CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arts in the Philippines - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"da5de3f1-5c01-4bc7-9677-3fc87d1f6830","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arts_in_the_Philippines","wgTitle":"Arts in the Philippines","wgCurRevisionId":1254846578,"wgRevisionId":1254846578,"wgArticleId":13666465,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2020","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with too many photos", "Use mdy dates from May 2020","Use Philippine English from October 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2022","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from February 2022","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Region topic template using suffix","Arts in the Philippines","Art by country"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arts_in_the_Philippines","wgRelevantArticleId":13666465,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4797266","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arts in the Philippines - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arts_in_the_Philippines rootpage-Arts_in_the_Philippines skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arts+in+the+Philippines" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arts+in+the+Philippines" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arts+in+the+Philippines" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arts+in+the+Philippines" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnomedicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnomedicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ethnomedicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnomedicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Folk architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Maritime transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Weaving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloth_and_mat_weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloth_and_mat_weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Cloth and mat weaving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloth_and_mat_weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Basketry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Carving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Woodcarving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodcarving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Woodcarving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodcarving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone,_ivory,_and_other_carvings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone,_ivory,_and_other_carvings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Stone, ivory, and other carvings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone,_ivory,_and_other_carvings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Folk performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_(oral)_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_(oral)_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Folk (oral) literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_(oral)_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_graphic_and_plastic_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_graphic_and_plastic_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Folk graphic and plastic arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_graphic_and_plastic_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folk_writing_(calligraphy)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_writing_(calligraphy)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Folk writing (calligraphy)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_writing_(calligraphy)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_drawing_and_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_drawing_and_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Folk drawing and painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_drawing_and_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Ornaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glass_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Glass art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hats,_masks,_and_related_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hats,_masks,_and_related_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Hats, masks, and related arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hats,_masks,_and_related_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.3</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_ornaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_ornaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.4</span> <span>Metal ornaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_ornaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery_(ceramic)_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery_(ceramic)_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Pottery (ceramic) arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery_(ceramic)_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditional_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditional_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Other traditional arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditional_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-ornamental_metal_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-ornamental_metal_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1</span> <span>Non-ornamental metal crafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-ornamental_metal_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sword_making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sword_making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.2</span> <span>Sword making</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sword_making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.3</span> <span>Martial arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-traditional_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-traditional_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-traditional arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-traditional_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-traditional arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-traditional_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Other visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_broadcast_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_broadcast_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Film and broadcast arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_broadcast_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_allied_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_allied_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Architecture and allied arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_allied_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Allied arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Industrial design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Fashion design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arts in the Philippines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥི་ལི་པིན་གྱི་སྒྱུ་རྩལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥི་ལི་པིན་གྱི་སྒྱུ་རྩལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sining_ng_Pilipinas" title="Sining ng Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sining ng Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="菲律賓藝術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律賓藝術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4797266#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arts_in_the_Philippines" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arts_in_the_Philippines" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1254846578" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arts_in_the_Philippines&id=1254846578&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArts_in_the_Philippines"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArts_in_the_Philippines"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Art_of_the_Philippines" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4797266" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Too_many_photos plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/40px-Image_cancel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/60px-Image_cancel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/80px-Image_cancel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains too many pictures for its overall length</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Arts_in_the_Philippines##" title="Talk:Arts in the Philippines">talk page</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GALLERY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GALLERY">indiscriminate collections of images</a> or adjusting images that are <a href="/wiki/MOS:SANDWICH" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:SANDWICH">sandwiching text</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:21em; border: 4px double #FCD116; background:#FFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">Part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#0038A8; border: 1px double #333;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Culture of the Philippines</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">sign language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">Honorifics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines" title="Radio in the Philippines">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFF;">Symbols</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> reflect a range of artistic influences on the country's culture, including indigenous art. Philippine art consists of two branches: traditional<sup id="cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-traditional art.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each branch is divided into categories and subcategories. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>, the cultural agency of the Philippine government, has categorized Filipino arts as traditional and non-traditional. Each category has sub-categories. </p> <ul><li>Traditional arts:<sup id="cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Ethnomedicine – including the arts of <a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">hilot</a> and the arts of the <a href="/wiki/Albularyo" title="Albularyo">albularyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_shamans" title="Filipino shamans">babaylans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pag-iwayan_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pag-iwayan_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Folk architecture – including stilt, land, and aerial houses.</li> <li>Maritime transport – boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions.</li> <li>Weaving – including back-strap loom weaving and other, related forms of weaving.</li> <li>Carving – including woodcarving and folk non-clay sculpture.</li> <li>Folk performing arts – including dances, plays, and dramas.</li> <li>Folk (oral) literature – including epics, songs, and myths.</li> <li>Folk graphic and plastic arts – including calligraphy, tattooing, writing, drawing, and painting</li> <li>Ornaments – including mask-making, accessory-making, ornamental metal crafts</li> <li>Textile (fiber) art – including headgear weaving, basketry, and fishing gear</li> <li>Pottery – including ceramics, clay pots and sculpture</li> <li>Other artistic expressions of traditional culture – including non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions</li></ul></li> <li>Non-traditional arts:<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Dance – including choreography, direction, and performance</li> <li>Music – including composition, direction, and performance</li> <li>Theater – including direction, performance, production design, lighting and sound design, and playwriting</li> <li>Visual arts – including painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography, <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installation art</a>, mixed-media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging</li> <li>Literature – including poetry, fiction, essays, and literary or art criticism</li> <li>Film and broadcast arts – including direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media</li> <li>Architecture and allied arts – including non-folk architecture, interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design</li> <li>Design – including industrial and fashion design</li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boceto_for_Spoliarium_Juan_Luna_y_Novicio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spoliarium by Juan Luna (1884), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="A painting of dying gladiators" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boceto_for_Spoliarium_Juan_Luna_y_Novicio.jpg/200px-Boceto_for_Spoliarium_Juan_Luna_y_Novicio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boceto_for_Spoliarium_Juan_Luna_y_Novicio.jpg/300px-Boceto_for_Spoliarium_Juan_Luna_y_Novicio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boceto_for_Spoliarium_Juan_Luna_y_Novicio.jpg/400px-Boceto_for_Spoliarium_Juan_Luna_y_Novicio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a> (1884), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_with_Child,_anonymous_Filipino_artist,_1600s_AD,_ivory,_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla,_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna with Child, ivory statue with silver; unknown 17th-century artist"><img alt="Madonna with Child, ivory statue with silver; unknown 17th-century artist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG/137px-Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG/205px-Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG/273px-Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3455" data-file-height="5054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madonna with Child, ivory statue with silver; unknown 17th-century artist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Singkil, a dance based on the Darangen (an Intangible Cultural Heritage and a National Cultural Treasure)"><img alt="Dancers on stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_16.jpg/200px-Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_16.jpg/300px-Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_16.jpg/400px-Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">Singkil</a>, a dance based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Darangen" title="Darangen">Darangen</a></i> (an <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> and a National Cultural Treasure)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_arts">Traditional arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional arts in the Philippines include folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornaments, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture.<sup id="cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional artists or groups of artists receive the <a href="/wiki/National_Living_Treasures_Award_(Philippines)" title="National Living Treasures Award (Philippines)">National Living Treasures Award</a> (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan Award (GAMABA)) for their contributions to the country's intangible cultural heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnomedicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3594Hilot_healing_reflexology_physical_therapy_a_patient_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3594Hilot_healing_reflexology_physical_therapy_a_patient_06.jpg/220px-3594Hilot_healing_reflexology_physical_therapy_a_patient_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3594Hilot_healing_reflexology_physical_therapy_a_patient_06.jpg/330px-3594Hilot_healing_reflexology_physical_therapy_a_patient_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3594Hilot_healing_reflexology_physical_therapy_a_patient_06.jpg/440px-3594Hilot_healing_reflexology_physical_therapy_a_patient_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a> conducted by a specialist</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnomedicine is one of the oldest traditional arts in the Philippines. Traditions (and objects associated with them) are performed by medical artisans and shamans. Practices, grounded on the physical elements, are an ancient science and art. Herbal remedies, complementing mental, emotional, and spiritual techniques, are also part of many traditions as well. The category was added to the GAMABA in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Pag-iwayan_2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pag-iwayan_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_architecture">Folk architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Folk architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture of the Philippines</a></div> <p>Folk architecture in the Philippines varies by ethnic group, and structures are made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, wood, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>, grass, and other materials. They include the hut-style <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">bahay kubo</a>, highland houses (known as <i>bale</i>) with four to eight sides, the coral houses of <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a> which protect from the area's harsh, sandy winds, the royal <a href="/wiki/Torogan" title="Torogan">torogan</a> (engraved with an intricate <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> motif) and palaces such as the <a href="/wiki/Darul_Jambangan" title="Darul Jambangan">Darul Jambangan</a> (Palace of Flowers), the residence of the sultan of Sulu before colonization. Folk architecture also includes religious buildings, generally called <a href="/wiki/Spirit_house" title="Spirit house">spirit houses</a>, which are shrines to protective spirits or gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kroeber_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroeber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cole_1922_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_1922-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are open-air, house-like buildings made of native materials.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott_1994_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were originally pagoda-like (a style continued by natives who converted to Islam), and are now rare.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other buildings have indigenous and Hispanic motifs (<i><a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a></i> architecture and its prototypes). Many <i>bahay na bato</i> buildings are in <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folk structures range from simple, sacred stick stands to indigenous castles or fortresses (such as Batanes' <a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">ijangs</a> and geological alterations such as the <a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras</a> (another World Heritage Site).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FvrMuseuj6650_34.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of shamanhood and ethnomedicine, including rituals"><img alt="Painting of shamanhood and ethnomedicine, including rituals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FvrMuseuj6650_34.JPG/200px-FvrMuseuj6650_34.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FvrMuseuj6650_34.JPG/300px-FvrMuseuj6650_34.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FvrMuseuj6650_34.JPG/400px-FvrMuseuj6650_34.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of shamanhood and ethnomedicine, including rituals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahay_na_bato_houses_of_philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some bahay na bato houses"><img alt="Some bahay na bato houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bahay_na_bato_houses_of_philippines.jpg/200px-Bahay_na_bato_houses_of_philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bahay_na_bato_houses_of_philippines.jpg/300px-Bahay_na_bato_houses_of_philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bahay_na_bato_houses_of_philippines.jpg/400px-Bahay_na_bato_houses_of_philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a> houses</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dakay house, the oldest surviving coral houses in the Batanes still used today (c. 1887)"><img alt="Dakay house, the oldest surviving coral houses in the Batanes still used today (c. 1887)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg/200px-Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg/300px-Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg/400px-Oldest_House_in_Ivatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dakay house, the oldest surviving coral houses in the Batanes still used today (c. 1887)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batad_Rice_Terraces,_Ifugao_Province,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Batad_Rice_Terraces%2C_Ifugao_Province%2C_Philippines.jpg/200px-Batad_Rice_Terraces%2C_Ifugao_Province%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Batad_Rice_Terraces%2C_Ifugao_Province%2C_Philippines.jpg/300px-Batad_Rice_Terraces%2C_Ifugao_Province%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Batad_Rice_Terraces%2C_Ifugao_Province%2C_Philippines.jpg/400px-Batad_Rice_Terraces%2C_Ifugao_Province%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Batad Rice Terraces"><img alt="Batad Rice Terraces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG/200px-Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG/300px-Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG/400px-Batad_Rice_Terraces_after_the_rain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Batad Rice Terraces</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_transport">Maritime transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maritime transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maritime transport includes boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions. These structures, traditionally made of wood chosen by elders and crafters, connected the islands. Although boats are believed to have been used in the archipelago for thousands of years, the earliest evidence of boat-making has been carbon-dated to 689 AD: the <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a> boats identified as large <a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">balangays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacsina2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacsina2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lacsina_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacsina-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the balangay, indigenous boats include the two-masted double-outrigger fishing <a href="/wiki/Armadahan" title="Armadahan">armadahan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bcf_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcf-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roxas-Lim_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roxas-Lim-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Avang" title="Avang">avang</a> trading ship,<sup id="cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICHCAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Awang_(boat)" title="Awang (boat)">awang</a> <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Madale_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madale-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Balaci%C3%B3n" title="Balación">balación</a> sailing <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">bangka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Abrera_2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrera_2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_anak-anak" title="Bangka anak-anak">bangka anak-anak</a> canoe,<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Salamb%C3%A1w" title="Salambáw">salambáw</a></i>-lifting <a href="/wiki/Basnig" title="Basnig">basnigan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kawamura_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawamura-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">bigiw</a> double-outrigger sailboat,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Birau_(boat)" title="Birau (boat)">birau</a> dugout canoe,<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Buggoh" title="Buggoh">buggoh</a> dugout canoe,<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Casco_(barge)" title="Casco (barge)">casco</a> barge,<sup id="cite_ref-galang_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galang-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the single mast and pointed <a href="/wiki/Chinarem" title="Chinarem">chinarem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICHCAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rough-sea open-deck <a href="/wiki/Chinedkeran" title="Chinedkeran">chinedkeran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICHCAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Djenging" title="Djenging">djenging</a> double-outrigger plank boat,<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">garay</a> pirate ship,<sup id="cite_ref-suluz_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suluz-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">guilalo</a> sailing outrigger ship,<sup id="cite_ref-roe_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Falua" title="Falua">falua</a> open-deck boat,<sup id="cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICHCAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Junkun" title="Junkun">junkun</a> canoe,<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the motorized <a href="/wiki/Junkung" title="Junkung">junkung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Banagudos_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banagudos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the outrigger <a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">karakoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a> warships,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yule_and_Burnell_1886_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yule_and_Burnell_1886-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">lepa</a> houseboat,<sup id="cite_ref-abrera_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrera-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ontang" title="Ontang">ontang</a> raft,<sup id="cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Owong" title="Owong">owong</a> lake canoe,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the open-deck fishing boat <a href="/wiki/Panineman" title="Panineman">panineman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICHCAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the double-outrigger <a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">paraw</a> sailboat,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Salisipan" title="Salisipan">salisipan</a> war canoe,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tataya" title="Tataya">tataya</a> fishing boat,<sup id="cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICHCAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the motorized <a href="/wiki/Tempel_(boat)" title="Tempel (boat)">tempel</a>, the dinghy <a href="/wiki/Tiririt" title="Tiririt">tiririt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the outrigger <a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">vinta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1565 to 1815, <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a> were built by Filipino artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracoa_(Karakoa).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A large karakoa outrigger warship, 1711"><img alt="A large karakoa outrigger warship, 1711" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caracoa_%28Karakoa%29.jpg/200px-Caracoa_%28Karakoa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caracoa_%28Karakoa%29.jpg/300px-Caracoa_%28Karakoa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caracoa_%28Karakoa%29.jpg/400px-Caracoa_%28Karakoa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large <a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">karakoa</a> outrigger warship, 1711</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balangay_boat_with_Philippine_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A balangay reconstruction"><img alt="A balangay reconstruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Balangay_boat_with_Philippine_flag.jpg/200px-Balangay_boat_with_Philippine_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Balangay_boat_with_Philippine_flag.jpg/300px-Balangay_boat_with_Philippine_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Balangay_boat_with_Philippine_flag.jpg/400px-Balangay_boat_with_Philippine_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">balangay</a> reconstruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_(A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sama-Bajau's lepa house-boat with elaborate carvings"><img alt="The Sama-Bajau's lepa house-boat with elaborate carvings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg/200px-Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg/300px-Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg/400px-Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">lepa</a> house-boat with elaborate carvings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falua_boat_in_Basco,_Batanes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modernized falua in Batanes"><img alt="A modernized falua in Batanes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Falua_boat_in_Basco%2C_Batanes.jpg/200px-Falua_boat_in_Basco%2C_Batanes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Falua_boat_in_Basco%2C_Batanes.jpg/300px-Falua_boat_in_Basco%2C_Batanes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Falua_boat_in_Basco%2C_Batanes.jpg/400px-Falua_boat_in_Basco%2C_Batanes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modernized <a href="/wiki/Falua" title="Falua">falua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A large lanong outrigger warship, 1890"><img alt="A large lanong outrigger warship, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/200px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/300px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/400px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large <a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a> outrigger warship, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipyards_and_Arsenal,_Cavite,_Philippines_(1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino boat-builders in a Cavite shipyard (1899)"><img alt="Filipino boat-builders in a Cavite shipyard (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shipyards_and_Arsenal%2C_Cavite%2C_Philippines_%281899%29.jpg/200px-Shipyards_and_Arsenal%2C_Cavite%2C_Philippines_%281899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shipyards_and_Arsenal%2C_Cavite%2C_Philippines_%281899%29.jpg/300px-Shipyards_and_Arsenal%2C_Cavite%2C_Philippines_%281899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shipyards_and_Arsenal%2C_Cavite%2C_Philippines_%281899%29.jpg/400px-Shipyards_and_Arsenal%2C_Cavite%2C_Philippines_%281899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipino boat-builders in a <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> shipyard (1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balatik,_a_paraw_from_the_Tao_Expedition,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A paraw in Palawan"><img alt="A paraw in Palawan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Balatik%2C_a_paraw_from_the_Tao_Expedition%2C_Philippines.jpg/200px-Balatik%2C_a_paraw_from_the_Tao_Expedition%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Balatik%2C_a_paraw_from_the_Tao_Expedition%2C_Philippines.jpg/300px-Balatik%2C_a_paraw_from_the_Tao_Expedition%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Balatik%2C_a_paraw_from_the_Tao_Expedition%2C_Philippines.jpg/400px-Balatik%2C_a_paraw_from_the_Tao_Expedition%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">paraw</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balangingi_Garay_ships_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Garay warships of the Banguingui"><img alt="Garay warships of the Banguingui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balangingi_Garay_ships_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png/200px-Balangingi_Garay_ships_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balangingi_Garay_ships_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png/300px-Balangingi_Garay_ships_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balangingi_Garay_ships_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png/400px-Balangingi_Garay_ships_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a> warships of the <a href="/wiki/Banguingui" class="mw-redirect" title="Banguingui">Banguingui</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boating_at_Lake_Sebu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An owong at Lake Sebu"><img alt="An owong at Lake Sebu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boating_at_Lake_Sebu.jpg/200px-Boating_at_Lake_Sebu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boating_at_Lake_Sebu.jpg/300px-Boating_at_Lake_Sebu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boating_at_Lake_Sebu.jpg/400px-Boating_at_Lake_Sebu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Owong" title="Owong">owong</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sebu" title="Lake Sebu">Lake Sebu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armadahan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An armadahan at Laguna de Bay (1968)"><img alt="An armadahan at Laguna de Bay (1968)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Armadahan.png/200px-Armadahan.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Armadahan.png/300px-Armadahan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Armadahan.png/400px-Armadahan.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Armadahan" title="Armadahan">armadahan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a> (1968)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisipan_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War canoe salisipan, 1890"><img alt="War canoe salisipan, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Salisipan_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/200px-Salisipan_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Salisipan_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/300px-Salisipan_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Salisipan_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/400px-Salisipan_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War canoe <a href="/wiki/Salisipan" title="Salisipan">salisipan</a>, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balacion_o_Parao_del_la_Laguna_(1847).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of a balación, 1847"><img alt="Painting of a balación, 1847" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Balacion_o_Parao_del_la_Laguna_%281847%29.png/200px-Balacion_o_Parao_del_la_Laguna_%281847%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Balacion_o_Parao_del_la_Laguna_%281847%29.png/300px-Balacion_o_Parao_del_la_Laguna_%281847%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Balacion_o_Parao_del_la_Laguna_%281847%29.png/400px-Balacion_o_Parao_del_la_Laguna_%281847%29.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of a <a href="/wiki/Balaci%C3%B3n" title="Balación">balación</a>, 1847</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Planks_of_a_Butuan_balangay_in_the_Butuan_National_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some of the remains of the Butuan Balangay (689-988 AD), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Some of the remains of the Butuan Balangay (689-988 AD), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Planks_of_a_Butuan_balangay_in_the_Butuan_National_Museum.jpg/200px-Planks_of_a_Butuan_balangay_in_the_Butuan_National_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Planks_of_a_Butuan_balangay_in_the_Butuan_National_Museum.jpg/300px-Planks_of_a_Butuan_balangay_in_the_Butuan_National_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Planks_of_a_Butuan_balangay_in_the_Butuan_National_Museum.jpg/400px-Planks_of_a_Butuan_balangay_in_the_Butuan_National_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some of the remains of the Butuan Balangay (689-988 AD), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands,_ca._1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Manila galleon visiting Micronesia, c. 1590s"><img alt="A Manila galleon visiting Micronesia, c. 1590s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/200px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/300px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/400px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a> visiting Micronesia, c. 1590s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagalog_Casco_barge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A casco, 1906"><img alt="A casco, 1906" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tagalog_Casco_barge.jpg/200px-Tagalog_Casco_barge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tagalog_Casco_barge.jpg/300px-Tagalog_Casco_barge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tagalog_Casco_barge.jpg/400px-Tagalog_Casco_barge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="348" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Casco_(barge)" title="Casco (barge)">casco</a>, 1906</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaving">Weaving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Weaving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weaving is an ancient art form, and each ethnic group has a distinct weaving technique.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weaving arts include basket weaving, back-strap loom weaving, headgear weaving, and fishnet weaving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cloth_and_mat_weaving">Cloth and mat weaving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cloth and mat weaving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Patadyong" title="Patadyong">Patadyong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/220px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/330px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/440px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banton,_Romblon" title="Banton, Romblon">Banton cloth</a>, the oldest surviving ikat textile in Southeast Asia (13th-14th century), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Valuable textiles are made with a <a href="/wiki/Loom#Back_strap_loom" title="Loom">back strap loom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fibers such as cotton, <a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a>, banana fiber, grass, and palm are used in Filipino weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-slideshare1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slideshare1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of types of woven cloth. Pinilian is an Ilocano cotton cloth woven with a <i>pangablan</i>, using <i>binakul</i>, <i>binetwagan</i>, or <i>tinumballitan</i> styles. Bontoc weave emphasizes the concept of centeredness, key to the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc people</a>. The weave begins with the sides (<i>langkit</i>), followed by the <i>pa-ikid</i> (side panels), <i>fatawil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Warp_and_weft" title="Warp and weft">warp</a> bands), and <i>shukyong</i> (arrows). The <i>sinamaki</i> weaving then begins, incorporating a <i>tinagtakho</i> (human figure), <i>minatmata</i> (diamond), and <i>tinitiko</i> (zigzag). The last is the center (<i>pa-khawa</i>), with the <i>kan-ay</i> (supplementary weft). Kalinga textiles contain geometric designs; one motif is a lozenge pattern known as <i>inata-ata</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a> is considered the finest indigenous Filipino textile. <a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a> textiles are used in national costumes. Hablon is the textile of the Karay-a and Hiligaynon peoples. Tapestry woven by the <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan people</a> uses the <i>bunga-sama</i> supplementary weft weave, the <i>siniluan</i> warp-floating pattern, the <i>inalaman</i> supplementary-weft technique, and the <i>pinantupan</i> weft-band pattern. <a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a> weaving depicts crocodiles and curls. The <a href="/wiki/Lumad#Mandaya" title="Lumad">Mandaya</a> use a mud-dye technique. Meranaw textiles are used for the <a href="/wiki/Malong" title="Malong">malong</a> and other Maranao clothing. <a href="/wiki/T%27nalak" title="T'nalak">T'nalak</a> is a Tboli textile.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known <i><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a></i> textile in Southeast Asia is the <a href="/wiki/Banton,_Romblon" title="Banton, Romblon">Banton</a> cloth, dating to the 13th to 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike cloth weaving with a loom, mats are woven by hand. They are woven in cool shade, and are kept cool to preserve their integrity. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Banig" title="Banig">banig</a> of Basey, where its weavers usually work in a cave. Fibers include banana, grass, and palm.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_(Philippines),_early_19th_century_(CH_18386599).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panel made of silk, piña, and metallic threads (1800s)"><img alt="Panel made of silk, piña, and metallic threads (1800s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Panel_%28Philippines%29%2C_early_19th_century_%28CH_18386599%29.jpg/200px-Panel_%28Philippines%29%2C_early_19th_century_%28CH_18386599%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Panel_%28Philippines%29%2C_early_19th_century_%28CH_18386599%29.jpg/300px-Panel_%28Philippines%29%2C_early_19th_century_%28CH_18386599%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Panel_%28Philippines%29%2C_early_19th_century_%28CH_18386599%29.jpg/400px-Panel_%28Philippines%29%2C_early_19th_century_%28CH_18386599%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panel made of silk, piña, and metallic threads (1800s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skirt_from_northern_Luzon,_late_1990s,_cotton,_glass_beads,_plain_weave,_warp-faced,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Luzon textile used in skirt"><img alt="Northern Luzon textile used in skirt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Skirt_from_northern_Luzon%2C_late_1990s%2C_cotton%2C_glass_beads%2C_plain_weave%2C_warp-faced%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/200px-Skirt_from_northern_Luzon%2C_late_1990s%2C_cotton%2C_glass_beads%2C_plain_weave%2C_warp-faced%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Skirt_from_northern_Luzon%2C_late_1990s%2C_cotton%2C_glass_beads%2C_plain_weave%2C_warp-faced%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/300px-Skirt_from_northern_Luzon%2C_late_1990s%2C_cotton%2C_glass_beads%2C_plain_weave%2C_warp-faced%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Skirt_from_northern_Luzon%2C_late_1990s%2C_cotton%2C_glass_beads%2C_plain_weave%2C_warp-faced%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/400px-Skirt_from_northern_Luzon%2C_late_1990s%2C_cotton%2C_glass_beads%2C_plain_weave%2C_warp-faced%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Northern Luzon textile used in skirt</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basketry">Basketry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Basketry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baskets have intricate designs, styles and forms for specific purposes, such as harvesting, rice storage, traveling, and sword storage. <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Basket weaving</a> is believed to have arrived with north-to-south human migration. Some of the finest baskets made are from <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, in the southwest. Materials vary by ethnic group, and include bamboo, rattan, pandan, cotton tassels, beeswax, <a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">abacá</a>, bark, and dyes. Basketry patterns include closed crossed-over underweave, closed bamboo double-twill weave, and a spaced rattan pentagon pattern. Products include the <i>tupil</i> (lunch box), <i>bukug</i> (basket), <i>kabil</i> (carrying basket), <i>uppig</i> (lunch basket), <i>tagga-i</i> (rice basket), <i>bay'ung</i> (basket pouch), <i>lig-o</i> (winnowing tray), and <i>binga</i> (bag).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaving traditions have been influenced by modern demands.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woven headpieces are common, and cultures use a variety of fibers to create headgear such as the <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a> <i>vakul</i> and the snake headpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-ichcap.org_salakot_and_other_headgear_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-ichcap.org_salakot_and_other_headgear-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woven fish traps are a specialty of the <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broom weaving is another tradition, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Culture_Woven_Baskets_(25092450361).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various rice baskets"><img alt="Various rice baskets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rice_Culture_Woven_Baskets_%2825092450361%29.jpg/200px-Rice_Culture_Woven_Baskets_%2825092450361%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rice_Culture_Woven_Baskets_%2825092450361%29.jpg/300px-Rice_Culture_Woven_Baskets_%2825092450361%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rice_Culture_Woven_Baskets_%2825092450361%29.jpg/400px-Rice_Culture_Woven_Baskets_%2825092450361%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various rice baskets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesta_para_tabaco_filipina_MNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino tobacco basket"><img alt="Filipino tobacco basket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cesta_para_tabaco_filipina_MNA.jpg/200px-Cesta_para_tabaco_filipina_MNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cesta_para_tabaco_filipina_MNA.jpg/300px-Cesta_para_tabaco_filipina_MNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cesta_para_tabaco_filipina_MNA.jpg/400px-Cesta_para_tabaco_filipina_MNA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4411" data-file-height="2914" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipino tobacco basket</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0045MuseumFilipinojf_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pasiking or basket bags"><img alt="Pasiking or basket bags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/0045MuseumFilipinojf_20.JPG/200px-0045MuseumFilipinojf_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/0045MuseumFilipinojf_20.JPG/300px-0045MuseumFilipinojf_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/0045MuseumFilipinojf_20.JPG/400px-0045MuseumFilipinojf_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pasiking" title="Pasiking">Pasiking</a> or basket bags</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivatan_Woman.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivatan woman wearing a vakul"><img alt="Ivatan woman wearing a vakul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ivatan_Woman.png/134px-Ivatan_Woman.png" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ivatan_Woman.png/201px-Ivatan_Woman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ivatan_Woman.png/267px-Ivatan_Woman.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan woman</a> wearing a vakul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Colors_of_T%27nalak_by_Louie_D.Photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T'boli women utilizing the s'laong kinibang in dance"><img alt="T'boli women utilizing the s'laong kinibang in dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Colors_of_T%27nalak_by_Louie_D.Photography.jpg/200px-The_Colors_of_T%27nalak_by_Louie_D.Photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Colors_of_T%27nalak_by_Louie_D.Photography.jpg/300px-The_Colors_of_T%27nalak_by_Louie_D.Photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Colors_of_T%27nalak_by_Louie_D.Photography.jpg/400px-The_Colors_of_T%27nalak_by_Louie_D.Photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">T'boli women utilizing the s'laong kinibang in dance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Headdress_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8367.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Weaved hornbill headgear of the Ilongot"><img alt="Weaved hornbill headgear of the Ilongot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Headdress_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8367.1.JPG/200px-Headdress_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8367.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Headdress_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8367.1.JPG/300px-Headdress_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8367.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Headdress_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8367.1.JPG/400px-Headdress_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8367.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3925" data-file-height="2515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weaved hornbill headgear of the <a href="/wiki/Ilongot_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilongot people">Ilongot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hat_from_Gaddang_in_northern_Luzon,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8393.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaddang people's weaved headgear"><img alt="Gaddang people's weaved headgear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hat_from_Gaddang_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8393.1.JPG/110px-Hat_from_Gaddang_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8393.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hat_from_Gaddang_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8393.1.JPG/166px-Hat_from_Gaddang_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8393.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hat_from_Gaddang_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8393.1.JPG/221px-Hat_from_Gaddang_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8393.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="3396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang people</a>'s weaved headgear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hats_from_the_Philippines,_c._1904_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09570.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino weaved hats"><img alt="Filipino weaved hats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hats_from_the_Philippines%2C_c._1904_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09570.JPG/150px-Hats_from_the_Philippines%2C_c._1904_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09570.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hats_from_the_Philippines%2C_c._1904_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09570.JPG/225px-Hats_from_the_Philippines%2C_c._1904_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09570.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hats_from_the_Philippines%2C_c._1904_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09570.JPG/300px-Hats_from_the_Philippines%2C_c._1904_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09570.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipino weaved hats</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercaders_Ilocanos_(Ilocano_Merchants).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ilocano merchants wearing the headgear kattukong and raincoat annangá"><img alt="Ilocano merchants wearing the headgear kattukong and raincoat annangá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mercaders_Ilocanos_%28Ilocano_Merchants%29.jpg/144px-Mercaders_Ilocanos_%28Ilocano_Merchants%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mercaders_Ilocanos_%28Ilocano_Merchants%29.jpg/217px-Mercaders_Ilocanos_%28Ilocano_Merchants%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mercaders_Ilocanos_%28Ilocano_Merchants%29.jpg/289px-Mercaders_Ilocanos_%28Ilocano_Merchants%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ilocano merchants wearing the headgear kattukong and raincoat annangá</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ifugao brooms"><img alt="Ifugao brooms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg/200px-Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg/300px-Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg/400px-Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="2679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a> brooms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_fishermen,_early_1800s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila fishermen utilizing the sarambaw fishnet (c. 1800s)"><img alt="Manila fishermen utilizing the sarambaw fishnet (c. 1800s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Manila_fishermen%2C_early_1800s.jpg/200px-Manila_fishermen%2C_early_1800s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Manila_fishermen%2C_early_1800s.jpg/300px-Manila_fishermen%2C_early_1800s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Manila_fishermen%2C_early_1800s.jpg/400px-Manila_fishermen%2C_early_1800s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manila fishermen utilizing the sarambaw fishnet (c. 1800s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseumFilipinojf9923_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Various weaved fish gears"><img alt="Various weaved fish gears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MuseumFilipinojf9923_08.JPG/150px-MuseumFilipinojf9923_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MuseumFilipinojf9923_08.JPG/225px-MuseumFilipinojf9923_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MuseumFilipinojf9923_08.JPG/300px-MuseumFilipinojf9923_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various weaved fish gears</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cap,_Philippines,_20th_century,_rattan_-_Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC09928.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino cap"><img alt="Filipino cap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cap%2C_Philippines%2C_20th_century%2C_rattan_-_Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC09928.JPG/200px-Cap%2C_Philippines%2C_20th_century%2C_rattan_-_Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC09928.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cap%2C_Philippines%2C_20th_century%2C_rattan_-_Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC09928.JPG/300px-Cap%2C_Philippines%2C_20th_century%2C_rattan_-_Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC09928.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cap%2C_Philippines%2C_20th_century%2C_rattan_-_Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC09928.JPG/400px-Cap%2C_Philippines%2C_20th_century%2C_rattan_-_Fernbank_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC09928.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="2419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipino cap</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bachelor%27s_hat,_Bontoc,_northern_Luzon,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Variant of a Bontoc hat"><img alt="Variant of a Bontoc hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bachelor%27s_hat%2C_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG/200px-Bachelor%27s_hat%2C_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bachelor%27s_hat%2C_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG/300px-Bachelor%27s_hat%2C_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bachelor%27s_hat%2C_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG/400px-Bachelor%27s_hat%2C_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Variant of a Bontoc hat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraya_Mangyan_Community_Village_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Basket crafts made by the Iraya Mangyan"><img alt="Basket crafts made by the Iraya Mangyan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Iraya_Mangyan_Community_Village_003.JPG/200px-Iraya_Mangyan_Community_Village_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Iraya_Mangyan_Community_Village_003.JPG/300px-Iraya_Mangyan_Community_Village_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Iraya_Mangyan_Community_Village_003.JPG/400px-Iraya_Mangyan_Community_Village_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basket crafts made by the Iraya <a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relics"><span class="anchor" id="Vajrayanic_Relics"></span>Relics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara (Buddhism)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/200px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/300px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/400px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Agusan image</a> from Agusan del Sur</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg/200px-Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gold <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> ornament found in the <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Philippines has Buddhist artifacts<sup id="cite_ref-Jesus_Peralta_1981_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_Peralta_1981-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Vajrayāna influence,<sup id="cite_ref-Laszlo_Legeza_1988_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laszlo_Legeza_1988-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-filipinobuddhism1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filipinobuddhism1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which date to the ninth century and reflect the iconography of the Śrīvijayan empire. They were produced from the Agusan-Surigao area on <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Agusan image</a> is a 2 kg (4.4 lb), 21-karat gold statuette found in 1917 on the Wawa River near <a href="/wiki/Esperanza,_Agusan_del_Sur" title="Esperanza, Agusan del Sur">Esperanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur" title="Agusan del Sur">Agusan del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dates to the ninth or tenth centuries. The image is commonly known as the Golden Tara, an allusion to its reported<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identity as an image of a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a>. The figure, about 178 mm (7.0 in)<sup id="cite_ref-Field_Museum_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_Museum-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tall, is of a female Hindu or Buddhist deity sitting cross-legged and wearing a headdress and other ornaments. It is on display in the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a> in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Field_Museum_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_Museum-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Lokesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokesvara">Lokesvara</a> was found in Isla Puting Bato in <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo, Manila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An image of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> was moulded on a clay medallion in bas-relief in the municipality of Calatagan. It reportedly resembles iconographic depictions of the Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>: in a <a href="/wiki/Tribhanga" title="Tribhanga">tribhanga</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pose inside an oval <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">nimbus</a>. Scholars have noted a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayanic</a> orientation in the image, since the boddhisattva <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> is also shown.<sup id="cite_ref-asj.upd.edu.ph_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asj.upd.edu.ph-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another gold artifact, from the <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves</a> in the island of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, is an image of <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, the bird who is the mount of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. The Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in the caves has been linked to those in <a href="/wiki/Oc_Eo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oc Eo">Oc Eo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Crude bronze statues of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> were found by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Otley_Beyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Otley Beyer">Henry Otley Beyer</a> in 1921 in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa" title="Puerto Princesa">Puerto Princesa</a>, Palawan, and in <a href="/wiki/Mactan" title="Mactan">Mactan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>. The statues were produced locally.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara was also excavated that year by Beyer in Mactan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gold <a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara</a> was found in Surigao. Other gold relics include rings (some with images of <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">jewellery chains</a>, inscribed gold sheets, and gold plaques with <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">repoussé</a> images of Hindu deities.<sup id="cite_ref-atnb_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atnb-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carving"><span class="anchor" id="Animist_relics"></span>Carving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Carving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bulul" title="Bulul">Bulul</a></div> <p>Carving includes on woodcarving and the creation of folk non-clay sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Woodcarving">Woodcarving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Woodcarving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indigenous woodcarving by some ethnic groups dates to before the Hispanic arrival; the oldest may be fragments of a wooden boat dating to 320 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of woods are used to make wood crafts, which include bululs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wooden figures, known by a number of names, are found from north Luzon to southern Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> is crafted by ethnic groups in Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood crafts of objects such as sword hilts and musical instruments depict ancient, mythical beings.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous wood-crafting techniques have been utilized in Hispanic woodcarvings after colonization, such as in <a href="/wiki/Paete" title="Paete">Paete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inquirer_wood_carving_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inquirer_wood_carving-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious Hispanic woodcarvings were introduced with Christianity, and are a fusion of indigenous and Hispanic styles. Paete is a center of religious Hispanic woodcarving.