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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tum.wikipedia.org&uselang=tum"><span>Chakupeleka</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chad" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Panga akaunti</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chad" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Njila</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>vyakulemba</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pakuchezgela</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vyamukati" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vyamukati</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kubisa</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kumayambililo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mbili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mbili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mbili</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mbili-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mbili subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mbili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mbili_yakwambilila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mbili_yakwambilila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mbili yakwambilila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mbili_yakwambilila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>French colonial period (1900–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulamulilo_wa_Tombalbaye_(1960-1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulamulilo_wa_Tombalbaye_(1960-1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ulamulilo wa Tombalbaye (1960-1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulamulilo_wa_Tombalbaye_(1960-1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nkhondo_yakwamba_ya_ku_Chad_(1979-1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nkhondo_yakwamba_ya_ku_Chad_(1979-1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Chad (1979-1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nkhondo_yakwamba_ya_ku_Chad_(1979-1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makhalilo_gha_charu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makhalilo_gha_charu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Makhalilo gha charu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Makhalilo_gha_charu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Makhalilo gha charu subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Makhalilo_gha_charu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ŵanthu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ŵanthu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ŵanthu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ŵanthu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ŵanthu subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ŵanthu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Largest cities, towns, and municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boma_na_ndale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boma_na_ndale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Boma na ndale</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boma_na_ndale-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boma na ndale subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boma_na_ndale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Internal opposition and foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chuma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chuma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chuma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chuma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chuma subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chuma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mwambo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mwambo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mwambo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mwambo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mwambo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mwambo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuphika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuphika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kuphika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuphika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sumo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Media and cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maseŵera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maseŵera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Maseŵera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maseŵera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wonaniso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wonaniso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wonaniso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wonaniso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vyakulemba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vyakulemba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vyakulemba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vyakulemba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukaboni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukaboni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ukaboni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ukaboni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ukaboni subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ukaboni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vigaŵa_vya_kuwalo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vigaŵa_vya_kuwalo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vigaŵa vya kuwalo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vigaŵa_vya_kuwalo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vyamukati" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 253 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-253" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">253 viyowoyelo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ'אד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad" title="Tjad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Sintha malink</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Malo gha zina"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Jani</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (jani likusangika yayi) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Kudumbizgana</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">chiTumbuka</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vyakuona"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad"><span>Ŵelengani</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wona source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Kuona umo mayambilo</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vilwelo" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vilwelo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vilwelo</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">kubisa</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vyakuchita </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad"><span>Ŵelengani</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit"><span>Wona source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history"><span>Kuona umo mayambilo</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vya masiku ghose </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chad" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ivo vikwiza pano</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chad" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Vyaku