%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marambio"><img alt="Marambio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/11px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/17px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/22px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Marambio_Base" title="Marambio Base">Marambio</a></b></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Peninsula_location_map.svg" title="File:Antarctic Peninsula location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Active research stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, except the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px"><div style="position:relative;width:800px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Research stations in Antarctica is located in South Shetland Islands"><img alt="Research stations in Antarctica is located in South Shetland Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg/800px-South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg/1200px-South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg/1600px-South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="777" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50%;left:88.043%;font-size:130%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:98.462%;left:60.543%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.265%;left:49.544%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pieter_J._Lenie_Base" title="Research stations in Antarctica"><img alt="Research stations in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/4px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.924%;left:44.629%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ripamonti" title="Research stations in Antarctica"><img alt="Research stations in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.817%;left:45.089%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Collins_Base" title="Research stations in Antarctica"><img alt="Research stations in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.859%;left:35.861%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Risopatrón"><img alt="Risopatrón" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Risopatr%C3%B3n_Base" title="Risopatrón Base">Risopatrón</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.384%;left:24.227%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mann, Shirreff"><img alt="Mann, Shirreff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/5px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/8px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/10px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Mann_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo Mann Base">Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirreff_Base" title="Shirreff Base">Shirreff</a></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.186%;left:33.494%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cámara"><img alt="Cámara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_Base" title="Cámara Base">Cámara</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.827%;left:49.24%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Research stations in Antarctica"><img alt="Research stations in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.579%;left:35.42%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maldonado"><img alt="Maldonado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/6px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/9px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/12px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Maldonado_Base" title="Maldonado Base">Maldonado</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.813%;left:28.391%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Juan Carlos, Ohridski"><img alt="Juan Carlos, Ohridski" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/7px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/11px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/14px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_Antarctic_Base" title="Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base">Juan Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Kliment_Ohridski_Base" title="St. Kliment Ohridski Base">Ohridski</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.883%;left:25.268%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Castilla, Deception"><img alt="Castilla, Deception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/7px-Square_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/11px-Square_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Square_red.svg/14px-Square_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Castilla_Base" title="Gabriel de Castilla Base">Castilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deception_Station" title="Deception Station">Deception</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.777%;left:43.67%;font-size:88%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Eco-Nelson"><img alt="Eco-Nelson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/6px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)#Eco-Nelson_Station" title="Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands)">Eco-Nelson</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.727%;left:36.256%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prat"><img alt="Prat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Prat</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.467%;left:49.204%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Arctowski"><img alt="Arctowski" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski_Polish_Antarctic_Station" title="Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station">Arctowski</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.592%;left:50.092%;font-size:94%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ferraz"><img alt="Ferraz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Comandante_Ferraz_Antarctic_Station" title="Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station">Ferraz</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.877%;left:45.78%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sejong"><img alt="Sejong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/9px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:6px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/King_Sejong_Station" title="King Sejong Station">Sejong</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.471%;left:47.09%;font-size:97%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Carlini"><img alt="Carlini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/10px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/15px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/20px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Carlini_Base" title="Carlini Base">Carlini</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.009%;left:43.884%;font-size:103%"><div class="id" style="left:-7px;top:-7px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Frei, Bellingshausen, Escudero, Artigas, Great Wall"><img alt="Frei, Bellingshausen, Escudero, Artigas, Great Wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/14px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/21px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/28px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:8px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#C6ECFFCC"><b><a href="/wiki/Base_Presidente_Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></b>,<br /><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen</a></b>,</span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Profesor_Julio_Escudero_Base" title="Profesor Julio Escudero Base">Escudero</a></b>,<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Artigas_Base" title="Artigas Base">Artigas</a></b>,<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Great Wall Station (Antarctica)">Great<br />Wall</a></b></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Shetland_Islands_location_map.svg" title="File:South Shetland Islands location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Active research stations in the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inactive_stations">Inactive stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Inactive stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226773818"> <table class="wikitable sortable col5right col7right col8right col9right"> <tbody><tr> <th width="120">Name </th> <th width="170">Location </th> <th width="120">Country </th> <th width="250"><abbr title="Administration">Admin.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Year <abbr title="established">est.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col">Type </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">UTC<br />offset</a> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Mean annual<br /><abbr title="temperature">temp.