<sup id="cite_ref-inquirer_wood_carving_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inquirer_wood_carving-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such woodcarving also exists in many municipalities, where most crafts depict the life of Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kampilan_hilts_moro_philippine_swords.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kampilan hilts"><img alt="Kampilan hilts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kampilan_hilts_moro_philippine_swords.jpeg/171px-Kampilan_hilts_moro_philippine_swords.jpeg" decoding="async" width="171" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kampilan_hilts_moro_philippine_swords.jpeg/256px-Kampilan_hilts_moro_philippine_swords.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kampilan_hilts_moro_philippine_swords.jpeg/342px-Kampilan_hilts_moro_philippine_swords.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">Kampilan</a> hilts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24815385009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a torogan's panolong with a naga okir motif"><img alt="Detail of a torogan's panolong with a naga okir motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24815385009.jpg/133px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24815385009.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24815385009.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24815385009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24815385009.jpg/266px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24815385009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a <a href="/wiki/Torogan" title="Torogan">torogan</a>'s panolong with a naga <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> motif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Musical_Instruments.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kulintang from Mindanao"><img alt="Kulintang from Mindanao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Musical_Instruments.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Musical_Instruments.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Musical_Instruments.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Musical_Instruments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Musical_Instruments.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Musical_Instruments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">Kulintang</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinning wheel"><img alt="Spinning wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg/200px-Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg/300px-Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg/400px-Maranao_Spinning_Wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinning wheel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Agustin_Church_Door_(33917643600).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Agustin Church door carvings (1607), part of a World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="San Agustin Church door carvings (1607), part of a World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/San_Agustin_Church_Door_%2833917643600%29.jpg/134px-San_Agustin_Church_Door_%2833917643600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/San_Agustin_Church_Door_%2833917643600%29.jpg/201px-San_Agustin_Church_Door_%2833917643600%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/San_Agustin_Church_Door_%2833917643600%29.jpg/268px-San_Agustin_Church_Door_%2833917643600%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="5336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)" title="San Agustin Church (Manila)">San Agustin Church</a> door carvings (1607), part of a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddle_panel,_Bisilan_Island,_Yakan,_wood_with_shell_inlay,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved saddle panel of the Yakan people, inlaid with shells"><img alt="Carved saddle panel of the Yakan people, inlaid with shells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Saddle_panel%2C_Bisilan_Island%2C_Yakan%2C_wood_with_shell_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG/200px-Saddle_panel%2C_Bisilan_Island%2C_Yakan%2C_wood_with_shell_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Saddle_panel%2C_Bisilan_Island%2C_Yakan%2C_wood_with_shell_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG/300px-Saddle_panel%2C_Bisilan_Island%2C_Yakan%2C_wood_with_shell_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Saddle_panel%2C_Bisilan_Island%2C_Yakan%2C_wood_with_shell_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG/400px-Saddle_panel%2C_Bisilan_Island%2C_Yakan%2C_wood_with_shell_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved saddle panel of the Yakan people, inlaid with shells</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_Bas_Relief.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved bas relief at San Agustin Church, Manila"><img alt="Carved bas relief at San Agustin Church, Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Altar_Bas_Relief.JPG/200px-Altar_Bas_Relief.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Altar_Bas_Relief.JPG/300px-Altar_Bas_Relief.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Altar_Bas_Relief.JPG/400px-Altar_Bas_Relief.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved bas relief at San Agustin Church, Manila</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ifugao_rice_spoon_II.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ifugao rice spoon guarded by a wooden figure"><img alt="Ifugao rice spoon guarded by a wooden figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ifugao_rice_spoon_II.JPG/73px-Ifugao_rice_spoon_II.JPG" decoding="async" width="73" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ifugao_rice_spoon_II.JPG/110px-Ifugao_rice_spoon_II.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ifugao_rice_spoon_II.JPG/147px-Ifugao_rice_spoon_II.JPG 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ifugao rice spoon guarded by a wooden figure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippine,_nord_dell%27isola_di_luzon,_ifugao,_figura_con_una_ciotola_seduta_(bulul),_XV_sec._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulul god with pamahan cup (15th century)"><img alt="Bulul god with pamahan cup (15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Filippine%2C_nord_dell%27isola_di_luzon%2C_ifugao%2C_figura_con_una_ciotola_seduta_%28bulul%29%2C_XV_sec._02.JPG/139px-Filippine%2C_nord_dell%27isola_di_luzon%2C_ifugao%2C_figura_con_una_ciotola_seduta_%28bulul%29%2C_XV_sec._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Filippine%2C_nord_dell%27isola_di_luzon%2C_ifugao%2C_figura_con_una_ciotola_seduta_%28bulul%29%2C_XV_sec._02.JPG/208px-Filippine%2C_nord_dell%27isola_di_luzon%2C_ifugao%2C_figura_con_una_ciotola_seduta_%28bulul%29%2C_XV_sec._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Filippine%2C_nord_dell%27isola_di_luzon%2C_ifugao%2C_figura_con_una_ciotola_seduta_%28bulul%29%2C_XV_sec._02.JPG/278px-Filippine%2C_nord_dell%27isola_di_luzon%2C_ifugao%2C_figura_con_una_ciotola_seduta_%28bulul%29%2C_XV_sec._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bulul" title="Bulul">Bulul</a> god with pamahan cup (15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved sarimanok"><img alt="Carved sarimanok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved <a href="/wiki/Sarimanok" title="Sarimanok">sarimanok</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest,_Mindanao,_Maranao,_wood_and_bone,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden chest with bones"><img alt="Wooden chest with bones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chest%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_wood_and_bone%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/200px-Chest%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_wood_and_bone%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chest%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_wood_and_bone%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/300px-Chest%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_wood_and_bone%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chest%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_wood_and_bone%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/400px-Chest%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_wood_and_bone%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden chest with bones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maranao_agong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved holder for an agong"><img alt="Carved holder for an agong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Maranao_agong.jpg/200px-Maranao_agong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Maranao_agong.jpg/300px-Maranao_agong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Maranao_agong.jpg/400px-Maranao_agong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved holder for an agong</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TboliArts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tboli carving of a macaque and a turtle at Lake Sebu's museum"><img alt="Tboli carving of a macaque and a turtle at Lake Sebu's museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TboliArts.jpg/133px-TboliArts.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TboliArts.jpg/199px-TboliArts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TboliArts.jpg/266px-TboliArts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tboli carving of a macaque and a turtle at Lake Sebu's museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Culture_Carabao_Plowing_Rice_Paddy_(24817921669).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carving depicting a Filipino farmer and a carabao"><img alt="Carving depicting a Filipino farmer and a carabao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rice_Culture_Carabao_Plowing_Rice_Paddy_%2824817921669%29.jpg/200px-Rice_Culture_Carabao_Plowing_Rice_Paddy_%2824817921669%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rice_Culture_Carabao_Plowing_Rice_Paddy_%2824817921669%29.jpg/300px-Rice_Culture_Carabao_Plowing_Rice_Paddy_%2824817921669%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rice_Culture_Carabao_Plowing_Rice_Paddy_%2824817921669%29.jpg/400px-Rice_Culture_Carabao_Plowing_Rice_Paddy_%2824817921669%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carving depicting a Filipino farmer and a carabao</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines,_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb markers from the Sulu archipelago"><img alt="Tomb markers from the Sulu archipelago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg/150px-Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg/225px-Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg/300px-Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb markers from the Sulu archipelago</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_(24887248800).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various crafts made with okir"><img alt="Various crafts made with okir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_%2824887248800%29.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_%2824887248800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_%2824887248800%29.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_%2824887248800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_%2824887248800%29.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_%2824887248800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various crafts made with okir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_Madonna_(24849126830).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden Madonna"><img alt="Wooden Madonna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wooden_Madonna_%2824849126830%29.jpg/133px-Wooden_Madonna_%2824849126830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wooden_Madonna_%2824849126830%29.jpg/200px-Wooden_Madonna_%2824849126830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wooden_Madonna_%2824849126830%29.jpg/266px-Wooden_Madonna_%2824849126830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden Madonna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Drums_(24816051909).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant wooden drums"><img alt="Giant wooden drums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Drums_%2824816051909%29.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Drums_%2824816051909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Drums_%2824816051909%29.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Drums_%2824816051909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Drums_%2824816051909%29.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Drums_%2824816051909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giant wooden drums</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A number of wooden shields"><img alt="A number of wooden shields" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A number of wooden shields</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stone,_ivory,_and_other_carvings"><span id="Stone.2C_ivory.2C_and_other_carvings"></span>Stone, ivory, and other carvings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stone, ivory, and other carvings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stone carving predates Western colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carvings may represent an ancestor or a deity who helps the spirit of a loved one enter the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient carved burial urns have been found in many areas, notably in the Cotabato region.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a>, in Quezon province, are thought to initially have rock covers and were sarcophagi. They are believed to have been originally roofed, as evidenced by holes where beams have been placed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone grave marks are carved with <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> motifs to aid the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Baradas_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baradas-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountainsides are carved to form burial caves, especially in the highlands of northern Luzon; the <a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a> are an example.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marble carvings are centered in <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a>, and most (primarily Buddhist statues and related works) are exported.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the arrival of Christianity, stone carvings became widespread; most are church facades or statues, or statues and other crafts for personal altars.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable stone carving is the facade of <a href="/wiki/Miagao_Church" title="Miagao Church">Miagao Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_list_677_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org_list_677-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a> has been practiced in the Philippines for a millennium; its oldest known ivory artifact is the <a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a>, dated to the ninth to 12th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a> religious carvings (locally known as <i>garing</i>) became widespread after ivory was imported to the Philippines from Asia, where carvings focused on Christian themes such as the Madonna and child, the Christ child, and the Sorrowful Mother.<sup id="cite_ref-aacgoogle_relimg_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aacgoogle_relimg-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the ivory carvings from the Philippines have gold and silver designs.<sup id="cite_ref-aacgoogle_relimg_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aacgoogle_relimg-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Filipino ivory trade has boomed because of the demand for carvings,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the government has cracked down on the illegal trade. In 2013, the Philippines was the first country to destroy its ivory stock; the ivory trade has decimated the world's elephant and rhinoceros populations.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horns of dead <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabaos</a> have substituted for ivory in the country for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miagao_Church_Facade_Closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone carvings at the facade of Miagao Church, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Stone carvings at the facade of Miagao Church, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Miagao_Church_Facade_Closeup.JPG/200px-Miagao_Church_Facade_Closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Miagao_Church_Facade_Closeup.JPG/300px-Miagao_Church_Facade_Closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Miagao_Church_Facade_Closeup.JPG/400px-Miagao_Church_Facade_Closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="3186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone carvings at the facade of <a href="/wiki/Miagao_Church" title="Miagao Church">Miagao Church</a>, World Heritage Site and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_de_Cultures_del_M%C3%B3n_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various ancient carved limestone burial urns"><img alt="Various ancient carved limestone burial urns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Museu_de_Cultures_del_M%C3%B3n_23.jpg/200px-Museu_de_Cultures_del_M%C3%B3n_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Museu_de_Cultures_del_M%C3%B3n_23.jpg/300px-Museu_de_Cultures_del_M%C3%B3n_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Museu_de_Cultures_del_M%C3%B3n_23.jpg/400px-Museu_de_Cultures_del_M%C3%B3n_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various ancient carved limestone burial urns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas-relief_work_of_artist_Joseph_Berga%C3%B1o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bas relief at Panay Church (1770s)"><img alt="Bas relief at Panay Church (1770s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bas-relief_work_of_artist_Joseph_Berga%C3%B1o.jpg/200px-Bas-relief_work_of_artist_Joseph_Berga%C3%B1o.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bas-relief_work_of_artist_Joseph_Berga%C3%B1o.jpg/300px-Bas-relief_work_of_artist_Joseph_Berga%C3%B1o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bas-relief_work_of_artist_Joseph_Berga%C3%B1o.jpg/400px-Bas-relief_work_of_artist_Joseph_Berga%C3%B1o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bas relief at <a href="/wiki/Panay_Church" title="Panay Church">Panay Church</a> (1770s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romblon_island_089col.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved marbles from Romblon"><img alt="Carved marbles from Romblon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Romblon_island_089col.jpg/200px-Romblon_island_089col.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Romblon_island_089col.jpg/300px-Romblon_island_089col.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Romblon_island_089col.jpg/400px-Romblon_island_089col.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved marbles from <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines,_18th-19th_century,_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin Mary ivory head with inlaid glass eyes (18-19th century)"><img alt="Virgin Mary ivory head with inlaid glass eyes (18-19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG/94px-Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG/141px-Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG/188px-Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="3360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virgin Mary ivory head with inlaid glass eyes (18-19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Visayan tenegre buffalo horn hilt"><img alt="Visayan tenegre buffalo horn hilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/200px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/300px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/400px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visayan tenegre buffalo horn hilt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Child,_Philippines,_c._1580-1640_AD,_ivory,_gold,_paint_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_Salem,_MA_-_DSC05210.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivory carving of Christ Child with gold paint (1580–1640)"><img alt="Ivory carving of Christ Child with gold paint (1580–1640)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christ_Child%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1580-1640_AD%2C_ivory%2C_gold%2C_paint_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_Salem%2C_MA_-_DSC05210.jpg/129px-Christ_Child%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1580-1640_AD%2C_ivory%2C_gold%2C_paint_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_Salem%2C_MA_-_DSC05210.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christ_Child%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1580-1640_AD%2C_ivory%2C_gold%2C_paint_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_Salem%2C_MA_-_DSC05210.jpg/194px-Christ_Child%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1580-1640_AD%2C_ivory%2C_gold%2C_paint_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_Salem%2C_MA_-_DSC05210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christ_Child%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1580-1640_AD%2C_ivory%2C_gold%2C_paint_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_Salem%2C_MA_-_DSC05210.jpg/259px-Christ_Child%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1580-1640_AD%2C_ivory%2C_gold%2C_paint_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_Salem%2C_MA_-_DSC05210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3455" data-file-height="5332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ivory carving of Christ Child with gold paint (1580–1640)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RedSealofButuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp of the Butuan Ivory Seal (9th-12th century)"><img alt="Stamp of the Butuan Ivory Seal (9th-12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/RedSealofButuan.jpg/184px-RedSealofButuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/RedSealofButuan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamp of the <a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a> (9th-12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of La Naval de Manila, the oldest Christian statue in the Philippines made of ivory (1593 or 1596)"><img alt="Our Lady of La Naval de Manila, the oldest Christian statue in the Philippines made of ivory (1593 or 1596)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg/150px-Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg/225px-Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg/300px-Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Our Lady of La Naval de Manila">Our Lady of La Naval de Manila</a>, the oldest Christian statue in the Philippines made of ivory (1593 or 1596)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_triptych,_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ivory triptych (17th century)"><img alt="An ivory triptych (17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Filipino_triptych%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg/200px-Filipino_triptych%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Filipino_triptych%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg/300px-Filipino_triptych%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Filipino_triptych%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg/400px-Filipino_triptych%2C_Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ivory triptych (17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_mother-of-pearl_19th_C_-_La_divina_pastora_(Holy_Virgin_as_shepherdess)_IMG_9386_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mother-of-pearl relief (19th century)"><img alt="Mother-of-pearl relief (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Philippines_mother-of-pearl_19th_C_-_La_divina_pastora_%28Holy_Virgin_as_shepherdess%29_IMG_9386_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/200px-Philippines_mother-of-pearl_19th_C_-_La_divina_pastora_%28Holy_Virgin_as_shepherdess%29_IMG_9386_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Philippines_mother-of-pearl_19th_C_-_La_divina_pastora_%28Holy_Virgin_as_shepherdess%29_IMG_9386_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/300px-Philippines_mother-of-pearl_19th_C_-_La_divina_pastora_%28Holy_Virgin_as_shepherdess%29_IMG_9386_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Philippines_mother-of-pearl_19th_C_-_La_divina_pastora_%28Holy_Virgin_as_shepherdess%29_IMG_9386_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/400px-Philippines_mother-of-pearl_19th_C_-_La_divina_pastora_%28Holy_Virgin_as_shepherdess%29_IMG_9386_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2923" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mother-of-pearl relief (19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_-_Bas_Relief_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the carvings at the Basilica del Santo Niño"><img alt="One of the carvings at the Basilica del Santo Niño" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Basilica_Del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_-_Bas_Relief_1.jpg/150px-Basilica_Del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_-_Bas_Relief_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Basilica_Del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_-_Bas_Relief_1.jpg/225px-Basilica_Del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_-_Bas_Relief_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Basilica_Del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_-_Bas_Relief_1.jpg/300px-Basilica_Del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_-_Bas_Relief_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the carvings at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Basilica del Santo Niño">Basilica del Santo Niño</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Customs_of_the_World;_illustration_of_a_Bagoba_Wellcome_M0005579.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teeth filing is present in some ethnic groups in the country"><img alt="Teeth filing is present in some ethnic groups in the country" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Customs_of_the_World%3B_illustration_of_a_Bagoba_Wellcome_M0005579.jpg/148px-Customs_of_the_World%3B_illustration_of_a_Bagoba_Wellcome_M0005579.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Customs_of_the_World%3B_illustration_of_a_Bagoba_Wellcome_M0005579.jpg/222px-Customs_of_the_World%3B_illustration_of_a_Bagoba_Wellcome_M0005579.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Customs_of_the_World%3B_illustration_of_a_Bagoba_Wellcome_M0005579.jpg/296px-Customs_of_the_World%3B_illustration_of_a_Bagoba_Wellcome_M0005579.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="3780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teeth filing is present in some ethnic groups in the country</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_(25066044671).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A likha portraying a god, one of only two likha that survived Spanish persecution and destruction"><img alt="A likha portraying a god, one of only two likha that survived Spanish persecution and destruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825066044671%29.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825066044671%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825066044671%29.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825066044671%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825066044671%29.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825066044671%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A likha portraying a god, one of only two likha that survived Spanish persecution and destruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmet_MET_36.25.98_004mar2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moro helmet, exterior made of carved carabao horn (18th century)"><img alt="Moro helmet, exterior made of carved carabao horn (18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helmet_MET_36.25.98_004mar2015.jpg/160px-Helmet_MET_36.25.98_004mar2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helmet_MET_36.25.98_004mar2015.jpg/240px-Helmet_MET_36.25.98_004mar2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helmet_MET_36.25.98_004mar2015.jpg/320px-Helmet_MET_36.25.98_004mar2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moro helmet, exterior made of carved carabao horn (18th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_performing_arts">Folk performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Folk performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk dances, plays, and dramas are performed. Each ethnic group has its own heritage, and Filipino folk performing arts also have Spanish and American influences. Some dances are related to those in neighboring Austronesian and other Asian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folk performing arts include the banga, manmanok, ragragsakan, tarektek, uyaoy (or uyauy),<sup id="cite_ref-seasite_niu_cordillera_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seasite_niu_cordillera-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pangalay" title="Pangalay">pangalay</a>, asik, <a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">singkil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagayan" title="Sagayan">sagayan</a>, kapa malong malong,<sup id="cite_ref-seasite_niu_mindanao_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seasite_niu_mindanao-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> binaylan, sugod uno, dugso, kinugsik kugsik, siring, pagdiwata, <a href="/wiki/Maglalatik" title="Maglalatik">maglalatik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">tinikling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subli" title="Subli">subli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">cariñosa</a>, kuratsa, and pandanggo sa ilaw.<sup id="cite_ref-santos_folk_dances_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santos_folk_dances-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snodgrass_ewfd_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snodgrass_ewfd-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccp_enc_dance_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccp_enc_dance-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinfonia.or.jp_hot_spots_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinfonia.or.jp_hot_spots-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folk dramas and plays are based on popular epics such as <a href="/wiki/Hinilawod" title="Hinilawod">Hinilawod</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Senakulo is a popular drama with Hispanic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinikling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tinikling"><img alt="Tinikling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/200px-Tinikling.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/300px-Tinikling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/400px-Tinikling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Singkil royal dance"><img alt="Singkil royal dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_15.jpg/200px-Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_15.jpg/300px-Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_15.jpg/400px-Folklore_of_the_popular_heritage_of_the_State_of_the_Philippines_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">Singkil</a> royal dance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Passionplayjf1974_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Senakulo in Bulacan"><img alt="Senakulo in Bulacan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Passionplayjf1974_04.JPG/200px-Passionplayjf1974_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Passionplayjf1974_04.JPG/300px-Passionplayjf1974_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Passionplayjf1974_04.JPG/400px-Passionplayjf1974_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senakulo in Bulacan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaamulan_Festival_-_Courtship_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lumad courtship dance"><img alt="Lumad courtship dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kaamulan_Festival_-_Courtship_dance.jpg/200px-Kaamulan_Festival_-_Courtship_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kaamulan_Festival_-_Courtship_dance.jpg/300px-Kaamulan_Festival_-_Courtship_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kaamulan_Festival_-_Courtship_dance.jpg/400px-Kaamulan_Festival_-_Courtship_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lumad courtship dance</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_(oral)_literature"><span id="Folk_.28oral.29_literature"></span>Folk (oral) literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Folk (oral) literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a></div> <p>Folk (oral) literature includes the epics, songs, myths, and other oral literature of Filipino ethnic groups. The country's poetry is rich in metaphors.<sup id="cite_ref-de_noceda_vocabulario_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_noceda_vocabulario-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tanaga" title="Tanaga">Tanaga</a> poetry has a 7777 syllable count, and its rhyme forms range from dual rhymes to none.<sup id="cite_ref-de_noceda_vocabulario_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_noceda_vocabulario-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Awit_(poem)" title="Awit (poem)">Awit</a> poetry has 12-syllable quatrains, with rhyming similar to the <i><a href="/wiki/Pasyon" title="Pasyon">Pasyon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chanted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pabasa_(ritual)" title="Pabasa (ritual)">pabasa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inq_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inq-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another awit is the 1838 <i><a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dalit_(poem)" title="Dalit (poem)">Dalit</a> poetry contains four lines of eight syllables each.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambahan" title="Ambahan">Ambahan</a> poetry consists of seven-syllable lines with rhythmic end syllables, often chanted and sometimes written on bamboo.<sup id="cite_ref-treasures_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasures-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Balagtasan" title="Balagtasan">Balagtasan</a> is a debate in verse.<sup id="cite_ref-timeless_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeless-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other poems include <i><a href="/wiki/A_la_juventud_filipina" title="A la juventud filipina">A la juventud filipina</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ako%27y_may_alaga" title="Ako'y may alaga">Ako'y may alaga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blanco_2009_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanco_2009-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Epic poems include the 17-cycle, 72,000-line <i><a href="/wiki/Darangen" title="Darangen">Darangen</a></i> of the Maranao<sup id="cite_ref-Escueta_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escueta-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hinilawod" title="Hinilawod">Hinilawod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include <i><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-Ang" class="mw-redirect" title="Biag ni Lam-Ang">Biag ni Lam-Ang</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hudhud" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudhud">Hudhud</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alim" title="Alim">Alim</a></i>, the <i>Ulalim</i> cycle, <i>Lumalindaw</i>, <i>Kudaman</i>, the <i>Agyu Cycle</i>, <i>Tulelangan</i>, <i>Gumao of Dumalinao</i>, <i>Ag Tubig Nog Keboklagan</i>, <i>Keg Sumba Neg Sandayo</i>, and <i>Tudbulul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eugenio_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenio-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a> is used to pass on oral literature to the hearing-impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folk literature is documented by scholars in manuscripts, tapes, and video recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasyon,_pabasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pabasa during the Pasyon"><img alt="Pabasa during the Pasyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pasyon%2C_pabasa.jpg/200px-Pasyon%2C_pabasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pasyon%2C_pabasa.jpg/300px-Pasyon%2C_pabasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pasyon%2C_pabasa.jpg/400px-Pasyon%2C_pabasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pabasa_(ritual)" title="Pabasa (ritual)">Pabasa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pasyon" title="Pasyon">Pasyon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakunawa, a deity from the Visayas and Bicol, in a divination-rotation chart as explained in Signosan (1919)"><img alt="Bakunawa, a deity from the Visayas and Bicol, in a divination-rotation chart as explained in Signosan (1919)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png/197px-The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png/295px-The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png/394px-The_rotation_of_Visayan_Philippine_bakunawa.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a>, a deity from the Visayas and Bicol, in a divination-rotation chart as explained in <i>Signosan</i> (1919)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manananggal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A manananggal drawing, as depicted in folk stories"><img alt="A manananggal drawing, as depicted in folk stories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Manananggal.jpg/200px-Manananggal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Manananggal.jpg/300px-Manananggal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Manananggal.jpg/400px-Manananggal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Manananggal" title="Manananggal">manananggal</a> drawing, as depicted in folk stories</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A buraq sculpture, as depicted in folk stories"><img alt="A buraq sculpture, as depicted in folk stories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg/200px-Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg/300px-Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg/400px-Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="2152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">buraq</a> sculpture, as depicted in folk stories</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariang_Makiling_statue_at_the_University_of_the_Philippines_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture depicting Makiling, the protector-goddess of Mount Makiling"><img alt="Sculpture depicting Makiling, the protector-goddess of Mount Makiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mariang_Makiling_statue_at_the_University_of_the_Philippines_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg/160px-Mariang_Makiling_statue_at_the_University_of_the_Philippines_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mariang_Makiling_statue_at_the_University_of_the_Philippines_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg/240px-Mariang_Makiling_statue_at_the_University_of_the_Philippines_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mariang_Makiling_statue_at_the_University_of_the_Philippines_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg/320px-Mariang_Makiling_statue_at_the_University_of_the_Philippines_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture depicting <a href="/wiki/Maria_Makiling" title="Maria Makiling">Makiling</a>, the protector-goddess of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Makiling" title="Mount Makiling">Mount Makiling</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A hogang, fern-trunk statue, of a god protecting boundaries in Ifugao"><img alt="A hogang, fern-trunk statue, of a god protecting boundaries in Ifugao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/200px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/300px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/400px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hogang, fern-trunk statue, of a god protecting boundaries in <a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaamulan_Festival_-_Tableau_Presentation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Performance at the Kaamulan, depicting gods and heroes from the people's ancient religions"><img alt="Performance at the Kaamulan, depicting gods and heroes from the people's ancient religions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kaamulan_Festival_-_Tableau_Presentation.jpg/200px-Kaamulan_Festival_-_Tableau_Presentation.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kaamulan_Festival_-_Tableau_Presentation.jpg/300px-Kaamulan_Festival_-_Tableau_Presentation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kaamulan_Festival_-_Tableau_Presentation.jpg/400px-Kaamulan_Festival_-_Tableau_Presentation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Performance at the <a href="/wiki/Kaamulan" title="Kaamulan">Kaamulan</a>, depicting gods and heroes from the people's ancient religions</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_graphic_and_plastic_arts">Folk graphic and plastic arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Folk graphic and plastic arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are tattooing, folk writing, and folk drawing and painting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folk_writing_(calligraphy)"><span id="Folk_writing_.28calligraphy.29"></span>Folk writing (calligraphy)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Folk writing (calligraphy)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philippines has a number of indigenous scripts collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">suyat</a>, each of which has its own <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. Since 16th-century Spanish colonization, ethnolinguistic groups have used the scripts in a variety of media. By the end of the colonial era, only four suyat scripts survived and continue to be used: the <a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunó'o</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid scripts</a> and those of the <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa" title="Tagbanwa">Tagbanwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palawan_people" title="Palawan people">Palawan peoples</a>. All four were inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Programme</a> as <i>Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua and Pala’wan)</i> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artists and cultural experts have also revived extinct suyat scripts, including the <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan badlit</a> script, the <i>iniskaya</i> script of the <a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">baybayin</a> script of the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog people</a>, the sambali script of the <a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basahan" title="Basahan">basahan</a> script of the <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano people</a>, the sulat pangasinan script of the <a href="/wiki/Pangasinense_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasinense people">Pangasinense people</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">kur-itan (or kurdita)</a> script of the <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnnphilippines.com_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnphilippines.com-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Arabic <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi scripts</a> are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suyat-based calligraphy has become increasingly popular.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine Braille</a> is used by the visually impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Philippine_Script_Monreal_Stone_(24558270153).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the Monreal Stones of Ticao written in the baybayin script"><img alt="One of the Monreal Stones of Ticao written in the baybayin script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Philippine_Script_Monreal_Stone_%2824558270153%29.jpg/200px-Ancient_Philippine_Script_Monreal_Stone_%2824558270153%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Philippine_Script_Monreal_Stone_%2824558270153%29.jpg/300px-Ancient_Philippine_Script_Monreal_Stone_%2824558270153%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Philippine_Script_Monreal_Stone_%2824558270153%29.jpg/400px-Ancient_Philippine_Script_Monreal_Stone_%2824558270153%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the <a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ticao_Island" title="Ticao Island">Ticao</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">baybayin</a> script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Amami, a fragment of a prayer written in kur-itan or kurdita, the first to use the krus-kudlit"><img alt="Amami, a fragment of a prayer written in kur-itan or kurdita, the first to use the krus-kudlit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif/200px-Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif/300px-Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif/400px-Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amami, a fragment of a prayer written in kur-itan or kurdita, the first to use the krus-kudlit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inskripsyon_sa_Binatbat_na_Tanso_ng_Laguna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription written in the kawi script, precursor to baybayin (900 CE), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Laguna Copperplate Inscription written in the kawi script, precursor to baybayin (900 CE), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inskripsyon_sa_Binatbat_na_Tanso_ng_Laguna.jpg/200px-Inskripsyon_sa_Binatbat_na_Tanso_ng_Laguna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inskripsyon_sa_Binatbat_na_Tanso_ng_Laguna.jpg/300px-Inskripsyon_sa_Binatbat_na_Tanso_ng_Laguna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inskripsyon_sa_Binatbat_na_Tanso_ng_Laguna.jpg/400px-Inskripsyon_sa_Binatbat_na_Tanso_ng_Laguna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a> written in the kawi script, precursor to baybayin (900 CE), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_guhit_(basahan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basahan (surat bikol) script sample"><img alt="Basahan (surat bikol) script sample" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Surat_guhit_%28basahan%29.jpg/200px-Surat_guhit_%28basahan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Surat_guhit_%28basahan%29.jpg/300px-Surat_guhit_%28basahan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Surat_guhit_%28basahan%29.jpg/400px-Surat_guhit_%28basahan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basahan" title="Basahan">Basahan</a> (surat bikol) script sample</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayi,_a_bamboo_bow_from_Mindoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanunó'o calligraphy written on bamboo"><img alt="Hanunó'o calligraphy written on bamboo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bayi%2C_a_bamboo_bow_from_Mindoro.jpg/200px-Bayi%2C_a_bamboo_bow_from_Mindoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bayi%2C_a_bamboo_bow_from_Mindoro.jpg/300px-Bayi%2C_a_bamboo_bow_from_Mindoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bayi%2C_a_bamboo_bow_from_Mindoro.jpg/400px-Bayi%2C_a_bamboo_bow_from_Mindoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o alphabet">Hanunó'o calligraphy</a> written on bamboo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buhid_script_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buhid script sample"><img alt="Buhid script sample" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Buhid_script_sample.svg/200px-Buhid_script_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Buhid_script_sample.svg/300px-Buhid_script_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Buhid_script_sample.svg/400px-Buhid_script_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buhid_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhid alphabet">Buhid script</a> sample</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawiscript_arabic.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Jawi script, used in the Sulu archipelago"><img alt="Jawi script, used in the Sulu archipelago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jawiscript_arabic.gif/167px-Jawiscript_arabic.gif" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jawiscript_arabic.gif/251px-Jawiscript_arabic.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jawiscript_arabic.gif/335px-Jawiscript_arabic.gif 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jawi script, used in the Sulu archipelago</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Maradika%22_Qur%27an_of_Bayang,_Lanao_del_Sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Koran of Bayang, written in the kirim script on paper, a National Cultural Treasure; kirim is used in mainland Muslim Mindanao"><img alt="The Koran of Bayang, written in the kirim script on paper, a National Cultural Treasure; kirim is used in mainland Muslim Mindanao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%22Maradika%22_Qur%27an_of_Bayang%2C_Lanao_del_Sur.jpg/200px-%22Maradika%22_Qur%27an_of_Bayang%2C_Lanao_del_Sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%22Maradika%22_Qur%27an_of_Bayang%2C_Lanao_del_Sur.jpg/300px-%22Maradika%22_Qur%27an_of_Bayang%2C_Lanao_del_Sur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%22Maradika%22_Qur%27an_of_Bayang%2C_Lanao_del_Sur.jpg/400px-%22Maradika%22_Qur%27an_of_Bayang%2C_Lanao_del_Sur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Koran of Bayang, written in the kirim script on paper, a National Cultural Treasure; kirim is used in mainland Muslim Mindanao</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eskayascript.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Eskaya script sample"><img alt="Eskaya script sample" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Eskayascript.gif/200px-Eskayascript.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Eskayascript.gif/300px-Eskayascript.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Eskayascript.gif/400px-Eskayascript.gif 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eskaya script sample</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pages of the Doctrina Christiana, an early Christian book in Spanish, Tagalog in Latin script and in Baybayin (1593)"><img alt="Pages of the Doctrina Christiana, an early Christian book in Spanish, Tagalog in Latin script and in Baybayin (1593)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/200px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/300px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/400px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pages of the <i>Doctrina Christiana</i>, an early Christian book in Spanish, Tagalog in Latin script and in Baybayin (1593)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_passport_(2016_edition)_Baybayin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indigenous script in the country's passport"><img alt="Indigenous script in the country's passport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg/200px-Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg/300px-Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg/400px-Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indigenous script in the country's passport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guhit_kalingking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tagbanwa calligraphy on bamboo"><img alt="Tagbanwa calligraphy on bamboo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guhit_kalingking.jpg/200px-Guhit_kalingking.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guhit_kalingking.jpg/300px-Guhit_kalingking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guhit_kalingking.jpg/400px-Guhit_kalingking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tagbanwa calligraphy on bamboo</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folk_drawing_and_painting">Folk drawing and painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Folk drawing and painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk drawing has been known for thousands of years. The oldest folk drawings are rock drawings and engravings which include the <a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>, created during the Neolithic (6000 to 2000 BC). The drawings have been interpreted as religious, with infant drawings to relieve sickness in children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another petroglyph is in <a href="/wiki/Bontoc,_Mountain_Province" title="Bontoc, Mountain Province">Alab</a> (Bontoc), dated as not later than 1500 BC and containing fertility symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">pudenda</a>. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">petrographs</a> are also found; those in <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1ablanca" title="Peñablanca">Peñablanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rizal,_Palawan" title="Rizal, Palawan">Singnapan</a> are drawn with charcoal, and those in <a href="/wiki/Anda,_Bohol" title="Anda, Bohol">Anda</a> (Bohol) are drawn with red <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently-discovered petrographs in <a href="/wiki/Monreal,_Masbate" title="Monreal, Masbate">Monreal (Ticao)</a> include drawings of monkeys, human faces, worms (or snakes), plants, dragonflies, and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence indicates that indigenous Filipinos have been painting and glazing pottery for thousands of years. Pigments used for painting range from gold, yellow, reddish-purple, green, white, and blue-green to blue.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_ceramic_age_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca_ceramic_age-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statues and other creations have also been painted with a variety of colors. Painting on skin is practiced, especially by the Yakan people.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tattooing was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> thousands of years ago, and it developed into cultural symbols in a number of ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first documented the 16th century, with the bravest <a href="/wiki/Pintados" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintados">Pintados</a> (people of central and eastern Visayas) the most tattooed. Similar tattooed peoples were the <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolanos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ambos_Camarines" title="Ambos Camarines">Camarines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalogs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tattooed people in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Manobo</a>, whose tattoo tradition is known as <i>pang-o-túb</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The T'boli also tattoo their skin in the belief that the tattoos glow after death, guiding the soul in its journey to the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known tattooed people may have been the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot people</a> of highland Luzon. Only <a href="/wiki/Tinglayan" title="Tinglayan">Tinglayan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a> has traditional tattoo artists crafting <a href="/wiki/Batok" title="Batok">batok</a>; they were headed by master tattooist and Kalinga matriarch <a href="/wiki/Whang-od" title="Whang-od">Whang-od</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional tattooing has experienced a revival after centuries of decline.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A portion of the Angono Petroglyphs (6000-2000 BC), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="A portion of the Angono Petroglyphs (6000-2000 BC), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg/200px-Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg/300px-Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg/400px-Angono_Petroglyphs1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A portion of the <a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a> (6000-2000 BC), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino American dancers wearing traditional Yakan facial paintings called tanyak tanyak"><img alt="Filipino American dancers wearing traditional Yakan facial paintings called tanyak tanyak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yakan.jpg/130px-Yakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yakan.jpg/195px-Yakan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Yakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipino American dancers wearing traditional Yakan facial paintings called tanyak tanyak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutkut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting made with the Waray people's kut-kut technique, developed in Samar"><img alt="Painting made with the Waray people's kut-kut technique, developed in Samar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Kutkut.jpg/200px-Kutkut.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Kutkut.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting made with the <a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray people</a>'s kut-kut technique, developed in Samar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Joseph,_Philippines,_17th_century_AD,_gilt_and_painted_ivory_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid,_Spain_-_DSC07947.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted ivory statue of St. Joseph (17th century)"><img alt="Painted ivory statue of St. Joseph (17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/St_Joseph%2C_Philippines%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gilt_and_painted_ivory_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC07947.JPG/129px-St_Joseph%2C_Philippines%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gilt_and_painted_ivory_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC07947.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/St_Joseph%2C_Philippines%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gilt_and_painted_ivory_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC07947.JPG/194px-St_Joseph%2C_Philippines%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gilt_and_painted_ivory_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC07947.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/St_Joseph%2C_Philippines%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gilt_and_painted_ivory_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC07947.JPG/259px-St_Joseph%2C_Philippines%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gilt_and_painted_ivory_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC07947.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="5252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted ivory statue of St. Joseph (17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visayans_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pintados recorded in the Boxer Codex (c. 1590)"><img alt="Pintados recorded in the Boxer Codex (c. 1590)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Visayans_1.png/150px-Visayans_1.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Visayans_1.png/225px-Visayans_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Visayans_1.png/300px-Visayans_1.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pintados" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintados">Pintados</a> recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a> (c. 1590)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whang-od_tattooing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whang-od applying a Kalinga tattoo"><img alt="Whang-od applying a Kalinga tattoo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Whang-od_tattooing.jpg/200px-Whang-od_tattooing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Whang-od_tattooing.jpg/300px-Whang-od_tattooing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Whang-od_tattooing.jpg/400px-Whang-od_tattooing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Whang-od" title="Whang-od">Whang-od</a> applying a <a href="/wiki/Batok" title="Batok">Kalinga tattoo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bontoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tattooed Bontoc warrior"><img alt="Tattooed Bontoc warrior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bontoc.jpg/126px-Bontoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bontoc.jpg/189px-Bontoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bontoc.jpg/252px-Bontoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Batok" title="Batok">Tattooed</a> Bontoc warrior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_LUZON_NEGRITO_WITH_SPEAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aeta man with body scarification"><img alt="Aeta man with body scarification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_LUZON_NEGRITO_WITH_SPEAR.jpg/145px-A_LUZON_NEGRITO_WITH_SPEAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_LUZON_NEGRITO_WITH_SPEAR.jpg/218px-A_LUZON_NEGRITO_WITH_SPEAR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_LUZON_NEGRITO_WITH_SPEAR.jpg/291px-A_LUZON_NEGRITO_WITH_SPEAR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aeta_people" title="Aeta people">Aeta man</a> with body <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarification</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornaments"><span class="anchor" id="Ornament"></span>Ornaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ornaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ornamental art includes glass art, accessories and metal crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glass_art">Glass art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Glass art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass art</a> is found in places such as Pinagbayanan.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> has been a feature of many churches since Spanish colonization. European craftspeople initially produced stained glass, with Filipinos beginning to join the craft during the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> contains a number of stained-glass windows.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source (Craftsy) is commercial. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other glass art includes chandeliers and sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aringay_Church%27s_stained_glass_window_of_Jeremiah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jeremiah at Aringay church"><img alt="Jeremiah at Aringay church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aringay_Church%27s_stained_glass_window_of_Jeremiah.jpg/150px-Aringay_Church%27s_stained_glass_window_of_Jeremiah.