sintha</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=tum" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Kwezgela chinthu</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=112142" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Link yakukhalilila</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Va jani lino</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chad&id=112142&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Ikilani umboni jani ili</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChad"><span>Penjani URL yakufupikizgika</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChad"><span>Sangululani kodi ya QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chapa/exporti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Chad"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Sangulula nga PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Mtundu wakuprintika</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ma project ghanyake </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata chinthu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Kaonekelo"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kaonekelo</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kubisa</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82481">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=15_N_19_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°N</span> <span class="longitude">19°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15°N 19°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15; 19</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Kufuma Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tum" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in North-Central Africa<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SHORTDESC:Country_in_North-Central_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:SHORTDESC:Country in North-Central Africa (jani likusangika yayi)">Template:SHORTDESC:Country in North-Central Africa</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33382">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Nkhani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Article&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Article (jani likusangika yayi)">iyi</a> njakukhwaskana na the country. For the given name, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_(name)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chad (name) (jani likusangika yayi)">Chad (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chad (disambiguation) (jani likusangika yayi)">Chad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr class="adr"> <th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><span class="fn org country-name">Charu cha Chad</span><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">جمهورية تشاد</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic language (jani likusangika yayi)">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Tchad</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (jani likusangika yayi)">French</a>)</span></li></ul></div> </div></th> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;"><tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Chad"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/125px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/188px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/250px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td align="center" style="width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Chad"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;">Mbendela</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:85%;">Coat of arms</td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Chiluso: </b><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Unité, Travail, Progrès"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (jani likusangika yayi)">French</a>)</span> </li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic language (jani likusangika yayi)">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li>"Unity, Work, Progress"</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Nyimbo: </b><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Tchadienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Tchadienne (jani likusangika yayi)">La Tchadienne</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span> </li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">نشيد تشاد الوطني</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Arabic)</span></li><li>"The Song of Chad"</li></ul></div><div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="La_Tchadienne_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/La_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Tchadienne_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Chad"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Location of Chad</figcaption></figure><div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"></div> </td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2"><b>Msumba Waboma</b><br /> kweneso Msumba Usani</td><td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></td></tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Chiyowoyelo chaboma</th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r107036">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic language (jani likusangika yayi)">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (jani likusangika yayi)">French</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Mitundu ya Ŵanthu</b> (2009 Census<sup id="cite_ref-recensement2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recensement2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td> <td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> 26.6% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sara people (jani likusangika yayi)">Sara</a> </li><li> 12.9% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baggara_Arabs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baggara Arabs (jani likusangika yayi)">Arab</a> </li><li> 8.5% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanembu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanembu people (jani likusangika yayi)">Kanembu</a> </li><li> 7.2% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masalit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masalit people (jani likusangika yayi)">Masalit</a> </li><li> 6.9% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toubou_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toubou people (jani likusangika yayi)">Toubou</a> </li><li> 4.8% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa people (jani likusangika yayi)">Masa</a> </li><li> 3.7% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidiyo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidiyo language (jani likusangika yayi)">Bidiyo</a> </li><li> 3.7% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilala_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilala people (jani likusangika yayi)">Bulala</a> </li><li> 3.0% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maba_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maba people (jani likusangika yayi)">Maba</a> </li><li> 2.6% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daju_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daju people (jani likusangika yayi)">Daju</a> </li><li> 2.5% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundang_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundang language (jani likusangika yayi)">Mundang</a> </li><li> 2.4% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Gabri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Gabri language (jani likusangika yayi)">Gabri</a> </li><li> 2.4% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaghawa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaghawa people (jani likusangika yayi)">Zaghawa</a> </li><li> 2.1% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fula_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fula people (jani likusangika yayi)">Fula</a> </li><li> 2.0% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupuri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tupuri people (jani likusangika yayi)">Tupuri</a> </li><li> 1.6% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tama_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tama people (jani likusangika yayi)">Tama</a> </li><li> 1.4% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karo_people_(East_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karo people (East Africa) (jani likusangika yayi)">Karo</a> </li><li> 1.3% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagirmi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagirmi language (jani likusangika yayi)">Bagirmi</a> </li><li> 1.0% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masmaje_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masmaje language (jani likusangika yayi)">Masmaje</a> </li><li> 2.6% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Other Chadian</a> </li><li> 0.7% Foreign </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Vipembezo</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> 55.1% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Islam</a> </li><li> 41.1% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Christianity</a> </li><li> 2.4% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irreligion (jani likusangika yayi)">No religion</a> </li><li> 1.3% <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Traditional_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Traditional Religion (jani likusangika yayi)">Animism</a> </li><li> 0.1% Others </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Mwenecharu</th> <td>Chadian</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Mtundu wa Boma</th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary state (jani likusangika yayi)">Unitary</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic (jani likusangika yayi)">republic</a> under a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_dictatorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hereditary dictatorship (jani likusangika yayi)">hereditary</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military dictatorship (jani likusangika yayi)">military dictatorship</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_transition_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_transition-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of heads of state of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Transitional President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_prime_ministers_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of prime ministers of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Prime Minister</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Kebzabo" title="Saleh Kebzabo">Saleh Kebzabo</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vice_President_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vice President of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Vice President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djimadoum_Tiraina" title="Djimadoum Tiraina">Djimadoum Tiraina</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Colony</a> established</td> <td>5 September 1900 </td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Autonomy granted</td> <td>28 November 1958 </td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Sovereign state</td> <td>11 August 1960 </td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Ukulu wa Malo</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Malo</td> <td>1,284,000 km<sup><small>2</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries and dependencies by area (jani likusangika yayi)">20th</a>)<br />495,755 sq mi</td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Maji (%)</td> <td>1.9</td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="3">Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu</th> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">2023 estimate</td> <td>18,523,165<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by population (jani likusangika yayi)">66th</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Density</td> <td>8.6/km<sup><small>2</small></sup><br />22.3/sq mi</td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gross domestic product (jani likusangika yayi)">GDP</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purchasing_power_parity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purchasing power parity (jani likusangika yayi)">PPP</a>)</td> <td>2023 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td><span title="Increase"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> $32.062 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) (jani likusangika yayi)">147th</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td> <td><span title="Increase"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> $1,789<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita (jani likusangika yayi)">179th</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2"><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gross domestic product (jani likusangika yayi)">GDP</a></b> (nominal)</td> <td>2023 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td> <td><span title="Increase"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> $13.523 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) (jani likusangika yayi)">145th</a>)</td> </tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td> <td><span title="Increase"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> $755<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita (jani likusangika yayi)">183rd</a>)</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gini_coefficient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gini coefficient (jani likusangika yayi)">Gini</a></b> (2018)</td><td>37.5<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Development_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Development Index (jani likusangika yayi)">HDI</a></b> (2021)</td><td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.394<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:red">low</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by Human Development Index (jani likusangika yayi)">190th</a></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"> Ndalama</th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_African_CFA_franc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central African CFA franc (jani likusangika yayi)">Central African CFA franc</a> (<code><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_4217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 4217 (jani likusangika yayi)">XAF</a></code>)</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Mtundu Wanyengo</th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Africa_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Africa Time (jani likusangika yayi)">WAT</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordinated_Universal_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coordinated Universal Time (jani likusangika yayi)">UTC</a>+1)</span></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Woko la galimoto</th> <td>right</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2">Intaneti yacharu</th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=.td&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".td (jani likusangika yayi)">.td</a></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chad</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA/English (jani likusangika yayi)">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Chad.