</abbr><br />(°C) </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Year closed </th> <th width="220">Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aguirre_Cerda_Research_Station" title="Aguirre Cerda Research Station">Aguirre Cerda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>Destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Arturo_Parodi_Alister_Base" title="Teniente Arturo Parodi Alister Base">Arturo Parodi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Land" title="Ellsworth Land">Ellsworth Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Chile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Instituto Antártico Chileno</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Dismantled </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Asuka Station (Antarctica)">Asuka</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Polar_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Polar Research">National Institute of Polar Research</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Closed, under snow </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_I_Base" title="Belgrano I Base">Belgrano I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Argentino" title="Instituto Antártico Argentino">Instituto Antártico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>Abandoned, lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_III_Base" title="Belgrano III Base">Belgrano III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkner_Island" title="Berkner Island">Berkner Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Argentino" title="Instituto Antártico Argentino">Instituto Antártico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">−3</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>Abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borga_Base" title="Borga Base">Borga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borg_Massif" title="Borg Massif">Borg Massif</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brockton_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Brockton Station (Antarctica)">Brockton</a> </td> <td>Ross Ice Shelf </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>Abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Station" title="Byrd Station">Byrd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" title="Marie Byrd Land">Marie Byrd Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States Antarctic Program</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td>−28.1 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>Abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land#Charcot_Station" title="Adélie Land">Charcot</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Polar_Institute" title="French Polar Institute">French Polar Institute</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Gangotri" title="Dakshin Gangotri">Dakshin Gangotri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Gangotri_Glacier" title="Dakshin Gangotri Glacier">Dakshin Gangotri Glacier</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Polar_and_Ocean_Research" title="National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research">National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research</a> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>Closed, support base </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dome_F" title="Dome F">Dome Fuji</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Polar_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Polar Research">National Institute of Polar Research</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td>−54.3 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drescher_Ice_Camp" title="Drescher Ice Camp">Drescher</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zavadovskiy_Island" title="Zavadovskiy Island">Druzhba</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дружба (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zavadovskiy_Island" title="Zavadovskiy Island">Zavadovskiy Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Winter </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya I</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-1" class="extiw" title="ru:Дружная-1">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Closed, lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-2" class="extiw" title="ru:Дружная-2">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lassiter_Coast" title="Lassiter Coast">Lassiter Coast</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya III</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya IV</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-4" class="extiw" title="ru:Дружная-4">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land" title="Princess Elizabeth Land">Princess Elizabeth Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Russian Antarctic Expedition">Russian Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Base" title="East Base">East Base</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island" title="Stonington Island">Stonington Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Service_Expedition" title="United States Antarctic Service Expedition">United States Antarctic Service Expedition</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eights_Station" title="Eights Station">Eights</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Land" title="Ellsworth Land">Ellsworth Land</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scientific-Stations_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific-Stations-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Station" title="Ellsworth Station">Ellsworth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Argentino" title="Instituto Antártico Argentino">Instituto Antártico Argentino</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td>−22 </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>Closed, lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_Research_Base#Station_F" title="Vernadsky Research Base">Faraday</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galindez_Island" title="Galindez Island">Galindez Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td>−3.3 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Closed, became <a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_Research_Base" title="Vernadsky Research Base">Vernadsky</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filchner_Station" title="Filchner Station">Filchner</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Abandoned, lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Forster Station">Georg Forster</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg-Forster-Station" class="extiw" title="de:Georg-Forster-Station">de</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Dismantled </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Neumayer_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg von Neumayer Station">Georg von Neumayer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg-von-Neumayer-Station" class="extiw" title="de:Georg-von-Neumayer-Station">de</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Martha_Coast" title="Princess Martha Coast">Princess Martha Coast</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Closed, sunk in ice </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italia_Valley" title="Italia Valley">Giacomo Bove</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italia_Valley" title="Italia Valley">Italia Valley</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Italy </td> <td>Renato Cepparo Expedition </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>Closed, sabotaged </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hallett#Hallett_Station" title="Cape Hallett">Hallett</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hallett_Peninsula" title="Hallett Peninsula">Hallett Peninsula</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td>Dismantled </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">King Baudouin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_antarctique_Roi_Baudouin" class="extiw" title="fr:Base antarctique Roi Baudouin">fr</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ragnhild_Coast" title="Princess Ragnhild Coast">Princess Ragnhild Coast</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Belgium<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Netherlands </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Program" title="Belgian Antarctic Program">National Center for Polar Research</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_(Antarctic_research_station)" title="Komsomolskaya (Antarctic research station)">Komsomolskaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td>−52 </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>Abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Lazarev</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Лазарев (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Ice_Shelf" title="Lazarev Ice Shelf">Lazarev Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leningradskaya_Station" title="Leningradskaya Station">Leningradskaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oates_Coast" title="Oates Coast">Oates Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Russian Antarctic Expedition">Russian Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td>−14.2 </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base)" title="Little America (exploration base)">Little America</a> </td> <td>Ross Ice Shelf </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td>−22 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Rockford" title="Little Rockford">Little Rockford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" title="Marie Byrd Land">Marie Byrd Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maudheim_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudheim Station">Maudheim</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maudheim" class="extiw" title="no:Maudheim">no</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Norway<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Sweden<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian%E2%80%93British%E2%80%93Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Island" title="Drygalski Island">Mir</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Мир (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Island" title="Drygalski Island">Drygalski Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Winter </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Mizuho Station (Antarctica)">Mizuho</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Plateau" title="Mizuho Plateau">Mizuho Plateau</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Polar_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Polar Research">National Institute of Polar Research</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_II" title="Neumayer Station II">Neumayer II</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wegener Institute">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Dismantled </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Norway</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Station" class="extiw" title="no:Norway Station">no</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fimbul_Ice_Shelf" title="Fimbul Ice