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aringay_Church%27s_stained_glass_window_of_Jeremiah.jpg/225px-Aringay_Church%27s_stained_glass_window_of_Jeremiah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aringay_Church%27s_stained_glass_window_of_Jeremiah.jpg/300px-Aringay_Church%27s_stained_glass_window_of_Jeremiah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jeremiah at Aringay church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Church_Stained_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Sebastian Church window, part of a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="San Sebastian Church window, part of a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/San_Sebastian_Church_Stained_Glass.jpg/109px-San_Sebastian_Church_Stained_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/San_Sebastian_Church_Stained_Glass.jpg/163px-San_Sebastian_Church_Stained_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/San_Sebastian_Church_Stained_Glass.jpg/218px-San_Sebastian_Church_Stained_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="4056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)" title="San Sebastian Church (Manila)">San Sebastian Church</a> window, part of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zadkiel_memorial_stained_glass,_Mainside_Protestant_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zadkiel at Samar church"><img alt="Zadkiel at Samar church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Zadkiel_memorial_stained_glass%2C_Mainside_Protestant_Chapel.jpg/138px-Zadkiel_memorial_stained_glass%2C_Mainside_Protestant_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Zadkiel_memorial_stained_glass%2C_Mainside_Protestant_Chapel.jpg/207px-Zadkiel_memorial_stained_glass%2C_Mainside_Protestant_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Zadkiel_memorial_stained_glass%2C_Mainside_Protestant_Chapel.jpg/276px-Zadkiel_memorial_stained_glass%2C_Mainside_Protestant_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="2977" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zadkiel at Samar church</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hats,_masks,_and_related_arts"><span id="Hats.2C_masks.2C_and_related_arts"></span><span class="anchor" id="Hat-making,_mask-making,_and_related_arts"></span>Hats, masks, and related arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hats, masks, and related arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gourd-based <i>tabungaw</i> of <a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a> is an example of hat-making.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous hats were widely worn until the 20th century (when they were replaced by Western styles), and are currently worn for festivals, rituals, or theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-ichcap.org_salakot_and_other_headgear_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-ichcap.org_salakot_and_other_headgear-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mask-making is an indigenous and imported tradition; some communities made masks before colonization, and other mask-making traditions were introduced by trade with Asia and the West. These masks are primarily worn during the <a href="/wiki/Moriones_Festival" title="Moriones Festival">Moriones</a> and <a href="/wiki/MassKara_Festival" title="MassKara Festival">MassKara Festivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puppet-making is a related art whose products are used in plays and festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Higantes_Festival" title="Higantes Festival">Higantes Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ichcap_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ichcap-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most indigenous masks are made of wood, and gold masks (made for the dead) were common in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> region before Spanish colonization. Masks made of bamboo and paper, used in <a href="/wiki/Lucban" title="Lucban">Lucban</a> depict the typical Filipino farming family. Masks in <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a> are used in pantomime; those in <a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a> depict egalitarian values, regardless of economic standards. Masks are worn in theatrical epics, especially those related to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas_Money_Museum_salakot_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gourd-based Salakot (bottom)"><img alt="Gourd-based Salakot (bottom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas_Money_Museum_salakot_display.jpg/112px-Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas_Money_Museum_salakot_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas_Money_Museum_salakot_display.jpg/169px-Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas_Money_Museum_salakot_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas_Money_Museum_salakot_display.jpg/225px-Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas_Money_Museum_salakot_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gourd-based <a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a> (bottom)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_15.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brass helmets (top) from Bangsamoro"><img alt="Brass helmets (top) from Bangsamoro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_15.png/119px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_15.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_15.png/179px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_15.png/239px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_15.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brass helmets (top) from <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hat_from_Northern_Luzon,_Bontic,_wood_and_beads,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bontoc wood hat"><img alt="Bontoc wood hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hat_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Bontic%2C_wood_and_beads%2C_HAA.JPG/200px-Hat_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Bontic%2C_wood_and_beads%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hat_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Bontic%2C_wood_and_beads%2C_HAA.JPG/300px-Hat_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Bontic%2C_wood_and_beads%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hat_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Bontic%2C_wood_and_beads%2C_HAA.JPG/400px-Hat_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Bontic%2C_wood_and_beads%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bontoc wood hat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-inlaid_tortoiseshell_salakot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tortoiseshell salakot with inlaid silver"><img alt="Tortoiseshell salakot with inlaid silver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Silver-inlaid_tortoiseshell_salakot.jpg/167px-Silver-inlaid_tortoiseshell_salakot.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Silver-inlaid_tortoiseshell_salakot.jpg/251px-Silver-inlaid_tortoiseshell_salakot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Silver-inlaid_tortoiseshell_salakot.jpg/334px-Silver-inlaid_tortoiseshell_salakot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1307" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a> salakot with inlaid silver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hat,_Mindanao,_Mandaya,_palm,_bamboo,_feathers,_cotton,_fiber_and_beads,_Honolulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandaya people's sadok"><img alt="Mandaya people's sadok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg/117px-Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg/176px-Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg/234px-Hat%2C_Mindanao%2C_Mandaya%2C_palm%2C_bamboo%2C_feathers%2C_cotton%2C_fiber_and_beads%2C_Honolulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaya people">Mandaya people</a>'s sadok</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Woman_At_The_Kalibo_Ati-Atihan_Festival,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Participant with headgear during the Ati-Atihan festival"><img alt="Participant with headgear during the Ati-Atihan festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_Woman_At_The_Kalibo_Ati-Atihan_Festival%2C_Philippines.jpg/200px-A_Woman_At_The_Kalibo_Ati-Atihan_Festival%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_Woman_At_The_Kalibo_Ati-Atihan_Festival%2C_Philippines.jpg/300px-A_Woman_At_The_Kalibo_Ati-Atihan_Festival%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_Woman_At_The_Kalibo_Ati-Atihan_Festival%2C_Philippines.jpg/400px-A_Woman_At_The_Kalibo_Ati-Atihan_Festival%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Participant with headgear during the <a href="/wiki/Ati-Atihan_festival" title="Ati-Atihan festival">Ati-Atihan festival</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CVP_4421.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masked participants during the MassKara Festival"><img alt="Masked participants during the MassKara Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CVP_4421.jpg/200px-CVP_4421.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CVP_4421.jpg/300px-CVP_4421.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CVP_4421.jpg/400px-CVP_4421.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Masked participants during the <a href="/wiki/MassKara_Festival" title="MassKara Festival">MassKara Festival</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseumFilipinojf9956_33.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Various masks used during the Kwaresma"><img alt="Various masks used during the Kwaresma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MuseumFilipinojf9956_33.JPG/150px-MuseumFilipinojf9956_33.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MuseumFilipinojf9956_33.JPG/225px-MuseumFilipinojf9956_33.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MuseumFilipinojf9956_33.JPG/300px-MuseumFilipinojf9956_33.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various masks used during the Kwaresma</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accessories"><span class="anchor" id="Accessory-making"></span>Accessories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accessories are generally worn with clothing, and some are accessories for houses, altars, and other objects. Of the Philippines' over 100 ethnic groups, the most accessorized may be the Kalinga people.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang people</a> also use many accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known accessory is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a></i>, a pendant or amulet used from Batanes in the north to Palawan in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Zafra_2008_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zafra_2008-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NationalMuseumCollections2011_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalMuseumCollections2011-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known <i>lingling-o</i> has been dated to 500 BC and is made of <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalMuseumCollections2011_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalMuseumCollections2011-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shells have also traditionally been used for accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-oneocean.org_shell_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneocean.org_shell-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gold is crafted by Filipino ethnic groups, and the country's best-known <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">Regalia</a>, jewelry, ceremonial weapons, tooth ornamentation, and ritualistic and funerary objects made of high-quality gold have been found at a number of sites, and the archipelago's gold culture flourished between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Some gold-crafting techniques were lost in colonization, but techniques influenced by other cultures have been adopted by Filipino goldsmiths.<sup id="cite_ref-asiasociety.org_gtfk_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiasociety.org_gtfk-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippine,_luzon_del_nord,_gaddang,_copricapo_suklong,_xix_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Accessory of the Gaddang people"><img alt="Accessory of the Gaddang people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_gaddang%2C_copricapo_suklong%2C_xix_secolo.jpg/200px-Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_gaddang%2C_copricapo_suklong%2C_xix_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_gaddang%2C_copricapo_suklong%2C_xix_secolo.jpg/300px-Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_gaddang%2C_copricapo_suklong%2C_xix_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_gaddang%2C_copricapo_suklong%2C_xix_secolo.jpg/400px-Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_gaddang%2C_copricapo_suklong%2C_xix_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Accessory of the <a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earring_from_Kalinga_in_northern_Luzon,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8411.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A lingling-o of the Kalinga people"><img alt="A lingling-o of the Kalinga people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Earring_from_Kalinga_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8411.1.JPG/177px-Earring_from_Kalinga_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8411.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="177" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Earring_from_Kalinga_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8411.1.JPG/265px-Earring_from_Kalinga_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8411.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Earring_from_Kalinga_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8411.1.JPG/354px-Earring_from_Kalinga_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8411.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earring_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8372.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ilongot earring"><img alt="Ilongot earring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earring_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8372.1.JPG/200px-Earring_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8372.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earring_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8372.1.JPG/300px-Earring_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8372.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earring_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8372.1.JPG/400px-Earring_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8372.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ilongot_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilongot people">Ilongot</a> earring</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_12_176_18_d1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino gold and coral necklace (17th-18th c.)"><img alt="Filipino gold and coral necklace (17th-18th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MET_12_176_18_d1.jpeg/200px-MET_12_176_18_d1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MET_12_176_18_d1.jpeg/300px-MET_12_176_18_d1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MET_12_176_18_d1.jpeg/400px-MET_12_176_18_d1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipino gold and coral necklace (17th-18th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold jewelries (12th-15th century)"><img alt="Gold jewelries (12th-15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/200px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/300px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg/400px-Jewelry_and_clothing_ornaments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4076" data-file-height="3844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold jewelries (12th-15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippine,_luzon_del_nord,_tinggian,_cintura_akusan,_XIX-XX_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Itneg accessory"><img alt="Itneg accessory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_tinggian%2C_cintura_akusan%2C_XIX-XX_secolo.jpg/153px-Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_tinggian%2C_cintura_akusan%2C_XIX-XX_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_tinggian%2C_cintura_akusan%2C_XIX-XX_secolo.jpg/230px-Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_tinggian%2C_cintura_akusan%2C_XIX-XX_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_tinggian%2C_cintura_akusan%2C_XIX-XX_secolo.jpg/306px-Filippine%2C_luzon_del_nord%2C_tinggian%2C_cintura_akusan%2C_XIX-XX_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Itneg accessory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hair_ornament_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ilongot hair ornament"><img alt="Ilongot hair ornament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hair_ornament_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG/172px-Hair_ornament_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hair_ornament_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG/258px-Hair_ornament_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hair_ornament_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG/344px-Hair_ornament_from_Ilongot_in_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_I.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ilongot hair ornament</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_from_Bontoc,_northern_Luzon,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bontoc belt"><img alt="Bontoc belt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Belt_from_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG/200px-Belt_from_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Belt_from_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG/300px-Belt_from_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Belt_from_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG/400px-Belt_from_Bontoc%2C_northern_Luzon%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8426.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bontoc belt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_from_Northern_Luzon,_Ilongot,_brass,_mother-of-pearl_and_beads,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mother-of-pearl necklace"><img alt="Mother-of-pearl necklace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Necklace_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ilongot%2C_brass%2C_mother-of-pearl_and_beads%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/107px-Necklace_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ilongot%2C_brass%2C_mother-of-pearl_and_beads%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Necklace_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ilongot%2C_brass%2C_mother-of-pearl_and_beads%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/161px-Necklace_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ilongot%2C_brass%2C_mother-of-pearl_and_beads%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Necklace_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ilongot%2C_brass%2C_mother-of-pearl_and_beads%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/215px-Necklace_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ilongot%2C_brass%2C_mother-of-pearl_and_beads%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="3378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mother-of-pearl necklace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectoral,_Northern_Luzon,_Ifugao,_brass,_thread_and_glass_beads,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ifugao pectoral accessory"><img alt="Ifugao pectoral accessory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pectoral%2C_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ifugao%2C_brass%2C_thread_and_glass_beads%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/93px-Pectoral%2C_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ifugao%2C_brass%2C_thread_and_glass_beads%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="93" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pectoral%2C_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ifugao%2C_brass%2C_thread_and_glass_beads%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/139px-Pectoral%2C_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ifugao%2C_brass%2C_thread_and_glass_beads%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pectoral%2C_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ifugao%2C_brass%2C_thread_and_glass_beads%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/186px-Pectoral%2C_Northern_Luzon%2C_Ifugao%2C_brass%2C_thread_and_glass_beads%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="1143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ifugao pectoral accessory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3_necklaces_from_the_Philippines,_12th-15th_century,_gold,_semi-precious_stone_and_glass,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Necklaces made of gold, semi-precious stones, and glass (12th-15th century)"><img alt="Necklaces made of gold, semi-precious stones, and glass (12th-15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/3_necklaces_from_the_Philippines%2C_12th-15th_century%2C_gold%2C_semi-precious_stone_and_glass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/147px-3_necklaces_from_the_Philippines%2C_12th-15th_century%2C_gold%2C_semi-precious_stone_and_glass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/3_necklaces_from_the_Philippines%2C_12th-15th_century%2C_gold%2C_semi-precious_stone_and_glass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-3_necklaces_from_the_Philippines%2C_12th-15th_century%2C_gold%2C_semi-precious_stone_and_glass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/3_necklaces_from_the_Philippines%2C_12th-15th_century%2C_gold%2C_semi-precious_stone_and_glass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/294px-3_necklaces_from_the_Philippines%2C_12th-15th_century%2C_gold%2C_semi-precious_stone_and_glass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necklaces made of gold, semi-precious stones, and glass (12th-15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_12_176_20_d2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Necklace made of gold and coral (17th–19th century)"><img alt="Necklace made of gold and coral (17th–19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MET_12_176_20_d2.jpeg/200px-MET_12_176_20_d2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MET_12_176_20_d2.jpeg/300px-MET_12_176_20_d2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MET_12_176_20_d2.jpeg/400px-MET_12_176_20_d2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necklace made of gold and coral (17th–19th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metal_ornaments"><span class="anchor" id="Ornamental_metal_crafts"></span>Metal ornaments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metal ornaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ornamental metal crafts are metal-based products used to beautify something else, metal or non-metal, and those made by the Maranao in <a href="/wiki/Tugaya" title="Tugaya">Tugaya</a> are valued. Metal crafts by the Moro people decorate a variety of objects, and are inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> motif.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal crafts also decorate religious objects such as altars, Christian statues, and <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apalit" title="Apalit">Apalit</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, is a center of the craft.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold has been used in a number of ornaments, and most which survive are human accessories with elaborate, ancient designs.<sup id="cite_ref-asiasociety.org_gtfk_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiasociety.org_gtfk-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Manaoag_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Manaoag with metal headpiece, part of a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Our Lady of Manaoag with metal headpiece, part of a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Our_Lady_of_Manaoag_1.JPG/132px-Our_Lady_of_Manaoag_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Our_Lady_of_Manaoag_1.JPG/199px-Our_Lady_of_Manaoag_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Our_Lady_of_Manaoag_1.JPG/265px-Our_Lady_of_Manaoag_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Manaoag" title="Our Lady of Manaoag">Our Lady of Manaoag</a> with metal headpiece, part of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaw_harp_handle,_Mindanao,_Maranao,_horn_with_brass_studs,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maranao kubing jaw harp with okir motif"><img alt="Maranao kubing jaw harp with okir motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jaw_harp_handle%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_horn_with_brass_studs%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/200px-Jaw_harp_handle%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_horn_with_brass_studs%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jaw_harp_handle%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_horn_with_brass_studs%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/300px-Jaw_harp_handle%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_horn_with_brass_studs%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jaw_harp_handle%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_horn_with_brass_studs%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/400px-Jaw_harp_handle%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_horn_with_brass_studs%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maranao <a href="/wiki/Kubing" title="Kubing">kubing</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a> with <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> motif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden garuda ornament from Palawan"><img alt="Golden garuda ornament from Palawan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg/150px-Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg/225px-Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Image_of_golden_Garuda_of_Palawan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden garuda ornament from Palawan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retablo_of_Holy_Cross_Parish,_Nabua,_Camarines_Sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nabua Church retablo"><img alt="Nabua Church retablo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Retablo_of_Holy_Cross_Parish%2C_Nabua%2C_Camarines_Sur.jpg/133px-Retablo_of_Holy_Cross_Parish%2C_Nabua%2C_Camarines_Sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Retablo_of_Holy_Cross_Parish%2C_Nabua%2C_Camarines_Sur.jpg/199px-Retablo_of_Holy_Cross_Parish%2C_Nabua%2C_Camarines_Sur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Retablo_of_Holy_Cross_Parish%2C_Nabua%2C_Camarines_Sur.jpg/266px-Retablo_of_Holy_Cross_Parish%2C_Nabua%2C_Camarines_Sur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nabua_Church" title="Nabua Church">Nabua Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Retablo" title="Retablo">retablo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Monica_Parish_Church3351jf_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa Monica Church chandelier, part of a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Santa Monica Church chandelier, part of a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Santa_Monica_Parish_Church3351jf_05.JPG/200px-Santa_Monica_Parish_Church3351jf_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Santa_Monica_Parish_Church3351jf_05.JPG/300px-Santa_Monica_Parish_Church3351jf_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Santa_Monica_Parish_Church3351jf_05.JPG/400px-Santa_Monica_Parish_Church3351jf_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Parish_Church_(Minalin)" title="Santa Monica Parish Church (Minalin)">Santa Monica Church</a> chandelier, part of a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armadura_kurab-a-kulang,_Jol%C3%B3,_Filipinas,_Museo_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Toledo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Indigenous armor from Sulu, made of metal, carabao horn, and silver"><img alt="Indigenous armor from Sulu, made of metal, carabao horn, and silver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Armadura_kurab-a-kulang%2C_Jol%C3%B3%2C_Filipinas%2C_Museo_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Toledo.JPG/112px-Armadura_kurab-a-kulang%2C_Jol%C3%B3%2C_Filipinas%2C_Museo_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Toledo.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Armadura_kurab-a-kulang%2C_Jol%C3%B3%2C_Filipinas%2C_Museo_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Toledo.JPG/169px-Armadura_kurab-a-kulang%2C_Jol%C3%B3%2C_Filipinas%2C_Museo_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Toledo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Armadura_kurab-a-kulang%2C_Jol%C3%B3%2C_Filipinas%2C_Museo_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Toledo.JPG/225px-Armadura_kurab-a-kulang%2C_Jol%C3%B3%2C_Filipinas%2C_Museo_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Toledo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indigenous armor from Sulu, made of metal, carabao horn, and silver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrought iron at Malolos Church"><img alt="Wrought iron at Malolos Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG/200px-J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG/300px-J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG/400px-J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wrought iron at Malolos Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_from_Northern_Luzon,_the_Philippines,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8366.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Luzon metal belt"><img alt="Northern Luzon metal belt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belt_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_the_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8366.1.JPG/200px-Belt_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_the_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8366.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belt_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_the_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8366.1.JPG/300px-Belt_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_the_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8366.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belt_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_the_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8366.1.JPG/400px-Belt_from_Northern_Luzon%2C_the_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_8366.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Northern Luzon metal belt</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery_(ceramic)_arts"><span id="Pottery_.28ceramic.29_arts"></span>Pottery (ceramic) arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pottery (ceramic) arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Earthenware_ceramics_in_the_Philippines" title="Earthenware ceramics in the Philippines">Earthenware ceramics in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_ceramics" title="Philippine ceramics">Philippine ceramics</a></div> <p>Pottery (ceramics, clay, and folk clay sculpture) has been part of Filipino culture for about 3,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable artifacts include the <a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a> (890–710 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a> (5 BC-225 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-fired pottery was first made around 1,000 years ago, leading to a ceramic age in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_ceramic_age_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca_ceramic_age-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceramics were traded, and pottery and fragments from the Arab world (possibly Egypt) and East Asia have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_ceramic_age_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca_ceramic_age-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific jars were also traded directly to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before colonization during the 16th century, foreign <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> was popular in a number of communities; according to oral tradition from <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, indigenous porcelain was produced at the time of Cebu's early rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known indigenous porcelain has been dated to the 1900s, however; porcelain found at Filipino archaeological sites was labeled "imported", which has become a subject of controversy. Filipinos worked as porcelain artisans in Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, re-introducing the craft in the Philippines. All but one porcelain artifact from the era survived World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable folk clay art includes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Science_over_Death" title="The Triumph of Science over Death">The Triumph of Science over Death</a></i> (1890)<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_2008_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes_2008-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Mother's Revenge</i> (1894),<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and popular pottery includes the <a href="/wiki/Tapayan" title="Tapayan">tapayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palayok" title="Palayok">palayok</a>. Pottery-making has received recent media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jar,_Republic_of_the_Philippines,_ceramic,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Philippine ceramic (100-1400 CE)"><img alt="Philippine ceramic (100-1400 CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jar%2C_Republic_of_the_Philippines%2C_ceramic%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/200px-Jar%2C_Republic_of_the_Philippines%2C_ceramic%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jar%2C_Republic_of_the_Philippines%2C_ceramic%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/300px-Jar%2C_Republic_of_the_Philippines%2C_ceramic%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jar%2C_Republic_of_the_Philippines%2C_ceramic%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/400px-Jar%2C_Republic_of_the_Philippines%2C_ceramic%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Philippine ceramic (100-1400 CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calatagan_Pot,_14th-15th_Centuries_AD_(32154714093).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calatagan Pot with suyat calligraphy (14th-15th century)"><img alt="Calatagan Pot with suyat calligraphy (14th-15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Calatagan_Pot%2C_14th-15th_Centuries_AD_%2832154714093%29.jpg/200px-Calatagan_Pot%2C_14th-15th_Centuries_AD_%2832154714093%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Calatagan_Pot%2C_14th-15th_Centuries_AD_%2832154714093%29.jpg/300px-Calatagan_Pot%2C_14th-15th_Centuries_AD_%2832154714093%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Calatagan_Pot%2C_14th-15th_Centuries_AD_%2832154714093%29.jpg/400px-Calatagan_Pot%2C_14th-15th_Centuries_AD_%2832154714093%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calatagan Pot with <a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">suyat</a> calligraphy (14th-15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_(25041268432).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial pots, with the right having wave designs"><img alt="Burial pots, with the right having wave designs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041268432%29.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041268432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041268432%29.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041268432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041268432%29.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041268432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial pots, with the right having wave designs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intramuros_Pot_Shard_(32928448906).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Intramuros Pot Shard, with a script on it"><img alt="The Intramuros Pot Shard, with a script on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Intramuros_Pot_Shard_%2832928448906%29.jpg/200px-Intramuros_Pot_Shard_%2832928448906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Intramuros_Pot_Shard_%2832928448906%29.jpg/300px-Intramuros_Pot_Shard_%2832928448906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Intramuros_Pot_Shard_%2832928448906%29.jpg/400px-Intramuros_Pot_Shard_%2832928448906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Intramuros Pot Shard, with a script on it</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manunggul_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manunggul Jar from Palawan (890–710 BC), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Manunggul Jar from Palawan (890–710 BC), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/178px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/267px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/356px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> (890–710 BC), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_24532486603.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial jar top of one of the Maitum anthropomorphic pottery from Sarangani (5 BC-370 AD)"><img alt="Burial jar top of one of the Maitum anthropomorphic pottery from Sarangani (5 BC-370 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_24532486603.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_24532486603.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_24532486603.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_24532486603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_24532486603.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_24532486603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial jar top of one of the <a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sarangani" title="Sarangani">Sarangani</a> (5 BC-370 AD)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jar No. 13 (5 BC-370 AD), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jar No. 13 (5 BC-370 AD), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mindanao_Burial_Jar.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mindanao_Burial_Jar.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mindanao_Burial_Jar.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jar No. 13 (5 BC-370 AD), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottery_houses_for_rice_anito_(spirits)_among_the_Itneg_people_(1922,_Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Itneg pottery house for an anito (c. 1922)"><img alt="Itneg pottery house for an anito (c. 1922)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pottery_houses_for_rice_anito_%28spirits%29_among_the_Itneg_people_%281922%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/200px-Pottery_houses_for_rice_anito_%28spirits%29_among_the_Itneg_people_%281922%2C_Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pottery_houses_for_rice_anito_%28spirits%29_among_the_Itneg_people_%281922%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/300px-Pottery_houses_for_rice_anito_%28spirits%29_among_the_Itneg_people_%281922%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pottery_houses_for_rice_anito_%28spirits%29_among_the_Itneg_people_%281922%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/400px-Pottery_houses_for_rice_anito_%28spirits%29_among_the_Itneg_people_%281922%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Itneg</a> pottery house for an <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a> (c. 1922)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_venganza_de_la_madre_(The_Mother%27s_Revenge).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mother's Revenge (1894), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="The Mother's Revenge (1894), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/La_venganza_de_la_madre_%28The_Mother%27s_Revenge%29.jpg/200px-La_venganza_de_la_madre_%28The_Mother%27s_Revenge%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/La_venganza_de_la_madre_%28The_Mother%27s_Revenge%29.jpg/300px-La_venganza_de_la_madre_%28The_Mother%27s_Revenge%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/La_venganza_de_la_madre_%28The_Mother%27s_Revenge%29.jpg/400px-La_venganza_de_la_madre_%28The_Mother%27s_Revenge%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3254" data-file-height="2155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Mother's Revenge</i> (1894), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_(25041403662).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multiple clay heads used as toppings for burial jars, each with a unique face"><img alt="Multiple clay heads used as toppings for burial jars, each with a unique face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041403662%29.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041403662%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041403662%29.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041403662%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041403662%29.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2825041403662%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multiple clay heads used as toppings for burial jars, each with a unique face</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_(24791553049).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ancient mini-jar and a goblet"><img alt="An ancient mini-jar and a goblet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2824791553049%29.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2824791553049%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2824791553049%29.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2824791553049%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2824791553049%29.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2824791553049%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ancient mini-jar and a goblet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_(32927714626).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ancient burial jar head"><img alt="An ancient burial jar head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2832927714626%29.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2832927714626%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2832927714626%29.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2832927714626%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2832927714626%29.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_%2832927714626%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ancient burial jar head</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Butuan_National_Museum_-_pottery_2_-_Butuan,_Filippine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porcelain found in the Philippines"><img alt="Porcelain found in the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Butuan_National_Museum_-_pottery_2_-_Butuan%2C_Filippine.jpg/133px-Butuan_National_Museum_-_pottery_2_-_Butuan%2C_Filippine.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Butuan_National_Museum_-_pottery_2_-_Butuan%2C_Filippine.jpg/200px-Butuan_National_Museum_-_pottery_2_-_Butuan%2C_Filippine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Butuan_National_Museum_-_pottery_2_-_Butuan%2C_Filippine.jpg/266px-Butuan_National_Museum_-_pottery_2_-_Butuan%2C_Filippine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porcelain found in the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jar,_made_in_China_and_collected_in_the_Philippines,_11th_century,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Porcelain jar found in the Philippines (11th century)"><img alt="Porcelain jar found in the Philippines (11th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jar%2C_made_in_China_and_collected_in_the_Philippines%2C_11th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/131px-Jar%2C_made_in_China_and_collected_in_the_Philippines%2C_11th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jar%2C_made_in_China_and_collected_in_the_Philippines%2C_11th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/197px-Jar%2C_made_in_China_and_collected_in_the_Philippines%2C_11th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jar%2C_made_in_China_and_collected_in_the_Philippines%2C_11th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/263px-Jar%2C_made_in_China_and_collected_in_the_Philippines%2C_11th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porcelain jar found in the Philippines (11th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porcelain,_Palawan,_15th_Century_(24517982393).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porcelain found in Palawan (15th century)"><img alt="Porcelain found in Palawan (15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Porcelain%2C_Palawan%2C_15th_Century_%2824517982393%29.jpg/133px-Porcelain%2C_Palawan%2C_15th_Century_%2824517982393%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Porcelain%2C_Palawan%2C_15th_Century_%2824517982393%29.jpg/200px-Porcelain%2C_Palawan%2C_15th_Century_%2824517982393%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Porcelain%2C_Palawan%2C_15th_Century_%2824517982393%29.jpg/266px-Porcelain%2C_Palawan%2C_15th_Century_%2824517982393%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porcelain found in Palawan (15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porcelain,_Broken_Reef,_11-12th_Century_(25051523851).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porcelain found in the Philippines (11th-12th century)"><img alt="Porcelain found in the Philippines (11th-12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porcelain%2C_Broken_Reef%2C_11-12th_Century_%2825051523851%29.jpg/133px-Porcelain%2C_Broken_Reef%2C_11-12th_Century_%2825051523851%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porcelain%2C_Broken_Reef%2C_11-12th_Century_%2825051523851%29.jpg/200px-Porcelain%2C_Broken_Reef%2C_11-12th_Century_%2825051523851%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Porcelain%2C_Broken_Reef%2C_11-12th_Century_%2825051523851%29.jpg/266px-Porcelain%2C_Broken_Reef%2C_11-12th_Century_%2825051523851%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porcelain found in the Philippines (11th-12th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_traditional_arts"><span class="anchor" id="Other_artistic_expressions_of_traditional_culture"></span>Other traditional arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other traditional arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other traditional arts, including non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions, cannot be specifically categorized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-ornamental_metal_crafts">Non-ornamental metal crafts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Non-ornamental metal crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-ornamental metal crafts are metal products with simple, utilitarian designs. The <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a> are known for their metalwork, which is usually decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> motif.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> is also a center for metalwork.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hispanic metal crafts are common in the lowlands. They include large bells, and Asia's largest bell is at <a href="/wiki/Panay_Church" title="Panay Church">Panay Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal deities, notably of gold, are also found.<sup id="cite_ref-asiasociety.org_gtfk_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiasociety.org_gtfk-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_jar_(gadur),_Mindanao,_Maranao,_brass_with_silver_inlay,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brass gadur"><img alt="Brass gadur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Food_jar_%28gadur%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_brass_with_silver_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/123px-Food_jar_%28gadur%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_brass_with_silver_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Food_jar_%28gadur%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_brass_with_silver_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/184px-Food_jar_%28gadur%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_brass_with_silver_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Food_jar_%28gadur%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_brass_with_silver_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/246px-Food_jar_%28gadur%29%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao%2C_brass_with_silver_inlay%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brass gadur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_(lantaka)_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago,_brass,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lantaka guns"><img alt="Lantaka guns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/161px-Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/242px-Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/323px-Moro_cannon_or_swivel_gun_%28lantaka%29_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_brass%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="3792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Lantaka</a> guns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_box_from_the_Philippines,_Mindanao,_Maranao_people,_probably_20th_century,_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper betel nut box with silver inlay"><img alt="Copper betel nut box with silver inlay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG/200px-Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG/300px-Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG/400px-Betel_box_from_the_Philippines%2C_Mindanao%2C_Maranao_people%2C_probably_20th_century%2C_copper_alloy_with_silver_inlay%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a> box with silver inlay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teapot-shaped_ewer,_Mindanao,_Philippines,_c._1800_AD,_brass,_copper_-_Spurlock_Museum,_UIUC_-_DSC06011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ewer from Mindanao (1800)"><img alt="Ewer from Mindanao (1800)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Teapot-shaped_ewer%2C_Mindanao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass%2C_copper_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06011.jpg/133px-Teapot-shaped_ewer%2C_Mindanao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass%2C_copper_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06011.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Teapot-shaped_ewer%2C_Mindanao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass%2C_copper_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06011.jpg/199px-Teapot-shaped_ewer%2C_Mindanao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass%2C_copper_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Teapot-shaped_ewer%2C_Mindanao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass%2C_copper_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06011.jpg/266px-Teapot-shaped_ewer%2C_Mindanao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass%2C_copper_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ewer from <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> (1800)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lantaka_Swivel_Gun_(25172974495).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a lantaka gun"><img alt="Detail of a lantaka gun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lantaka_Swivel_Gun_%2825172974495%29.jpg/200px-Lantaka_Swivel_Gun_%2825172974495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lantaka_Swivel_Gun_%2825172974495%29.jpg/300px-Lantaka_Swivel_Gun_%2825172974495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lantaka_Swivel_Gun_%2825172974495%29.jpg/400px-Lantaka_Swivel_Gun_%2825172974495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a lantaka gun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Ciborium_(25051473371).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver ciborium"><img alt="Silver ciborium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver_Ciborium_%2825051473371%29.jpg/133px-Silver_Ciborium_%2825051473371%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver_Ciborium_%2825051473371%29.jpg/200px-Silver_Ciborium_%2825051473371%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver_Ciborium_%2825051473371%29.jpg/266px-Silver_Ciborium_%2825051473371%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver ciborium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Largest_bell_in_the_Philippines_and_Asia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The largest church bell in Asia, housed at Panay Church, a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="The largest church bell in Asia, housed at Panay Church, a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Largest_bell_in_the_Philippines_and_Asia.JPG/150px-Largest_bell_in_the_Philippines_and_Asia.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Largest_bell_in_the_Philippines_and_Asia.JPG/225px-Largest_bell_in_the_Philippines_and_Asia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Largest_bell_in_the_Philippines_and_Asia.JPG/300px-Largest_bell_in_the_Philippines_and_Asia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The largest church bell in Asia, housed at <a href="/wiki/Panay_Church" title="Panay Church">Panay Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manobo_Jewel_Case.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manobo jewel case"><img alt="Manobo jewel case" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manobo_Jewel_Case.jpg/200px-Manobo_Jewel_Case.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manobo_Jewel_Case.jpg/300px-Manobo_Jewel_Case.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manobo_Jewel_Case.jpg/400px-Manobo_Jewel_Case.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manobo jewel case</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jar_And_Cover_(Philippines),_possibly_19th_century_(CH_18468101-2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze jars (19th century)"><img alt="Bronze jars (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jar_And_Cover_%28Philippines%29%2C_possibly_19th_century_%28CH_18468101-2%29.jpg/200px-Jar_And_Cover_%28Philippines%29%2C_possibly_19th_century_%28CH_18468101-2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jar_And_Cover_%28Philippines%29%2C_possibly_19th_century_%28CH_18468101-2%29.jpg/300px-Jar_And_Cover_%28Philippines%29%2C_possibly_19th_century_%28CH_18468101-2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jar_And_Cover_%28Philippines%29%2C_possibly_19th_century_%28CH_18468101-2%29.jpg/400px-Jar_And_Cover_%28Philippines%29%2C_possibly_19th_century_%28CH_18468101-2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze jars (19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinged_box,_Mindandao,_Philippines,_c._1800_AD,_brass_-_Spurlock_Museum,_UIUC_-_DSC06016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hinged brass box (1800)"><img alt="Hinged brass box (1800)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hinged_box%2C_Mindandao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06016.jpg/200px-Hinged_box%2C_Mindandao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hinged_box%2C_Mindandao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06016.jpg/300px-Hinged_box%2C_Mindandao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hinged_box%2C_Mindandao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06016.jpg/400px-Hinged_box%2C_Mindandao%2C_Philippines%2C_c._1800_AD%2C_brass_-_Spurlock_Museum%2C_UIUC_-_DSC06016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hinged brass box (1800)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Ethnology,_Osaka_-_Gangsa_-_Kalinga_people_in_Philippines_-_Collected_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gangsa gongs of the Kalinga people"><img alt="Gangsa gongs of the Kalinga people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Gangsa_-_Kalinga_people_in_Philippines_-_Collected_in_2008.jpg/200px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Gangsa_-_Kalinga_people_in_Philippines_-_Collected_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Gangsa_-_Kalinga_people_in_Philippines_-_Collected_in_2008.jpg/300px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Gangsa_-_Kalinga_people_in_Philippines_-_Collected_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Gangsa_-_Kalinga_people_in_Philippines_-_Collected_in_2008.jpg/400px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Gangsa_-_Kalinga_people_in_Philippines_-_Collected_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gangsa gongs of the Kalinga people</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulintang_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kulintang gongs of the Maranao people"><img alt="Kulintang gongs of the Maranao people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kulintang_04.jpg/200px-Kulintang_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kulintang_04.jpg/300px-Kulintang_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kulintang_04.jpg/400px-Kulintang_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kulintang gongs of the Maranao people</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sword_making"><span class="anchor" id="Blade_arts"></span>Sword making</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sword making"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_weaponry" title="List of Filipino weaponry">List of Filipino weaponry</a></div> <p>Filipino <a href="/wiki/Bladesmith" title="Bladesmith">bladesmiths</a> have been creating <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> and other bladed weapons for centuries. Many swords are made for ceremonies and agriculture, and others are used for warfare. The best-known Filipino sword is the <a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">kampilan</a>, a sharp blade with a spikelet one the flat side of the tip and a <a href="/wiki/Hilt" title="Hilt">pommel</a> depicting one of four sacred creatures: a <i><a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">bakunawa</a></i> (dragon), a <i>buaya</i> (crocodile), a <i>kalaw</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rufous_hornbill" title="Rufous hornbill">hornbill</a>), or a <i>kakatua</i> (<a href="/wiki/Red-vented_cockatoo" title="Red-vented cockatoo">cockatoo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-old_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Filipino bladed weapons include the <a href="/wiki/Balarao" title="Balarao">balarao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balasiong" title="Balasiong">balasiong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balisong_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balisong (knife)">balisong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balisword" title="Balisword">balisword</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkung" title="Bangkung">bangkung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banyal" title="Banyal">banyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barong_(sword)" title="Barong (sword)">barong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas_(sword)" title="Batangas (sword)">batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahong_palay" title="Dahong palay">dahong palay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunong" title="Gunong">gunong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayang" title="Gayang">gayang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golok" title="Golok">golok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">kalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">karambit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panabas" title="Panabas">panabas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinut%C3%AD" title="Pinutí">pinutí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirah" title="Pirah">pirah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunong" title="Gunong">gunong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susuwat" title="Susuwat">susuwat</a>, tagan, and <a href="/wiki/Utak" title="Utak">utak</a>. A variety of spears (<a href="/wiki/Sibat" title="Sibat">sibat</a>), axes, darts (bagakay), and arrows (pana or busog) are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago,_Philippines,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_II.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kampilan sword from Sulu"><img alt="Kampilan sword from Sulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_II.JPG/126px-Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_II.JPG" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_II.JPG/189px-Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_II.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_II.JPG/252px-Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_II.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">Kampilan</a> sword from Sulu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basih_weapons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basih weapons"><img alt="Basih weapons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Basih_weapons.jpg/200px-Basih_weapons.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Basih_weapons.jpg/300px-Basih_weapons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Basih_weapons.jpg/400px-Basih_weapons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basih weapons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakan_ceremonial_sword_(panabas).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yakan ceremonial swords"><img alt="Yakan ceremonial swords" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Yakan_ceremonial_sword_%28panabas%29.jpg/200px-Yakan_ceremonial_sword_%28panabas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Yakan_ceremonial_sword_%28panabas%29.jpg/300px-Yakan_ceremonial_sword_%28panabas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Yakan_ceremonial_sword_%28panabas%29.jpg/400px-Yakan_ceremonial_sword_%28panabas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yakan ceremonial swords</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagobo_kampilan_and_Ifugao_headhunting-axes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lumad swords from Mindanao and Igorot axes from Luzon"><img alt="Lumad swords from Mindanao and Igorot axes from Luzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bagobo_kampilan_and_Ifugao_headhunting-axes.jpg/200px-Bagobo_kampilan_and_Ifugao_headhunting-axes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bagobo_kampilan_and_Ifugao_headhunting-axes.jpg/300px-Bagobo_kampilan_and_Ifugao_headhunting-axes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bagobo_kampilan_and_Ifugao_headhunting-axes.jpg/400px-Bagobo_kampilan_and_Ifugao_headhunting-axes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lumad swords from Mindanao and Igorot axes from Luzon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago,_Philippines,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalis sword from Sulu"><img alt="Kalis sword from Sulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/164px-Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/246px-Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/329px-Sword_from_the_Sulu_Archipelago%2C_Philippines%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2577" data-file-height="3136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">Kalis</a> sword from Sulu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Singapur,_Downtown_Core,_Muzeum_Cywilizacji_Azjatyckich,_Ekspozycja_(060).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moro swords"><img alt="Moro swords" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Muzeum_Cywilizacji_Azjatyckich%2C_Ekspozycja_%28060%29.jpg/200px-2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Muzeum_Cywilizacji_Azjatyckich%2C_Ekspozycja_%28060%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Muzeum_Cywilizacji_Azjatyckich%2C_Ekspozycja_%28060%29.jpg/300px-2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Muzeum_Cywilizacji_Azjatyckich%2C_Ekspozycja_%28060%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Muzeum_Cywilizacji_Azjatyckich%2C_Ekspozycja_%28060%29.jpg/400px-2016_Singapur%2C_Downtown_Core%2C_Muzeum_Cywilizacji_Azjatyckich%2C_Ekspozycja_%28060%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4404" data-file-height="3589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moro swords</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_5.png" class="mw-file-description" title="War, ceremonial, and fishing spears in the Philippines"><img alt="War, ceremonial, and fishing spears in the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_5.png/200px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_5.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_5.png/300px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_5.png/400px-Krieger_1926_Philippine_ethnic_weapons_Plate_5.png 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sibat" title="Sibat">War, ceremonial, and fishing spears</a> in the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumad_(Mandaya_and_T%27boli)_badao_daggers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lumad daggers in Mindanao"><img alt="Lumad daggers in Mindanao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lumad_%28Mandaya_and_T%27boli%29_badao_daggers.jpg/200px-Lumad_%28Mandaya_and_T%27boli%29_badao_daggers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lumad_%28Mandaya_and_T%27boli%29_badao_daggers.jpg/300px-Lumad_%28Mandaya_and_T%27boli%29_badao_daggers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lumad_%28Mandaya_and_T%27boli%29_badao_daggers.jpg/400px-Lumad_%28Mandaya_and_T%27boli%29_badao_daggers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lumad daggers in Mindanao</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_sword_luzon_vs_visayan_swords_b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Swords from Luzon and Visayas"><img alt="Swords from Luzon and Visayas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Filipino_sword_luzon_vs_visayan_swords_b.JPG/200px-Filipino_sword_luzon_vs_visayan_swords_b.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Filipino_sword_luzon_vs_visayan_swords_b.JPG/300px-Filipino_sword_luzon_vs_visayan_swords_b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Filipino_sword_luzon_vs_visayan_swords_b.JPG/400px-Filipino_sword_luzon_vs_visayan_swords_b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swords from Luzon and Visayas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradlyes_mayhem_3_4_5_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various balisongs"><img alt="Various balisongs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bradlyes_mayhem_3_4_5_6.jpg/200px-Bradlyes_mayhem_3_4_5_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bradlyes_mayhem_3_4_5_6.jpg/300px-Bradlyes_mayhem_3_4_5_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bradlyes_mayhem_3_4_5_6.jpg/400px-Bradlyes_mayhem_3_4_5_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various <a href="/wiki/Balisong_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balisong (knife)">balisongs</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visayan_swords_a_ginunting_b_to_c_talibong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various swords from the Visayas"><img alt="Various swords from the Visayas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Visayan_swords_a_ginunting_b_to_c_talibong.jpg/200px-Visayan_swords_a_ginunting_b_to_c_talibong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Visayan_swords_a_ginunting_b_to_c_talibong.jpg/300px-Visayan_swords_a_ginunting_b_to_c_talibong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Visayan_swords_a_ginunting_b_to_c_talibong.jpg/400px-Visayan_swords_a_ginunting_b_to_c_talibong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various swords from the Visayas</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Martial arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Filipino martial arts</a></div> <p>Filipino martial arts vary by ethnic group. The best-known is <a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">arnis</a> (also known as kali and eskrima) (the country's <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> and martial art), which has <a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">weapon-based fighting styles</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">sticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">knives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edged_and_bladed_weapons" title="Edged and bladed weapons">bladed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_weapon" title="Improvised weapon">improvised weapons</a> and open-hand techniques. Arnis has changed over time, and was also known as <i>estoque</i>, <i>estocada</i>, and <i>garrote</i> during Spanish colonization. The Spanish recorded it as called <i>paccalicali-t</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Ibanags" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibanags">Ibanags</a>, <i>didya</i> (or <i>kabaroan</i>) by the <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocanos</a>, <i>sitbatan</i> or <i>kalirongan</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinenses</a>, <i>sinawali</i> ("to weave") by the <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangans</a>, <i>calis</i> or <i>pananandata</i> ("use of weapons") by the Tagalogs, <i>pagaradman</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Ilonggos</a>, and <i>kaliradman</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuanos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epanolIbanag_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epanolIbanag-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unarmed martial-arts techniques include pangamot (the Bisaya), <a href="/wiki/Suntukan" title="Suntukan">suntukan</a> (the Tagalogs), <a href="/wiki/Sikaran" title="Sikaran">sikaran</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a> Tagalogs), <a href="/wiki/Dumog" title="Dumog">dumog</a> (the Karay-a), <a href="/wiki/Buno_(wrestling)" title="Buno (wrestling)">buno</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot people</a>), and yaw-yan. Martial-arts weapons include the baston (or olisi), <a href="/wiki/Bangkaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkaw">bangkaw</a> (or tongat), dulo-dulo, and tameng. Edged weapons include the daga (or cuchillo), <a href="/wiki/Gunong" title="Gunong">gunong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Punyal">punyal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barong_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barong (knife)">barung (or barong)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balisong_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balisong (knife)">balisong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">karambit</a> (with blades resembling tiger claws), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/espada#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:espada">espada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">kampilan</a>, ginunting, <a href="/wiki/Pinuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinuti">pinuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talibong" class="mw-redirect" title="Talibong">talibong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">itak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">kalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golok" title="Golok">golok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibat" title="Sibat">sibat</a>, sundang, lagaraw, ginunting, and pinunting. Flexible weapons include <a href="/wiki/Latigo_leather" title="Latigo leather">latigo</a>, buntot pagi, lubid, <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a>, cadena (or tanikala), and <a href="/wiki/Tabak-toyok" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabak-toyok">tabak-toyok</a>. Projectile weapons include the pana, sibat, sumpit, bagakay, tirador (or pintik or saltik), kana, <a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">lantaka</a>, and luthang.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related martial arts include <a href="/wiki/Kuntao" title="Kuntao">kuntaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Sagayan_at_14th_AF-AFC_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagayan, a war dance depicting the martial arts used in the Darangen"><img alt="Sagayan, a war dance depicting the martial arts used in the Darangen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Sagayan_at_14th_AF-AFC_07.JPG/200px-Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Sagayan_at_14th_AF-AFC_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Sagayan_at_14th_AF-AFC_07.JPG/300px-Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Sagayan_at_14th_AF-AFC_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Sagayan_at_14th_AF-AFC_07.JPG/400px-Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Sagayan_at_14th_AF-AFC_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sagayan" title="Sagayan">Sagayan</a>, a war dance depicting the martial arts used in the <a href="/wiki/Darangen" title="Darangen">Darangen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalasag, shields used in Filipino warfare"><img alt="Kalasag, shields used in Filipino warfare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_%26_Lumad_Shields_%26_Knives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kalasag" title="Kalasag">Kalasag</a>, shields used in Filipino warfare</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terry_Lim%27s_Kali_Seminar_with_Maurice_Ruiz_and_Ben_Poon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arnis being taught in Australia"><img alt="Arnis being taught in Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Terry_Lim%27s_Kali_Seminar_with_Maurice_Ruiz_and_Ben_Poon.jpg/200px-Terry_Lim%27s_Kali_Seminar_with_Maurice_Ruiz_and_Ben_Poon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Terry_Lim%27s_Kali_Seminar_with_Maurice_Ruiz_and_Ben_Poon.jpg/300px-Terry_Lim%27s_Kali_Seminar_with_Maurice_Ruiz_and_Ben_Poon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Terry_Lim%27s_Kali_Seminar_with_Maurice_Ruiz_and_Ben_Poon.jpg/400px-Terry_Lim%27s_Kali_Seminar_with_Maurice_Ruiz_and_Ben_Poon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="1564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a> being taught in Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambals_3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sambal warriors specializing in archery and falconry, recorded in the Boxer Codex"><img alt="Sambal warriors specializing in archery and falconry, recorded in the Boxer Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zambals_3.png/150px-Zambals_3.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zambals_3.png/225px-Zambals_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zambals_3.png/300px-Zambals_3.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a> warriors specializing in archery and falconry, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Siscon_sequence_grid.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Suntukan sequence"><img alt="Suntukan sequence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Peter_Siscon_sequence_grid.png/150px-Peter_Siscon_sequence_grid.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Peter_Siscon_sequence_grid.png/225px-Peter_Siscon_sequence_grid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Peter_Siscon_sequence_grid.png/300px-Peter_Siscon_sequence_grid.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Suntukan" title="Suntukan">Suntukan</a> sequence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Langka_Kuntao_at_14th_AF-AFC_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuntaw utilized in dance"><img alt="Kuntaw utilized in dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Langka_Kuntao_at_14th_AF-AFC_2.JPG/200px-Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Langka_Kuntao_at_14th_AF-AFC_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Langka_Kuntao_at_14th_AF-AFC_2.JPG/300px-Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Langka_Kuntao_at_14th_AF-AFC_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Langka_Kuntao_at_14th_AF-AFC_2.JPG/400px-Parangal_Dance_Co._performing_Langka_Kuntao_at_14th_AF-AFC_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kuntao" title="Kuntao">Kuntaw</a> utilized in dance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baras,Rizaljf5872_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue depicting the sikaran"><img alt="Statue depicting the sikaran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Baras%2CRizaljf5872_02.JPG/200px-Baras%2CRizaljf5872_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Baras%2CRizaljf5872_02.JPG/300px-Baras%2CRizaljf5872_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Baras%2CRizaljf5872_02.JPG/400px-Baras%2CRizaljf5872_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue depicting the <a href="/wiki/Sikaran" title="Sikaran">sikaran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandmaster_abaya.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Jendo[192]"><img alt="Jendo[192]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Grandmaster_abaya.gif/200px-Grandmaster_abaya.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Grandmaster_abaya.gif/300px-Grandmaster_abaya.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Grandmaster_abaya.gif/400px-Grandmaster_abaya.gif 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jendo<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuisine"><span class="anchor" id="Culinary_arts"></span>Cuisine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a> encompasses the country's more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic groups</a>. Most mainstream dishes are from the Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a>, Maranao, Pangasinan, Cebuano (or Bisaya), Tagalog, and Waray groups. The style of cooking and the associated foods have evolved over centuries from their <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> origins to a mixed cuisine with <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> influences.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dishes range the simple, such as fried salted fish and rice, to complex <a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">paellas</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cocido" title="Cocido">cocidos</a></i> for Spanish fiestas. Popular dishes include <i><a href="/wiki/Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">lechón</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-philstar.com_2015-1_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philstar.com_2015-1-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (whole roasted pig), <i><a href="/wiki/Longganisa#Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Longganisa">longganisa</a></i> (Philippine sausage), <i><a href="/wiki/Tapa_(Filipino_cuisine)" title="Tapa (Filipino cuisine)">tapa</a></i> (cured beef), <i><a href="/wiki/Torta" title="Torta">torta</a></i> (omelette), <i><a href="/wiki/Adobo_(Filipino_cuisine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobo (Filipino cuisine)">adobo</a></i> (chicken or pork <a href="/wiki/Braised" class="mw-redirect" title="Braised">braised</a> in garlic, vinegar, oil and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, or cooked until dry), <i><a href="/wiki/Kaldereta" title="Kaldereta">kaldereta</a></i> (meat stewed in tomato sauce), <i><a href="/wiki/Mechado" title="Mechado">mechado</a></i> (fatty beef in a soy-tomato sauce), <i><a href="/wiki/Puchero" title="Puchero">puchero</a></i> (beef in a banana-and-tomato sauce), <i>afritada</i> (chicken or pork simmered in tomato sauce with vegetables), <i><a href="/wiki/Kare-kare" title="Kare-kare">kare-kare</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxtail" title="Oxtail">oxtail</a> and vegetables cooked in <a href="/wiki/Peanut_sauce" title="Peanut sauce">peanut sauce</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Pinakbet" title="Pinakbet">pinakbet</a></i> (kabocha squash, eggplant, beans, okra, and tomato stew flavored with shrimp paste), <i><a href="/wiki/Crispy_pata" title="Crispy pata">crispy pata</a></i> (deep-fried pig's leg), <i>hamonado</i> (pork sweetened in pineapple sauce), <i><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">sinigang</a></i> (meat or seafood in a sour broth), <i><a href="/wiki/Pancit" title="Pancit">pancit</a></i> (noodles), and <i><a href="/wiki/Lumpia" title="Lumpia">lumpia</a></i> (fresh or fried spring rolls).<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Food.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A variety of Filipino food, including kare-kare, pinakbet, dinuguan, and crispy pata"><img alt="A variety of Filipino food, including kare-kare, pinakbet, dinuguan, and crispy pata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philippine_Food.jpg/200px-Philippine_Food.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philippine_Food.jpg/300px-Philippine_Food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philippine_Food.jpg/400px-Philippine_Food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A variety of Filipino food, including <a href="/wiki/Kare-kare" title="Kare-kare">kare-kare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinakbet" title="Pinakbet">pinakbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinuguan" title="Dinuguan">dinuguan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crispy_pata" title="Crispy pata">crispy pata</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapsilog_in_saudi_arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tapsilog, a common Filipino breakfast made of egg, rice, and beef or venison"><img alt="Tapsilog, a common Filipino breakfast made of egg, rice, and beef or venison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tapsilog_in_saudi_arabia.jpg/200px-Tapsilog_in_saudi_arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tapsilog_in_saudi_arabia.jpg/300px-Tapsilog_in_saudi_arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tapsilog_in_saudi_arabia.jpg/400px-Tapsilog_in_saudi_arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tapsilog" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapsilog">Tapsilog</a>, a common Filipino breakfast made of egg, rice, and beef or <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Authentic_Kapampangan_Sisig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sisig, usually served in scorching metal plates"><img alt="Sisig, usually served in scorching metal plates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Authentic_Kapampangan_Sisig.jpg/200px-Authentic_Kapampangan_Sisig.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Authentic_Kapampangan_Sisig.jpg/300px-Authentic_Kapampangan_Sisig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Authentic_Kapampangan_Sisig.jpg/400px-Authentic_Kapampangan_Sisig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sisig" title="Sisig">Sisig</a>, usually served in scorching metal plates</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_bibinka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bibingka, a popular Christmas rice cake with salted egg and grated coconut toppings"><img alt="Bibingka, a popular Christmas rice cake with salted egg and grated coconut toppings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Large_bibinka.jpg/200px-Large_bibinka.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Large_bibinka.jpg/300px-Large_bibinka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Large_bibinka.jpg/400px-Large_bibinka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bibingka" title="Bibingka">Bibingka</a>, a popular Christmas rice cake with salted egg and grated coconut toppings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halo_halo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halo-halo, a common Filipino dessert or summer snack"><img alt="Halo-halo, a common Filipino dessert or summer snack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halo_halo1.jpg/200px-Halo_halo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halo_halo1.jpg/300px-Halo_halo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halo_halo1.jpg/400px-Halo_halo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halo-halo" title="Halo-halo">Halo-halo</a>, a common Filipino dessert or summer snack</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_Adobo_over_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicken adobo on rice"><img alt="Chicken adobo on rice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chicken_Adobo_over_rice.jpg/200px-Chicken_Adobo_over_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chicken_Adobo_over_rice.jpg/300px-Chicken_Adobo_over_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chicken_Adobo_over_rice.jpg/400px-Chicken_Adobo_over_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chicken <a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">adobo</a> on rice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:08757jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_foodsfvf_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinigang, a sour soup with meat and vegetables"><img alt="Sinigang, a sour soup with meat and vegetables" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/08757jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_foodsfvf_31.jpg/200px-08757jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_foodsfvf_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/08757jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_foodsfvf_31.jpg/300px-08757jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_foodsfvf_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/08757jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_foodsfvf_31.jpg/400px-08757jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_foodsfvf_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a>, a sour soup with meat and vegetables</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2144Paang_Bundok,_La_Loma,_Quezon_City_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lechon, whole roasted pig, stuffed with spices"><img alt="Lechon, whole roasted pig, stuffed with spices" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2144Paang_Bundok%2C_La_Loma%2C_Quezon_City_46.jpg/200px-2144Paang_Bundok%2C_La_Loma%2C_Quezon_City_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2144Paang_Bundok%2C_La_Loma%2C_Quezon_City_46.jpg/300px-2144Paang_Bundok%2C_La_Loma%2C_Quezon_City_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2144Paang_Bundok%2C_La_Loma%2C_Quezon_City_46.jpg/400px-2144Paang_Bundok%2C_La_Loma%2C_Quezon_City_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">Lechon</a>, whole roasted pig, stuffed with spices</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others"><span class="anchor" id="Other_traditional_arts"></span>Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shell crafts are common, due to the variety of mollusk shells available. The country's shell industry emphasizes crafts made of <a href="/wiki/Windowpane_oyster" title="Windowpane oyster">capiz shells</a>, which are seen in a variety of products including <a href="/wiki/Capiz_shell_window" title="Capiz shell window">capiz-shell windows</a>, statues, and lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-oneocean.org_shell_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneocean.org_shell-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lantern-making is also a traditional art form which began after the introduction of Christianity, and many lanterns (locally known as <i>parol</i>) are in Filipino streets and in front of houses for the Christmas season (which begins in September and ends in January, the world's longest Christmas season). The <a href="/wiki/Giant_Lantern_Festival" title="Giant Lantern Festival">Giant Lantern Festival</a>, which also celebrates Christmas, features large lanterns made by Filipino artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a> are popular during the New Year celebrations and the Christmas season. The Philippines has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_International_Pyromusical_Competition" title="Philippine International Pyromusical Competition">Philippine International Pyromusical Competition</a>, the world's largest pyrotechnic competition (previously known as the World Pyro Olympics) since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">Lacquerware</a> is a less-common art form. Filipino researchers are studying the possibility of turning coconut oil into lacquer.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paper arts are common in many communities; examples include the <a href="/wiki/Taka_(paper_mache)" title="Taka (paper mache)">taka</a> <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> of Laguna and the <a href="/wiki/Pabalat" title="Pabalat">pabalat</a> of Bulacan.<sup id="cite_ref-varsitarian.net_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varsitarian.net-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A form of leaf-folding art is puni, which uses palm leaves to create forms such as birds and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-varsitarian.net_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varsitarian.net-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bamboo art is also common, with products including kitchen utensils, toys, furniture, and musical instruments such as the Las Piñas <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Organ" title="Bamboo Organ">Bamboo Organ</a> (the world's only organ made of bamboo).<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>bulakaykay</i>, bamboo is bristled to create large arches.<sup id="cite_ref-varsitarian.net_201-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varsitarian.net-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a> is popular for festivals, birthdays, and <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">Undas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaf speech (language and meaning) is popular among the Dumagat people, who use leaves to express themselves and send secret messages.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> and its related healing arts are found throughout the country, with each ethnic group having its unique concepts of shamanism and healing. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_shamans" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine shamans">Philippine shamans</a> are regarded as sacred by their ethnic groups. The introduction of Abrahamic religions (Islam and Christianity) suppressed many shamanitic traditions, with Spanish and American colonizers demeaning native beliefs during the colonial era. Shamans and their practices continue in some parts of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of constellation and cosmic reading and interpretation is a fundamental tradition among all Filipino ethnic groups, and the stars are used to interpret for communities to conduct farming, fishing, festivities, and other important activities. Notable constellations include Balatik and Moroporo.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another cosmic reading is the utilization of earthly monuments, such as the Gueday stone calendar of Besao, which locals use to see the arrival of <i>kasilapet</i> (the end of the current agricultural season and the beginning of the next one).<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayombong_Church_Nueva_Vizcaya_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from a Capiz-shell window"><img alt="View from a Capiz-shell window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bayombong_Church_Nueva_Vizcaya_1.jpg/134px-Bayombong_Church_Nueva_Vizcaya_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bayombong_Church_Nueva_Vizcaya_1.jpg/201px-Bayombong_Church_Nueva_Vizcaya_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bayombong_Church_Nueva_Vizcaya_1.jpg/268px-Bayombong_Church_Nueva_Vizcaya_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="3055" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from a <a href="/wiki/Capiz_shell_window" title="Capiz shell window">Capiz-shell window</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Typical_Philippine_shell_hanging_lamp..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical shell lamp in the Philippines"><img alt="Typical shell lamp in the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Typical_Philippine_shell_hanging_lamp..JPG/133px-Typical_Philippine_shell_hanging_lamp..JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Typical_Philippine_shell_hanging_lamp..JPG/200px-Typical_Philippine_shell_hanging_lamp..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Typical_Philippine_shell_hanging_lamp..JPG/267px-Typical_Philippine_shell_hanging_lamp..JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical shell lamp in the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GLFjf1446_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A huge lantern during the Giant Lantern Festival"><img alt="A huge lantern during the Giant Lantern Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/GLFjf1446_04.JPG/200px-GLFjf1446_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/GLFjf1446_04.JPG/300px-GLFjf1446_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/GLFjf1446_04.JPG/400px-GLFjf1446_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A huge lantern during the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Lantern_Festival" title="Giant Lantern Festival">Giant Lantern Festival</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trio_of_traditional_parols.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional bamboo and paper lanterns, sometimes made with bamboo and capiz shells as well"><img alt="Traditional bamboo and paper lanterns, sometimes made with bamboo and capiz shells as well" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trio_of_traditional_parols.jpg/150px-Trio_of_traditional_parols.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trio_of_traditional_parols.jpg/225px-Trio_of_traditional_parols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trio_of_traditional_parols.jpg/300px-Trio_of_traditional_parols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional bamboo and paper lanterns, sometimes made with bamboo and capiz shells as well</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parol_na_kayab2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional leaf lantern"><img alt="Traditional leaf lantern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Parol_na_kayab2.jpg/200px-Parol_na_kayab2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Parol_na_kayab2.jpg/300px-Parol_na_kayab2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Parol_na_kayab2.jpg/400px-Parol_na_kayab2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional leaf lantern</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_taka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taka, a type of papier-mâché art in Laguna"><img alt="Taka, a type of papier-mâché art in Laguna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horse_taka.jpg/200px-Horse_taka.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Horse_taka.jpg/300px-Horse_taka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Horse_taka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taka_(paper_mache)" title="Taka (paper mache)">Taka</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> art in Laguna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7474Photos_taken_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Baliuag,_Bulacan_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One form of sampaguita garland-making"><img alt="One form of sampaguita garland-making" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/7474Photos_taken_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Baliuag%2C_Bulacan_32.jpg/200px-7474Photos_taken_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Baliuag%2C_Bulacan_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/7474Photos_taken_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Baliuag%2C_Bulacan_32.jpg/300px-7474Photos_taken_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Baliuag%2C_Bulacan_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/7474Photos_taken_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Baliuag%2C_Bulacan_32.jpg/400px-7474Photos_taken_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Baliuag%2C_Bulacan_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One form of sampaguita garland-making</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_Organ,_Las_Pinas,_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Las Piñas Bamboo Organ (1824), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Las Piñas Bamboo Organ (1824), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bamboo_Organ%2C_Las_Pinas%2C_Manila.jpg/200px-Bamboo_Organ%2C_Las_Pinas%2C_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bamboo_Organ%2C_Las_Pinas%2C_Manila.jpg/300px-Bamboo_Organ%2C_Las_Pinas%2C_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bamboo_Organ%2C_Las_Pinas%2C_Manila.jpg/400px-Bamboo_Organ%2C_Las_Pinas%2C_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as_Bamboo_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Piñas Bamboo Organ">Las Piñas Bamboo Organ</a> (1824), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-traditional_arts">Non-traditional arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Non-traditional arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-traditional arts include dance, music, theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, architecture and allied arts, and design.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinguished artist is inducted as a <a href="/wiki/National_Artist_of_the_Philippines" title="National Artist of the Philippines">National Artist of the Philippines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance in the Philippines</a> includes choreography, direction, and performance. Philippine dance is influenced by the country's folk performing arts and its Hispanic traditions; a number of styles also have global influences. Igorot dances such as banga,<sup id="cite_ref-seasite_niu_cordillera_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seasite_niu_cordillera-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moro dances such as <a href="/wiki/Pangalay" title="Pangalay">pangalay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">singkil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-seasite_niu_mindanao_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seasite_niu_mindanao-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a> dances such as kuntaw, kadal taho and lawin-lawin, and Hispanic dances such as <a href="/wiki/Maglalatik" title="Maglalatik">maglalatik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subli" title="Subli">subli</a> have been incorporated into contemporary Filipino dance.<sup id="cite_ref-santos_folk_dances_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santos_folk_dances-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snodgrass_ewfd_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snodgrass_ewfd-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccp_enc_dance_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccp_enc_dance-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinfonia.or.jp_hot_spots_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinfonia.or.jp_hot_spots-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ballet has been popular since the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" title="Pinoy hip hop">Pinoy hip hop</a> music has influenced dances, a number of which have adopted global standards of hip hop and break dances.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filipinos choreograph traditional and Westernized dances, with some companies focusing on Hispanic and traditional dance.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinulog5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancers during the Sinulog Festival"><img alt="Dancers during the Sinulog Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinulog5.jpg/200px-Sinulog5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinulog5.jpg/300px-Sinulog5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sinulog5.jpg/400px-Sinulog5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancers during the <a href="/wiki/Sinulog_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinulog Festival">Sinulog Festival</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_Dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipinos performing Hispanic dances in an international stage"><img alt="Filipinos performing Hispanic dances in an international stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Filipino_Dancers.jpg/150px-Filipino_Dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Filipino_Dancers.jpg/225px-Filipino_Dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Filipino_Dancers.jpg/300px-Filipino_Dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filipinos performing Hispanic dances in an international stage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_dance_during_pamulinawen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancers during the Pamulinawen"><img alt="Dancers during the Pamulinawen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Traditional_dance_during_pamulinawen.jpg/200px-Traditional_dance_during_pamulinawen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Traditional_dance_during_pamulinawen.jpg/300px-Traditional_dance_during_pamulinawen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Traditional_dance_during_pamulinawen.jpg/400px-Traditional_dance_during_pamulinawen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancers during the Pamulinawen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_folk_dancers_Pistahan_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Performers of Moro dances in an international stage"><img alt="Performers of Moro dances in an international stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Filipino_folk_dancers_Pistahan_festival.jpg/200px-Filipino_folk_dancers_Pistahan_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Filipino_folk_dancers_Pistahan_festival.jpg/300px-Filipino_folk_dancers_Pistahan_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Filipino_folk_dancers_Pistahan_festival.jpg/400px-Filipino_folk_dancers_Pistahan_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="1846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Performers of Moro dances in an international stage</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music of the Philippines</a></div> <p>Musical composition, direction, and performance are central to non-traditional music. The basis of Filipino music is the heritage of the country's many ethnic groups, some of whom have been influenced by other Asian and Western music (primarily Hispanic and American). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_music" title="Philippine folk music">Philippine folk music</a> includes the chanting of epic poems such as <i><a href="/wiki/Darangen" title="Darangen">Darangen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_ni_Aliguyon" title="Hudhud ni Aliguyon">Hudhud ni Aliguyon</a></i>, and singing the <a href="/wiki/Harana_(serenade)" title="Harana (serenade)">Harana serenade</a>. Musical genres include the <a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_reggae" title="Pinoy reggae">Pinoy reggae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Pinoy rock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_pop" title="Pinoy pop">Pinoy pop</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tagonggo" title="Tagonggo">Tagonggo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kapanirong,<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">kulintang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">kundiman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FHL_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHL-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">bisrock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" title="Pinoy hip hop">Pinoy hip hop</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Sound.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir music"><img alt="Choir music" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/One_Sound.jpg/200px-One_Sound.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/One_Sound.jpg/300px-One_Sound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/One_Sound.jpg/400px-One_Sound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir music</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PUPLHS_Chorale_-_Committed_Concert_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PUP Chorale"><img alt="PUP Chorale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PUPLHS_Chorale_-_Committed_Concert_2012.jpg/200px-PUPLHS_Chorale_-_Committed_Concert_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PUPLHS_Chorale_-_Committed_Concert_2012.jpg/300px-PUPLHS_Chorale_-_Committed_Concert_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PUPLHS_Chorale_-_Committed_Concert_2012.jpg/400px-PUPLHS_Chorale_-_Committed_Concert_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PUP Chorale</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Madrigal_Singers_(CCP_Main_Theater,_2016-10-08).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers"><img alt="University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Philippine_Madrigal_Singers_%28CCP_Main_Theater%2C_2016-10-08%29.jpg/200px-Philippine_Madrigal_Singers_%28CCP_Main_Theater%2C_2016-10-08%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Philippine_Madrigal_Singers_%28CCP_Main_Theater%2C_2016-10-08%29.jpg/300px-Philippine_Madrigal_Singers_%28CCP_Main_Theater%2C_2016-10-08%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Philippine_Madrigal_Singers_%28CCP_Main_Theater%2C_2016-10-08%29.jpg/400px-Philippine_Madrigal_Singers_%28CCP_Main_Theater%2C_2016-10-08%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3823" data-file-height="2549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Madrigal_Singers" title="University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers">University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_culture_harana_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of harana"><img alt="Depiction of harana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Philippine_culture_harana_0.jpg/200px-Philippine_culture_harana_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Philippine_culture_harana_0.jpg/300px-Philippine_culture_harana_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Philippine_culture_harana_0.jpg/400px-Philippine_culture_harana_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Harana_(serenade)" title="Harana (serenade)">harana</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theater has a long history, and includes direction, performance, production design, light and sound design, and playwriting are the focal arts. It is Austronesian in character, evidenced by ritual, mimetic dances. Spanish culture has influenced Filipino theater and drama: the komedya, sinakulo, playlets, and sarswela. <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Carrillo_(puppetry)" title="Carrillo (puppetry)">carrillo</a></i>, is another theater art.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglo-American theater has influenced <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_in_the_Philippines" title="Vaudeville in the Philippines">bodabil</a>. Modern, original plays by Filipinos have also influenced the country's theater.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangdugong_Panaguinip.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Promotion for the opera, Sangdugong Panaguinip (1902)"><img alt="Promotion for the opera, Sangdugong Panaguinip (1902)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sangdugong_Panaguinip.jpg/123px-Sangdugong_Panaguinip.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sangdugong_Panaguinip.jpg/184px-Sangdugong_Panaguinip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Sangdugong_Panaguinip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Promotion for the opera, <i>Sangdugong Panaguinip</i> (1902)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CCP-Tanghalang_Aurelio_Tolentino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater)"><img alt="Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CCP-Tanghalang_Aurelio_Tolentino.jpg/200px-CCP-Tanghalang_Aurelio_Tolentino.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CCP-Tanghalang_Aurelio_Tolentino.jpg/300px-CCP-Tanghalang_Aurelio_Tolentino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CCP-Tanghalang_Aurelio_Tolentino.jpg/400px-CCP-Tanghalang_Aurelio_Tolentino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3549" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tanghalang_Pambansa" title="Tanghalang Pambansa">Tanghalang Pambansa</a> (National Theater)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEU_Auditorium.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="FEU's Art-deco style Auditorium"><img alt="FEU's Art-deco style Auditorium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FEU_Auditorium.JPG/200px-FEU_Auditorium.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FEU_Auditorium.JPG/300px-FEU_Auditorium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FEU_Auditorium.JPG/400px-FEU_Auditorium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_University#FEU_Auditorium" title="Far Eastern University">FEU's Art-deco style Auditorium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Metropolitan_Theater_or_MET.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila Metropolitan Theater, a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Manila Metropolitan Theater, a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Manila_Metropolitan_Theater_or_MET.jpg/200px-Manila_Metropolitan_Theater_or_MET.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Manila_Metropolitan_Theater_or_MET.jpg/300px-Manila_Metropolitan_Theater_or_MET.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Manila_Metropolitan_Theater_or_MET.jpg/400px-Manila_Metropolitan_Theater_or_MET.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manila_Metropolitan_Theater" title="Manila Metropolitan Theater">Manila Metropolitan Theater</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visual arts include painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed-media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Painting">Painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_painters" title="List of Filipino painters">List of Filipino painters</a></div> <p>Folk painting has always been part of Filipino culture.<sup id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petroglyphs and petrographs, the earliest known folk drawings and paintings, originated during the Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human figures, frogs, lizards, and other designs were depicted. They may have been primarily symbolic, associated with healing and <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">sympathetic magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Asian and Western cultures influenced the art of painting. From the 16th century to the end of the colonial period, religious paintings were used to spread Catholicism. Most were part of churches, such as ceilings and walls. Non-religious paintings were also known.<sup id="cite_ref-wiziq1_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiziq1-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable works include <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Porta_Vaga" title="Our Lady of Porta Vaga">Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga</a></i> (1692)<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and paintings at Camarin de da Virgen (1720).<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wealthy, educated Filipinos introduced secular art during the 19th century. The number of watercolour paintings increased, and subjects began to include landscapes, Filipino people and fashion, and government officials. Portraits included self-portraits, Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. Landscape paintings depicted ordinary Filipinos participating in daily life. The paintings, often ornately signed, were made on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-wiziq1_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiziq1-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watercolours were painted in the <a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a><sup id="cite_ref-slideshare_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slideshare-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable 19th-century oil paintings include <a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain#Basi_Revolt_(1807)" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Basi Revolt</a> paintings, <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_the_Apostle_Parish_Church_(Paete)" title="Saint James the Apostle Parish Church (Paete)">Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol</a></i> (1852), <i><a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a></i> (1884), <i><a href="/wiki/La_Bulaque%C3%B1a" title="La Bulaqueña">La Bulaqueña</a></i> (1895), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Parisian_Life_(painting)" title="The Parisian Life (painting)">The Parisian Life</a></i> (1892).<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable modern painting s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Progress_of_Medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines">The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines</a></i> (1953).<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, paintings were influenced by the effects of war. Common themes included battle scenes, destruction, and the suffering of the Filipino people.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalistic themes included <i>International Rice Research Institute</i> (1962) and the Manila Mural (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twentieth- and 21st-century paintings have showcased native Filipino cultures as part of the spread of nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable paintings during the era include <i><a href="/wiki/Anita_Magsaysay-Ho" title="Anita Magsaysay-Ho">Chickens</a></i> (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Abdulmari_Imao" title="Abdulmari Imao">Sarimanok series</a></i> (late 20th century).<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some works have criticized lingering colonial viewpoints such as discrimination against darker-skinned people and the negative effects of colonialism; examples are <i><a href="/wiki/Pacita_Abad" title="Pacita Abad">Filipina: A racial identity crisis</a></i> (1990s)<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Borlongan" title="Elmer Borlongan">The Brown Man's Burden</a></i> (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of works have protested against state authoritarian rule, human-rights violations, and fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Official_Portrait_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude_of_Porta_Vaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga, a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga, a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016_Official_Portrait_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude_of_Porta_Vaga.jpg/161px-2016_Official_Portrait_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude_of_Porta_Vaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016_Official_Portrait_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude_of_Porta_Vaga.jpg/241px-2016_Official_Portrait_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude_of_Porta_Vaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016_Official_Portrait_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude_of_Porta_Vaga.jpg/322px-2016_Official_Portrait_of_Our_Lady_of_Solitude_of_Porta_Vaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16887" data-file-height="21000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Porta_Vaga" title="Our Lady of Porta Vaga">Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claveria_visit_to_NC_Feb_16_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The visit of Gov.-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua at Nueva Caceres (1845)"><img alt="The visit of Gov.-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua at Nueva Caceres (1845)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Claveria_visit_to_NC_Feb_16_1845.jpg/200px-Claveria_visit_to_NC_Feb_16_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Claveria_visit_to_NC_Feb_16_1845.jpg/300px-Claveria_visit_to_NC_Feb_16_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Claveria_visit_to_NC_Feb_16_1845.jpg/400px-Claveria_visit_to_NC_Feb_16_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Honorato_Lozano" title="José Honorato Lozano">The visit of Gov.-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua at Nueva Caceres</a></i> (1845)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basi_Revolt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basi Revolt (1807), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Basi Revolt (1807), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Basi_Revolt.jpg/200px-Basi_Revolt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Basi_Revolt.jpg/300px-Basi_Revolt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Basi_Revolt.jpg/399px-Basi_Revolt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Basi_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Basi Revolt">Basi Revolt</a></i> (1807), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidalgo%27s_The_Assassination_of_Governor_General_Bustamante.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assassination of Governor Bustamante and His Son (1904), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="The Assassination of Governor Bustamante and His Son (1904), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hidalgo%27s_The_Assassination_of_Governor_General_Bustamante.jpg/161px-Hidalgo%27s_The_Assassination_of_Governor_General_Bustamante.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hidalgo%27s_The_Assassination_of_Governor_General_Bustamante.jpg/241px-Hidalgo%27s_The_Assassination_of_Governor_General_Bustamante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hidalgo%27s_The_Assassination_of_Governor_General_Bustamante.jpg/322px-Hidalgo%27s_The_Assassination_of_Governor_General_Bustamante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Resurrecci%C3%B3n_Hidalgo" title="Félix Resurrección Hidalgo">The Assassination of Governor Bustamante and His Son</a></i> (1904), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parisian_Life_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Parisian Life (Interior d'un Cafi) (1892), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="The Parisian Life (Interior d'un Cafi) (1892), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Parisian_Life_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/200px-The_Parisian_Life_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Parisian_Life_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/300px-The_Parisian_Life_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Parisian_Life_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/400px-The_Parisian_Life_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Parisian_Life_(painting)" title="The Parisian Life (painting)">The Parisian Life (Interior d'un Cafi)</a></i> (1892), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabian_de_la_Rosa,_Women_working_in_a_rice_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women working in a rice field (1902)"><img alt="Women working in a rice field (1902)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fabian_de_la_Rosa%2C_Women_working_in_a_rice_field.jpg/200px-Fabian_de_la_Rosa%2C_Women_working_in_a_rice_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fabian_de_la_Rosa%2C_Women_working_in_a_rice_field.jpg/300px-Fabian_de_la_Rosa%2C_Women_working_in_a_rice_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fabian_de_la_Rosa%2C_Women_working_in_a_rice_field.jpg/400px-Fabian_de_la_Rosa%2C_Women_working_in_a_rice_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Fabi%C3%A1n_de_la_Rosa" title="Fabián de la Rosa">Women working in a rice field</a></i> (1902)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_Painting_Letras_y_Figuras_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting utilizing the Letras y figuras technique (1847)"><img alt="Painting utilizing the Letras y figuras technique (1847)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Filipino_Painting_Letras_y_Figuras_0.jpg/200px-Filipino_Painting_Letras_y_Figuras_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Filipino_Painting_Letras_y_Figuras_0.jpg/300px-Filipino_Painting_Letras_y_Figuras_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Filipino_Painting_Letras_y_Figuras_0.jpg/400px-Filipino_Painting_Letras_y_Figuras_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a> technique (1847)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleopatra,_por_Juan_Luna_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Death of Cleopatra (1881)"><img alt="The Death of Cleopatra (1881)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cleopatra%2C_por_Juan_Luna_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/200px-Cleopatra%2C_por_Juan_Luna_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cleopatra%2C_por_Juan_Luna_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/300px-Cleopatra%2C_por_Juan_Luna_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cleopatra%2C_por_Juan_Luna_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/400px-Cleopatra%2C_por_Juan_Luna_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Cleopatra" title="The Death of Cleopatra">The Death of Cleopatra</a></i> (1881)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luna_damas-romanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Las Damas Romanas (1882)"><img alt="Las Damas Romanas (1882)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luna_damas-romanas.jpg/200px-Luna_damas-romanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luna_damas-romanas.jpg/300px-Luna_damas-romanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luna_damas-romanas.jpg/400px-Luna_damas-romanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="2135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Damas_Romanas" title="Las Damas Romanas">Las Damas Romanas</a></i> (1882)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camarin_Entrance2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the Camarin de la Virgen (1720–1725), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Entrance of the Camarin de la Virgen (1720–1725), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Camarin_Entrance2.jpg/148px-Camarin_Entrance2.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Camarin_Entrance2.jpg/222px-Camarin_Entrance2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Camarin_Entrance2.jpg/296px-Camarin_Entrance2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the Camarin de la Virgen (1720–1725), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_Paintings_10_Nuestra_Sra._del_Carmen_Parish_Church,_Balilihan,_Bohol_(100_dpi)_(14802959169).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balilihan Church ceiling"><img alt="Balilihan Church ceiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ceiling_Paintings_10_Nuestra_Sra._del_Carmen_Parish_Church%2C_Balilihan%2C_Bohol_%28100_dpi%29_%2814802959169%29.jpg/200px-Ceiling_Paintings_10_Nuestra_Sra._del_Carmen_Parish_Church%2C_Balilihan%2C_Bohol_%28100_dpi%29_%2814802959169%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ceiling_Paintings_10_Nuestra_Sra._del_Carmen_Parish_Church%2C_Balilihan%2C_Bohol_%28100_dpi%29_%2814802959169%29.jpg/300px-Ceiling_Paintings_10_Nuestra_Sra._del_Carmen_Parish_Church%2C_Balilihan%2C_Bohol_%28100_dpi%29_%2814802959169%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ceiling_Paintings_10_Nuestra_Sra._del_Carmen_Parish_Church%2C_Balilihan%2C_Bohol_%28100_dpi%29_%2814802959169%29.jpg/400px-Ceiling_Paintings_10_Nuestra_Sra._del_Carmen_Parish_Church%2C_Balilihan%2C_Bohol_%28100_dpi%29_%2814802959169%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balilihan Church ceiling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary%27,_retablo_from_the_Philippines,_19th-20th_century,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of the Rosary retablo"><img alt="Our Lady of the Rosary retablo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%27Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary%27%2C_retablo_from_the_Philippines%2C_19th-20th_century%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/136px-%27Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary%27%2C_retablo_from_the_Philippines%2C_19th-20th_century%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%27Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary%27%2C_retablo_from_the_Philippines%2C_19th-20th_century%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/204px-%27Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary%27%2C_retablo_from_the_Philippines%2C_19th-20th_century%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%27Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary%27%2C_retablo_from_the_Philippines%2C_19th-20th_century%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG/272px-%27Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary%27%2C_retablo_from_the_Philippines%2C_19th-20th_century%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="3462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Our Lady of the Rosary</i> <a href="/wiki/Retablo" title="Retablo">retablo</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sculpture is popular in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable sculptures include <i><a href="/wiki/Oblation_(statue)" title="Oblation (statue)">Oblation</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Monument" title="Rizal Monument">Rizal Monument</a> to nationalist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tandang_Sora_National_Shrine" title="Tandang Sora National Shrine">Tandang Sora National Shrine</a> commemorating <a href="/wiki/Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora Aquino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mactan_Shrine" title="Mactan Shrine">Mactan Shrine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Monument" title="People Power Monument">People Power Monument</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Filipina_Comfort_Women" title="Filipina Comfort Women">Filipina Comfort Women</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Monument" title="Bonifacio Monument">Bonifacio Monument</a> commemorating <a href="/wiki/Andres_Bonifacio" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Bonifacio">Andres Bonifacio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FvfMuseum6545_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary and Child"><img alt="Mary and Child" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FvfMuseum6545_03.JPG/150px-FvfMuseum6545_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FvfMuseum6545_03.JPG/225px-FvfMuseum6545_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FvfMuseum6545_03.JPG/300px-FvfMuseum6545_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary and Child</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20161015_Titopao_Rizal_Monument_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rizal Monument (1913), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Rizal Monument (1913), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20161015_Titopao_Rizal_Monument_Closeup.jpg/133px-20161015_Titopao_Rizal_Monument_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20161015_Titopao_Rizal_Monument_Closeup.jpg/200px-20161015_Titopao_Rizal_Monument_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20161015_Titopao_Rizal_Monument_Closeup.jpg/266px-20161015_Titopao_Rizal_Monument_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Monument" title="Rizal Monument">Rizal Monument</a> (1913), a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_(Bonifacio_National_Monument).