Shelf">Fimbul Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Norway<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Norwegian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition">Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunger_Hills" title="Bunger Hills">Oazis 2</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Станция имени Антона Болеслава Добровольского">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunger_Hills" title="Bunger Hills">Bunger Hills</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Russian Antarctic Expedition">Russian Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion%C3%A9rskaya_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pionérskaya Station (page does not exist)">Pionérskaya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Пионерская (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td>−38 </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Station" title="Plateau Station">Plateau</a> </td> <td>Queen Maud Land </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td>−56.7 </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobeda_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobeda Station (page does not exist)">Pobeda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Победа (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land" title="Queen Mary Land">Queen Mary Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Abandoned, lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_(Antarctic_research_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole of Inaccessibility (Antarctic research station)">Pole of Inaccessibility</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Land" title="Kemp Land">Kemp Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td>−58.2 </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Martin" title="Port Martin">Port Martin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Margerie" title="Cape Margerie">Cape Margerie</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>Partly destroyed in a fire, closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Station" title="Russkaya Station">Russkaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" title="Marie Byrd Land">Marie Byrd Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Russian Antarctic Expedition">Russian Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">−6</a> </td> <td>−12.4 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SANAE_I" class="mw-redirect" title="SANAE I">SANAE I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fimbul_Ice_Shelf" title="Fimbul Ice Shelf">Fimbul Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fimbul_Ice_Shelf" title="Fimbul Ice Shelf">Fimbul Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fimbul_Ice_Shelf" title="Fimbul Ice Shelf">Fimbul Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>South Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Closed, decommissioned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siple_Station" title="Siple Station">Siple</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Land" title="Ellsworth Land">Ellsworth Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University's STAR Lab</a> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodruzhestvo_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodruzhestvo Station (page does not exist)">Sodruzhestvo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Содружество (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amery_Ice_Shelf" title="Amery Ice Shelf">Amery Ice Shelf</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_(Antarctic_Research_Station)" title="Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)">Sovetskaya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_Land" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II Land">Kaiser Wilhelm II Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_Station" title="Soyuz Station">Soyuz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Mountains" title="Prince Charles Mountains">Prince Charles Mountains</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expedition</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5">+5</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deception_Island#Station_B" title="Deception Island">Station B</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_and_Dependencies_Aerial_Survey_Expedition" title="Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition">Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition</a> </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Geddes#Station_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Geddes">Station C</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Geddes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Geddes">Cape Geddes</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay#Station_D" title="Hope Bay">Station D</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1964 </td> <td>Closed, became <a href="/wiki/ECARE" title="ECARE">ECARE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island#Station_E" title="Stonington Island">Station E</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island" title="Stonington Island">Stonington Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keller_Peninsula#Station_G" title="Keller Peninsula">Station G</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Bay_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands)">Admiralty Bay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>Closed, demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Point_(Antarctica)#Station_J" title="Prospect Point (Antarctica)">Station J</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Point_(Antarctica)" title="Prospect Point (Antarctica)">Prospect Point</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>Closed, removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harbour#Station_N" title="Arthur Harbour">Station N</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anvers_Island" title="Anvers Island">Anvers Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>Destroyed in a fire, demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danco_Island#Station_O" title="Danco Island">Station O</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danco_Island" title="Danco Island">Danco Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>Closed, demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base#Station_T" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Station T</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Island" title="Adelaide Island">Adelaide Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>Closed, became <a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Carvajal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/View_Point#Station_V" title="View Point">Station V</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/View_Point" title="View Point">View Point</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>Closed, became <a href="/wiki/General_Jorge_Boonen_Rivera_Base" title="General Jorge Boonen Rivera Base">Jorge Boonen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Detaille_Island#Station_W" title="Detaille Island">Station W</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Detaille_Island" title="Detaille Island">Detaille Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Island_(Antarctica)#Station_Y" title="Horseshoe Island (Antarctica)">Station Y</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Horseshoe Island (Antarctica)">Horseshoe Island</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United Kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Station" title="Vanda Station">Vanda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_New_Zealand" title="Antarctica New Zealand">Antarctica New Zealand</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td>−19.7 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_I_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vostok I Station (page does not exist)">Vostok I</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA-1_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Восток-1 (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Soviet Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Closed, abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weddell_1_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Weddell 1 Station (page does not exist)">Weddell 1</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-1" class="extiw" title="ru:Уэдделл-1">ru</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Russia<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Russian Antarctic Expedition">Russian Antarctic Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Summer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Evacuated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Station" title="Wilkes Station">Wilkes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clark_Peninsula" title="Clark Peninsula">Clark Peninsula</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span>United States<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">+8</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>Closed, Partially Abandoned<sup id="cite_ref-wil_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wil-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Park_Base" title="World Park Base">World Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Evans" title="Cape Evans">Cape Evans</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;">&#160;</span>International </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Permanent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Dismantled </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_pollution">Impact and pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Impact and pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change in Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordero_2022_Antarctic_runway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cordero_2022_Antarctic_runway.png/220px-Cordero_2022_Antarctic_runway.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cordero_2022_Antarctic_runway.png/330px-Cordero_2022_Antarctic_runway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Cordero_2022_Antarctic_runway.png/440px-Cordero_2022_Antarctic_runway.png 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>A private <a href="/wiki/Il-76" class="mw-redirect" title="Il-76">Il-76</a> airplane landing onto a ice runway at <a href="/wiki/Union_Glacier" title="Union Glacier">Union Glacier</a> (upper-left), which causes black carbon concentrations to increase in the surrounding snow (right), as observed through sample collection (lower-left).<sup id="cite_ref-Cordero2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordero2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2023 a research report from an Australian team<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> found that the pollution left by international research stations was comparable to that seen in some of the busiest ports in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dst-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dst_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Observes <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smb-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smb_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This base was closed in 1960 and reopened on 21 March 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Marambio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marambio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wil-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wil_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transmitter hut used as field hut and temporary accommodation for nearby <a href="/wiki/Casey_Station" title="Casey Station">Casey Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientific_stations_in_Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scientific stations in Antarctica">Scientific stations in Antarctica</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Antarctic field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics of Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Antarctica" title="List of airports in Antarctica">List of airports in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">List of research stations in the Arctic</a> (for analogous stations in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">List of Antarctic expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter-over_syndrome" title="Winter-over syndrome">Winter-over syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_outpost" title="Human outpost">Human outpost</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/antarctic-treaty/">"01. Antarctic Treaty, done at Washington December 1, 1959"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&amp;rft.atitle=01.+Antarctic+Treaty%2C+done+at+Washington+December+1%2C+1959.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fantarctic-treaty%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilja_VönekySange_Addison-Agyei2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Silja_V%C3%B6neky" title="Silja Vöneky">Silja Vöneky</a>; Sange Addison-Agyei (May 2011). "Oxford Public International Law". <i>Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Max+Planck+Encyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Oxford+Public+International+Law&amp;rft.date=2011-05&amp;rft.au=Silja+V%C3%B6neky&amp;rft.au=Sange+Addison-Agyei&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm">"4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118043340/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=4.0+Antarctica+-+Past+and+Present&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fpubs%2F1997%2Fantpanel%2F4past.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudmose-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudmose_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudmose_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudmose_BrownPirieMossman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rudmose Brown, R. N.; Pirie, J. H.; Mossman, R. C. (2002). <i>The Voyage of the Scotia</i>. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. pp.&#160;34–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84183-044-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84183-044-5"><bdi>1-84183-044-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+the+Scotia&amp;rft.place=Edinburgh&amp;rft.pages=34-57&amp;rft.pub=Mercat+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=1-84183-044-5&amp;rft.aulast=Rudmose+Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+N.&amp;rft.au=Pirie%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft.au=Mossman%2C+R.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudmose_BrownPirieMossman200257-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudmose_BrownPirieMossman200257_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudmose_BrownPirieMossman2002">Rudmose Brown, Pirie &amp; Mossman 2002</a>, p.&#160;57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/scotia/vsindexantarctic.html">"Voyage of the <i>Scotia</i> 1902–04: The Antarctic"</a>. Glasgow Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311105228/http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/scotia/vsindexantarctic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Voyage+of+the+Scotia+1902%E2%80%9304%3A+The+Antarctic&amp;rft.pub=Glasgow+Digital+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk%2Fscotia%2Fvsindexantarctic.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeak2003" class="citation book cs1">Speak, Peter (2003). <i>William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist</i>. Edinburgh: NMS Publishing. p.&#160;85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901663-71-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-901663-71-X"><bdi>1-901663-71-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=William+Speirs+Bruce%3A+Polar+Explorer+and+Scottish+Nationalist&amp;rft.place=Edinburgh&amp;rft.pages=85&amp;rft.pub=NMS+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=1-901663-71-X&amp;rft.aulast=Speak&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RREE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RREE_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscude,_CarlosCisneros,_Andres" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Escude, Carlos; Cisneros, Andres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504063019/http://www.ucema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-107.htm">"Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-107.htm">the original</a> on May 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Historia+General+de+las+Relaciones+Exteriores+de+la+Republica+Argentina&amp;rft.au=Escude%2C+Carlos&amp;rft.au=Cisneros%2C+Andres&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucema.edu.ar%2Fceieg%2Farg-rree%2F7%2F7-107.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moneta-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moneta_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoneta,_Jose_Manuel1954" class="citation book cs1">Moneta, Jose Manuel (1954). <i>Cuatro Años en las Orcadas del Sur</i> (9th&#160;ed.). Ediciones Peuser.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cuatro+A%C3%B1os+en+las+Orcadas+del+Sur&amp;rft.edition=9th&amp;rft.pub=Ediciones+Peuser&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.au=Moneta%2C+Jose+Manuel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/">"HMS Carnarvon Castle 1943"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706224429/http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=HMS+Carnarvon+Castle+1943&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spri.cam.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fpictures%2Fcatalogue%2Fhmscc1943%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/robert-falcon-scott/9706157/Spirit-of-Scott-2012-Britains-polar-interests-lie-under-a-cloud.html">"Spirit of Scott 2012: Britain's polar interests lie under a cloud"</a></span>. The Daily Telegraph. 27 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/robert-falcon-scott/9706157/Spirit-of-Scott-2012-Britains-polar-interests-lie-under-a-cloud.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Spirit+of+Scott+2012%3A+Britain%27s+polar+interests+lie+under+a+cloud&amp;rft.pub=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.date=2012-11-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fantarctica%2Frobert-falcon-scott%2F9706157%2FSpirit-of-Scott-2012-Britains-polar-interests-lie-under-a-cloud.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antarctica and the Arctic: the complete encyclopedia, Volume 1, by David McGonigal, Lynn Woodworth, page 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ats.aq/e/antarctictreaty.html">"The Antarctic Treaty | Antarctic Treaty"</a>. <i>www.ats.aq</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ats.aq&amp;rft.atitle=The+Antarctic+Treaty+%7C+Antarctic+Treaty&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ats.aq%2Fe%2Fantarctictreaty.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoveringantarctica.org.uk/challenges/sustainability/mineral-resources/">"Mineral resources"</a>. <i>Discovering Antarctica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Discovering+Antarctica&amp;rft.atitle=Mineral+resources&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscoveringantarctica.org.uk%2Fchallenges%2Fsustainability%2Fmineral-resources%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newzea-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newzea_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305025850/http://eies.ats.aq/Ats.IE/ieGenRpt.aspx?idParty=27&amp;period=3">"New Zealand"</a>. <i>Antarctic Treaty</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eies.ats.aq/Ats.IE/ieGenRpt.aspx?idParty=27&amp;period=3">the original</a> on 5 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Antarctic+Treaty&amp;rft.atitle=New+Zealand&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feies.ats.aq%2FAts.IE%2FieGenRpt.aspx%3FidParty%3D27%26period%3D3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archello.com/en/project/halley-vi-antarctic-research-station">"Halley VI Antarctic Research Station"</a>. <i>Archello.