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bonifacio Monument (1933), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Bonifacio Monument (1933), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_%28Bonifacio_National_Monument%29.jpg/200px-Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_%28Bonifacio_National_Monument%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_%28Bonifacio_National_Monument%29.jpg/300px-Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_%28Bonifacio_National_Monument%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_%28Bonifacio_National_Monument%29.jpg/400px-Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_%28Bonifacio_National_Monument%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Monument" title="Bonifacio Monument">Bonifacio Monument</a> (1933), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FvfMuseumManila6766_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Commonwealth statue"><img alt="Commonwealth statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FvfMuseumManila6766_13.JPG/200px-FvfMuseumManila6766_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FvfMuseumManila6766_13.JPG/300px-FvfMuseumManila6766_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FvfMuseumManila6766_13.JPG/400px-FvfMuseumManila6766_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commonwealth statue</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_visual_arts">Other visual arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Photography in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Printmaking began in the Philippines after the country's religious orders – the Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits – began printing prayer books and inexpensive religious images (such as the Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ, or the saints) to spread Roman Catholicism. Maps were also printed, including the 1734 <a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a>. Printmaking has diversified to include woodblock printing and other forms.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photography began during the 1840s, and photos were used during the colonial era as media for news, tourism, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and other documentation, and as colonial propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After independence, photography became popular for personal and commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Sagrada_Familia_folleto_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Religious print used for colonialism in the Philippines, 1896"><img alt="Religious print used for colonialism in the Philippines, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/La_Sagrada_Familia_folleto_1896.jpg/150px-La_Sagrada_Familia_folleto_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/La_Sagrada_Familia_folleto_1896.jpg/225px-La_Sagrada_Familia_folleto_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/La_Sagrada_Familia_folleto_1896.jpg/300px-La_Sagrada_Familia_folleto_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Religious print used for colonialism in the Philippines, 1896</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An original copy of the printed Velarde map, 1734"><img alt="An original copy of the printed Velarde map, 1734" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An original copy of the printed <a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a>, 1734</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crayon_sketch_of_Leonor_Rivera_by_Rizal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonor Rivera crayon sketch (19th century)"><img alt="Leonor Rivera crayon sketch (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Crayon_sketch_of_Leonor_Rivera_by_Rizal.jpg/154px-Crayon_sketch_of_Leonor_Rivera_by_Rizal.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Crayon_sketch_of_Leonor_Rivera_by_Rizal.jpg/231px-Crayon_sketch_of_Leonor_Rivera_by_Rizal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Crayon_sketch_of_Leonor_Rivera_by_Rizal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonor Rivera crayon sketch (19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malolos_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malolos Congress photo (1898)"><img alt="Malolos Congress photo (1898)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/200px-Malolos_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/300px-Malolos_congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/400px-Malolos_congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)#The_Malolos_Revolutionary_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Malolos Congress</a> photo (1898)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-1863 lithograph photo of Malolos Cathedral"><img alt="Pre-1863 lithograph photo of Malolos Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg/200px-Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg/300px-Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg/400px-Pre-1863_Malolos_Church.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pre-1863 lithograph photo of <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Cathedral" title="Malolos Cathedral">Malolos Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Monkey_and_The_Turtle_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Third frame of the Filipino comic, The Monkey and The Turtle (1886)"><img alt="Third frame of the Filipino comic, The Monkey and The Turtle (1886)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Monkey_and_The_Turtle_3.jpg/200px-The_Monkey_and_The_Turtle_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Monkey_and_The_Turtle_3.jpg/300px-The_Monkey_and_The_Turtle_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Monkey_and_The_Turtle_3.jpg/400px-The_Monkey_and_The_Turtle_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Third frame of the Filipino comic, <i>The Monkey and The Turtle</i> (1886)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine literature</a></div> <p>Poetry, fiction, essays, and literary and art criticism are usually influenced by folk literature, which focuses on epics, ethnic mythology, and related stories and traditions. Calligraphy on a variety of media was used to create literary works; an example is <a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambahan" title="Ambahan">ambahan</a> poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial literature focused first on Spanish-language works, and then English-language works. From 1593 to 1800, most literature in the Philippines consisted of Spanish-language religious works; examples are <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i> (1593)<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenwald_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenwald-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Tagalog rendition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pasyon" title="Pasyon">Pasyon</a></i> (1704).<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial literature was also written in native languages, primarily religious and governmental works promoting colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-colonial Filipino literature was written by local authors as well; oral traditions were incorporated into works by Filipino writers, such as the 17th-century manuscript of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_literature" title="Ilocano literature">Ilocano</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a></i> was published in 1869, combining fiction with Asian and European themes.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1894,<sup id="cite_ref-Hosillos_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosillos-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ang Babai nga Huaran</i> (the first modern play in any Philippine language) was written in <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>. Spanish literature evolved into a nationalist stage from 1883 to 1903; <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADnay" title="Nínay">Nínay</a></i>, the first novel written by a Filipino, was published at this time. Literature critical of colonial rulers was published, such as the 1887 <i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i> and the 1891 <i><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first novel in Cebuano, <i>Maming</i>, was published in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The golden age of Spanish-language literature was from 1903 to 1966, and works in native languages and English were also popular. <i><a href="/wiki/Banaag_at_Sikat" title="Banaag at Sikat">Banaag at Sikat</a></i>, a 1906 novel, explores socialism, capitalism, and organized labor.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Filipino book written in English, <i>The Child of Sorrow</i>, was published in 1921. Early English literature is characterized by melodrama, figurative language, and an emphasis on local color.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later theme was the search for Filipino identity, reconciling Spanish and American influence with the Philippines' Asian heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portions of <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Claws_of_Brightness" title="In the Claws of Brightness">Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag</a></i> were published in 1966 and 1967, and were combined in a 1986 novel.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the martial-law era, works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(novel)" title="Dekada '70 (novel)">Dekada '70</a></i> (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Luha_ng_Buwaya" title="Luha ng Buwaya">Luha ng Buwaya</a></i> (1983) criticizing human-rights violations by those in power were published.<sup id="cite_ref-SH_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SH-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIJC_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIJC-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-first-century Filipino literature has explored history, global outlooks, equality, and nationalism. Major works include <i><a href="/wiki/Smaller_and_Smaller_Circles" title="Smaller and Smaller Circles">Smaller and Smaller Circles</a></i> (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-hidalgo79_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidalgo79-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ladlad</i> (2007),<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ilustrado</i> (2008),<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Insurrecto</i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctrina-cristiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doctrina Christiana, 1593"><img alt="Doctrina Christiana, 1593" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg/149px-Doctrina-cristiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg/223px-Doctrina-cristiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg/297px-Doctrina-cristiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i>, 1593</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florante_at_Laura_1913_cover.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Florante at Laura, originally published in 1869"><img alt="Florante at Laura, originally published in 1869" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Florante_at_Laura_1913_cover.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a></i>, originally published in 1869</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noli_Me_Tangere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noli Me Tángere, 1887"><img alt="Noli Me Tángere, 1887" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Noli_Me_Tangere.jpg/125px-Noli_Me_Tangere.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Noli_Me_Tangere.jpg/188px-Noli_Me_Tangere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Noli_Me_Tangere.jpg/250px-Noli_Me_Tangere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i>, 1887</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_page_of_El_filibusterismo_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El filibusterismo, 1891"><img alt="El filibusterismo, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_page_of_El_filibusterismo_manuscript.jpg/147px-First_page_of_El_filibusterismo_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_page_of_El_filibusterismo_manuscript.jpg/220px-First_page_of_El_filibusterismo_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_page_of_El_filibusterismo_manuscript.jpg/293px-First_page_of_El_filibusterismo_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i>, 1891</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_broadcast_arts">Film and broadcast arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Film and broadcast arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Philippine_films" title="Lists of Philippine films">Lists of Philippine films</a></div> <p>The film and broadcast arts focus on direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media. Filipino cinema began in 1897, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">moving pictures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. Foreign filmmakers worked in the country until 1919, when filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Nepomuceno" title="José Nepomuceno">José Nepomuceno</a> made the first Filipino film, <i><a href="/wiki/Dalagang_Bukid" title="Dalagang Bukid">Country Maiden</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in film as art had begun by the 1930s, with theatre an important influence. Films made during the 1940s were realistic, due to the occupation years of World War II. More artistic, mature films were produced a decade later.<sup id="cite_ref-curtain_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curtain-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-film_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-film-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s were a decade of <a href="/wiki/Commercialism" title="Commercialism">commercialism</a>, fan movies, <a href="/wiki/Soft_porn" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft porn">soft porn</a> films, action films, and <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a> spin-offs, leading to a golden age during the 1970s and 1980s under dictatorship. These films were overseen by the government, and a number of filmmakers were arrested. One notable film made at that time was <i><a href="/wiki/Himala" title="Himala">Himala</a></i>, which addressed religious fanaticism. The period after martial law dealt with more serious topics, and <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent films</a> were popular. The 1990s saw the emergence of Western-themed films and the continued popularity of films focusing on poverty; examples of the latter include <i><a href="/wiki/Manila_in_the_Claws_of_Light" title="Manila in the Claws of Light">Manila in the Claws of Light</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flor_Contemplacion_Story" title="The Flor Contemplacion Story">The Flor Contemplacion Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oro,_Plata,_Mata" title="Oro, Plata, Mata">Oro, Plata, Mata</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sa_Pusod_ng_Dagat" title="Sa Pusod ng Dagat">Sa Pusod ng Dagat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-film_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-film-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-first-century Filipino films have examined human equality, poverty, self-love, and history.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blossoming_of_Maximo_Oliveros" title="The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros">The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Caregiver_(film)" title="Caregiver (film)">Caregiver</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kinatay" title="Kinatay">Kinatay</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Thy_Womb" title="Thy Womb">Thy Womb</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/That_Thing_Called_Tadhana" title="That Thing Called Tadhana">That Thing Called Tadhana</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_Who_Left" title="The Woman Who Left">The Woman Who Left</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Smaller_and_Smaller_Circles_(film)" title="Smaller and Smaller Circles (film)">film version</a> of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Smaller_and_Smaller_Circles" title="Smaller and Smaller Circles">Smaller and Smaller Circles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:09564jfSM_City_North_EDSAfvf_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cinema inside a Filipino mall"><img alt="A cinema inside a Filipino mall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/09564jfSM_City_North_EDSAfvf_11.jpg/200px-09564jfSM_City_North_EDSAfvf_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/09564jfSM_City_North_EDSAfvf_11.jpg/300px-09564jfSM_City_North_EDSAfvf_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/09564jfSM_City_North_EDSAfvf_11.jpg/400px-09564jfSM_City_North_EDSAfvf_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cinema inside a Filipino mall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamboanga_(1936),_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A postcard for the film, Zamboanga (1936)"><img alt="A postcard for the film, Zamboanga (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zamboanga_%281936%29%2C_postcard.jpg/200px-Zamboanga_%281936%29%2C_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zamboanga_%281936%29%2C_postcard.jpg/300px-Zamboanga_%281936%29%2C_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zamboanga_%281936%29%2C_postcard.jpg/400px-Zamboanga_%281936%29%2C_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="2195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A postcard for the film, <i>Zamboanga</i> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Movie_Museum_of_the_Philippines_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various decaying old Filipino films. Restoration of some films have been undertaken by the ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project"><img alt="Various decaying old Filipino films. Restoration of some films have been undertaken by the ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Movie_Museum_of_the_Philippines_2.jpg/200px-Movie_Museum_of_the_Philippines_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Movie_Museum_of_the_Philippines_2.jpg/300px-Movie_Museum_of_the_Philippines_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Movie_Museum_of_the_Philippines_2.jpg/400px-Movie_Museum_of_the_Philippines_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various decaying old Filipino films. Restoration of some films have been undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Film_Restoration_Project" title="ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project">ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JC_Malolos_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Eden, a former cinema conserved as part of the Malolos Historic Town Center"><img alt="Eden, a former cinema conserved as part of the Malolos Historic Town Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/JC_Malolos_14.JPG/150px-JC_Malolos_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/JC_Malolos_14.JPG/225px-JC_Malolos_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/JC_Malolos_14.JPG/300px-JC_Malolos_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="2572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eden, a former cinema conserved as part of the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Historic_Town_Center" title="Malolos Historic Town Center">Malolos Historic Town Center</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_allied_arts">Architecture and allied arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Architecture and allied arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Architecture focuses on non-folk architecture and its allied arts, such as interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture"><span class="anchor" id="Non-folk_architecture"></span>Architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture of the Philippines</a></div> <p>Filipino architecture is influenced by the folk architecture of its ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">bahay kubo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torogan" title="Torogan">torogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idjang" class="mw-redirect" title="Idjang">idjang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">payyo</a>, and shrines and mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_arch_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca_arch-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Baroque architecture was introduced by the Spanish during the 16th century; examples are the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boljoon_Church" title="Boljoon Church">Boljoon Church</a>. It evolved into <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a>, used to build <a href="/wiki/Binondo_Church" title="Binondo Church">Binondo Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daraga_Church" title="Daraga Church">Daraga Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paoay_Church" title="Paoay Church">Paoay Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miagao_Church" title="Miagao Church">Miagao Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)" title="San Agustin Church (Manila)">San Agustin Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria Church">Santa Maria Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_list_677_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org_list_677-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the colonial era, a variety of architectural styles were introduced; a Gothic Revival example is <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)" title="San Sebastian Church (Manila)">San Sebastian Church</a>, Asia's only all-steel church. <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a> became popular among the wealthy, and an example is the <a href="/wiki/Lopez_Heritage_House" title="Lopez Heritage House">Lopez Heritage House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_arch_286-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca_arch-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art Deco is popular in some Filipino communities, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Sariaya" title="Sariaya">Sariaya</a> is considered the country's Art Deco capital.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian and Italian-Spanish architecture is seen in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Santiago" title="Fort Santiago">Fort Santiago</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_(mansion)" title="The Ruins (mansion)">the Ruins</a>. An example of <a href="/wiki/Stick-built_construction" title="Stick-built construction">Stick-built construction</a> is <a href="/wiki/Silliman_University" title="Silliman University">Silliman Hall</a>. Many official buildings have neoclassical architecture; examples include the <a href="/wiki/Baguio_Cathedral" title="Baguio Cathedral">Baguio Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Central_Post_Office" title="Manila Central Post Office">Manila Central Post Office</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a>. After independence, Brutalism was employed during the martial-law era. After the restoration of democracy, indigenous architecture revived during the late 20th and 21st centuries; these buildings have become bases for Filipino nationalism. Modern architecture is popular, and examples include <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew_the_Apostle_Church" title="Saint Andrew the Apostle Church">Saint Andrew the Apostle Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Hotel" title="Manila Hotel">Manila Hotel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_arch_286-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca_arch-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culturally-important buildings have been demolished despite preservation laws, and cultural workers and architects are attempting to prevent further demolition.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Paoay_Church_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earthquake baroque Paoay Church (c. 1694), World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Earthquake baroque Paoay Church (c. 1694), World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Paoay_Church_001.jpg/200px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Paoay_Church_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Paoay_Church_001.jpg/300px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Paoay_Church_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Paoay_Church_001.jpg/400px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Paoay_Church_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3377" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earthquake baroque <a href="/wiki/Paoay_Church" title="Paoay Church">Paoay Church</a> (c. 1694), <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n,_(Agustinos_Recoletos)_Manila,_Filipinas..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic revival San Sebastian Church (c. 1891), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Gothic revival San Sebastian Church (c. 1891), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_%28Agustinos_Recoletos%29_Manila%2C_Filipinas..jpg/200px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_%28Agustinos_Recoletos%29_Manila%2C_Filipinas..jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_%28Agustinos_Recoletos%29_Manila%2C_Filipinas..jpg/300px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_%28Agustinos_Recoletos%29_Manila%2C_Filipinas..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_%28Agustinos_Recoletos%29_Manila%2C_Filipinas..jpg/400px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_%28Agustinos_Recoletos%29_Manila%2C_Filipinas..jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic revival <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)" title="San Sebastian Church (Manila)">San Sebastian Church</a> (c. 1891), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gov._Natalio_Enriquez_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House (c. 1931)"><img alt="Art Deco Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House (c. 1931)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gov._Natalio_Enriquez_House.JPG/200px-Gov._Natalio_Enriquez_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gov._Natalio_Enriquez_House.JPG/300px-Gov._Natalio_Enriquez_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gov._Natalio_Enriquez_House.JPG/400px-Gov._Natalio_Enriquez_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House (c. 1931)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotabato_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo-vernacular Cotabato City Hall (20th century)"><img alt="Neo-vernacular Cotabato City Hall (20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cotabato_City_Hall.jpg/200px-Cotabato_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cotabato_City_Hall.jpg/300px-Cotabato_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cotabato_City_Hall.jpg/400px-Cotabato_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neo-vernacular <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a> Hall (20th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ruin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian-style The Ruins (mansion) (c. 1990s)"><img alt="Italian-style The Ruins (mansion) (c. 1990s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Ruin.jpg/200px-The_Ruin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Ruin.jpg/300px-The_Ruin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Ruin.jpg/400px-The_Ruin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italian-style <a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_(mansion)" title="The Ruins (mansion)">The Ruins (mansion)</a> (c. 1990s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:400_Year_old_Beauty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance revival University of Santo Tomas Main Building (1927), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Renaissance revival University of Santo Tomas Main Building (1927), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/400_Year_old_Beauty.jpg/200px-400_Year_old_Beauty.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/400_Year_old_Beauty.jpg/300px-400_Year_old_Beauty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/400_Year_old_Beauty.jpg/400px-400_Year_old_Beauty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4964" data-file-height="3310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance revival <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Main_Building" title="University of Santo Tomas Main Building">University of Santo Tomas Main Building</a> (1927), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dupax_del_Sur_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque Dupax Church (1776), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Baroque Dupax Church (1776), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dupax_del_Sur_Church.jpg/200px-Dupax_del_Sur_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dupax_del_Sur_Church.jpg/300px-Dupax_del_Sur_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dupax_del_Sur_Church.jpg/400px-Dupax_del_Sur_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3579" data-file-height="2765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque <a href="/wiki/San_Vicente_Ferrer_Church_(Dupax_del_Sur)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Vicente Ferrer Church (Dupax del Sur)">Dupax Church</a> (1776), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capul_Church,_Northern_Samar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fortress-style Capul Church (1781), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Fortress-style Capul Church (1781), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Capul_Church%2C_Northern_Samar.JPG/200px-Capul_Church%2C_Northern_Samar.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Capul_Church%2C_Northern_Samar.JPG/300px-Capul_Church%2C_Northern_Samar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Capul_Church%2C_Northern_Samar.JPG/400px-Capul_Church%2C_Northern_Samar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="981" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fortress-style <a href="/wiki/Capul_Church" title="Capul Church">Capul Church</a> (1781), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_Immaculate_Conception_Church_in_Jasaan,_Misamis_Oriental.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barn-style Jasaan Church (1887), a [National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Barn-style Jasaan Church (1887), a [National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Facade_of_Immaculate_Conception_Church_in_Jasaan%2C_Misamis_Oriental.jpg/200px-Facade_of_Immaculate_Conception_Church_in_Jasaan%2C_Misamis_Oriental.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Facade_of_Immaculate_Conception_Church_in_Jasaan%2C_Misamis_Oriental.jpg/300px-Facade_of_Immaculate_Conception_Church_in_Jasaan%2C_Misamis_Oriental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Facade_of_Immaculate_Conception_Church_in_Jasaan%2C_Misamis_Oriental.jpg/400px-Facade_of_Immaculate_Conception_Church_in_Jasaan%2C_Misamis_Oriental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barn-style <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Parish_Church_(Jasaan)" title="Immaculate Conception Parish Church (Jasaan)">Jasaan Church</a> (1887), a [National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulu_Provincial_Capitol_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Moorish-style Sulu Provincial Capitol building"><img alt="Moorish-style Sulu Provincial Capitol building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sulu_Provincial_Capitol_building.JPG/200px-Sulu_Provincial_Capitol_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sulu_Provincial_Capitol_building.JPG/300px-Sulu_Provincial_Capitol_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sulu_Provincial_Capitol_building.JPG/400px-Sulu_Provincial_Capitol_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moorish-style <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> Provincial Capitol building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Lizares_(Lizares_Mansion).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish-American Lizares Mansion (1937)"><img alt="Spanish-American Lizares Mansion (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Villa_Lizares_%28Lizares_Mansion%29.jpg/200px-Villa_Lizares_%28Lizares_Mansion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Villa_Lizares_%28Lizares_Mansion%29.jpg/300px-Villa_Lizares_%28Lizares_Mansion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Villa_Lizares_%28Lizares_Mansion%29.jpg/400px-Villa_Lizares_%28Lizares_Mansion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="2223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish-American <a href="/wiki/Lizares_Mansion" title="Lizares Mansion">Lizares Mansion</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverside_View_Of_Philippine_Post_Office_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical Manila Central Post Office (1928)"><img alt="Neoclassical Manila Central Post Office (1928)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riverside_View_Of_Philippine_Post_Office_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Riverside_View_Of_Philippine_Post_Office_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riverside_View_Of_Philippine_Post_Office_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Riverside_View_Of_Philippine_Post_Office_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riverside_View_Of_Philippine_Post_Office_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Riverside_View_Of_Philippine_Post_Office_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Manila_Central_Post_Office" title="Manila Central Post Office">Manila Central Post Office</a> (1928)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Negros_Occidental_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gabaldon-style Negros Occidental High School (1927)"><img alt="Gabaldon-style Negros Occidental High School (1927)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Negros_Occidental_High_School.jpg/200px-Negros_Occidental_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Negros_Occidental_High_School.jpg/300px-Negros_Occidental_High_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Negros_Occidental_High_School.jpg/400px-Negros_Occidental_High_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4435" data-file-height="2956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gabaldon-style <a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental_High_School" title="Negros Occidental High School">Negros Occidental High School</a> (1927)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddhist Seng Guan Temple (20th century)"><img alt="Buddhist Seng Guan Temple (20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg/133px-Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg/200px-Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg/267px-Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Seng_Guan_Temple" title="Seng Guan Temple">Seng Guan Temple</a> (20th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Molo_Church_Full_DSC_2279.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo-gothic feminist Molo Church"><img alt="Neo-gothic feminist Molo Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Molo_Church_Full_DSC_2279.jpg/200px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Molo_Church_Full_DSC_2279.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Molo_Church_Full_DSC_2279.jpg/300px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Molo_Church_Full_DSC_2279.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Molo_Church_Full_DSC_2279.jpg/400px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Molo_Church_Full_DSC_2279.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5247" data-file-height="3498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neo-gothic feminist Molo Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Bastion_de_San_Diego_in_Intramuros_-_afternoon_exterior_DSC_0053.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bastion-style Baluarte de San Diego (1587)"><img alt="Bastion-style Baluarte de San Diego (1587)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Bastion_de_San_Diego_in_Intramuros_-_afternoon_exterior_DSC_0053.jpg/200px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Bastion_de_San_Diego_in_Intramuros_-_afternoon_exterior_DSC_0053.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Bastion_de_San_Diego_in_Intramuros_-_afternoon_exterior_DSC_0053.jpg/300px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Bastion_de_San_Diego_in_Intramuros_-_afternoon_exterior_DSC_0053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Bastion_de_San_Diego_in_Intramuros_-_afternoon_exterior_DSC_0053.jpg/400px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_-_Bastion_de_San_Diego_in_Intramuros_-_afternoon_exterior_DSC_0053.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5468" data-file-height="3906" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bastion-style <a href="/wiki/Baluarte_de_San_Diego" title="Baluarte de San Diego">Baluarte de San Diego</a> (1587)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied_arts"><span class="anchor" id="Architecturally_allied_arts"></span>Allied arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Allied arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allied arts of architecture include interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design. Interior design has been influenced by indigenous Filipino culture, Hispanic, American and Japanese styles, modern design, the avant-garde, tropical design, neo-vernacular, international style, and sustainable design. Interior spaces, expressive of culture, values and aspirations, have been extensively researched by Filipino scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common interior design styles have been Tropical, Filipino, Japanese, Mediterranean, Chinese, Moorish, Victorian and Baroque, and Avant Garde Industrial, Tech and Trendy, Metallic Glam, Rustic Luxe, Eclectic Elegance, Organic Opulence, Design Deconstructed, and Funk Art have become popular.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscape architecture initially mirrored a client's opulence, but presently emphasizes ecosystems and sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban planning is a key economic and cultural issue because of the country's large population and problems with infrastructure such as transportation. Urban planners have proposed raising some urban areas, especially in congested and flood-prone Metro Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betis_Church,_Betis_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Betis Church, a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Interior of Betis Church, a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Betis_Church%2C_Betis_11.JPG/200px-Betis_Church%2C_Betis_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Betis_Church%2C_Betis_11.JPG/300px-Betis_Church%2C_Betis_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Betis_Church%2C_Betis_11.JPG/400px-Betis_Church%2C_Betis_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Betis_Church" title="Betis Church">Betis Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Cultural_Treasures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines">National Cultural Treasure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sschurch5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of San Sebastian Church, a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Interior of San Sebastian Church, a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sschurch5.jpg/200px-Sschurch5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sschurch5.jpg/300px-Sschurch5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sschurch5.jpg/400px-Sschurch5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)" title="San Sebastian Church (Manila)">San Sebastian Church</a>, a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Agustin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of San Agustin Church, a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Interior of San Agustin Church, a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/San_Agustin_01.jpg/200px-San_Agustin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/San_Agustin_01.jpg/300px-San_Agustin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/San_Agustin_01.jpg/400px-San_Agustin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="2092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)" title="San Agustin Church (Manila)">San Agustin Church</a>, a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walled_City_of_Manila,_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_(1734).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urban design for Intramuros, 1734"><img alt="Urban design for Intramuros, 1734" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/200px-Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/300px-Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/400px-Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urban design for <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>, 1734</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Balay_Negrense,_Silay_City,_Negros_Occidental,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balay Negrense interior"><img alt="Balay Negrense interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Interior_of_Balay_Negrense%2C_Silay_City%2C_Negros_Occidental%2C_Philippines.jpg/200px-Interior_of_Balay_Negrense%2C_Silay_City%2C_Negros_Occidental%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Interior_of_Balay_Negrense%2C_Silay_City%2C_Negros_Occidental%2C_Philippines.jpg/300px-Interior_of_Balay_Negrense%2C_Silay_City%2C_Negros_Occidental%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Interior_of_Balay_Negrense%2C_Silay_City%2C_Negros_Occidental%2C_Philippines.jpg/400px-Interior_of_Balay_Negrense%2C_Silay_City%2C_Negros_Occidental%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balay_Negrense" title="Balay Negrense">Balay Negrense</a> interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puerto Princesa International Airport interior"><img alt="Puerto Princesa International Airport interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport.jpg/162px-Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport.jpg/242px-Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport.jpg/323px-Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="891" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_International_Airport" title="Puerto Princesa International Airport">Puerto Princesa International Airport</a> interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Dapitan_Church,_Zamboanga_del_Norte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dapitan Church interior"><img alt="Dapitan Church interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Interior_of_Dapitan_Church%2C_Zamboanga_del_Norte.jpg/200px-Interior_of_Dapitan_Church%2C_Zamboanga_del_Norte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Interior_of_Dapitan_Church%2C_Zamboanga_del_Norte.jpg/300px-Interior_of_Dapitan_Church%2C_Zamboanga_del_Norte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Interior_of_Dapitan_Church%2C_Zamboanga_del_Norte.jpg/400px-Interior_of_Dapitan_Church%2C_Zamboanga_del_Norte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a> Church interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_Park_in_front_of_the_Mansion_House,_Baguio_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wright Park in front of the Baguio Mansion"><img alt="Wright Park in front of the Baguio Mansion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wright_Park_in_front_of_the_Mansion_House%2C_Baguio_City.jpg/200px-Wright_Park_in_front_of_the_Mansion_House%2C_Baguio_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wright_Park_in_front_of_the_Mansion_House%2C_Baguio_City.jpg/300px-Wright_Park_in_front_of_the_Mansion_House%2C_Baguio_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wright_Park_in_front_of_the_Mansion_House%2C_Baguio_City.jpg/400px-Wright_Park_in_front_of_the_Mansion_House%2C_Baguio_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wright Park in front of the <a href="/wiki/The_Mansion_(Baguio)" title="The Mansion (Baguio)">Baguio Mansion</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mindanao_by_Jose_Rizal_in_Dapitan_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dapitan's Mindanao relief map (c. 1892), a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Dapitan's Mindanao relief map (c. 1892), a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Relief_Map_of_Mindanao_by_Jose_Rizal_in_Dapitan_City.jpg/200px-Relief_Map_of_Mindanao_by_Jose_Rizal_in_Dapitan_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Relief_Map_of_Mindanao_by_Jose_Rizal_in_Dapitan_City.jpg/300px-Relief_Map_of_Mindanao_by_Jose_Rizal_in_Dapitan_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Relief_Map_of_Mindanao_by_Jose_Rizal_in_Dapitan_City.jpg/400px-Relief_Map_of_Mindanao_by_Jose_Rizal_in_Dapitan_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dapitan's Mindanao relief map (c. 1892), a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Manila_Courtyard_(34126888952).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casa Manila courtyard"><img alt="Casa Manila courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Casa_Manila_Courtyard_%2834126888952%29.jpg/200px-Casa_Manila_Courtyard_%2834126888952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Casa_Manila_Courtyard_%2834126888952%29.jpg/300px-Casa_Manila_Courtyard_%2834126888952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Casa_Manila_Courtyard_%2834126888952%29.jpg/400px-Casa_Manila_Courtyard_%2834126888952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4670" data-file-height="3612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Casa_Manila" title="Casa Manila">Casa Manila</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_the_pathway_at_Paco_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Paco Park, a National Cultural Treasure"><img alt="Paco Park, a National Cultural Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/View_from_the_pathway_at_Paco_Park.JPG/200px-View_from_the_pathway_at_Paco_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/View_from_the_pathway_at_Paco_Park.JPG/300px-View_from_the_pathway_at_Paco_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/View_from_the_pathway_at_Paco_Park.JPG/400px-View_from_the_pathway_at_Paco_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paco_Park" title="Paco Park">Paco Park</a>, a National Cultural Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Moriones,_Fort_Santiago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaza Moriones, Intramuros"><img alt="Plaza Moriones, Intramuros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Plaza_Moriones%2C_Fort_Santiago.jpg/150px-Plaza_Moriones%2C_Fort_Santiago.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Plaza_Moriones%2C_Fort_Santiago.jpg/225px-Plaza_Moriones%2C_Fort_Santiago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Plaza_Moriones%2C_Fort_Santiago.jpg/300px-Plaza_Moriones%2C_Fort_Santiago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Moriones,_Intramuros" title="Plaza Moriones, Intramuros">Plaza Moriones, Intramuros</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Design encompasses industrial and fashion design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_design">Industrial design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Industrial design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial design</a> has been a factor in improving the Philippine economy. Many artistic creations are through research and development, which attracts customers. The packaging of food and other products and the aesthetics of gadgets are examples of industrial design with the aesthetics of mass-produced vehicles, kitchen equipment and utensils, and furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design Week has been held during the third week of March and October since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Various jewelries"><img alt="Various jewelries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740_04.JPG/200px-GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740_04.JPG/300px-GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740_04.JPG/400px-GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various jewelries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TACCRAFT3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Earth-tone bags"><img alt="Earth-tone bags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/TACCRAFT3.JPG/200px-TACCRAFT3.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/TACCRAFT3.JPG/300px-TACCRAFT3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/TACCRAFT3.JPG/400px-TACCRAFT3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earth-tone bags</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_ornament_playing_a_violin_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Angel ornament made of capiz shell, silver, and metal"><img alt="Angel ornament made of capiz shell, silver, and metal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Angel_ornament_playing_a_violin_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_01.JPG/165px-Angel_ornament_playing_a_violin_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Angel_ornament_playing_a_violin_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_01.JPG/248px-Angel_ornament_playing_a_violin_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Angel_ornament_playing_a_violin_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_01.JPG/331px-Angel_ornament_playing_a_violin_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="2565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Angel ornament made of capiz shell, silver, and metal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-votive_candle_holders_in_cherry_blossom_design_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Candle holder inspired by the Philippine cherry blossom, balayong[299]"><img alt="Candle holder inspired by the Philippine cherry blossom, balayong[299]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3-votive_candle_holders_in_cherry_blossom_design_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_13.JPG/150px-3-votive_candle_holders_in_cherry_blossom_design_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3-votive_candle_holders_in_cherry_blossom_design_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_13.JPG/225px-3-votive_candle_holders_in_cherry_blossom_design_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3-votive_candle_holders_in_cherry_blossom_design_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_13.JPG/300px-3-votive_candle_holders_in_cherry_blossom_design_by_THE_BLUESMITH_COMPANY_Philippines_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Candle holder inspired by the Philippine cherry blossom, <i><a href="/wiki/Cassia_javanica" title="Cassia javanica">balayong</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BarasChurchjf6149_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rattan rocking chair"><img alt="Rattan rocking chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BarasChurchjf6149_13.JPG/150px-BarasChurchjf6149_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BarasChurchjf6149_13.JPG/225px-BarasChurchjf6149_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BarasChurchjf6149_13.JPG/300px-BarasChurchjf6149_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rattan rocking chair</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fashion_design">Fashion design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Fashion design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Fashion is one of the Philippines' oldest artistic crafts, and each ethnic group has an individual fashion sense. Indigenous fashion uses materials created with the traditional arts, such as weaving and the ornamental arts. Unlike industrial design (which is intended for objects and structures), fashion design is a bodily package. Filipino fashion is based on indigenous fashion and aesthetics introduced by other Asian peoples and the West through trade and colonization. <i>Ilustrado</i> fashion was prevalent during the last years of the Hispanic era, and many people wore Hispanized outfits; this slowly changed as American culture was imported.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budget-friendly choices prevail in modern Filipino fashion, although expensive fashions are available for the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outfits using indigenous Filipino textiles, without <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a>, have become popular in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturales_4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tagalog royal fashion (1590)"><img alt="Tagalog royal fashion (1590)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/144px-Naturales_4.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/216px-Naturales_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/288px-Naturales_4.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="725" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tagalog royal fashion (1590)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visayans_4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visayan royal fashion (1590)"><img alt="Visayan royal fashion (1590)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Visayans_4.png/150px-Visayans_4.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Visayans_4.png/225px-Visayans_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Visayans_4.png/300px-Visayans_4.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visayan royal fashion (1590)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pia_Alonzo_Wurtzbach_in_Philippine_Terno_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary fashion"><img alt="Contemporary fashion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pia_Alonzo_Wurtzbach_in_Philippine_Terno_2.jpg/148px-Pia_Alonzo_Wurtzbach_in_Philippine_Terno_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pia_Alonzo_Wurtzbach_in_Philippine_Terno_2.jpg/222px-Pia_Alonzo_Wurtzbach_in_Philippine_Terno_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pia_Alonzo_Wurtzbach_in_Philippine_Terno_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contemporary fashion</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation"><span class="anchor" id="Conservation_of_the_Filipino_arts"></span>Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heritage_management_in_the_Philippines" title="Heritage management in the Philippines">Heritage management in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_Philippines" title="List of museums in the Philippines">List of museums in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:04762jfNational_Museum_of_the_Philippines_Ermita_Manilafvf_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/04762jfNational_Museum_of_the_Philippines_Ermita_Manilafvf_07.jpg/200px-04762jfNational_Museum_of_the_Philippines_Ermita_Manilafvf_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/04762jfNational_Museum_of_the_Philippines_Ermita_Manilafvf_07.jpg/300px-04762jfNational_Museum_of_the_Philippines_Ermita_Manilafvf_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/04762jfNational_Museum_of_the_Philippines_Ermita_Manilafvf_07.jpg/400px-04762jfNational_Museum_of_the_Philippines_Ermita_Manilafvf_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Neoclassical <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a> (c. 1926)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_Hall_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Senate_Hall_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.JPG/200px-Senate_Hall_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Senate_Hall_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.JPG/300px-Senate_Hall_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Senate_Hall_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.JPG/400px-Senate_Hall_of_the_National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Senate Hall of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>, where most presentations are held</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Museums protect and conserve Philippine arts. A number of museums in the country possess works of art which have been declared National Treasures, particularly the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. Other notable museums include the <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Museum" title="Ayala Museum">Ayala Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Museum" title="Negros Museum">Negros Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Sugbo" title="Museo Sugbo">Museo Sugbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lopez_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopez Museum">Lopez Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Manila" title="Metropolitan Museum of Manila">Metropolitan Museum of Manila</a>. University museums also hold a large collection of art.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known libraries and archives are the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_the_Philippines" title="National Archives of the Philippines">National Archives of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lorenlegarda.com.ph_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenlegarda.com.ph-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations, groups, and universities also preserve the arts, especially the performing and craft arts.<sup id="cite_ref-lorenlegarda.com.ph_304-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenlegarda.com.ph-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heritage_management_in_the_Philippines" title="Heritage management in the Philippines">Heritage management in the Philippines</a> includes preservation measures by private and public institutions and organizations, and laws such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Cultural_Heritage_Act" title="National Cultural Heritage Act">National Cultural Heritage Act</a> have aided the conservation of Filipino art. The act established the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Registry_of_Cultural_Property" title="Philippine Registry of Cultural Property">Philippine Registry of Cultural Property</a>, the country's repository of its cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>, established by law in 1992, is the cultural arm of the Philippine government, and a Philippine Department of Culture has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Churches_of_the_Philippines" title="Baroque Churches of the Philippines">Baroque Churches of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cartoon_and_animation" title="Filipino cartoon and animation">Filipino cartoon and animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Philippines">Literature of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLTG_ncca.gov.ph_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118030900/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-guidelines/">"Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Guidelines"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-guidelines/">the original</a> on January 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Gawad+sa+Manlilikha+ng+Bayan+Guidelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fculture-profile%2Fgamaba%2Fnational-living-treasures-guidelines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_ONAG_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729022135/http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ONA-Guidelines-1.pdf"><i>Order of National Artist Guidelines Approved on April 27, 2017</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ONA-Guidelines-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Order+of+National+Artist+Guidelines+Approved+on+April+27%2C+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2FONA-Guidelines-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pag-iwayan_2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pag-iwayan_2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pag-iwayan_2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPag-iwayan2020" class="citation news cs1">Pag-iwayan, Jessica (November 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mb.com.ph/2020/11/02/albularyo-babaylan-and-manghihilot-are-now-considered-national-living-treasures/">"Albularyo, Babaylan, and Manghihilot Are Now Considered National Living Treasures"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Albularyo%2C+Babaylan%2C+and+Manghihilot+Are+Now+Considered+National+Living+Treasures&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=Pag-iwayan&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmb.com.ph%2F2020%2F11%2F02%2Falbularyo-babaylan-and-manghihilot-are-now-considered-national-living-treasures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_1994_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_1994_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety"><i>Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society</i></a>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kroeber-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kroeber_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1918" class="citation book cs1">Kroeber, A. L. (1918). <i>The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature</i>. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 19, Part 2. New York: Published by Order of the Trustees. pp. 35–37. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F286">2246/286</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Philippine+Civilization+as+Reflected+in+Religious+Nomenclature&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History%2C+Vol.+19%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Published+by+Order+of+the+Trustees&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F286&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_1922-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_1922_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1922" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Fay-Cooper (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tinguiansocialre142cole"><i>The Tinguian: Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe</i></a>. Anthropological Series, Vol.14, No. 2. Additional chapter by Albert Gale. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tinguiansocialre142cole/page/235">235</a>–493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tinguian%3A+Social%2C+Religious%2C+and+Economic+Life+of+a+Philippine+Tribe&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Anthropological+Series%2C+Vol.14%2C+No.+2&rft.pages=235-493&rft.pub=Field+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Fay-Cooper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftinguiansocialre142cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaioni1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gaioni, Dominic T. (1985). "The Tingyans of Northern Philippines and Their Spirit World". <i>Anthropos</i>. <b>80</b> (4/6): 381–401. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40461052">40461052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=The+Tingyans+of+Northern+Philippines+and+Their+Spirit+World&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4%2F6&rft.pages=381-401&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40461052%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gaioni&rft.aufirst=Dominic+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722142049/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/a-look-at-philippine-mosques/">"A Look at Philippine Mosques"</a>. <i>ncca.gov.ph</i>. October 6, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/a-look-at-philippine-mosques/">the original</a> on July 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncca.gov.ph&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+Philippine+Mosques&rft.date=2003-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fin-focus%2Fa-look-at-philippine-mosques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/502/">"Historic City of Vigan"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Historic+City+of+Vigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F502%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlassen1986" class="citation book cs1">Klassen, Winand W. (1986). <i>Architecture in the Philippines: Filipino Building in a Cross-Cultural Context</i>. Cebu City: University of San Carlos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+the+Philippines%3A+Filipino+Building+in+a+Cross-Cultural+Context&rft.place=Cebu+City&rft.pub=University+of+San+Carlos&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Klassen&rft.aufirst=Winand+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacion.d." class="citation cs1">Ignacio, Jose F. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdm.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/alumni/papers/cmhb2004/cmhb2004-01.pdf"><i>Heritage Architecture of Batanes Islands in the Philippines: A Survey of Different House Types and Their Evolution</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> – via hdm.lth.se.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heritage+Architecture+of+Batanes+Islands+in+the+Philippines%3A+A+Survey+of+Different+House+Types+and+Their+Evolution&rft.aulast=Ignacio&rft.aufirst=Jose+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdm.lth.se%2Ffileadmin%2Fhdm%2Falumni%2Fpapers%2Fcmhb2004%2Fcmhb2004-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerezEncarnacionDacanay1989" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Rodrigo D. III; Encarnacion, Rosario S.; Dacanay, Julian E. (1989). <i>Folk Architecture</i>. Photographs by Joseph R. Fortin and John K. Chua. Quezon City: GCF Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Architecture&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=GCF+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo+D.+III&rft.au=Encarnacion%2C+Rosario+S.&rft.au=Dacanay%2C+Julian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/">"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Rice+Terraces+of+the+Philippine+Cordilleras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F722%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacsina2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacsina2014_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacsina2014" class="citation book cs1">Lacsina, Ligaya (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31015958"><i>Re-examining the Butuan Boats: Pre-colonial Philippine watercraft</i></a>. National Museum of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-examining+the+Butuan+Boats%3A+Pre-colonial+Philippine+watercraft&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lacsina&rft.aufirst=Ligaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31015958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacsina-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacsina_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacsina2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314373335">"Boats of the Precolonial Philippines: Butuan Boats"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i>: 948–954. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7747-7_10279">10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_10279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7746-0"><bdi>978-94-007-7746-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.atitle=Boats+of+the+Precolonial+Philippines%3A+Butuan+Boats&rft.pages=948-954&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-7747-7_10279&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7746-0&rft.aulast=Lacsina&rft.aufirst=Ligaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F314373335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosario2015" class="citation news cs1">Rosario, Ben (November 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208192637/http://www.mb.com.ph/malay-ancestors-balangay-declared-phs-national-boat/">"Malay Ancestors' 'Balangay' Declared PH's National Boat"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mb.com.ph/malay-ancestors-balangay-declared-phs-national-boat/">the original</a> on December 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Malay+Ancestors%27+%27Balangay%27+Declared+PH%27s+National+Boat&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.aulast=Rosario&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Fmalay-ancestors-balangay-declared-phs-national-boat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bcf-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bcf_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Asia". <i>Commercial Fisheries Review</i>. Vol. 30, no. 8–9. August–September 1968. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32401981">96</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commercial+Fisheries+Review&rft.atitle=Asia&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1968-08%2F1968-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roxas-Lim-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roxas-Lim_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxas-Lim" class="citation cs1">Roxas-Lim, Aurora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710143417/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf"><i>Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP). pp. 219–222. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Boatbuilding+and+Philippine+Maritime+Culture&rft.pages=219-222&rft.pub=International+Information+and+Networking+Centre+for+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region+under+the+auspices+of+UNESCO+%28ICHCAP%29&rft.aulast=Roxas-Lim&rft.aufirst=Aurora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICHCAP-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICHCAP_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/092_Traditional_Boats_in_Batanes.pdf">"Traditional Boats in Batanes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP)</i>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Information+and+Networking+Centre+for+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region+%28ICHCAP%29&rft.atitle=Traditional+Boats+in+Batanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.unesco-ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F092_Traditional_Boats_in_Batanes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madale-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madale_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadale1997" class="citation book cs1">Madale, Abdullah T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC"><i>The Maranaws: Dwellers of the Lake</i></a>. Manila: Rex Book Store. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-23-2174-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-23-2174-6"><bdi>971-23-2174-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maranaws%3A+Dwellers+of+the+Lake&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=971-23-2174-6&rft.aulast=Madale&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxr8_P6mJ-ZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLozano1847" class="citation book cs1">Lozano, José Honorato (1847). <i>Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vistas+de+las+islas+Filipinas+y+trajes+de+sus+habitantes&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Lozano&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Honorato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrera_2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrera_2005_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrera2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Abrera, Maria Bernadette L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/The-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf">"Bangka, Kaluluwa at Katutubong Paniniwala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philippine Social Sciences Review</i> (in Filipino). <b>57</b> (1–4): 1–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Social+Sciences+Review&rft.atitle=Bangka%2C+Kaluluwa+at+Katutubong+Paniniwala&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Abrera&rft.aufirst=Maria+Bernadette+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutphilippines.org%2Fdocuments-etc%2FThe-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nimmo_1990-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo_1990_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimmo1990" class="citation journal cs1">Nimmo, H. Arlo (1990). "The Boats of the Tawi-Tawi Bajau, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 51–88. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F16980">10125/16980</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31792662">31792662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Boats+of+the+Tawi-Tawi+Bajau%2C+Sulu+Archipelago%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-88&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F16980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31792662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nimmo&rft.aufirst=H.+Arlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kawamura-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kawamura_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawamuraBagarinao1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kawamura, Gunzo; Bagarinao, Teodora (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=7805&item_no=1&attribute_id=16&file_no=1">"Fishing Methods and Gears in Panay Island, Philippines"</a>. <i>Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University</i>. <b>29</b>: 81–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+Faculty+of+Fisheries+Kagoshima+University&rft.atitle=Fishing+Methods+and+Gears+in+Panay+Island%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=81-121&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Kawamura&rft.aufirst=Gunzo&rft.au=Bagarinao%2C+Teodora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp%2F%3Faction%3Drepository_action_common_download%26item_id%3D7805%26item_no%3D1%26attribute_id%3D16%26file_no%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/05/06/bigiw-bugsay-upholding-traditional-sailing/">"Bigiw-Bugsay: Upholding Traditional Sailing"</a>. <i>BusinessMirror</i>. May 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Bigiw-Bugsay%3A+Upholding+Traditional+Sailing&rft.date=2018-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2018%2F05%2F06%2Fbigiw-bugsay-upholding-traditional-sailing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galang-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-galang_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalang1941" class="citation journal cs1">Galang, Ricardo E. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/act3868.0075.001.umich.edu">"Types of Watercraft in the Philippines"</a>. <i>The Philippine Journal of Science</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 291–306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Types+of+Watercraft+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-306&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Galang&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fact3868.0075.001.umich.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suluz-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suluz_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1985" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, James Francis (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/18216/1/prahus.pdf">"The Prahus of the Sulu Zone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brunei Museum Journal</i>. <b>6</b>: 42–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brunei+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Prahus+of+the+Sulu+Zone&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=42-45&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.murdoch.edu.au%2Fid%2Feprint%2F18216%2F1%2Fprahus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roe-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roe_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeHookerHandford1907" class="citation book cs1">Roe, E. T.; Hooker, Le Roy; Handford, Thomas W., eds. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_KhQLAQAAMAAJ#page/n487/mode/2up/search/guilalo"><i>The New American Encyclopedic Dictionary</i></a>. New York: J. A. Hill & Company. p. 484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=J.+A.+Hill+%26+Company&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbub_gb_KhQLAQAAMAAJ%23page%2Fn487%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fguilalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banagudos-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banagudos_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanagudos2018" class="citation news cs1">Banagudos, Rey-Luis (December 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057461">"Wooden Boatmaking Embraces Mindanao Life, Culture"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Wooden+Boatmaking+Embraces+Mindanao+Life%2C+Culture&rft.date=2018-12-26&rft.aulast=Banagudos&rft.aufirst=Rey-Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1057461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgensola1711" class="citation book cs1">Argensola, Bartolomé Leonardo de (1711). "The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands". In Stevens, John (ed.). <i>A New Collection of Voyages and Travels, Into Several Parts of the World, None of Them Ever Before Printed in English</i>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+and+Conquest+of+the+Molucco+and+Philippine+Islands&rft.btitle=A+New+Collection+of+Voyages+and+Travels%2C+Into+Several+Parts+of+the+World%2C+None+of+Them+Ever+Before+Printed+in+English&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1711&rft.aulast=Argensola&rft.aufirst=Bartolom%C3%A9+Leonardo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yule_and_Burnell_1886-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yule_and_Burnell_1886_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBurnell1886" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=baFHAQAAMAAJ&q=pangaio+ship"><i>Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive</i></a>. London: John Murray. p. 509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobson-Jobson%3A+Being+a+Glossary+of+Anglo-Indian+Colloquial+Words+and+Phrases+and+of+Kindred+Terms+Etymological%2C+Historical%2C+Geographical+and+Discursive&rft.place=London&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Burnell%2C+Arthur+Coke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbaFHAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpangaio%2Bship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abrera-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abrera_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrera2007" class="citation journal cs1">Abrera, Maria Bernadette L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/The-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf">"The Soul Boat and the Boat-Soul: An Inquiry into the Indigenous "Soul"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025508/https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/The-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Soul+Boat+and+the+Boat-Soul%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Indigenous+%22Soul%22&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Abrera&rft.aufirst=Maria+Bernadette+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutphilippines.org%2Fdocuments-etc%2FThe-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Lim, Frinston (November 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/inquirer-libre-davao/20161125/page/1">"Sa Marilag na Lake Sebu Hitik ang Kalikasan, Kultura, Adventure"</a>. <i>Inquirer Libre Davao</i> (in Filipino)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2019</span> – via PressReader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer+Libre+Davao&rft.atitle=Sa+Marilag+na+Lake+Sebu+Hitik+ang+Kalikasan%2C+Kultura%2C+Adventure&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Frinston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fphilippines%2Finquirer-libre-davao%2F20161125%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2015" class="citation web cs1">Diamond, Isobel (March 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193423/http://www.travelandleisureasia.com/features/2807638/palawan_by_paraw_boat.html">"Palawan by Paraw Boat"</a>. <i>Travel+Leisure</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelandleisureasia.com/features/2807638/palawan_by_paraw_boat.html">the original</a> on December 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel%2BLeisure&rft.atitle=Palawan+by+Paraw+Boat&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Isobel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelandleisureasia.com%2Ffeatures%2F2807638%2Fpalawan_by_paraw_boat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James Francis. <i>The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State</i> (2nd ed.). Singapore: NUS Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sulu+Zone%2C+1768%E2%80%931898%3A+The+Dynamics+of+External+Trade%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Transformation+of+a+Southeast+Asian+Maritime+State&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeveza2010" class="citation news cs1">Deveza, JB R. (February 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer-1109/20100221/282961036287126">"National Pride Sails in Ancient Boats"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i> – via PressReader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=National+Pride+Sails+in+Ancient+Boats&rft.date=2010-02-21&rft.aulast=Deveza&rft.aufirst=JB+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fphilippines%2Fphilippine-daily-inquirer-1109%2F20100221%2F282961036287126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1972" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Edwin (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4414">"Wa, Vinta, and Trimaran"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>81</b> (2): 144–159. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20704848">20704848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Wa%2C+Vinta%2C+and+Trimaran&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-159&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20704848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%3Fwid%3D4414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedillo2015" class="citation web cs1">Medillo, Robert Joseph P. (June 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/moveph/96830-forgotten-history-polistas-galleon-trade/">"Forgotten History? the Polistas of the Galleon Trade"</a>. <i>Rappler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Forgotten+History%3F+the+Polistas+of+the+Galleon+Trade&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft.aulast=Medillo&rft.aufirst=Robert+Joseph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fmoveph%2F96830-forgotten-history-polistas-galleon-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/kor/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/107_Patterns_of_Culture_in_Philippine_Traditional.pdf"><i>Patterns of Culture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span> – via unesco-ichcap.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Fkor%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F107_Patterns_of_Culture_in_Philippine_Traditional.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/kor/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/108_Back-strap_Weaving.pdf"><i>Back-strap Weaving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span> – via unesco-ichcap.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back-strap+Weaving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Fkor%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F108_Back-strap_Weaving.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slideshare1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slideshare1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/TrishSotto/fa-28-weaving-history"><i>History of Philippine Weaving</i></a> (Slide deck). February 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span> – via SlideShare.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Philippine+Weaving&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FTrishSotto%2Ffa-28-weaving-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorilla2017" class="citation web cs1">Sorilla, Franz IV (May 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/weaving-the-threads-of-filipino-heritage">"Weaving the Threads of Filipino Heritage"</a>. <i>Tatler Philippines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatler+Philippines&rft.atitle=Weaving+the+Threads+of+Filipino+Heritage&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.aulast=Sorilla&rft.aufirst=Franz+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatlerasia.com%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fweaving-the-threads-of-filipino-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2011" class="citation news cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth R. (October 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/15599/history-and-design-in-death-blankets">"History and Design in Death Blankets"</a>. Opinion. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=History+and+Design+in+Death+Blankets&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F15599%2Fhistory-and-design-in-death-blankets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNocheseda2016" class="citation book cs1">Nocheseda, Elmer I. (2016). <i>Rara: Art and Tradition of Mat Weaving in the Philippines</i>. Makati City: The Philippine Textile Council. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982066949">982066949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rara%3A+Art+and+Tradition+of+Mat+Weaving+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Makati+City&rft.pub=The+Philippine+Textile+Council&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982066949&rft.aulast=Nocheseda&rft.aufirst=Elmer+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazonDel_Rio2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pazon, Andy Nestor Ryan; Del Rio, Joana Marie P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianjournal.org/online/index.php/ajms/article/view/72">"Materials, Functions and Weaving Patterns of Philippine Indigenous Baskets"</a>. <i>Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 107–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Multidisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=Materials%2C+Functions+and+Weaving+Patterns+of+Philippine+Indigenous+Baskets&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-118&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pazon&rft.aufirst=Andy+Nestor+Ryan&rft.au=Del+Rio%2C+Joana+Marie+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianjournal.org%2Fonline%2Findex.php%2Fajms%2Farticle%2Fview%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/094_Yuvuk.pdf"><i>Yuvuk</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span> – via unesco-ichcap.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuvuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F094_Yuvuk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Lathouris2019" class="citation web cs1">Smith-Lathouris, Olivana (January 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/voices/culture/article/2019/01/03/thanks-these-filipino-women-basket-weaving-revolutionising-entire-communities">"Thanks to These Filipino Women, Basket Weaving Is Revolutionising Entire Communities"</a>. <i>SBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS&rft.atitle=Thanks+to+These+Filipino+Women%2C+Basket+Weaving+Is+Revolutionising+Entire+Communities&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft.aulast=Smith-Lathouris&rft.aufirst=Olivana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Ftopics%2Fvoices%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F2019%2F01%2F03%2Fthanks-these-filipino-women-basket-weaving-revolutionising-entire-communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-ichcap.org_salakot_and_other_headgear-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-ichcap.org_salakot_and_other_headgear_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco-ichcap.org_salakot_and_other_headgear_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf">"Salakkot and other headgear"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.unesco-ichcap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco-ichcap.org&rft.atitle=Salakkot+and+other+headgear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/096_Bubo_and_Other_Fish_Traps.pdf">"Bubo and other fish traps"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.unesco-ichcap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco-ichcap.org&rft.atitle=Bubo+and+other+fish+traps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F096_Bubo_and_Other_Fish_Traps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/097_Saked_Broom-making.pdf">"Saked brrom-making"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.unesco-ichcap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco-ichcap.org&rft.atitle=Saked+brrom-making&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F097_Saked_Broom-making.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesus_Peralta_1981-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_Peralta_1981_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeralta1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Peralta, Jesus T. (July–August 1983). "Prehistoric Gold Ornaments From the Central Bank of the Philippines". <i>Arts of Asia</i>. pp. 54–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+of+Asia&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Gold+Ornaments+From+the+Central+Bank+of+the+Philippines&rft.pages=54-60&rft.date=1983-07%2F1983-08&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=Jesus+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek.com-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek.com_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafra2008" class="citation web cs1">Zafra, Jessica (April 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/art-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249">"Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Art+Exhibit%3A+Philippines%27+%27Gold+of+Ancestors%27&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.aulast=Zafra&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fart-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laszlo_Legeza_1988-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laszlo_Legeza_1988_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegeza1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Legeza, Laszlo (1988). "Tantric Elements in Pre-Hispanic Gold Art". <i>Arts of Asia</i>. Vol. 18, no. 4. pp. 129–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+of+Asia&rft.atitle=Tantric+Elements+in+Pre-Hispanic+Gold+Art&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=129-133&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Legeza&rft.aufirst=Laszlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115190428/http://www.camperspoint.com/article.php3?id_article=239">"History of Palawan"</a>. <i>Camperspoint</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camperspoint.com/article.php3?id_article=239">the original</a> on January 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camperspoint&rft.atitle=History+of+Palawan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camperspoint.com%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filipinobuddhism1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filipinobuddhism1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philippinebuddhism.wordpress.com/2014/11/09/early-buddhism-in-the-philippines/">"Early Buddhism in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Buddhism in the Philippines</i>. November 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddhism+in+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Early+Buddhism+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilippinebuddhism.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fearly-buddhism-in-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco1963" class="citation journal cs1">Francisco, Juan R. (1963). "A Note on the Golden Image of Agusan". <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 390–400. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42719871">42719871</a>. <q>It was found in 1917 on the left bank of the Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan, eastern Mindanao, following a storm and flood</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Golden+Image+of+Agusan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-400&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42719871%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Francisco&rft.aufirst=Juan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco1963" class="citation journal cs1">Francisco, Juan R. (1963). "A Note on the Golden Image of Agusan". <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 390–400. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42719871">42719871</a>. <q>The question of its identification is still undecided.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Golden+Image+of+Agusan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-400&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42719871%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Francisco&rft.aufirst=Juan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field_Museum-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Field_Museum_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field_Museum_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601091852/https://collections-anthropology.fieldmuseum.org/catalogue/1010530">"FMNH 109928"</a>. <i>Field Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections-anthropology.fieldmuseum.org/catalogue/1010530">the original</a> on June 1, 2019. <q>Statue [figure] is about 178 mm in height (FMNH A109928).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Field+Museum&rft.atitle=FMNH+109928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections-anthropology.fieldmuseum.org%2Fcatalogue%2F1010530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnyot2012" class="citation web cs1">Onyot, Ian (March 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627235531/http://www.magwrite.info/2012/03/agusan-gold-image-only-in-philippines.html#.UKh1xIeA_UY">"Agusan Gold Image Only in the Philippines"</a>. <i>MagWrite.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magwrite.info/2012/03/agusan-gold-image-only-in-philippines.html#.UKh1xIeA_UY">the original</a> on June 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MagWrite.info&rft.atitle=Agusan+Gold+Image+Only+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Onyot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magwrite.info%2F2012%2F03%2Fagusan-gold-image-only-in-philippines.html%23.UKh1xIeA_UY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agusan Image Documents, Agusan-Surigao Historical Archives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1977" class="citation journal cs1">Churchill, Malcolm H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf">"Indian Penetration of Pre-Spanish Philippines: A New Look at the Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Studies</i>. <b>15</b>: 21–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Indian+Penetration+of+Pre-Spanish+Philippines%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Evidence&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=21-45&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-15-1977%2Ffrancisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115234226/http://yet.typepad.com/round_dice/2006/02/tribhanga_strik.html">"Tribhanga: Strike A Pose"</a>. <i>yet.typepad.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yet.typepad.com/round_dice/2006/02/tribhanga_strik.html">the original</a> on January 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yet.typepad.com&rft.atitle=Tribhanga%3A+Strike+A+Pose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyet.typepad.com%2Fround_dice%2F2006%2F02%2Ftribhanga_strik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asj.upd.edu.ph-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asj.upd.edu.ph_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco1963" class="citation journal cs1">Francisco, Juan R. (January 1, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-01-01-1963/Francisco%20Buddhist.pdf">"A Buddhist Image from Karitunan Site, Batangas Province"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia</i>. <b>1</b>. University of the Philippines Diliman: 13–22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2244-5927">2244-5927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies%3A+Journal+of+Critical+Perspectives+on+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Buddhist+Image+from+Karitunan+Site%2C+Batangas+Province&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=1963-01-01&rft.issn=2244-5927&rft.aulast=Francisco&rft.aufirst=Juan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-01-01-1963%2FFrancisco%2520Buddhist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atnb-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atnb_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Anna T. N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farcheosciences.2072">"Gold in Early Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>ArchéoSciences</i>. <b>33</b> (33): 99–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farcheosciences.2072">10.4000/archeosciences.2072</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch%C3%A9oSciences&rft.atitle=Gold+in+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=99-107&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Farcheosciences.2072&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Anna+T.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Farcheosciences.2072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDangVu1977" class="citation journal cs1">Dang, Van Thang; Vu, Quoc Hien (1977). "The Excavation at Giong Ca Vo Site". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology</i>. <b>17</b>: 30–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Excavation+at+Giong+Ca+Vo+Site&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=30-37&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Dang&rft.aufirst=Van+Thang&rft.au=Vu%2C+Quoc+Hien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaparasLimVargas1992" class="citation journal cs1">Caparas, Olympio V.; Lim, Valentine Mariel L.; Vargas, Nestor S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafa1991journal/article/view/206">"Handicrafts and Folkcrafts Industries in the Philippines: Their Socio-Cultural and Economic Context"</a>. <i>SPAFA Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 22–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SPAFA+Journal&rft.atitle=Handicrafts+and+Folkcrafts+Industries+in+the+Philippines%3A+Their+Socio-Cultural+and+Economic+Context&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-26&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Caparas&rft.aufirst=Olympio+V.&rft.au=Lim%2C+Valentine+Mariel+L.&rft.au=Vargas%2C+Nestor+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spafajournal.org%2Findex.php%2Fspafa1991journal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamachoGevañaCarandangCamacho2016" class="citation journal cs1">Camacho, Leni D.; Gevaña, Dixon T.; Carandang, Antonio P.; Camacho, Sofronio C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21513732.2015.1124453">"Indigenous Knowledge and Practices for the Sustainable Management of Ifugao Forests in Cordillera, Philippines"</a>. <i>International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management</i>. <b>12</b> (1–2): 5–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJBSE..12....5C">2016IJBSE..12....5C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21513732.2015.1124453">10.1080/21513732.2015.1124453</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Biodiversity+Science%2C+Ecosystem+Services+%26+Management&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Knowledge+and+Practices+for+the+Sustainable+Management+of+Ifugao+Forests+in+Cordillera%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-13&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21513732.2015.1124453&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016IJBSE..12....5C&rft.aulast=Camacho&rft.aufirst=Leni+D.&rft.au=Geva%C3%B1a%2C+Dixon+T.&rft.au=Carandang%2C+Antonio+P.&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Sofronio+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21513732.2015.1124453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804021354/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Butuan.html">"Butuan Boat"</a>. <i>National Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Butuan.html">the original</a> on August 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum&rft.atitle=Butuan+Boat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FCollections%2FArchaeo%2FButuan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuenafe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buenafe, Mayo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/159">"The Legal Pluralism Phenomenon: Emerging Issues on Protecting and Preserving the Sacred Ifugao Bulul"</a>. <i>Nebraska Anthropologist</i>. <b>26</b>: 127–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Pluralism+Phenomenon%3A+Emerging+Issues+on+Protecting+and+Preserving+the+Sacred+Ifugao+Bulul&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=127-146&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Buenafe&rft.aufirst=Mayo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fnebanthro%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDancel1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Dancel, Manlou M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafadigest/article/view/508">"The Ifugao Wooden Idol"</a>. <i>SPAFA Digest</i>. Vol. 10, no. 1. pp. 2–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SPAFA+Digest&rft.atitle=The+Ifugao+Wooden+Idol&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-5&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Dancel&rft.aufirst=Manlou+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spafajournal.org%2Findex.php%2Fspafadigest%2Farticle%2Fview%2F508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcilla1971" class="citation journal cs1">Arcilla, Jose S. (1971). "The Christianization of Davao Oriental: Excerpts from Jesuit Missionary Letters". <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 639–724. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632131">42632131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Christianization+of+Davao+Oriental%3A+Excerpts+from+Jesuit+Missionary+Letters&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=639-724&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42632131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arcilla&rft.aufirst=Jose+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeralta1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Peralta, Jesus T. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafadigest/article/view/405">"Southwestern Philippine Art"</a>. <i>SPAFA Digest</i>. Vol. 3, no. 1. pp. 32–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SPAFA+Digest&rft.atitle=Southwestern+Philippine+Art&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-34&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=Jesus+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spafajournal.org%2Findex.php%2Fspafadigest%2Farticle%2Fview%2F405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenesa1982" class="citation book cs1">Benesa, Leonidas V. (1982). <i>Okir: The Epiphany of Philippine Graphic Art</i>. Manila: Interlino Printing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okir%3A+The+Epiphany+of+Philippine+Graphic+Art&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Interlino+Printing+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Benesa&rft.aufirst=Leonidas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosa1991" class="citation journal cs1">Barbosa, Artemio C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafa1991journal/article/view/186">"Persisting Traditions of Folk Arts and Handicrafts in the Philippines"</a>. <i>SPAFA Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 54–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SPAFA+Journal&rft.atitle=Persisting+Traditions+of+Folk+Arts+and+Handicrafts+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-60&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Artemio+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spafajournal.org%2Findex.php%2Fspafa1991journal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasco2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Lasco, Lorenz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=6202">"Ang Kosmolohiya at Simbolismo ng mga Sandatang Pilipino: Isang Panimulang Pag-Aaral"</a>. <i>Dalumat e-Journal</i> (in Filipino). <b>2</b> (1) – via Philippine E-Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dalumat+e-Journal&rft.atitle=Ang+Kosmolohiya+at+Simbolismo+ng+mga+Sandatang+Pilipino%3A+Isang+Panimulang+Pag-Aaral&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lasco&rft.aufirst=Lorenz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournals.ph%2Fform%2Fcite.php%3Fid%3D6202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inquirer_wood_carving-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inquirer_wood_carving_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inquirer_wood_carving_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaraoidan2019" class="citation news cs1">Baraoidan, Kimmy (April 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1111371/wood-carving-art-alive-in-paete">"Wood Carving Art Alive in Paete"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Wood+Carving+Art+Alive+in+Paete&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft.aulast=Baraoidan&rft.aufirst=Kimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1111371%2Fwood-carving-art-alive-in-paete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Gómez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez Gómez, Luis Ángel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.ucm.es/8526/1/Indigenous_art._PDF.pdf">"Indigenous Art at the Philippine Exposition of 1887: Arguments for an Ideological and Racial Battle in a Colonial Context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the History of Collections</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 283–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhc%2F14.2.283">10.1093/jhc/14.2.283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Collections&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Art+at+the+Philippine+Exposition+of+1887%3A+Arguments+for+an+Ideological+and+Racial+Battle+in+a+Colonial+Context&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-294&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhc%2F14.2.283&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Luis+%C3%81ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.ucm.es%2F8526%2F1%2FIndigenous_art._PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood Connections: Creating Spaces and Possibilities for Wood Carvers in the Philippines, CD Habito, AV Mariano, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Museum2010" class="citation report cs1">National Museum (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613144322/https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/NM%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202010.pdf">Annual Report 2010</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/NM%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2010&rft.date=2010&rft.au=National+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FNM%2520ANNUAL%2520REPORT%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2020/01/27/ph-national-museum-receives-valuable-philippine-artifact/">"PH National Museum receives valuable Philippine artifact"</a>. <i>Southeast Asian Archeology</i>. Philippines. January 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305104645/https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2020/01/27/ph-national-museum-receives-valuable-philippine-artifact/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Archeology&rft.atitle=PH+National+Museum+receives+valuable+Philippine+artifact&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southeastasianarchaeology.com%2F2020%2F01%2F27%2Fph-national-museum-receives-valuable-philippine-artifact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker1999" class="citation book cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC&q=limestone+urns+of+south+cotabato&pg=PA397"><i>Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2035-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2035-5"><bdi>0-8248-2035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raiding%2C+Trading%2C+and+Feasting%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Philippine+Chiefdoms&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8248-2035-5&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Laura+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyO2yG0nxTtsC%26q%3Dlimestone%2Burns%2Bof%2Bsouth%2Bcotabato%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/remains-1-000-year-old-village-unearthed-philippines-article-1.1163639">"Remains of 1,000-Year Old Village Unearthed in Philippines"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. Associated Press. September 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Remains+of+1%2C000-Year+Old+Village+Unearthed+in+Philippines&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fremains-1-000-year-old-village-unearthed-philippines-article-1.1163639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baradas-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baradas_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaradas1968" class="citation journal cs1">Baradas, David B. (1968). "Some Implications of the Okir Motif in Lanao and Sulu Art". <i>Asian Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 129–168. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27892222">27892222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Implications+of+the+Okir+Motif+in+Lanao+and+Sulu+Art&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-168&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27892222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baradas&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2070/">"Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Kabayan+Mummy+Burial+Caves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F2070%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2014" class="citation news cs1">Torres, Sophia (June 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/364312/lifestyle/travel/romblon-the-country-s-marble-capital-is-also-an-island-haven/">"Romblon: The Country's Marble Capital is also an Island Haven"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Romblon%3A+The+Country%27s+Marble+Capital+is+also+an+Island+Haven&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F364312%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel%2Fromblon-the-country-s-marble-capital-is-also-an-island-haven%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2019" class="citation book cs1">Reyes, Raquel A. G. (2019). "Paradise in Stone: Representations of New World Plants and Animals on Spanish Colonial Churches in the Philippines". In Reyes, Raquel A. G. (ed.). <i>Art, Trade, and Cultural Mediation in Asia, 1600–1950</i>. London: Palgrave Pivot. pp. 43–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-57237-0_3">10.1057/978-1-137-57237-0_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57236-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-57236-3"><bdi>978-1-137-57236-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192379096">192379096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paradise+in+Stone%3A+Representations+of+New+World+Plants+and+Animals+on+Spanish+Colonial+Churches+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Art%2C+Trade%2C+and+Cultural+Mediation+in+Asia%2C+1600%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43-74&rft.pub=Palgrave+Pivot&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192379096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-57237-0_3&rft.isbn=978-1-137-57236-3&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Raquel+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whc.unesco.org_list_677-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_list_677_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_list_677_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/">"Baroque Churches of the Philippines"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Baroque+Churches+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F677%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726160152/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html">"Butuan Ivory Seal"</a>. <i>National Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html">the original</a> on July 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum&rft.atitle=Butuan+Ivory+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FCollections%2FArchaeo%2FSeal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aacgoogle_relimg-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aacgoogle_relimg_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aacgoogle_relimg_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntramuros_Administration" class="citation web cs1">Intramuros Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/IAVB14K_MpGtJg">"Rebultong Garing: Religious Images in Ivory"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i> (Photo slideshow). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130214920/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/IAVB14K_MpGtJg">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Rebultong+Garing%3A+Religious+Images+in+Ivory&rft.au=Intramuros+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2FIAVB14K_MpGtJg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinMartinVigne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Esmond; Martin, Chryssee; Vigne, Lucy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/133/1332550947.pdf">"The Importance of Ivory in Philippine Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pachyderm</i>. <b>50</b>: 56–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pachyderm&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Ivory+in+Philippine+Culture&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=56-67&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Esmond&rft.au=Martin%2C+Chryssee&rft.au=Vigne%2C+Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhinoresourcecenter.com%2Fpdf_files%2F133%2F1332550947.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristy2013" class="citation web cs1">Christy, Bryan (June 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133118/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/6/130618-philippines-ivory-crush-elephants-poaching-world-asia/">"In Global First, Philippines to Destroy its Ivory Stock"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/6/130618-philippines-ivory-crush-elephants-poaching-world-asia/">the original</a> on January 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=In+Global+First%2C+Philippines+to+Destroy+its+Ivory+Stock&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.aulast=Christy&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F6%2F130618-philippines-ivory-crush-elephants-poaching-world-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadale1997" class="citation book cs1">Madale, Abdullah T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&q=carabao+horn+carvings&pg=PA83"><i>The Maranaws: Dwellers of the Lake</i></a>. Manila: Rex Book Store. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-23-2174-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-23-2174-6"><bdi>971-23-2174-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maranaws%3A+Dwellers+of+the+Lake&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=971-23-2174-6&rft.aulast=Madale&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxr8_P6mJ-ZIC%26q%3Dcarabao%2Bhorn%2Bcarvings%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuangwisesSkar2016" class="citation book cs1">Duangwises, Narupon; Skar, Lowell D., eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.museumsiam.org/handle/6622252777/473"><i>The Folk Performing Arts in ASEAN</i></a>. Bangkok: Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-7154-36-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-7154-36-7"><bdi>978-616-7154-36-7</bdi></a> – via Museum Siam Digital Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Folk+Performing+Arts+in+ASEAN&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Princess+Maha+Chakri+Sirindhorn+Anthropology+Centre&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-616-7154-36-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.museumsiam.org%2Fhandle%2F6622252777%2F473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seasite_niu_cordillera-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seasite_niu_cordillera_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seasite_niu_cordillera_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Cynthia/philippine_dances_cordillera.htm">"Cordillera"</a>. seasite.niu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805152547/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Cynthia/philippine_dances_cordillera.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cordillera&rft.pub=seasite.niu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasite.niu.edu%2FTagalog%2FCynthia%2Fphilippine_dances_cordillera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seasite_niu_mindanao-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seasite_niu_mindanao_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seasite_niu_mindanao_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/cynthia/dances/muslim_mindanao_dances.htm">"Muslim Mindanao"</a>. <i>seasite.niu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seasite.niu.edu&rft.atitle=Muslim+Mindanao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasite.niu.edu%2Ftagalog%2Fcynthia%2Fdances%2Fmuslim_mindanao_dances.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-santos_folk_dances-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-santos_folk_dances_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-santos_folk_dances_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, Monica Fides Amada (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/view/6884">"Philippine Folk Dances: A Story of a Nation"</a>. <i>Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Studies+and+Comparative+Literature&rft.atitle=Philippine+Folk+Dances%3A+A+Story+of+a+Nation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Monica+Fides+Amada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.upd.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fjescl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snodgrass_ewfd-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snodgrass_ewfd_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snodgrass_ewfd_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). <i>The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccp_enc_dance-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccp_enc_dance_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccp_enc_dance_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art</i>. Vol. 5: Philippine Dance. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CCP+Encyclopedia+of+Philippine+Art&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Cultural+Center+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinfonia.or.jp_hot_spots-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sinfonia.or.jp_hot_spots_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinfonia.or.jp_hot_spots_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinfonia.or.jp/~infortec/hotspots/boracay/singkil.htm">"Hot Spots Filipino Cultural Dance – Singkil"</a>. Sinfonia.or.jp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429212901/http://www.sinfonia.or.jp/~infortec/hotspots/boracay/singkil.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Spots+Filipino+Cultural+Dance+%E2%80%93+Singkil&rft.pub=Sinfonia.or.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinfonia.or.jp%2F~infortec%2Fhotspots%2Fboracay%2Fsingkil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLolarga2013" class="citation news cs1">Lolarga, Elizabeth (February 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-inbox/filipino-epic-labaw-donggon-comes-life-111820526.html">"Filipino Epic 'Labaw Donggon' Comes to Life"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Filipino+Epic+%27Labaw+Donggon%27+Comes+to+Life&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft.aulast=Lolarga&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fph.news.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-inbox%2Ffilipino-epic-labaw-donggon-comes-life-111820526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez1977" class="citation cs1">Fernandez, D. G. (1977). <i>The Emergence of Modern Drama in the Philippines (1898–1912)</i>. Philippine Studies Working Paper No. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Drama+in+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931912%29&rft.series=Philippine+Studies+Working+Paper+No.+1&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2005" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Natividad Crame (2005). <i>Classical Forms of Theater in Asia</i>. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-506-341-1" title="Special:BookSources/971-506-341-1"><bdi>971-506-341-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Forms+of+Theater+in+Asia&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=University+of+Santo+Tomas+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=971-506-341-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Natividad+Crame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_noceda_vocabulario-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_noceda_vocabulario_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_noceda_vocabulario_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNocedaSan_Lucar1754" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noceda, Juan de; San Lucar, Pedro de (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.cmd?control=CCPB000336658-8"><i>Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</i></a> (in Spanish). Manila: Imprenta de la Compañía de Jesús. pp. 324, 440.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+de+la+lengua+tagala&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=324%2C+440&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa+de+Jes%C3%BAs&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=Noceda&rft.aufirst=Juan+de&rft.au=San+Lucar%2C+Pedro+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbvpb.mcu.es%2Fes%2Fconsulta%2Fregistro.cmd%3Fcontrol%3DCCPB000336658-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2008" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, N. V. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jqpau85TzkQC&pg=PA243"><i>Mindoro and Beyond: Twenty-One Stories</i></a>. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-567-4"><bdi>978-971-542-567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mindoro+and+Beyond%3A+Twenty-One+Stories&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-542-567-4&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=N.+V.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqpau85TzkQC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2000" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, David, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GdP6NNzCMoC&pg=PA52"><i>The Canon in Southeast Asian Literatures: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam</i></a>. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1090-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1090-6"><bdi>0-7007-1090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+in+Southeast+Asian+Literatures%3A+Literatures+of+Burma%2C+Cambodia%2C+Indonesia%2C+Laos%2C+Malaysia%2C+Philippines%2C+Thailand+and+Vietnam&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1090-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2GdP6NNzCMoC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inq-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inq_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazzibugan2009" class="citation news cs1">Pazzibugan, Dona (April 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118175409/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090407-198285/Pabasa-is-for-meditating-not-loud-wailing">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pabasa' is for Meditating, Not Loud Wailing"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090407-198285/Pabasa-is-for-meditating-not-loud-wailing">the original</a> on November 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=%27Pabasa%27+is+for+Meditating%2C+Not+Loud+Wailing&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft.aulast=Pazzibugan&rft.aufirst=Dona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2Finquirerheadlines%2Fnation%2Fview%2F20090407-198285%2FPabasa-is-for-meditating-not-loud-wailing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbertMilner1989" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Patricia; Milner, Anthony, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EqbeRzdDrsC&pg=PA160"><i>South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1267-0"><bdi>0-8248-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-East+Asia%3A+Languages+and+Literatures%3A+A+Select+Guide&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8248-1267-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EqbeRzdDrsC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2011" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Christi-Anne (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaZnkbiJbbYC&q=philippine+dalit&pg=PA32"><i>Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974640-8"><bdi>978-0-19-974640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Renderings+of+the+Philippine+Nation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974640-8&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Christi-Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuaZnkbiJbbYC%26q%3Dphilippine%2Bdalit%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treasures-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-treasures_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma1981" class="citation web cs1">Postma, Antoon (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108080251/http://www.mangyan.org/content/introduction-ambahan">"Introduction to Ambahan"</a>. <i>Mangyan Heritage Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mangyan.org/content/introduction-ambahan">the original</a> on January 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mangyan+Heritage+Center&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Ambahan&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Antoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmangyan.org%2Fcontent%2Fintroduction-ambahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeless-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeless_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Leon2013" class="citation web cs1">De Leon, Mylah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianjournal.com/lifestyle/the-timeless-art-of-balagtasan/">"The Timeless Art of Balagtasan"</a>. <i>Asian Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Timeless+Art+of+Balagtasan&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=De+Leon&rft.aufirst=Mylah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianjournal.com%2Flifestyle%2Fthe-timeless-art-of-balagtasan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOngsottoOngsotto2002" class="citation book cs1">Ongsotto, Rebecca Ramilo; Ongsotto, Reena R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA124"><i>Philippine History Module-Based Learning</i></a>. Manila: Rex Book Store. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-23-3449-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-23-3449-X"><bdi>971-23-3449-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+Module-Based+Learning&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=971-23-3449-X&rft.aulast=Ongsotto&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Ramilo&rft.au=Ongsotto%2C+Reena+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITLRpPrrcykC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPar2013" class="citation cs1">Par, Sabrina (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/SabrinaPar/mga-tula-at-awit"><i>Mga Tula at Awit</i></a> [<i>Poems and Songs</i>] (Slide deck)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2016</span> – via SlideShare.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mga+Tula+at+Awit&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Par&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FSabrinaPar%2Fmga-tula-at-awit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanco_2009-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blanco_2009_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanco, John D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA60"><i>Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25519-7"><bdi>978-0-520-25519-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Constitutions%3A+Christianity+and+Colonial+Empire+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+Philippines&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25519-7&rft.aulast=Blanco&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNtM4sXUgCEC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Escueta-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Escueta_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscuetan.d." class="citation web cs1">Escueta, Carla Michaela E. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226163043/https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/darangen-the-maranao-epic/">"Darangen, the Maranao Epic"</a>. <i>ICH Courier Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/darangen-the-maranao-epic/">the original</a> on December 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICH+Courier+Online&rft.atitle=Darangen%2C+the+Maranao+Epic&rft.aulast=Escueta&rft.aufirst=Carla+Michaela+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fichcourier.ichcap.org%2Farticle%2Fdarangen-the-maranao-epic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felix Laureano,Recuerdos de Filipinas, Barcelona: 1795, A. Lóopez Robert, impresor, Calle Conde de Asalto (currently called "Carrer Nou de la Rambla"), 63, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eugenio-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eugenio_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenio2001" class="citation book cs1">Eugenio, Damiana L. (2001). <i>Philippine Folk Literature: The Epics</i>. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715422949" title="Special:BookSources/9789715422949"><bdi>9789715422949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Folk+Literature%3A+The+Epics&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789715422949&rft.aulast=Eugenio&rft.aufirst=Damiana+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2012" class="citation news cs1">Martinez, Liza (December 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/41909/primer-on-filipino-sign-language">"Primer on Filipino Sign Language"</a>. Opinion. <i>Inquirer.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Primer+on+Filipino+Sign+Language&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Liza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F41909%2Fprimer-on-filipino-sign-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocano1969" class="citation book cs1">Jocano, F. Landa (1969). <i>Outline of Philippine Mythology</i>. Manila: Centro Escolar University Research and Development Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outline+of+Philippine+Mythology&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Centro+Escolar+University+Research+and+Development+Center&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Jocano&rft.aufirst=F.+Landa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrientos2019" class="citation web cs1">Barrientos, Giselle (April 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoutmag.ph/culture/the-aswang-project-is-working-on-an-ultimate-philippine-mythology-reference-book-giselleb-20190405">"The Aswang Project is Working on a Philippine Mythology Reference Book"</a>. <i>Scout</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scout&rft.atitle=The+Aswang+Project+is+Working+on+a+Philippine+Mythology+Reference+Book&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.aulast=Barrientos&rft.aufirst=Giselle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoutmag.ph%2Fculture%2Fthe-aswang-project-is-working-on-an-ultimate-philippine-mythology-reference-book-giselleb-20190405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/memoryoftheworld/registry/517">"Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua and Pala'wan)"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628103241/https://en.unesco.org/memoryoftheworld/registry/517">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Philippine+Paleographs+%28Hanunoo%2C+Buid%2C+Tagbanua+and+Pala%27wan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fmemoryoftheworld%2Fregistry%2F517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1602707/Manila/Local-News/House-panel-approves-Baybayin-as-national-writing-system">"House Panel Approves Baybayin as National Writing System"</a>. <i>SunStar</i>. April 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunStar&rft.atitle=House+Panel+Approves+Baybayin+as+National+Writing+System&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Farticle%2F1602707%2FManila%2FLocal-News%2FHouse-panel-approves-Baybayin-as-national-writing-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.abs-cbn.com/life/04/25/18/5-things-to-know-about-phs-pre-hispanic-writing-system">"5 Things to Know About PH's Pre-Hispanic Writing System"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=5+Things+to+Know+About+PH%27s+Pre-Hispanic+Writing+System&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Flife%2F04%2F25%2F18%2F5-things-to-know-about-phs-pre-hispanic-writing-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcilla_y_Martin1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marcilla y Martin, Cipriano (1895). <i>Estudio de los antiguos alfabetos Filipinos</i> (in Spanish). Malabon: Tipo-Litografia del Asilo de Huérfanos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudio+de+los+antiguos+alfabetos+Filipinos&rft.place=Malabon&rft.pub=Tipo-Litografia+del+Asilo+de+Hu%C3%A9rfanos&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Marcilla+y+Martin&rft.aufirst=Cipriano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2011" class="citation web cs1">Morrow, Paul (April 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulmorrow.ca/baychart.htm">"Baybayin Styles & Their Sources"</a>. <i>paulmorrow.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paulmorrow.ca&rft.atitle=Baybayin+Styles+%26+Their+Sources&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaulmorrow.ca%2Fbaychart.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnphilippines.com-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnnphilippines.com_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosero2018" class="citation news cs1">Rosero, Michael Wilson I. (April 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505193720/http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/04/26/baybayin-bill.html">"The Baybayin Bill and the Never Ending Search for 'Filipino-ness'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/04/26/baybayin-bill.html">the original</a> on May 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+Baybayin+Bill+and+the+Never+Ending+Search+for+%27Filipino-ness%27&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Rosero&rft.aufirst=Michael+Wilson+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Flife%2Fculture%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Fbaybayin-bill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfinidad-Bernardo2018" class="citation news cs1">Afinidad-Bernardo, Deni Rose M. (June 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/2018/06/01/1820721/watch-how-ace-script-lettering">"Watch: How to Ace in Script Lettering"</a>. <i>Philstar Global</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philstar+Global&rft.atitle=Watch%3A+How+to+Ace+in+Script+Lettering&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Afinidad-Bernardo&rft.aufirst=Deni+Rose+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Flifestyle%2Farts-and-culture%2F2018%2F06%2F01%2F1820721%2Fwatch-how-ace-script-lettering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbubakar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Abubakar, Carmen A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6251094">"<i>Surat Sug</i>: Jawi Tradition in Southern Philippines"</a>. <i>Cuaderno Internacional de Estudios Humanísticos y Literatura</i>. <b>19</b>: 31–37 – via Dialnet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuaderno+Internacional+de+Estudios+Human%C3%ADsticos+y+Literatura&rft.atitle=Surat+Sug%3A+Jawi+Tradition+in+Southern+Philippines&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=31-37&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Abubakar&rft.aufirst=Carmen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D6251094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillie2001" class="citation journal cs1">Millie, Julian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003814">"The Poem of Bidasari in the Maranao Language"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>157</b> (2): 403–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003814">10.1163/22134379-90003814</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=The+Poem+of+Bidasari+in+the+Maranao+Language&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=403-406&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003814&rft.aulast=Millie&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/the-revival-of-baybayin-an-ancient-philippines-script-ripped-up-by-colonisation-1.892860">"The Revival of Baybayin – an Ancient Philippines Script Ripped up by Colonisation"</a>. <i>The National</i>. Agence France-Presse. July 31, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422120216/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/the-revival-of-baybayin-an-ancient-philippines-script-ripped-up-by-colonisation-1.892860">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Baybayin+%E2%80%93+an+Ancient+Philippines+Script+Ripped+up+by+Colonisation&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts-culture%2Fmusic%2Fthe-revival-of-baybayin-an-ancient-philippines-script-ripped-up-by-colonisation-1.892860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/beyond-abcs-ancient-philippine-script-revival-kicks-up-debate-1.1564555376902">"Beyond ABCs: Ancient Philippine Script Revival Kicks up Debate"</a>. <i>Gulf News</i>. Agence France-Presse. July 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Beyond+ABCs%3A+Ancient+Philippine+Script+Revival+Kicks+up+Debate&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fphilippines%2Fbeyond-abcs-ancient-philippine-script-revival-kicks-up-debate-1.1564555376902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908010540/http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064"><i>World Braille Usage</i></a> (3rd ed.). Watertown, Massachusetts: Perkins. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-9564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-9564-4"><bdi>978-0-8444-9564-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064">the original</a> on September 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Braille+Usage&rft.place=Watertown%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Perkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-9564-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmabraille.com%2FLiteratureRetrieve.aspx%3FID%3D122064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs/">"The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs"</a>. <i>Artes de las Islas Filipinas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artes+de+las+Islas+Filipinas&rft.atitle=The+Angono-Binangonan+Petroglyphs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artesdelasfilipinas.com%2Farchives%2F152%2Fthe-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whc.unesco.org-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5018/">"Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Petroglyphs+and+Petrographs+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTantiangco2016" class="citation news cs1">Tantiangco, Aya (October 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/586490/lifestyle/artandculture/officials-call-for-protection-preservation-of-cave-art-in-monreal-masbate/">"Officials Call for Protection, Preservation of Newly Discovered Cave Art in Monreal, Masbate"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Officials+Call+for+Protection%2C+Preservation+of+Newly+Discovered+Cave+Art+in+Monreal%2C+Masbate&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft.aulast=Tantiangco&rft.aufirst=Aya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F586490%2Flifestyle%2Fartandculture%2Fofficials-call-for-protection-preservation-of-cave-art-in-monreal-masbate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncca_ceramic_age-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncca_ceramic_age_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca_ceramic_age_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca_ceramic_age_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304032047/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/prehistory-of-the-philippines/the-ceramic-age/">"The Ceramic Age"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/prehistory-of-the-philippines/the-ceramic-age/">the original</a> on March 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Ceramic+Age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fculture-profile%2Fprehistory-of-the-philippines%2Fthe-ceramic-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramhall2016" class="citation web cs1">Bramhall, Donna (March 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320194026/http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/125827-yakan-tribe-wedding-zamboanga-sulu">"Meeting the Yakan People in Zamboanga City"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/125827-yakan-tribe-wedding-zamboanga-sulu">the original</a> on March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Meeting+the+Yakan+People+in+Zamboanga+City&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.aulast=Bramhall&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Flife-and-style%2Farts-and-culture%2F125827-yakan-tribe-wedding-zamboanga-sulu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcken2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilcken, Lane (2010). <i>Filipino Tattoos: Ancient to Modern</i>. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Tattoos%3A+Ancient+to+Modern&rft.place=Atglen%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wilcken&rft.aufirst=Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagragioPaluga2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ragragio, Andrea Malaya M.; Paluga, Myfel D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20495%2Fseas.8.2_259">"An Ethnography of Pantaron Manobo Tattooing (<i>Pangotoeb</i>): Towards a Heuristic Schema in Understanding Manobo Indigenous Tattoos"</a>. <i>Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 259–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20495%2Fseas.8.2_259">10.20495/seas.8.2_259</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Ethnography+of+Pantaron+Manobo+Tattooing+%28Pangotoeb%29%3A+Towards+a+Heuristic+Schema+in+Understanding+Manobo+Indigenous+Tattoos&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-294&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20495%2Fseas.8.2_259&rft.aulast=Ragragio&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Malaya+M.&rft.au=Paluga%2C+Myfel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.20495%252Fseas.8.2_259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeterio2017" class="citation journal cs1">Demeterio, F. P. A. III (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fslmjournals.taylors.edu.my/the-fading-batek-problematizing-the-decline-of-traditional-tattoos-in-the-philippine-cordillera-region/">"The Fading <i>Batek</i>: Problematizing the Decline of Traditional Tattoos in the Philippine Cordillera Region"</a>. <i>SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for Communication and Humanities</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 55–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEARCH%3A+The+Journal+of+the+South+East+Asia+Research+Centre+for+Communication+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=The+Fading+Batek%3A+Problematizing+the+Decline+of+Traditional+Tattoos+in+the+Philippine+Cordillera+Region&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-82&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Demeterio&rft.aufirst=F.+P.+A.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffslmjournals.taylors.edu.my%2Fthe-fading-batek-problematizing-the-decline-of-traditional-tattoos-in-the-philippine-cordillera-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairRobertson1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13280/13280.txt"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803</i></a>. Vol. 2: 1521–1569. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 126 – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493%E2%80%931803&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F13280%2F13280.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigerBeyerBenitez1929" class="citation book cs1">Steiger, G. Nye; Beyer, H. Otley; Benitez, Conrado (1929). <i>A History of the Orient</i>. Boston: Ginn and Company. pp. 143–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Orient&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Ginn+and+Company&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Steiger&rft.aufirst=G.+Nye&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+Otley&rft.au=Benitez%2C+Conrado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangan2016" class="citation book cs1">Pangan, John Kingsley (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ChurchOfTheFarEastPreview"><i>Church of the Far East</i></a>. Makati City: St. Paul's Philippines. p. 9 – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+of+the+Far+East&rft.place=Makati+City&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=St.+Paul%27s+Philippines&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Pangan&rft.aufirst=John+Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FChurchOfTheFarEastPreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvan1931" class="citation book cs1">Garvan, John M. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AHC5611.0001.001"><i>The Manóbos of Mindanáo</i></a>. Washington: United States Government Printing Office – via University of Michigan Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man%C3%B3bos+of+Mindan%C3%A1o&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Garvan&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%3Bidno%3DAHC5611.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/271561/newstv/reeltime/pang-o-tub-the-tattooing-tradition-of-the-manobo/">"Pang-o-Tub: The Tattooing Tradition of the Manobo"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i>. August 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Pang-o-Tub%3A+The+Tattooing+Tradition+of+the+Manobo&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F271561%2Fnewstv%2Freeltime%2Fpang-o-tub-the-tattooing-tradition-of-the-manobo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalaveraManaloBaybaySaludario2013" class="citation cs1">Talavera, Jezia; Manalo, Faith; Baybay, Amy; Saludario, Dayra; Dizon, Rosario; Mauro, Bea; Porquerino, Ana; Novela, Ardo; Yakit, France; Banares, Aubrey; Francisco, Marie; Inocencio, Rizzabel; Rongavilla, Conrad; Cruz, Tina (2013). <i>The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+T%27boli%3A+Songs%2C+Stories+and+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Talavera&rft.aufirst=Jezia&rft.au=Manalo%2C+Faith&rft.au=Baybay%2C+Amy&rft.au=Saludario%2C+Dayra&rft.au=Dizon%2C+Rosario&rft.au=Mauro%2C+Bea&rft.au=Porquerino%2C+Ana&rft.au=Novela%2C+Ardo&rft.au=Yakit%2C+France&rft.au=Banares%2C+Aubrey&rft.au=Francisco%2C+Marie&rft.au=Inocencio%2C+Rizzabel&rft.au=Rongavilla%2C+Conrad&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Tina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfern2018" class="citation web cs1">Redfern, Corinne (April 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/whang-od-the-last-tattoo-artist">"Whang-Od: The Last Tattoo Artist"</a>. <i>Tatler</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatler&rft.atitle=Whang-Od%3A+The+Last+Tattoo+Artist&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.aulast=Redfern&rft.aufirst=Corinne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatlerasia.com%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fwhang-od-the-last-tattoo-artist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanes2013" class="citation news cs1">Malanes, Maurice (September 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/485029/skin-as-archive-of-history-culture-identity">"Skin as Archive of History, Culture, Identity"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Skin+as+Archive+of+History%2C+Culture%2C+Identity&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.aulast=Malanes&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F485029%2Fskin-as-archive-of-history-culture-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2014" class="citation news cs1">Lowe, Aya (May 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27539510">"Reviving Filipino Tribal Tattoo Art"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Reviving+Filipino+Tribal+Tattoo+Art&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Aya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-27539510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cruz, Melodina Sy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/asp/article/view/4366">"Looking Through the Glass: Analysis of Glass Vessel Shards from Pinagbayanan Site, San Juan, Batangas, Philippines"</a>. <i>Hukay: Journal for Archaeological Research in Asia and the Pacific</i>. <b>19</b>: 24–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hukay%3A+Journal+for+Archaeological+Research+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Looking+Through+the+Glass%3A+Analysis+of+Glass+Vessel+Shards+from+Pinagbayanan+Site%2C+San+Juan%2C+Batangas%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=24-60&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Melodina+Sy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.upd.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fasp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2014" class="citation news cs1">Perez, Leila Bernice (January 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2014/01/26/1282920/glass-its-own">"A Glass of its Own"</a>. Starweek Magazine. <i>Philstar Global</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philstar+Global&rft.atitle=A+Glass+of+its+Own&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Leila+Bernice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fother-sections%2Fstarweek-magazine%2F2014%2F01%2F26%2F1282920%2Fglass-its-own&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCañete2018" class="citation web cs1">Cañete, Reuben (October 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bluprint.onemega.com/galo-ocampo-manila-cathedral/">"Dissecting the Stained Glass Windows at the Manila Cathedral"</a>. <i>BluPrint</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BluPrint&rft.atitle=Dissecting+the+Stained+Glass+Windows+at+the+Manila+Cathedral&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.aulast=Ca%C3%B1ete&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbluprint.onemega.com%2Fgalo-ocampo-manila-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2014/05/17/weekly/the-sunday-times/a-treasured-philippine-artist/97255/">"Ramon Orlina: A Treasured Philippine Artist"</a>. <i>The Manila Times</i>. May 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Ramon+Orlina%3A+A+Treasured+Philippine+Artist&rft.date=2014-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2014%2F05%2F17%2Fweekly%2Fthe-sunday-times%2Fa-treasured-philippine-artist%2F97255%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobiasn.d." class="citation web cs1">Tobias, Maricris Jan (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126164339/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-teofilo-garcia/">"National Living Treasures: Teofilo Garcia"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-teofilo-garcia/">the original</a> on January 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=National+Living+Treasures%3A+Teofilo+Garcia&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=Maricris+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fculture-profile%2Fgamaba%2Fnational-living-treasures-teofilo-garcia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNochesedan.d." class="citation web cs1">Nocheseda, Elmer I. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/articles/the-filipino-and-the-salacot">"The Filipino and the Salacot"</a>. <i>Tagalog Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tagalog+Dictionary&rft.atitle=The+Filipino+and+the+Salacot&rft.aulast=Nocheseda&rft.aufirst=Elmer+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagalog-dictionary.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-filipino-and-the-salacot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/099_Morion_Head_Mask.pdf"><i>Morion Head Mask</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span> – via unesco-ichcap.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morion+Head+Mask&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Feng%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain5%2F099_Morion_Head_Mask.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuadalquiver2019" class="citation news cs1">Guadalquiver, Nanette (September 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1081242">"Bacolod's 40th MassKara Festival to Open Oct. 7"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Bacolod%27s+40th+MassKara+Festival+to+Open+Oct.+7&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft.aulast=Guadalquiver&rft.aufirst=Nanette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1081242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2017" class="citation news cs1">Andrade, Nel B. (November 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121234330/https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/21/be-ready-to-get-wet-at-fiesta-in-angono/">"Be Ready to Get Wet at Fiesta in Angono"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/21/be-ready-to-get-wet-at-fiesta-in-angono/">the original</a> on November 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Be+Ready+to+Get+Wet+at+Fiesta+in+Angono&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Nel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mb.com.ph%2F2017%2F11%2F21%2Fbe-ready-to-get-wet-at-fiesta-in-angono%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ichcap-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ichcap_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/the-angonos-higantes-festival-for-san-clemente/">"The Angono's Higantes Festival for San Clemente"</a>. International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region. November 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Angono%27s+Higantes+Festival+for+San+Clemente&rft.pub=International+Information+and+Networking+Centre+for+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco-ichcap.org%2Fthe-angonos-higantes-festival-for-san-clemente%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/lifestyle/8002-anthropological-reflection-onphilippine-masks">http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/lifestyle/8002-anthropological-reflection-onphilippine-masks</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2Findex.php%2Flifestyle%2F8002-anthropological-reflection-onphilippine-masks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeraltan.d." class="citation web cs1">Peralta, Jesus T. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308194020/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/glimpses-peoples-of-the-philippines/kalinga/">"Peoples of the Philippines: Kalinga"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/glimpses-peoples-of-the-philippines/kalinga/">the original</a> on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Peoples+of+the+Philippines%3A+Kalinga&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=Jesus+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fculture-profile%2Fglimpses-peoples-of-the-philippines%2Fkalinga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarra2016" class="citation journal cs1">Garra, Angela C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/view/125">"Indigenous Garments and Accessories of the G'addang in Barangay Ngileb: Documentation on Production"</a>. <i>Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 63–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23969%2Fsampurasun.v2i01.125">10.23969/sampurasun.v2i01.125</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Sampurasun%3A+Interdisciplinary+Studies+for+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Garments+and+Accessories+of+the+G%27addang+in+Barangay+Ngileb%3A+Documentation+on+Production&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-71&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23969%2Fsampurasun.v2i01.125&rft.aulast=Garra&rft.aufirst=Angela+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.unpas.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fsampurasun%2Farticle%2Fview%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zafra_2008-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zafra_2008_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafra2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Zafra" title="Jessica Zafra">Zafra, Jessica</a> (April 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/art-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249">"Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135332/http://www.newsweek.com/art-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Art+Exhibit%3A+Philippines%27+%27Gold+of+Ancestors%27&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.aulast=Zafra&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fart-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalMuseumCollections2011-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NationalMuseumCollections2011_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NationalMuseumCollections2011_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123406/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Lingling-o.html">"Ling-ling O"</a>. <i>National Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Lingling-o.html">the original</a> on December 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum&rft.atitle=Ling-ling+O&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FCollections%2FArchaeo%2FLingling-o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oneocean.org_shell-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oneocean.org_shell_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oneocean.org_shell_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloren2003" class="citation report cs1">Floren, Adonis S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509081156/https://oneocean.org/download/db_files/philippine_shell_industry.pdf">The Philippine Shell Industry with Special Focus on Mactan Cebu</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oneocean.org/download/db_files/philippine_shell_industry.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span> – via oneocean.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Shell+Industry+with+Special+Focus+on+Mactan+Cebu&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Floren&rft.aufirst=Adonis+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foneocean.org%2Fdownload%2Fdb_files%2Fphilippine_shell_industry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asiasociety.org_gtfk-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asiasociety.org_gtfk_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asiasociety.org_gtfk_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asiasociety.org_gtfk_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiasociety.org/new-york/exhibitions/philippine-gold-treasures-forgotten-kingdoms">"Philippine Gold: Treasures of Forgotten Kingdoms"</a>. <i>Asia Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Society&rft.atitle=Philippine+Gold%3A+Treasures+of+Forgotten+Kingdoms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiasociety.org%2Fnew-york%2Fexhibitions%2Fphilippine-gold-treasures-forgotten-kingdoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2015" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ken (September 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/arts/design/review-philippine-gold-treasures-of-forgotten-kingdoms.html">"Review: 'Philippine Gold: Treasures of Forgotten Kingdoms'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%3A+%27Philippine+Gold%3A+Treasures+of+Forgotten+Kingdoms%27&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F25%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Freview-philippine-gold-treasures-of-forgotten-kingdoms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSablad2018" class="citation news cs1">Sablad, Jo Ann (August 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph//article/1759171/Cagayan-De-Oro/Lifestyle/The-crafts-of-Maranaos">"The Crafts of Maranaos"</a>. <i>SunStar</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunStar&rft.atitle=The+Crafts+of+Maranaos&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.aulast=Sablad&rft.aufirst=Jo+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2F%2Farticle%2F1759171%2FCagayan-De-Oro%2FLifestyle%2FThe-crafts-of-Maranaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobiasn.d." class="citation web cs1">Tobias, Maricris Jan (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121140550/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-eduardo-mutuc/">"National Living Treasures: Eduardo Mutuc"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-eduardo-mutuc/">the original</a> on January 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=National+Living+Treasures%3A+Eduardo+Mutuc&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=Maricris+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fculture-profile%2Fgamaba%2Fnational-living-treasures-eduardo-mutuc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120155800/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/webliography/subject/philippine_pottery.asp">"Philippine Pottery"</a>. <i>De La Salle University</i>. November 20, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/webliography/subject/philippine_pottery.asp">the original</a> on November 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+La+Salle+University&rft.atitle=Philippine+Pottery&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlsu.edu.ph%2Flibrary%2Fwebliography%2Fsubject%2Fphilippine_pottery.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717143726/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Manunggul.html">"Manunggul Jar"</a>. <i>National Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Manunggul.html">the original</a> on July 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum&rft.atitle=Manunggul+Jar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FCollections%2FArchaeo%2FManunggul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729050557/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html">"Anthropomorphic Pots"</a>. <i>National Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum&rft.atitle=Anthropomorphic+Pots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FCollections%2FArchaeo%2FPots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2012" class="citation news cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth R. (September 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/36656/more-on-the-mysterious-luzon-jars">"More on the Mysterious Luzon Jars"</a>. Opinion. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=More+on+the+Mysterious+Luzon+Jars&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F36656%2Fmore-on-the-mysterious-luzon-jars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuano-Savellon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ouano-Savellon, Romola (2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative". <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>42</b> (3/4): 189–220. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44512020">44512020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=%22Aginid+Bayok+Sa+Atong+Tawarik%22%3A+Archaic+Cebuano+and+Historicity+in+a+Folk+Narrative&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=189-220&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44512020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ouano-Savellon&rft.aufirst=Romola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Ayala1961" class="citation journal cs1">De Ayala, Fernando Zobel (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/2803">"The First Philippine Porcelain"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 17–19. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42719652">42719652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Philippine+Porcelain&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-19&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42719652%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=De+Ayala&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Zobel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reyes_2008-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_2008_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2008" class="citation book cs1">Reyes, Raquel A. G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tjWD-ngC4C&q=triumph+of+science+over+death+jose+rizal&pg=PA181"><i>Love, Passion and Patriotism: Sexuality and the Philippine Propaganda Movement, 1882–1892</i></a>. Singapore: NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-356-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%2C+Passion+and+Patriotism%3A+Sexuality+and+the+Philippine+Propaganda+Movement%2C+1882%E2%80%931892&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-356-5&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Raquel+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3tjWD-ngC4C%26q%3Dtriumph%2Bof%2Bscience%2Bover%2Bdeath%2Bjose%2Brizal%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706134012/https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Mothers.html">"Mother's Revenge"</a>. <i>National Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Mothers.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum&rft.atitle=Mother%27s+Revenge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2Fnationalmuseumbeta%2FCollections%2FMothers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pepper.ph/5-places-get-good-pottery-philippines/">"5 Places to Get Good Pottery in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Pepper</i>. November 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pepper&rft.atitle=5+Places+to+Get+Good+Pottery+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepper.ph%2F5-places-get-good-pottery-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloria2018" class="citation news cs1">Gloria, Gaby (October 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706165802/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/style/2018/10/19/ceramic-tableware.html">"7 Local Places to Shop for Ceramic Tableware"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnphilippines.com/life/style/2018/10/19/ceramic-tableware.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=7+Local+Places+to+Shop+for+Ceramic+Tableware&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.aulast=Gloria&rft.aufirst=Gaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Flife%2Fstyle%2F2018%2F10%2F19%2Fceramic-tableware.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of the Collection of Musical Instruments in the United States National Museum, Bulletin, Issues 136–138, by Frances Densmore</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelipe2018" class="citation news cs1">Felipe, Carlo S. Suerte (July 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2018/07/11/business/real-estate-and-property/city-of-crafts-and-folk-arts/418139/">"City of Crafts and Folk Arts"</a>. <i>The Manila Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=City+of+Crafts+and+Folk+Arts&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Felipe&rft.aufirst=Carlo+S.+Suerte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2018%2F07%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Freal-estate-and-property%2Fcity-of-crafts-and-folk-arts%2F418139%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/photo/287359/biggest-bell-in-asia-found-in-capiz-town/photo/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Biggest Bell in Asia' Found in Capiz Town"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i>. June 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=%27Biggest+Bell+in+Asia%27+Found+in+Capiz+Town&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fphoto%2F287359%2Fbiggest-bell-in-asia-found-in-capiz-town%2Fphoto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2019" class="citation news cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth R. (June 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/122195/the-gold-tara-of-agusan">"The Gold Tara of Agusan"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i> (Opinion).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=The+Gold+Tara+of+Agusan&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F122195%2Fthe-gold-tara-of-agusan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-old-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-old_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.blades.free.fr/swords/klewang/kampilan/kampilan.htm">"Kampilan"</a>. <i>Malay World Edged Weapons</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malay+World+Edged+Weapons&rft.atitle=Kampilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.blades.free.fr%2Fswords%2Fklewang%2Fkampilan%2Fkampilan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Lawrence, Marc (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824080342/http://southbayfmaclub.com/Articles/pdf/Special-Edition_Philippine-Weaponry.pdf">"Filipino Weapons from A to Z"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Filipino Martial Arts Digest</i>. Stephen K. Dowd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southbayfmaclub.com/Articles/pdf/Special-Edition_Philippine-Weaponry.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filipino+Martial+Arts+Digest&rft.atitle=Filipino+Weapons+from+A+to+Z&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbayfmaclub.com%2FArticles%2Fpdf%2FSpecial-Edition_Philippine-Weaponry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epanolIbanag-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epanolIbanag_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WE2AQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA223"><i>Diccionario español-ibanag, o sea Tesauro hispano-cagayán sacado de los manuscritos antiguos, y nuevamente corregido y añadido en gran parte por dos religiosos dominicos ministros en aquella provincia</i></a> (in Spanish). Manila: Imp. de Ramírez y Giraudier. 1867. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+espa%C3%B1ol-ibanag%2C+o+sea+Tesauro+hispano-cagay%C3%A1n+sacado+de+los+manuscritos+antiguos%2C+y+nuevamente+corregido+y+a%C3%B1adido+en+gran+parte+por+dos+religiosos+dominicos+ministros+en+aquella+provincia&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Imp.+de+Ram%C3%ADrez+y+Giraudier&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WE2AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2011" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Mark V. (2011). <i>Filipino Martial Culture</i>. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Martial+Culture&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Mark+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley1994" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Mark V. (1994). <i>Filipino Martial Arts: Cabales Serrada Escrima</i>. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-1913-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-1913-0"><bdi>0-8048-1913-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Martial+Arts%3A+Cabales+Serrada+Escrima&rft.place=Rutland%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=C.E.+Tuttle&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8048-1913-0&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Mark+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodhania2012" class="citation book cs1">Godhania, Krishna (2012) [2010]. <i>Eskrima: Filipino Martial Art</i> (Ebook ed.). Wiltshire: Crowood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eskrima%3A+Filipino+Martial+Art&rft.place=Wiltshire&rft.edition=Ebook&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Godhania&rft.aufirst=Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Posts Tagged 'master' A Graceffo, MA Odyssey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmainformative.info/Newspaper/2016/FMA_Informative_Newspaper-Vol5No2-2016.pdf">"FMA Informative Newspaper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FMA Informative</i>. Vol. 5, no. 2. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FMA+Informative&rft.atitle=FMA+Informative+Newspaper&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmainformative.info%2FNewspaper%2F2016%2FFMA_Informative_Newspaper-Vol5No2-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapieElias2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shapie, Mohamad Nizam Mohamed; Elias, Mohd Shahiid (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18002%2Frama.v11i2s.4202">"Silat: The Curriculum of Seni Silat Malaysia"</a>. <i>Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas</i>. <b>11</b> (2s): 122–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18002%2Frama.v11i2s.4202">10.18002/rama.v11i2s.4202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10612%2F16565">10612/16565</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Artes+Marciales+Asi%C3%A1ticas&rft.atitle=Silat%3A+The+Curriculum+of+Seni+Silat+Malaysia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2s&rft.pages=122-125&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10612%2F16565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18002%2Frama.v11i2s.4202&rft.aulast=Shapie&rft.aufirst=Mohamad+Nizam+Mohamed&rft.au=Elias%2C+Mohd+Shahiid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18002%252Frama.v11i2s.4202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/04/28/1913167/jendo-applies-poc-membership">"Jendo Applies for POC Membership"</a>. <i>Philstar Global</i>. April 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philstar+Global&rft.atitle=Jendo+Applies+for+POC+Membership&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fsports%2F2019%2F04%2F28%2F1913167%2Fjendo-applies-poc-membership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro1985" class="citation book cs1">Alejandro, Reynaldo (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&q=%22Philippine+Cuisine%22+influences&pg=PA12"><i>The Philippine Cookbook</i></a>. New York, New York: Perigee Books. pp. 12–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-51144-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-51144-X"><bdi>0-399-51144-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Cookbook&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=12-14&rft.pub=Perigee+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-399-51144-X&rft.aulast=Alejandro&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUaDoUF0tRwC%26q%3D%2522Philippine%2BCuisine%2522%2Binfluences%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivitello2011" class="citation book cs1">Civitello, Linda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwtE4v_qS4EC&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PT263"><i>Cuisine and Culture: A History of Cavalo and People</i></a>. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-09875-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-09875-2"><bdi>978-1-118-09875-2</bdi></a>. <q>Just as Filipino people are part Malay, Chinese and Spanish, so is the cuisine of their seven-thousand-island nation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuisine+and+Culture%3A+A+History+of+Cavalo+and+People&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-09875-2&rft.aulast=Civitello&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwtE4v_qS4EC%26q%3D%2522Philippine%2520Cuisine%2522%2520influences%26pg%3DPT263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620233651/http://books.google.com/books?id=J8VkaWS6xiMC&lpg=PA111&dq=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&f=false"><i>Philippines Country Study Guide</i></a>. Int'l Business Publications. 2007. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4330-3970-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4330-3970-6"><bdi>978-1-4330-3970-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8VkaWS6xiMC&q=%22Philippine+Cuisine%22+influences&pg=PA111">the original</a> on June 20, 2013. <q>Throughout the centuries, the islands have incorporated the cuisine of the early Malay settlers, Arab and Chinese traders, and Spanish and American colonizers along with other Oriental and Occidental accent and flavors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines+Country+Study+Guide&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Int%27l+Business+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4330-3970-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8VkaWS6xiMC%26q%3D%2522Philippine%2BCuisine%2522%2Binfluences%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html">"Philippine Cuisine."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135618/http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html">Archived</a> June 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balitapinoy.net/">Balitapinoy.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022526/http://www.balitapinoy.net/">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed July 2011.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgolis2014" class="citation web cs1">Morgolis, Jason (February 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218091921/http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-06/why-it-so-hard-find-good-filipino-restaurant#comments">"Why is it so Hard to Find a Good Filipino Restaurant?"</a>. <i>Public Radio International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-06/why-it-so-hard-find-good-filipino-restaurant#comments">the original</a> on December 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Philippine food has Chinese, Malaysian, Spanish and American influences — all cultures that have shaped the Philippines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International&rft.atitle=Why+is+it+so+Hard+to+Find+a+Good+Filipino+Restaurant%3F&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Morgolis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2014-02-06%2Fwhy-it-so-hard-find-good-filipino-restaurant%23comments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philstar.com_2015-1-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philstar.com_2015-1_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040608/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/06/16/1466440/cnn-poll-philippines-has-worlds-2nd-best-food">"CNN Poll: Philippines Has World's 2nd Best Food"</a>. <i>Philstar Global</i>. June 16, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/06/16/1466440/cnn-poll-philippines-has-worlds-2nd-best-food">the original</a> on October 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philstar+Global&rft.atitle=CNN+Poll%3A+Philippines+Has+World%27s+2nd+Best+Food&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2015%2F06%2F16%2F1466440%2Fcnn-poll-philippines-has-worlds-2nd-best-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayag2012" class="citation book cs1">Tayag, Claude (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ84MwEACAAJ"><i>Linamnam: Eating One's Way Around the Philippines</i></a>. Manila: Anvil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2640-8"><bdi>978-971-27-2640-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linamnam%3A+Eating+One%27s+Way+Around+the+Philippines&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Anvil&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-971-27-2640-8&rft.aulast=Tayag&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQ84MwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrejas2019" class="citation news cs1">Orejas, Tonette (November 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1186190/12-giant-lanterns-star-in-pampangas-111-year-old-festival">"12 Giant Lanterns Star in Pampanga's 111-Year-Old Festival"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=12+Giant+Lanterns+Star+in+Pampanga%27s+111-Year-Old+Festival&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Orejas&rft.aufirst=Tonette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1186190%2F12-giant-lanterns-star-in-pampangas-111-year-old-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSM_Supermalls2019" class="citation news cs1">SM Supermalls (February 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/advertorial/life/02/28/19/philippines-belgium-kick-off-intl-pyromusical-competition-in-clark">"Philippines, Belgium Kick Off Int'l Pyromusical Competition in Clark"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Philippines%2C+Belgium+Kick+Off+Int%27l+Pyromusical+Competition+in+Clark&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.au=SM+Supermalls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fadvertorial%2Flife%2F02%2F28%2F19%2Fphilippines-belgium-kick-off-intl-pyromusical-competition-in-clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDela_Cruz2010" class="citation book cs1">Dela Cruz, Lina Depra (2010). "Potential of Virgin Coconut Oil in the Production of Lacquer Enamel Paint". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2010/WCECS2010_pp686-690.pdf"><i>World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science: WCECS 2010: 20–22 October, 2010, San Francisco, USA</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hong Kong: Newswood Ltd., International Association of Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-17012-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-17012-0-6"><bdi>978-988-17012-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potential+of+Virgin+Coconut+Oil+in+the+Production+of+Lacquer+Enamel+Paint&rft.btitle=World+Congress+on+Engineering+and+Computer+Science%3A+WCECS+2010%3A+20%E2%80%9322+October%2C+2010%2C+San+Francisco%2C+USA&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Newswood+Ltd.%2C+International+Association+of+Engineers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-988-17012-0-6&rft.aulast=Dela+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Lina+Depra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaeng.org%2Fpublication%2FWCECS2010%2FWCECS2010_pp686-690.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacuna-Richman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lacuna-Richman, Celeste (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586005">"The Use of Non-Wood Forest Products by Migrants in a New Settlement: Experiences of a Visayan Community in Palawan, Philippines"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>2</b> (1). 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-36">10.1186/1746-4269-2-36</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586005">1586005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16959026">16959026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Non-Wood+Forest+Products+by+Migrants+in+a+New+Settlement%3A+Experiences+of+a+Visayan+Community+in+Palawan%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1586005%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16959026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-36&rft.aulast=Lacuna-Richman&rft.aufirst=Celeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1586005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacus1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bacus, Elisabeth A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.0216">"Later Prehistory of the Philippines: Colonial Images and Archaeology"</a>. <i>Archaeology International</i>. <b>2</b>: 54–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.0216">10.5334/ai.0216</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+International&rft.atitle=Later+Prehistory+of+the+Philippines%3A+Colonial+Images+and+Archaeology&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=54-56&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fai.0216&rft.aulast=Bacus&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fai.0216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-varsitarian.net-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-varsitarian.net_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-varsitarian.net_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-varsitarian.net_201-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2008" class="citation news cs1">Santos, Tomas U. (February 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://varsitarian.net/circle/20080203/rediscovering_traditional_arts">"Rediscovering Traditional Arts"</a>. <i>The Varsitarian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Varsitarian&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+Traditional+Arts&rft.date=2008-02-03&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Tomas+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvarsitarian.net%2Fcircle%2F20080203%2Frediscovering_traditional_arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangosing2019" class="citation news cs1">Mangosing, Frances (November 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1193856/google-doodle-celebrates-las-pinas-bamboo-organ-195th-anniversary">"Google Doodle Celebrates Las Piñas Bamboo Organ 195th Anniversary"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Google+Doodle+Celebrates+Las+Pi%C3%B1as+Bamboo+Organ+195th+Anniversary&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft.aulast=Mangosing&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1193856%2Fgoogle-doodle-celebrates-las-pinas-bamboo-organ-195th-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorilla2020" class="citation web cs1">Sorilla, Franz IV (January 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/the-scene/people-parties/best-florists-around-metro-manila-for-valentines-day-2020">"13 of Metro Manila's Top Florists"</a>. <i>Tatler</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatler&rft.atitle=13+of+Metro+Manila%27s+Top+Florists&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.aulast=Sorilla&rft.aufirst=Franz+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatlerasia.com%2Fthe-scene%2Fpeople-parties%2Fbest-florists-around-metro-manila-for-valentines-day-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/live/3egcPd_nvAA?feature=share"><i>Dayaw Season 7 Episode 1: Being Dumagat (School of Living Traditions in Bulacan)</i></a> (Video). September 19, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/3egcPd_nvAA">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span> – via Youtube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dayaw+Season+7+Episode+1%3A+Being+Dumagat+%28School+of+Living+Traditions+in+Bulacan%29&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Flive%2F3egcPd_nvAA%3Ffeature%3Dshare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNono2013" class="citation book cs1">Nono, Grace (2013). <i>Song of the Babaylan: Living Voices, Medicines, Spiritualities of Philippine Ritualist-Oralist-Healers</i>. Quezon City: Institute of Spirituality in Asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+of+the+Babaylan%3A+Living+Voices%2C+Medicines%2C+Spiritualities+of+Philippine+Ritualist-Oralist-Healers&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Institute+of+Spirituality+in+Asia&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nono&rft.aufirst=Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrosio2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ambrosio, Dante L. (2010). <i>Balatik: Etnoastronomiya, Kalangitan at Kabihasnang Pilipino</i> (in Filipino). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balatik%3A+Etnoastronomiya%2C+Kalangitan+at+Kabihasnang+Pilipino&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ambrosio&rft.aufirst=Dante+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee2019" class="citation news cs1">See, Dexter A. (October 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/10/05/news/regions/gueday-stone-calendar-declared-national-landmark/626451/">"Gueday Stone Calendar Declared National Landmark"</a>. <i>The Manila Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Gueday+Stone+Calendar+Declared+National+Landmark&rft.date=2019-10-05&rft.aulast=See&rft.aufirst=Dexter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2019%2F10%2F05%2Fnews%2Fregions%2Fgueday-stone-calendar-declared-national-landmark%2F626451%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillano2019" class="citation web cs1">Villano, Alexa (April 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427123153/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/226660-women-of-filipino-dance">"5 Women Who Pioneered Filipino Folk and Modern Dance"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/226660-women-of-filipino-dance">the original</a> on April 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=5+Women+Who+Pioneered+Filipino+Folk+and+Modern+Dance&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Villano&rft.aufirst=Alexa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Flife-and-style%2Farts-and-culture%2F226660-women-of-filipino-dance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2016/05/04/1579967/philippine-hip-hop-dance-scene">"Philippine Hip-Hop Dance Scene"</a>. <i>The Freeman</i>. May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=Philippine+Hip-Hop+Dance+Scene&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fthe-freeman%2Fcebu-lifestyle%2F2016%2F05%2F04%2F1579967%2Fphilippine-hip-hop-dance-scene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro1983" class="citation journal cs1">Alejandro, Reynaldo G. (1983). "Contemporary Dance in the Philippines". <i>Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40860164">40860164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crossroads%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Dance+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40860164%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alejandro&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theaterfansmanila.com/a-new-generation-of-filipino-contemporary-dance-emerges-in-bagong-sayaw-this-september-10-18/">"A New Generation of Filipino Contemporary Dance Emerges in "Bagong Sayaw" this September 10–18"</a>. <i>TheaterFansManila.com</i>. September 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheaterFansManila.com&rft.atitle=A+New+Generation+of+Filipino+Contemporary+Dance+Emerges+in+%22Bagong+Sayaw%22+this+September+10%E2%80%9318&rft.date=2016-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheaterfansmanila.com%2Fa-new-generation-of-filipino-contemporary-dance-emerges-in-bagong-sayaw-this-september-10-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLara2008" class="citation news cs1">Lara, Tanya T. (June 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2008/06/08/66697/little-night-music-everyonenbsp">"A Little Night of Music for Everyone"</a>. <i>Philstar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philstar&rft.atitle=A+Little+Night+of+Music+for+Everyone&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft.aulast=Lara&rft.aufirst=Tanya+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel-and-tourism%2F2008%2F06%2F08%2F66697%2Flittle-night-music-everyonenbsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivares2017" class="citation news cs1">Olivares, Rick (December 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/12/12/17/indio-i-singer-is-back-with-his-pinoy-reggae-fusion">"Indio I Singer is Back with His Pinoy Reggae Fusion"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Indio+I+Singer+is+Back+with+His+Pinoy+Reggae+Fusion&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft.aulast=Olivares&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fentertainment%2F12%2F12%2F17%2Findio-i-singer-is-back-with-his-pinoy-reggae-fusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsis2015" class="citation news cs1">Ansis, J. C. (July 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707085422/https://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2015/05/15/Local-rock-icons-concert-for-Pinoy-Rock-n%E2%80%99-Roll-Hall-of-Fame.html">"Pinoy Rock Icons to Hold Grand Gig for Hall of Fame"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2015/05/15/Local-rock-icons-concert-for-Pinoy-Rock-n%E2%80%99-Roll-Hall-of-Fame.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=Pinoy+Rock+Icons+to+Hold+Grand+Gig+for+Hall+of+Fame&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=Ansis&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fentertainment%2F2015%2F05%2F15%2FLocal-rock-icons-concert-for-Pinoy-Rock-n%25E2%2580%2599-Roll-Hall-of-Fame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2020" class="citation web cs1">Herman, Tamar (June 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tamarherman/2020/06/29/boy-band-sb19-hopes-to-bring-filipino-music-to-the-world-utilizing-the-k-pop-method/">"Boy Band SB19 Draws Inspiration From K-Pop to Bring Filipino Music to the World"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Boy+Band+SB19+Draws+Inspiration+From+K-Pop+to+Bring+Filipino+Music+to+the+World&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftamarherman%2F2020%2F06%2F29%2Fboy-band-sb19-hopes-to-bring-filipino-music-to-the-world-utilizing-the-k-pop-method%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Terry E.; Williams, Sean, eds. (2008). <i>The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music</i>. London: Routledge. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96075-5"><bdi>978-0-415-96075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Handbook+of+Southeast+Asian+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96075-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Maranao Man</i>. Marawi City: University Research Center, Mindanao State University. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maranao+Man&rft.place=Marawi+City&rft.pub=University+Research+Center%2C+Mindanao+State+University&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cadar, Usopay Hamdag (1996). "The Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America". <i>Asian Music</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 131–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F834492">10.2307/834492</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/834492">834492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=The+Maranao+Kolintang+Music+and+Its+Journey+in+America&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-148&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F834492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F834492%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cadar&rft.aufirst=Usopay+Hamdag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FHL-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FHL_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028202419/http://www.himig.com.ph/features/24-more-than-a-love-song">"More than a Love Song"</a>. <i>Himig: The Filipino Music Collection of FHL</i>. Filipinas Heritage Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himig.com.ph/features/24-more-than-a-love-song">the original</a> on October 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Himig%3A+The+Filipino+Music+Collection+of+FHL&rft.atitle=More+than+a+Love+Song&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himig.com.ph%2Ffeatures%2F24-more-than-a-love-song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadayhag2019" class="citation news cs1">Padayhag, Michelle Joy (July 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/246029/bisrock-band-makes-noise-in-taiwan-hopes-to-release-album-soon">"BisRock Band Makes Noise in Taiwan; Hopes to Release Album Soon"</a>. <i>Cebu Daily News Life!</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cebu+Daily+News+Life%21&rft.atitle=BisRock+Band+Makes+Noise+in+Taiwan%3B+Hopes+to+Release+Album+Soon&rft.date=2019-07-20&rft.aulast=Padayhag&rft.aufirst=Michelle+Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcebudailynews.inquirer.net%2F246029%2Fbisrock-band-makes-noise-in-taiwan-hopes-to-release-album-soon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wepa.unima.org/en/philippines/">"Philippines"</a>. <i>World Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts</i>. April 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Puppetry+Arts&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwepa.unima.org%2Fen%2Fphilippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106154440/https://aboutphilippines.org/files/History-of-Philippine-theatre.pdf"><i>The History of Philippine Theatre</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2014. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:172130051">172130051</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutphilippines.org/files/History-of-Philippine-theatre.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Philippine+Theatre&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A172130051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutphilippines.org%2Ffiles%2FHistory-of-Philippine-theatre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174155/https://www.solaireresort.com/article/the-evolution-of-philippine-theatre">"The Evolution of Philippine Theatre"</a>. <i>Solaire</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solaireresort.com/article/the-evolution-of-philippine-theatre">the original</a> on October 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Solaire&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Philippine+Theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.solaireresort.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-evolution-of-philippine-theatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva2019" class="citation web cs1">Da Silva, Sandy (August 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625063446/http://theaterfansmanila.com/7-types-of-theater-in-the-philippines/">"7 Types of Theater in the Philippines"</a>. <i>TheaterFansManila.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theaterfansmanila.com/7-types-of-theater-in-the-philippines/">the original</a> on June 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheaterFansManila.com&rft.atitle=7+Types+of+Theater+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-08-24&rft.aulast=Da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheaterfansmanila.com%2F7-types-of-theater-in-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs/">"The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs : Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities"</a>. <i>www.artesdelasfilipinas.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artesdelasfilipinas.com&rft.atitle=The+Angono-Binangonan+Petroglyphs+%3A+Philippine+Art%2C+Culture+and+Antiquities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artesdelasfilipinas.com%2Farchives%2F152%2Fthe-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222223802/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5018/">"Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5018/">the original</a> on December 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Petroglyphs+and+Petrographs+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtes_de_las_Filipinas_Research_Team" class="citation web cs1">Artes de las Filipinas Research Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422174019/http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs">"The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs: Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities"</a>. <i>Artes de las Filipinas</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs/">the original</a> on April 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artes+de+las+Filipinas&rft.atitle=The+Angono-Binangonan+Petroglyphs%3A+Philippine+Art%2C+Culture+and+Antiquities&rft.au=Artes+de+las+Filipinas+Research+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artesdelasfilipinas.com%2Farchives%2F152%2Fthe-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiziq1-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiziq1_228-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiziq1_228-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703035433/http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/159187-HISTORY-OF-PHILIPPINE-PAINTING"><i>History of Philippine Painting</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/159187-HISTORY-OF-PHILIPPINE-PAINTING">the original</a> on July 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span> – via WizIQ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Philippine+Painting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiziq.com%2Ftutorial%2F159187-HISTORY-OF-PHILIPPINE-PAINTING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanlilio2003" class="citation book cs1">Panlilio, Erlinda Enriquez (2003). Laya, Jaime C. (ed.). <i>Consuming Passions: Philippine Collectibles</i>. Pasig City: Anvil. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-27-1400-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-27-1400-4"><bdi>971-27-1400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Passions%3A+Philippine+Collectibles&rft.place=Pasig+City&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Anvil&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=971-27-1400-4&rft.aulast=Panlilio&rft.aufirst=Erlinda+Enriquez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_230-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728135218/http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCCA-Board-Res-No-2017-330-PRECUP-Guidelines.pdf"><i>[NCCA Guidelines]</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCCA-Board-Res-No-2017-330-PRECUP-Guidelines.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BNCCA+Guidelines%5D&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F02%2FNCCA-Board-Res-No-2017-330-PRECUP-Guidelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slideshare-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slideshare_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/lumaosing/philippine-art-history"><i>Philippine Art History</i></a> (Slide deck) – via SlideShare.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Flumaosing%2Fphilippine-art-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanco, John D. (2009). <i>Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25519-7"><bdi>978-0-520-25519-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Constitutions%3A+Christianity+and+Colonial+Empire+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+Philippines&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25519-7&rft.aulast=Blanco&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTantuco2017" class="citation web cs1">Tantuco, Vernise L. (August 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831093103/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/180702-philippine-modern-art-leon-gallery">"Look: Here's What Philippine Modern Art Looked Like After World War II"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/180702-philippine-modern-art-leon-gallery">the original</a> on August 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Look%3A+Here%27s+What+Philippine+Modern+Art+Looked+Like+After+World+War+II&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.aulast=Tantuco&rft.aufirst=Vernise+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Flife-and-style%2Farts-and-culture%2F180702-philippine-modern-art-leon-gallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/84213/philippine-history-told-through-art">"Philippine History Told Through Art"</a>. Opinion. <i>Inquirer.net</i>. April 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Philippine+History+Told+Through+Art&rft.date=2015-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F84213%2Fphilippine-history-told-through-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2020" class="citation web cs1">Pinto, Sonia (April 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/anita-magsaysay-ho-her-life-art-and-philosophies">"A Look Back at Anita Magsaysay Ho: Her Life, Art, and Philosophies"</a>. <i>Tatler</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatler&rft.atitle=A+Look+Back+at+Anita+Magsaysay+Ho%3A+Her+Life%2C+Art%2C+and+Philosophies&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatlerasia.com%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fanita-magsaysay-ho-her-life-art-and-philosophies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/854068/did-you-know-abdulmari-asia-imao-2nd-death-anniversary">"Did You Know: Abdulmari Asia Imao 2nd Death Anniversary"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>. December 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know%3A+Abdulmari+Asia+Imao+2nd+Death+Anniversary&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F854068%2Fdid-you-know-abdulmari-asia-imao-2nd-death-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Philippines Fiesta!". <i>beMuse Magazine</i>. Singapore National Heritage Board. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=beMuse+Magazine&rft.atitle=Philippines+Fiesta%21&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenslin2006" class="citation book cs1">Henslin, James M. (2006). <i>Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach</i> (6th ed.). Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Sociology%3A+A+Down-to-Earth+Approach&rft.place=Needham+Heights%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Henslin&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruncho2019" class="citation web cs1">Caruncho, Eric S. (April 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/333365/elmer-borlongan-by-the-book/">"Elmer Borlongan, by the Book"</a>. <i>Lifestyle.inq</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifestyle.inq&rft.atitle=Elmer+Borlongan%2C+by+the+Book&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Caruncho&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifestyle.inquirer.net%2F333365%2Felmer-borlongan-by-the-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/news/filipino-artists-unite-to-fight-new-anti-terror-bill-83228">"Filipino Artists Unite to Fight New Anti-Terror Bill"</a>. <i>Artforum</i>. June 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=Filipino+Artists+Unite+to+Fight+New+Anti-Terror+Bill&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fnews%2Ffilipino-artists-unite-to-fight-new-anti-terror-bill-83228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGozum2020" class="citation web cs1">Gozum, Iya (June 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616013507/https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/263875-dissent-through-art-media-clampdown">"Dissent Through Art in the Time of Media Clampdown"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/263875-dissent-through-art-media-clampdown">the original</a> on June 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Dissent+Through+Art+in+the+Time+of+Media+Clampdown&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=Gozum&rft.aufirst=Iya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fmove-ph%2F263875-dissent-through-art-media-clampdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpio2020" class="citation web cs1">Carpio, Audrey (July 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/art/07/05/20/bencab-and-100-more-of-ccps-13-artist-awardees-issue-statement-against-anti-terror-law">"BenCab and 100 More of CCP's 13 Artist Awardees Issue Statement Against Anti-Terror Law"</a>. <i>ANCX</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANCX&rft.atitle=BenCab+and+100+More+of+CCP%27s+13+Artist+Awardees+Issue+Statement+Against+Anti-Terror+Law&rft.date=2020-07-05&rft.aulast=Carpio&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fancx%2Fculture%2Fart%2F07%2F05%2F20%2Fbencab-and-100-more-of-ccps-13-artist-awardees-issue-statement-against-anti-terror-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo1991" class="citation book cs1">Guillermo, Alice (1991). <i>Sculpture in the Philippines: From Anito to Assemblage, and Other Essays</i>. Manila: Metropolitan Museum of Manila.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sculpture+in+the+Philippines%3A+From+Anito+to+Assemblage%2C+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Manila&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Guillermo&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivas2020" class="citation news cs1">Vivas, Jules (July 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20200706/281925955297884">"The Monumental Rizal"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2024</span> – via PressReader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Monumental+Rizal&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft.aulast=Vivas&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fphilippines%2Fmanila-bulletin%2F20200706%2F281925955297884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrevillas2015" class="citation news cs1">Torrevillas, Domini M. (January 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/01/09/1410961/tandang-soras-203rd-birth-anniversary">"On Tandang Sora's 203rd birth anniversary"</a>. Opinion. <i>Philstar</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philstar&rft.atitle=On+Tandang+Sora%27s+203rd+birth+anniversary&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft.aulast=Torrevillas&rft.aufirst=Domini+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F01%2F09%2F1410961%2Ftandang-soras-203rd-birth-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumaboc2019" class="citation news cs1">Dumaboc, Fe Marie (November 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1086153">"Structures Obstructing Lapu-Lapu Shrine to be Demolished"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Structures+Obstructing+Lapu-Lapu+Shrine+to+be+Demolished&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=Dumaboc&rft.aufirst=Fe+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1086153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnriquez2020" class="citation news cs1">Enriquez, Arch Ken (February 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.inquirer.net/291072/monuments-and-memorials-a-vessel-of-memories">"Monuments and Memorials: A Vessel of Memories"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Monuments+and+Memorials%3A+A+Vessel+of+Memories&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft.aulast=Enriquez&rft.aufirst=Arch+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F291072%2Fmonuments-and-memorials-a-vessel-of-memories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee2017" class="citation news cs1">See, Aie Balagtas (December 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/955174/comfort-woman-statue-not-an-insult-vs-japan">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Comfort Woman' Statue Not an Insult vs Japan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=%27Comfort+Woman%27+Statue+Not+an+Insult+vs+Japan%27&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft.aulast=See&rft.aufirst=Aie+Balagtas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F955174%2Fcomfort-woman-statue-not-an-insult-vs-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_oMAQAAMAAJ">"Filipinas Magazine"</a>. <i>Filipinas</i>. Vol. 12. 2003. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filipinas&rft.atitle=Filipinas+Magazine&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd_oMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopezPanganBeldia2008" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Lorna Fe; Pangan, Romulo J.; Beldia, McDonald D. (2008) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q89VMcqV3W0C&pg=PA68"><i>The Dynamic Teeners of the 21st Century: A Worktext in Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) for Second Year High School</i></a> (Reprint of 1st ed.). Manila: Rex Book Store. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4046-8"><bdi>978-971-23-4046-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamic+Teeners+of+the+21st+Century%3A+A+Worktext+in+Music%2C+Arts%2C+Physical+Education+and+Health+%28MAPEH%29+for+Second+Year+High+School&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1st&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4046-8&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Lorna+Fe&rft.au=Pangan%2C+Romulo+J.&rft.au=Beldia%2C+McDonald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq89VMcqV3W0C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadrido2018" class="citation web cs1">Ladrido, R. C. (July 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verafiles.org/articles/tirada-five-decades-philippine-printmaking">"Tirada: Five Decades of Philippine Printmaking"</a>. <i>Vera Files</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vera+Files&rft.atitle=Tirada%3A+Five+Decades+of+Philippine+Printmaking&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft.aulast=Ladrido&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverafiles.org%2Farticles%2Ftirada-five-decades-philippine-printmaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEACEX-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_252-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_252-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_22_ingles.pdf">Guardiola, Juan. The Philippine Imaginary, Sociedad Española de Acción Cultural en el Exterior (SEACEX), Casa Asia and Seacex.es (undated)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093219/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_22_ingles.pdf">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on: August 11, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manilastandard.net/lifestyle/arts-life/291794/father-of-philippine-photography-in-the-spotlight.html">"Father of Philippine Photography in the spotlight"</a>. <i>Manilastandard.net</i>. April 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manilastandard.net&rft.atitle=Father+of+Philippine+Photography+in+the+spotlight&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanilastandard.net%2Flifestyle%2Farts-life%2F291794%2Ffather-of-philippine-photography-in-the-spotlight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706062358/http://www.mangyan.org/book/export/html/34">"Ambahan"</a>. <i>mangyan.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangyan.org/book/export/html/34">the original</a> on July 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mangyan.org&rft.atitle=Ambahan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangyan.org%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenwald-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenwald_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/48031307">"Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008015939/https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=48031307&searchType=1&permalink=y">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2023</span> – via Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrina+Christiana+en+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+y+tagala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F48031307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavellana1984" class="citation journal cs1">Javellana, Rene B. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3836">"The Sources of Gaspar Aquino de Belen's Pasyon"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 305–321. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632713">42632713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+Gaspar+Aquino+de+Belen%27s+Pasyon&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-321&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42632713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Javellana&rft.aufirst=Rene+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel1963" class="citation journal cs1">Manuel, E. Arsenio (1963). "A Survey of Philippine Folk Epics". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>22</b>: 1–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177562">10.2307/1177562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177562">1177562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Philippine+Folk+Epics&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=1-76&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=E.+Arsenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164713/http://www.studymode.com/essays/Florante-And-Laura-1513803.html">"Florante and Laura"</a>. <i>StudyMode</i>. March 2013. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studymode.com/essays/Florante-And-Laura-1513803.html">the original</a></span> on March 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudyMode&rft.atitle=Florante+and+Laura&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studymode.com%2Fessays%2FFlorante-And-Laura-1513803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311180141/http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/francisco_baltazar.htm">"Philippine Heroes – Francisco Baltazar Balagtas y Dela Cruz (1788–1862)"</a>. <i>Etravel Pilipinas</i>. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etravel+Pilipinas&rft.atitle=Philippine+Heroes+%E2%80%93+Francisco+Baltazar+Balagtas+y+Dela+Cruz+%281788%E2%80%931862%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etravelpilipinas.com%2Fabout_philippines%2Ffrancisco_baltazar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandez-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Fernandez" title="Doreen Fernandez">Fernandez, Doreen G.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MQiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Iloilo Zarzuela, 1903–1930</i></a>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iloilo+Zarzuela%2C+1903%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Doreen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MQiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosillos-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hosillos_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosillos1992" class="citation book cs1">Hosillos, Lucila, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6YpAQAAIAAJ"><i>Hiligaynon Literature: Texts and Contexts</i></a>. Quezon City: Aqua-Land Enterprises. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-636-000-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-636-000-2"><bdi>971-636-000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiligaynon+Literature%3A+Texts+and+Contexts&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Aqua-Land+Enterprises&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=971-636-000-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6YpAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariñas_Otero1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mariñas Otero, Luis (1974). <i>La literatura filipina en castellano</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Editora Nacional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-276-1205-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-276-1205-2"><bdi>84-276-1205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+literatura+filipina+en+castellano&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Editora+Nacional&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=84-276-1205-2&rft.aulast=Mari%C3%B1as+Otero&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Lucero2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cruz-Lucero, Rosario (2003). "The "Nation" in Vicente Sotto's Literary Imagination: A Study of Thirteen Cebuano Stories". <i>Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 291–306. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792537">29792537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+%22Nation%22+in+Vicente+Sotto%27s+Literary+Imagination%3A+A+Study+of+Thirteen+Cebuano+Stories&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-306&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cruz-Lucero&rft.aufirst=Rosario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Santos, Lope K. (1988). <i>Banaag at Sikat</i> (in Filipino). Bookmark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banaag+at+Sikat&rft.pub=Bookmark&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Lope+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2001" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John C., ed. (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31192-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31192-7"><bdi>0-313-31192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Postcolonial+Studies&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-313-31192-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFerson2002" class="citation book cs1">McFerson, Hazel M., ed. (2002). <i>Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30791-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30791-1"><bdi>0-313-30791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+Blessing%3A+The+Impact+of+the+American+Colonial+Experience+on+Politics+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-30791-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes1986" class="citation book cs1">Reyes, Edgar (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18762880"><i>Sa mga kuko ng liwanac</i></a>. Manila: De la Salle University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-11-8042-1" title="Special:BookSources/971-11-8042-1"><bdi>971-11-8042-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18762880">18762880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sa+mga+kuko+ng+liwanac&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=De+la+Salle+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18762880&rft.isbn=971-11-8042-1&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F18762880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautista1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Bautista, Lualhati (1988). <i>Dekada '70: Ang Orihinal at Kimpletong Edisyon</i> (in Filipino). Mandaluyong: Carmelo & Bauermann Print. Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-17-9023-8" title="Special:BookSources/971-17-9023-8"><bdi>971-17-9023-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dekada+%2770%3A+Ang+Orihinal+at+Kimpletong+Edisyon&rft.place=Mandaluyong&rft.pub=Carmelo+%26+Bauermann+Print.+Corp&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=971-17-9023-8&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Lualhati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SH-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SH_269-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213094856/http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1762958-amado-hernandez-national-artist/">"Amado V. Hernandez: A National Artist"</a>. <i>Shvoong</i>. February 11, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1762958-amado-hernandez-national-artist/">the original</a> on December 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shvoong&rft.atitle=Amado+V.+Hernandez%3A+A+National+Artist&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shvoong.com%2Fhumanities%2F1762958-amado-hernandez-national-artist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIJC-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIJC_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013457/http://www.aijc.com.ph/pccf/mediamuseum/who%27who/whos%27who-comm-print-hernandez.htm">"Amado V. Hernandez"</a>. <i>Media Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aijc.com.ph/pccf/mediamuseum/who'who/whos'who-comm-print-hernandez.htm">the original</a> on January 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+Museum&rft.atitle=Amado+V.+Hernandez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aijc.com.ph%2Fpccf%2Fmediamuseum%2Fwho%27who%2Fwhos%27who-comm-print-hernandez.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hidalgo79-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hidalgo79_271-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidalgo (2006), p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Christopher Yap (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21659%2Frupkatha.v9n2.30">"Skeletons in the Closets: Gay Themes in Philippine Fictions in English"</a>. <i>Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 293–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21659%2Frupkatha.v9n2.30">10.21659/rupkatha.v9n2.30</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rupkatha+Journal+on+Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+Humanities&rft.atitle=Skeletons+in+the+Closets%3A+Gay+Themes+in+Philippine+Fictions+in+English&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-302&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21659%2Frupkatha.v9n2.30&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Yap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21659%252Frupkatha.v9n2.30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMars-Jones2010" class="citation web cs1">Mars-Jones, Adam (June 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/27/ilustrado-miguel-syjuco-review">"Ilustrado by Miguel Syjuco"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ilustrado+by+Miguel+Syjuco&rft.date=2010-06-26&rft.aulast=Mars-Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Fjun%2F27%2Filustrado-miguel-syjuco-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAw2019" class="citation web cs1">Aw, Tash (August 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/28/insurrecto-gina-apostol-review">"Insurrecto by Gina Apostol Review – Struggles in the Philippines"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Insurrecto+by+Gina+Apostol+Review+%E2%80%93+Struggles+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Aw&rft.aufirst=Tash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Faug%2F28%2Finsurrecto-gina-apostol-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTofighian2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Tofighian, Nadi (2006). <i>The Role of Jose Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What Language Did His Silent Films Speak?</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/URN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="URN (identifier)">urn</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:se%3Asu%3Adiva-899">nbn:se:su:diva-899</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Role+of+Jose+Nepomuceno+in+the+Philippine+Society%3A+What+Language+Did+His+Silent+Films+Speak%3F&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tofighian&rft.aufirst=Nadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curtain-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curtain_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404070019/http://www.philnews.com/2005/wa.html">"Is the Curtain Finally Falling on the Philippine Movie Industry?"</a>. <i>PhilNews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philnews.com/2005/wa.html">the original</a> on April 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhilNews.com&rft.atitle=Is+the+Curtain+Finally+Falling+on+the+Philippine+Movie+Industry%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philnews.com%2F2005%2Fwa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-film-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-film_277-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-film_277-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092505/http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm">"History of Philippine Cinema"</a>. <i>Philippine Journeys</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm">the original</a> on January 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Journeys&rft.atitle=History+of+Philippine+Cinema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aenet.org%2Ffamily%2Ffilmhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamoran-Malasig2018" class="citation web cs1">Ramoran-Malasig, Carol (March 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/">"Philippine Cinema is Growing Fast, and is Moving Away from Typical Themes of Poverty and Violence"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Philippine+Cinema+is+Growing+Fast%2C+and+is+Moving+Away+from+Typical+Themes+of+Poverty+and+Violence&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.aulast=Ramoran-Malasig&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fcmalasig%2F2018%2F03%2F01%2Fphilippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Nathan (September 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/movies/22blos.html">"Floating Above the Slums of Manila on a Current of Love"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Floating+Above+the+Slums+of+Manila+on+a+Current+of+Love&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F22%2Fmovies%2F22blos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuan-Deveza2008" class="citation web cs1">Buan-Deveza, Reyma (May 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717054757/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/05/15/08/chito-ro%C3%B1o-unleashes-different-sharon-caregiver">"Chito Roño Unleashes a Different Sharon in 'Caregiver'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/05/15/08/chito-roño-unleashes-different-sharon-caregiver">the original</a> on July 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Chito+Ro%C3%B1o+Unleashes+a+Different+Sharon+in+%27Caregiver%27&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.aulast=Buan-Deveza&rft.aufirst=Reyma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fentertainment%2F05%2F15%2F08%2Fchito-ro%C3%B1o-unleashes-different-sharon-caregiver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillasanta2009" class="citation web cs1">Villasanta, Boy (August 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717083225/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/09/09/movie-review-%E2%80%9Ckinatay%E2%80%9D-dark-movie">"Movie Review: "Kinatay," a Dark Movie"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/09/09/movie-review-“kinatay”-dark-movie">the original</a> on July 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Movie+Review%3A+%22Kinatay%2C%22+a+Dark+Movie&rft.date=2009-08-10&rft.aulast=Villasanta&rft.aufirst=Boy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fentertainment%2F08%2F09%2F09%2Fmovie-review-%E2%80%9Ckinatay%E2%80%9D-dark-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge2012" class="citation web cs1">Lodge, Guy (September 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/thy-womb-1117948231/">"Thy Womb"</a>. <i>Variety</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Thy+Womb&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2012%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fthy-womb-1117948231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2015" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, Oggs (February 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/83233-that-thing-called-tadhana-antoinette-jadaone/">"Antoinette Jadaone and the Romantic Road to 'That Thing Called Tadhana'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Rappler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Antoinette+Jadaone+and+the+Romantic+Road+to+%27That+Thing+Called+Tadhana%27&rft.date=2015-02-07&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Oggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2F83233-that-thing-called-tadhana-antoinette-jadaone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37330945">"Philippines Revenge Drama Wins at Venice"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. September 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Philippines+Revenge+Drama+Wins+at+Venice&rft.date=2016-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-37330945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2017" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, Oggs (December 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rappler.com/entertainment/movies/smaller-and-smaller-circles-review-raya-martin-sid-lucero">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Smaller and Smaller Circles' Review: Deserves to be Seen"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=%27Smaller+and+Smaller+Circles%27+Review%3A+Deserves+to+be+Seen&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Oggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frappler.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fsmaller-and-smaller-circles-review-raya-martin-sid-lucero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncca_arch-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncca_arch_286-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca_arch_286-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncca_arch_286-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNochen.d." class="citation web cs1">Noche, Manuel C. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103132221/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/">"History of Philippine Architecture"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/">the original</a> on November 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=History+of+Philippine+Architecture&rft.aulast=Noche&rft.aufirst=Manuel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-ncca-3%2Fsubcommissions%2Fsubcommission-on-the-arts-sca%2Farchitecture-and-allied-arts-2%2Fhistory-of-philippine-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIchimura2020" class="citation web cs1">Ichimura, Anri (April 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/earthquake-baroque-churches-in-the-philippines-a00304-20200410">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Earthquake' Baroque Churches in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Esquire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=%27Earthquake%27+Baroque+Churches+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft.aulast=Ichimura&rft.aufirst=Anri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Flong-reads%2Ffeatures%2Fearthquake-baroque-churches-in-the-philippines-a00304-20200410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-185-eng-2">"Baroque Churches of the Philippines"</a>. <i>UNESCO Multimedia Archives</i>. February 22, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Multimedia+Archives&rft.atitle=Baroque+Churches+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1999-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Farchives%2Fmultimedia%2Fdocument-185-eng-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/books/06/23/20/this-book-toasts-the-art-deco-style-in-the-ph-from-cinemas-to-cemeteries-in-500-archival-images">"This Book Toasts Art Deco Style in the PH, from Cinemas to Cemeteries, in 500+ Archival Images"</a>. <i>ANCX</i>. June 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANCX&rft.atitle=This+Book+Toasts+Art+Deco+Style+in+the+PH%2C+from+Cinemas+to+Cemeteries%2C+in+500%2B+Archival+Images&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fancx%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F06%2F23%2F20%2Fthis-book-toasts-the-art-deco-style-in-the-ph-from-cinemas-to-cemeteries-in-500-archival-images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2020" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Bambi (April 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/opinion-how-important-is-the-preservation-and-restoration-of-historic-landmarks">"Opinion: How Important is the Preservation and Restoration of Historic Landmarks in the Philippines?"</a>. <i>Tatler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatler&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+How+Important+is+the+Preservation+and+Restoration+of+Historic+Landmarks+in+the+Philippines%3F&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Bambi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatlerasia.com%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fopinion-how-important-is-the-preservation-and-restoration-of-historic-landmarks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverosBaltazar-Florendo2013" class="citation book cs1">Oliveros, Edith; Baltazar-Florendo, Raquel (2013). <i>Interior Design in the Philippines: A Retrospect of Spaces and Culture</i>. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interior+Design+in+the+Philippines%3A+A+Retrospect+of+Spaces+and+Culture&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=University+of+Santo+Tomas+Publishing+House&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Oliveros&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft.au=Baltazar-Florendo%2C+Raquel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manilastandard.net/lifestyle/weekend-living/217607/evolution-of-interior-design.html">"Evolution of Interior Design"</a>. <i>Manilastandard.net</i>. September 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manilastandard.net&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Interior+Design&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanilastandard.net%2Flifestyle%2Fweekend-living%2F217607%2Fevolution-of-interior-design.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/23/landscape-architects-shift-emphasis-to-the-ecosystem/">"Landscape Architects Shift Emphasis to the Ecosystem"</a>. <i>BusinessMirror</i>. February 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Landscape+Architects+Shift+Emphasis+to+the+Ecosystem&rft.date=2020-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2020%2F02%2F23%2Flandscape-architects-shift-emphasis-to-the-ecosystem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalma2017" class="citation news cs1">Palma, Ragene Andrea L. (November 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.inquirer.net/241168/urban-planning-matters">"Urban Planning and Why it Matters"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Urban+Planning+and+Why+it+Matters&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.aulast=Palma&rft.aufirst=Ragene+Andrea+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F241168%2Furban-planning-matters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706110343/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/12/11/edsa.html">"9 Urban Planners and Architects Illustrate Their Ideal Edsa"</a>. <i>CNN Philippines Life</i>. December 11, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/12/11/edsa.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines+Life&rft.atitle=9+Urban+Planners+and+Architects+Illustrate+Their+Ideal+Edsa&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Flife%2Fculture%2F2018%2F12%2F11%2Fedsa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Haggar2007" class="citation book cs1">El-Haggar, Salah (2007). <i>Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management: Cradle-to-Cradle for Sustainable Development</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055014-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055014-5"><bdi>978-0-08-055014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Industrial+Design+and+Waste+Management%3A+Cradle-to-Cradle+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055014-5&rft.aulast=El-Haggar&rft.aufirst=Salah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsui2012" class="citation report cs1">Usui, Norio (2012). Taking the Right Road to Inclusive Growth: Industrial Upgrading and Diversification in the Philippines (Report). Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11540%2F908">11540/908</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9092-619-1"><bdi>978-92-9092-619-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Taking+the+Right+Road+to+Inclusive+Growth%3A+Industrial+Upgrading+and+Diversification+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Mandaluyong+City&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11540%2F908&rft.isbn=978-92-9092-619-1&rft.aulast=Usui&rft.aufirst=Norio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/10/20/proclamation-no-277-s-2011/"><i>Proclamation No. 277, s. 2011</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span> – via Official Gazette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+No.+277%2C+s.+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2011%2F10%2F20%2Fproclamation-no-277-s-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRey2019" class="citation web cs1">Rey, Aika (April 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rappler.com/nation/photos-where-to-find-cherry-blossoms-philippines-april-2019">"In Photos: Where to Find 'Cherry Blossoms' in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Rappler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=In+Photos%3A+Where+to+Find+%27Cherry+Blossoms%27+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Aika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frappler.com%2Fnation%2Fphotos-where-to-find-cherry-blossoms-philippines-april-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoces2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roces, Mina (2013). "Dress, Status, and Identity in the Philippines: Pineapple Fiber Cloth and <i>Ilustrado</i> Fashion". <i>Fashion Theory</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 341–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174113X13597248661828">10.2752/175174113X13597248661828</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192934902">192934902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fashion+Theory&rft.atitle=Dress%2C+Status%2C+and+Identity+in+the+Philippines%3A+Pineapple+Fiber+Cloth+and+Ilustrado+Fashion&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-372&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175174113X13597248661828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192934902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roces&rft.aufirst=Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsla2013" class="citation journal cs1">Isla, Veronica L. (2013). "Investigating Second-Hand Fashion Trade and Consumption in the Philippines: Expanding Existing Discourses". <i>Journal of Consumer Culture</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 221–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469540513480167">10.1177/1469540513480167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145065600">145065600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Culture&rft.atitle=Investigating+Second-Hand+Fashion+Trade+and+Consumption+in+the+Philippines%3A+Expanding+Existing+Discourses&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-240&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1469540513480167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145065600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Isla&rft.aufirst=Veronica+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeri2019" class="citation web cs1">Neri, Hershey (June 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.style/fashion/style-inspirations/cultural-appropriation-indigenous-textiles/8035">"How to Wear Philippine Indigenous Textiles Responsibly, According to a Textile Expert"</a>. <i>Metro.Style</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro.Style&rft.atitle=How+to+Wear+Philippine+Indigenous+Textiles+Responsibly%2C+According+to+a+Textile+Expert&rft.date=2019-06-30&rft.aulast=Neri&rft.aufirst=Hershey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetro.style%2Ffashion%2Fstyle-inspirations%2Fcultural-appropriation-indigenous-textiles%2F8035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626160311/https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1022179">"Museums are Important Vessels of History and Culture"</a>. <i>Philippine Information Agency</i>. May 19, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1022179">the original</a> on June 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Information+Agency&rft.atitle=Museums+are+Important+Vessels+of+History+and+Culture&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpia.gov.ph%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1022179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorenlegarda.com.ph-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lorenlegarda.com.ph_304-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenlegarda.com.ph_304-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lorenlegarda.com.ph/dayaw-features-cultural-filipino-dances-and-artists/">"Dayaw Features Cultural Filipino Dances and Artists"</a>. <i>Loren Legarda</i>. January 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loren+Legarda&rft.atitle=Dayaw+Features+Cultural+Filipino+Dances+and+Artists&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Florenlegarda.com.ph%2Fdayaw-features-cultural-filipino-dances-and-artists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/19278"><i>Republic Act No. 10066</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span> – via Supreme Court E-Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+Act+No.+10066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.judiciary.gov.ph%2Fthebookshelf%2Fshowdocs%2F2%2F19278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArayata2019" class="citation news cs1">Arayata, Ma. Cristina (February 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1061155">"NRCP Backs Creation of Department of Culture"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=NRCP+Backs+Creation+of+Department+of+Culture&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.aulast=Arayata&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1061155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBersales2020" class="citation news cs1">Bersales, Jobers Reynes (March 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/292103/the-department-of-culture-inches-forward">"The Department of Culture Inches Forward"</a>. Opinion. <i>Cebu Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cebu+Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+Department+of+Culture+Inches+Forward&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft.aulast=Bersales&rft.aufirst=Jobers+Reynes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcebudailynews.inquirer.net%2F292103%2Fthe-department-of-culture-inches-forward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArts+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Art_of_the_Philippines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Art of the Philippines">Art of the Philippines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810143149/https://ncca.gov.ph/">Archived</a> August 10, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/philippine_dances.htm">Dances</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511174322/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/philippine_dances.htm">Archived</a> May 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120155800/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/webliography/subject/philippine_pottery.asp">Pottery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artdependence.com/articles/five-classics-of-modern-philippine-art/">Five Classics of Modern Philippine Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Art_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Art_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Asia">Art of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kuwait" title="Art of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian art">Asian art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_art" title="Afghan art">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_art" title="Bahraini art">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese art">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot art">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timorese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Timorese art (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian art">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian art">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli art">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_art" title="Jordanian art">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_art" title="Kazakh art">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean art">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean art">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti art">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz art (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian art">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese art">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldivian art (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian art">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese art">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani art">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_art" title="Pakistani art">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine art">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_art" title="Qatari art">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian art">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean art">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan art">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian art (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajik_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajik art (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen art (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirati_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emirati art (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek art (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni art (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhaz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhaz art (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot art (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_art" title="Palestinian art">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Ossetian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Ossetian art (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory art (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas Island art (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands art (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong art">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macanese art (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/16px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/24px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/32px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1254846578">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&oldid=1254846578</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_by_country" title="Category:Art by country">Art by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2020">Articles with dead external links from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_too_many_photos" title="Category:Pages with too many photos">Pages with too many photos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2020">Use mdy dates from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Philippine_English_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use Philippine English from October 2022">Use Philippine English from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Philippine_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English">All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2022">Articles with incomplete citations from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Region_topic_template_using_suffix" title="Category:Region topic template using suffix">Region topic template using suffix</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 00:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arts_in_the_Philippines&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pj8zz","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.928","walltime":"3.552","ppvisitednodes":{"value":39837,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":670621,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41728,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1412331,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3122.805 1 -total"," 46.89% 1464.341 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.74% 429.189 96 Template:Cite_web"," 8.82% 275.583 5 Template:Navbox"," 8.72% 272.176 66 Template:Cite_book"," 7.99% 249.410 66 Template:Cite_news"," 6.86% 214.243 108 Template:Iso2country"," 6.34% 197.846 45 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.20% 162.281 1 Template:Philippines_topics"," 5.13% 160.126 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.544","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12449979,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","20.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","9.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.5"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.2"],["[others]","560","31.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ppdsc","timestamp":"20241123072347","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arts in the Philippines","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arts_in_the_Philippines","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4797266","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4797266","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-27T00:48:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T00:17:20Z","headline":"art produced by the Philippines"}</script> </body> </html>