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116232516/http://www.archello.com/en/project/halley-vi-antarctic-research-station">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Archello.com&amp;rft.atitle=Halley+VI+Antarctic+Research+Station&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archello.com%2Fen%2Fproject%2Fhalley-vi-antarctic-research-station&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-02-08/china-opens-antarctic-station-south-of-australia-new-zealand/103441576">China opens first Antarctic research station due south of Australia and New Zealand</a> <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i>, 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhao Lei, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianews.network/china-opens-fifth-antarctic-research-station/">China opens fifth Antarctic research station</a> <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i> via <a href="/wiki/Asia_News_Network" title="Asia News Network">Asia News Network</a>, 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/rothera-r/">"Rothera Station R"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116070415/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/rothera-r/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Rothera+Station+R&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Frothera-r%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marambio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marambio_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marambio.aq/bases/sanmartin.html">"San Martín Base"</a> (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Fundación Marambio. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Bird+Island+Station+BI&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fbird-island-bi%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/king-edward-point-m/">"King Edward Pont Station M"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116233555/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/king-edward-point-m/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=King+Edward+Pont+Station+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fking-edward-point-m%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214637/http://www.rree.gob.pe/temas/Paginas/La_Antartida.aspx">"La Antartida"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rree.gob.pe/temas/Paginas/La_Antartida.aspx">the original</a> on 2014-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=La+Antartida&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rree.gob.pe%2Ftemas%2FPaginas%2FLa_Antartida.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230544/http://www.ukaht.org/discover/conservation/portlockroydiaries/six/">"Port Lockroy Diaries"</a>. <i>United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukaht.org/discover/conservation/portlockroydiaries/six/">the original</a> on 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=United+Kingdom+Antarctic+Heritage+Trust&amp;rft.atitle=Port+Lockroy+Diaries&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukaht.org%2Fdiscover%2Fconservation%2Fportlockroydiaries%2Fsix%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/port-lockroy-a/">"History of Port Lockroy (Station A)"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=History+of+Port+Lockroy+%28Station+A%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Fhistory%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fport-lockroy-a%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/signy-h/">"Signy Station H"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623220536/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/signy-h/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Signy+Station+H&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fsigny-h%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/world/2014/02/140208_antarctic_china_taishan.shtml">"中国正式建成南极泰山科考站"</a>. 8 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210075716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/world/2014/02/140208_antarctic_china_taishan.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Worldwide Antarctic Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021236/http://www.waponline.it/belarusian-antarctic-research-vechernyaya-station-wap-blr-new/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Belarusian+Antarctic+Research+Vechernyaya+Station+%28WAP+BLR-New%29&amp;rft.pub=Worldwide+Antarctic+Program&amp;rft.date=2017-08-24&amp;rft.aulast=Varetto&amp;rft.aufirst=Gianni&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waponline.it%2Fbelarusian-antarctic-research-vechernyaya-station-wap-blr-new%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/antarctica/mario-zucchelli-station">"Current Local Time in Mario Zucchelli Station, Antarctica"</a>. <i>timeanddate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428002135/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/antarctica/mario-zucchelli-station">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=timeanddate.com&amp;rft.atitle=Current+Local+Time+in+Mario+Zucchelli+Station%2C+Antarctica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fworldclock%2Fantarctica%2Fmario-zucchelli-station&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512101336/https://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev-en/support-for-science/antarctica/dumont-durville/">"Dumont d'Urville"</a>. <i>Institute Polaire Français</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev-en/support-for-science/antarctica/dumont-durville/">the original</a> on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Institute+Polaire+Fran%C3%A7ais&amp;rft.atitle=Dumont+d%27Urville&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institut-polaire.fr%2Fipev-en%2Fsupport-for-science%2Fantarctica%2Fdumont-durville%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientific-Stations-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scientific-Stations_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubrovinPetrov1971" class="citation book cs1">Dubrovin, L.I.; Petrov, V.N. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/igy1/DAHLI_IGY003_0047.pdf"><i>Scientific Stations in Antarctica 1882-1963</i></a> &#91;<i>Nauchnye Stanstii V Antarktike 1882-1963</i>&#93; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gidrometeorologicheskoe Izdatel'stvo. New Delhi: Indian National Scientific Documentation Center. pp.&#160;327–329. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112070324/https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/igy1/DAHLI_IGY003_0047.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Scientific+Stations+in+Antarctica+1882-1963&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pages=327-329&amp;rft.pub=Indian+National+Scientific+Documentation+Center&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.aulast=Dubrovin&amp;rft.aufirst=L.I.&amp;rft.au=Petrov%2C+V.N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southpolestation.com%2Ftrivia%2Figy1%2FDAHLI_IGY003_0047.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/faraday-f/">"History of Faraday (Station F)"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623214946/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/faraday-f/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=History+of+Faraday+%28Station+F%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Ffaraday-f%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaretto2017" class="citation web cs1">Varetto, Gianni (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waponline.it/giacomo-bove-station-antarctica-wap-ita-o2/">"Giacomo Bove Station"</a>. <i>Worldwide Antarctic Program</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008214217/http://www.waponline.it/giacomo-bove-station-antarctica-wap-ita-o2/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Worldwide+Antarctic+Program&amp;rft.atitle=Giacomo+Bove+Station&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.aulast=Varetto&amp;rft.aufirst=Gianni&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waponline.it%2Fgiacomo-bove-station-antarctica-wap-ita-o2%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/deception-island-b/">"Deception Island Station B"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116232528/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/deception-island-b/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Deception+Island+Station+B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fdeception-island-b%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/sandefjord-bay-c/">"Sandefjord Bay Station C"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223102/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/sandefjord-bay-c/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Sandefjord+Bay+Station+C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fsandefjord-bay-c%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/hope-bay-d/">"Hope Bay Station D"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116070143/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/hope-bay-d/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Hope+Bay+Station+D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fhope-bay-d%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/stonington-island-e/">"Stonington Island Station E"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116234504/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/stonington-island-e/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Stonington+Island+Station+E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fstonington-island-e%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/admiralty-bay-g/">"Admiralty Bay Station G"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116232117/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/admiralty-bay-g/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Admiralty+Bay+Station+G&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fadmiralty-bay-g%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/prospect-point-j/">"Prospect Point Station J"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116233942/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/prospect-point-j/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Prospect+Point+Station+J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fprospect-point-j%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/anvers-island-n/">"Anvers Island Station N"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116232238/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/anvers-island-n/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Anvers+Island+Station+N&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fanvers-island-n%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/danco-island-o/">"Danco Island Station O"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116232426/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/danco-island-o/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Danco+Island+Station+O&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fdanco-island-o%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/adelaide-island-t/">"Adelaide Station T"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116065023/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/adelaide-island-t/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Adelaide+Station+T&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fadelaide-island-t%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/view-point-v/">"View Point Station V"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223105/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/view-point-v/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=View+Point+Station+V&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fview-point-v%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/detaille-island-w/">"Detaille Island Station W"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223052/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/detaille-island-w/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Detaille+Island+Station+W&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fdetaille-island-w%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/horseshoe-island-y/">"Horseshoe Island Station Y"</a>. <i>British Antarctic Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116233431/https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/horseshoe-island-y/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Horseshoe+Island+Station+Y&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fabout-bas%2Four-history%2Fbritish-research-stations-and-refuges%2Fhorseshoe-island-y%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/history/stations/wilkes/">"Wilkes Station"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Wilkes+Station&amp;rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fhistory%2Fstations%2Fwilkes%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordero2022-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cordero2022_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorderoSepúlvedaFeronDamiani2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cordero, Raúl R.; Sepúlveda, Edgardo; Feron, Sarah; Damiani, Alessandro; Fernandoy, Francisco; Neshyba, Steven; Rowe, Penny M.; Asencio, Valentina; Carrasco, Jorge; Alfonso, Juan A.; Llanillo, Pedro (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8863810">"Black carbon footprint of human presence in Antarctica"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 984. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCo..13..984C">2022NatCo..13..984C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-28560-w">10.1038/s41467-022-28560-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8863810">8863810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35194040">35194040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Black+carbon+footprint+of+human+presence+in+Antarctica&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=984&amp;rft.date=2022-02-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8863810%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCo..13..984C&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35194040&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-022-28560-w&amp;rft.issn=2041-1723&amp;rft.aulast=Cordero&amp;rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl+R.&amp;rft.au=Sep%C3%BAlveda%2C+Edgardo&amp;rft.au=Feron%2C+Sarah&amp;rft.au=Damiani%2C+Alessandro&amp;rft.au=Fernandoy%2C+Francisco&amp;rft.au=Neshyba%2C+Steven&amp;rft.au=Rowe%2C+Penny+M.&amp;rft.au=Asencio%2C+Valentina&amp;rft.au=Carrasco%2C+Jorge&amp;rft.au=Alfonso%2C+Juan+A.&amp;rft.au=Llanillo%2C+Pedro&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8863810&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenprophet.com/2023/09/antarctic-pollution-research-stations/">Antarctic pollution by researchers surfaces in new report</a> <i>Green Prophet</i>, 10 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf">Antarctic Station Catalogue</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (catalogue). <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a>. August 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-40409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-40409-3"><bdi>978-0-473-40409-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Antarctic+Station+Catalogue&amp;rft.pub=Council+of+Managers+of+National+Antarctic+Programs&amp;rft.date=2017-08&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-473-40409-3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comnap.aq%2Fs%2FCOMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+stations+in+Antarctica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011224062241/http://members.eunet.at/castaway/stations/aa-bases.html">Research stations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comnap.aq/Members/SiteAssets/SitePages/Home/Antarctic_Facilities_List_13Feb2014.xls">COMNAP Antarctic Facilities, 2014, Excel file</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf">COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map, 2009</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915110710/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf">Archived</a> September 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thingsmadethinkable.com/item/antarctic_exploration_timeline.php">Antarctic Exploration Timeline</a>, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement, showing where and when Antarctic research stations were established</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.add.scar.org/">Antarctic Digital Database Map Viewer</a> SCAR</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctic_research_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctic research stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Research_stations_in_Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Research stations in Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Year-round" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Year-round</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Argentino" title="Instituto Antártico Argentino">Argentina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_II_Base" title="Belgrano II Base">Belgrano II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlini_Base" title="Carlini Base">Carlini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marambio_Base" title="Marambio Base">Marambio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Base" title="San Martín Base">San Martín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Station" title="Casey Station">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Station" title="Davis Station">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Ant%C3%A1rtico_Chileno" title="Instituto Antártico Chileno">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Prat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme" title="Base General Bernardo O&#39;Higgins Riquelme">General O'Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_Presidente_Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva">Presidente Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profesor_Julio_Escudero_Base" title="Profesor Julio Escudero Base">Profesor Escudero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Great Wall Station (Antarctica)">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Zhongshan Station (Antarctica)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Station" title="Qinling Station">Qinling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Czech Republic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco-Nelson" title="Eco-Nelson">Eco-Nelson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>France</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumont_d%27Urville_Station" title="Dumont d&#39;Urville Station">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Germany</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_III" title="Neumayer Station III">Neumayer III</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Norway</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troll_(research_station)" title="Troll (research station)">Troll</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski_Polish_Antarctic_Station" title="Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station">Arctowski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ukraine</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_Research_Base" title="Vernadsky Research Base">Vernadsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">United Kingdom</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Research_Station" title="Halley Research Station">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Antarctic_Programme" title="Indian Antarctic Programme">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_(research_station)" title="Bharati (research station)">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitri_(research_station)" title="Maitri (research station)">Maitri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Russian Antarctic Expedition">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Station" title="Progress Station">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Bogo_Station" title="Jang Bogo Station">Jang Bogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Sejong_Station" title="King Sejong Station">King Sejong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen-Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Station" title="Palmer Station">Palmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Brazil</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comandante_Ferraz_Antarctic_Station" title="Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station">Comandante Ferraz</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Japan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>New Zealand</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SANAE_IV" title="SANAE IV">SANAE IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Turkey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Antarctic_Research_Station" title="Turkish Antarctic Research Station">TARS</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Uruguay</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artigas_Base" title="Artigas Base">Artigas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Summer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Summer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Argentina</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Station" title="Brown Station">Almirante Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_Base" title="Cámara Base">Cámara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_Station" title="Deception Station">Decepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_A%C3%A9rea_Teniente_Benjam%C3%ADn_Matienzo" title="Base Aérea Teniente Benjamín Matienzo">Matienzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Base" title="Melchior Base">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_Base" title="Petrel Base">Petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_Primavera" title="Base Primavera">Primavera</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Belarus</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vechernyaya_Base" title="Vechernyaya Base">Vechernyaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Belgium</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Princess Elisabeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Bulgaria</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Kliment_Ohridski_Base" title="St. Kliment Ohridski Base">St. Kliment Ohridski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Chile</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Base" title="Collins Base">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla_Antarctic_Base" title="González Videla Antarctic Base">González Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Guillermo_Mann_Base" title="Doctor Guillermo Mann Base">Guillermo Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jorge_Boonen_Rivera_Base" title="General Jorge Boonen Rivera Base">Jorge Boonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Ripamonti_Base" title="Julio Ripamonti Base">Julio Ripamonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risopatr%C3%B3n_Base" title="Risopatrón Base">Risopatrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n_Polar_Cient%C3%ADfica_Conjunta_Glaciar_Uni%C3%B3n" title="Estación Polar Científica Conjunta Glaciar Unión">Union Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelcho_Base" title="Yelcho Base">Yelcho</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>China</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Station_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunlun Station (Antarctica)">Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishan_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Taishan Station (Antarctica)">Taishan</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Czech Republic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Polar_Station" title="Mendel Polar Station">Mendel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ecuador</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldonado_Base" title="Maldonado Base">Maldonado</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Finland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboa_(research_station)" title="Aboa (research station)">Aboa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Germany</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kohnen_Station" title="Kohnen Station">Kohnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Station" title="Gondwana Station">Gondwana</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zucchelli_Station" title="Zucchelli Station">Zucchelli</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>New Zealand</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Station" title="Vanda Station">Vanda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Norway</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(research_station)" title="Tor (research station)">Tor</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Pakistan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station" title="Jinnah Antarctic Station">Jinnah</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Peru</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu_Base" title="Machu Picchu Base">Machu Picchu</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Romania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law-Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83-Negoi%C8%9B%C4%83_Station" title="Law-Racoviță-Negoiță Station">Law-Racoviță</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Russia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningradskaya_Station" title="Leningradskaya Station">Leningradskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodyozhnaya_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)">Molodyozhnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Station" title="Progress Station">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Station" title="Russkaya Station">Russkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_Station" title="Soyuz Station">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Spain</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Castilla_Base" title="Gabriel de Castilla Base">Gabriel de Castilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_Antarctic_Base" title="Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base">Juan Carlos I</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Sweden</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svea_Research_Station" title="Svea Research Station">Svea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_Research_Station" title="Wasa Research Station">Wasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Turkey</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University_Polar_Research_Center" title="Istanbul Technical University Polar Research Center">ITU PolReC</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Bluff" title="Fossil Bluff">Fossil Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signy_Research_Station" title="Signy Research Station">Signy</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United States</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pieter_J._Lenie_Base" title="Captain Pieter J. Lenie Base">Lenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirreff_Base" title="Shirreff Base">Shirreff</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Uruguay</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECARE" title="ECARE">Elichiribehety</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Closed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Closed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Argentina</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_I_Base" title="Belgrano I Base">Belgrano I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrano_III_Base" title="Belgrano III Base">Belgrano III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Station" title="Ellsworth Station">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobral_Base" title="Sobral Base">Sobral</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Australia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Station" title="Wilkes Station">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Belgium</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land#Later_developments" title="Queen Maud Land">King Baudouin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Chile</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguirre_Cerda_Research_Station" title="Aguirre Cerda Research Station">Aguirre Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Arturo_Parodi_Alister_Base" title="Teniente Arturo Parodi Alister Base">Arturo Parodi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>France</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land#Charcot_Station" title="Adélie Land">Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Martin" title="Port Martin">Port Martin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Germany</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drescher_Ice_Camp" title="Drescher Ice Camp">Drescher Ice Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schirmacher_Oasis#Georg_Forster_Station" title="Schirmacher Oasis">Georg Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filchner_Station" title="Filchner Station">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neumayer_Station_I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neumayer Station I (page does not exist)">Neumayer I</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Neumayer_Station" class="extiw" title="de:Georg von Neumayer Station">de</a>&#93;</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Station_II" title="Neumayer Station II">Neumayer II</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>India</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Gangotri" title="Dakshin Gangotri">Dakshin Gangotri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Italy</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Bove_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Bove Station (page does not exist)">Giacomo Bove</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Japan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Asuka Station (Antarctica)">Asuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_F" title="Dome F">Dome Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Mizuho Station (Antarctica)">Mizuho</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>New Zealand</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hallett#Hallett_Station" title="Cape Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Station" title="Vanda Station">Vanda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Norway</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land#Later_developments" title="Queen Maud Land">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudheim_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudheim Station">Maudheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Poland</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borga_Base" title="Borga Base">Borga Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANAE" title="SANAE">SANAE III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunehogna_Peaks" title="Grunehogna Peaks">Sarie Marais</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Soviet Union</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druzhba_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Druzhba Station (page does not exist)">Druzhba</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дружба (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_I" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_II" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_III" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhnaya_Station#Druzhnaya_IV" title="Druzhnaya Station">Druzhnaya IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_(Antarctic_research_station)" title="Komsomolskaya (Antarctic research station)">Komsomolskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land#Later_developments" title="Queen Maud Land">Lazarev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir Station (page does not exist)">Mir</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Мир (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Dobrowolski_Polar_Station#Oasis_Station" title="A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pionerskaya_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pionerskaya Station (page does not exist)">Pionerskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobeda_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobeda Station (page does not exist)">Pobeda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Победа (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salyut_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salyut Station (page does not exist)">Salyut Station</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%BCuta" class="extiw" title="lt:Saļuta">lt</a>&#93;</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodruzhestvo_Station&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodruzhestvo Station (page does not exist)">Sodruzhestvo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Содружество (антарктическая станция)">ru</a>&#93;</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_(Antarctic_Research_Station)" title="Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)">Sovetskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok I">Vostok I</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Vostok_I" class="extiw" title="es:Base Vostok I">es</a>&#93;</span></li></ul></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ice" title="South Ice">South Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy" title="Port Lockroy">Port Lockroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_Island#Station_B" title="Deception Island">Station B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Geddes#Station_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Geddes">Station C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay#Station_D" title="Hope Bay">Station D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island#Station_E" title="Stonington Island">Station E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_Research_Base#Station_F" title="Vernadsky Research Base">Station F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Peninsula#Station_G" title="Keller Peninsula">Station G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Point_(Antarctica)#Station_J" title="Prospect Point (Antarctica)">Station J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harbour#Station_N" title="Arthur Harbour">Station N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_O" class="mw-redirect" title="Station O">Station O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_P" title="Station P">Station P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniente_Luis_Carvajal_Villaroel_Antarctic_Base#Station_T" title="Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base">Station T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_Point#Station_V" title="View Point">Station V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detaille_Island#Station_W" title="Detaille Island">Station W</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>United States</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brockton_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Brockton Station (Antarctica)">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Station" title="Byrd Station">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Base" title="East Base">East Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eights_Station" title="Eights Station">Eights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Station" title="Ellsworth Station">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hallett#Hallett_Station" title="Cape Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_America_(exploration_base)" title="Little America (exploration base)">Little America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rockford" title="Little Rockford">Little Rockford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Station" title="Plateau Station">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siple_Station" title="Siple Station">Siple</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Other</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Park_Base" title="World Park Base">World Park Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Joint Stations</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weddell-1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Weddell-1 (page does not exist)">Weddell-1</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB-1" class="extiw" title="ru:Уэдделл-1">ru</a>&#93;</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS&#160;<i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS&#160;<i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen&#39;s Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée&#39;s Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS&#160;<i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS&#160;<i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS&#160;<i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV&#39;s expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS&#160;<i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS&#160;<i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS&#160;<i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS&#160;<i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS&#160;<i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS&#160;<i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin&#39;s lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS&#160;<i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS&#160;<i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS&#160;<i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS&#160;<i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS&#160;<i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS&#160;<i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS&#160;<i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS&#160;<i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS&#160;<i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d&#39;Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS&#160;<i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS&#160;<i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS&#160;<i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS&#160;<i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS&#160;<i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen&#39;s South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY&#160;<i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> &#183; <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS&#160;<i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS&#160;<i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS&#160;<i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS&#160;<i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen&#39;s South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6bb4bcc5b5‐znnfk Cached time: 20241127135932 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.904 seconds Real time usage: 2.385 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 29894/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 465845/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 31776/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 25/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 221101/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.767/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 11105373/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1765.262 1 -total 23.33% 411.805 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups 20.11% 354.936 2 Template:Reflist 17.02% 300.375 5 Template:Navbox 16.65% 293.947 1 Template:Polar_exploration 14.38% 253.793 37 Template:Cite_web 11.70% 206.622 175 Template:Flagu 7.38% 130.332 29 Template:Ship 7.03% 124.133 1 Template:Antarctic_research_stations 6.19% 109.305 1 Template:Short_description --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:3962513-0!canonical and timestamp 20241127135932 and revision id 1259230175. 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