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/20px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/En-us-Chad.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-Chad.ogg">pulikizgani machemelo</a></span></span>)</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>lower-alpha 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mwalamulo <b>Charu cha Chad</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>lower-alpha 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ni charu icho chili pa mphambano ya kumpoto na pakati pa <a href="/wiki/Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> kumpoto, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> kumafumiro gha dazi, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> kumwera, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, na <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chadi chili na ŵanthu 16 miliyoni, ndipo 1.6 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>. </p><p>Chadi wali na vigaŵa vinandi: kumpoto kuli mapopa, pakati pa chigaŵa ichi pali Sahelian belt, ndipo kumwera kuli savana ya ku Sudan. Nyanja ya Chad, iyo ni zina la caru ici, ndiyo ni malo ghaciŵiri ghakuru comene mu Africa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Chiarabic na Chifurenchi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 200. Chisopa cha Chisilamu (55.1%) na Chikhristu (41.1%) ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-:religions2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:religions2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu Chadi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., maufumu ghanandi ghakawuka na kuwa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad. Mu 1920, caru ca France cikathereska caru ici na kuciŵika mu cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Mu 1960, charu cha Chad chikamba kujiwusa chekha mwakulongozgeka na François Tombalbaye. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo wakacita ku mpoto kwa caru ca Muslim, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya cikaya mu 1965. Mu 1979, ŵakugaluka ŵakathereska msumba uwu na kumazga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵakarwanga lumoza m'paka Hissène Habré wakatonda ŵalwani ŵake. Nkhondo ya Chadian-Libya yikamba mu 1978 cifukwa ca nkhondo ya ku Libya iyo yikamara mu 1987 na nkhondo ya ku France (Operation Épervier). Mu 1990, Hissène Habré wakathereskeka na mulara wake Idriss Déby. Na wovwiri wa ku France, mu 1991 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad likamba kunozgekaso. Kwambira mu 2003, suzgo la ku Darfur mu Sudan likasazgikira pa mphaka ndipo likapangiska kuti caru cileke kukhazikika. Charu ichi chikaŵa kale mukavu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵakwaniske kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. </p><p>Nangauli magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakakolerana na wupu wakulongozga mu Chad, wupu wa National Assembly, kweni mazaza ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Patriotic Salvation Movement mu nyengo ya Idriss Déby, uyo boma lake likalongosoreka kuti ndakuzomerezgeka.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panyuma pakuti President Déby wakomeka na ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT mu April 2021, wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo ukalongozgeka na mwana wake Mahamat Déby ukamba kuwusa boma na kuswa wupu wa Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chadi wakulutilira kusuzgika na vivulupi vya ndyali ndiposo kuyezga kupoka boma. </p><p>Chadi yili pa malo gha chiŵiri pa malo ghachoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu, na 0.394 mu 2021 ndipo yili pa malo gha 190. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbakavu ndipo ŵalimi. Kwambira mu 2003, mafuta ghakununkhira ndigho ghakovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyakurya. Chadi yili na mbiri yiheni pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nga nkhujalirika mu jele mwakuyana na khumbo lawo, kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mbili">Mbili</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">History of Chad</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mbili_yakwambilila">Mbili yakwambilila</h3></div> <p>Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Chad, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene. Vinyake mwa malo ghakuzirwa comene gha ku Africa agho ŵanthu ŵakusanda vinthu vyakale ŵakughasanga ku Chad, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/220px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/330px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg/440px-Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption>Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Kanem-Bu. Ufumu wa Kanem-Bornu ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa caru cose ico lero ni Chad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 2,000, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakutemwa kulima. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako ni awo ŵakamanyikwanga na vimanyikwiro vya ku Sao. Ufumu wa Sao ukathereskeka na Ufumu wa Kanem, uwo ukaŵa wakwamba na wakukhalilira nyengo yitali chomene pa maufumu agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1500 C.E., mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa maufumu ghanyake ghaŵiri, la Bagirmi na Wadai. Kanem na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kujumpha mu Sahara. Vyaru ivi, ivyo vikaŵa vya Cisilamu, vikatemwanga yayi kumwera kwa caru ici. Ku Kanem, pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵazga.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lange88_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange88-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)"><span id="French_colonial_period_.281900.E2.80.931960.29"></span>French colonial period (1900–1960)</h3></div> <p>Mu 1900, boma la France likapangiska kuti charu cha Chad chiŵe na ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika mu 1920, caru ca France cikaŵa kuti capokera mazaza ghose gha caru ici ndipo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Boma la France likaŵa na fundo zakovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na umoza yayi kweniso likasintha viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na maboma ghanyake gha France.<sup id="cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakawonanga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira ntchito na makuni gha makuni gha makuni. Boma la ku Chad likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko comene ndipo likathembanga waka ŵantchito ŵa boma la France. Malo gha Sara agho ghakaŵa kumwera pera ndigho ghakalongozgekanga makora. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yikakhwaskika cifukwa ca kuleka kupulikira.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/220px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/330px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/440px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>Msilikari wa ku Chad uyo wakarwa nkhondo ya Free France pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Gulu la Free French Forces likaŵa na ŵasilikari 15,000 ŵakufuma ku Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca France cikapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici wa kusankha ŵimiliri mu Nyumba ya Malango ya caru ici. Chipani chikuru chomene cha ndyali chikaŵa cha Chadian Progressive Party (French), icho chikaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi. Tchad yikapokera wanangwa wake pa 11 Ogasiti 1960 ndipo mulongozgi wa PPT, François Tombalbaye, wa fuko la Sara, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulamulilo_wa_Tombalbaye_(1960-1979)"><span id="Ulamulilo_wa_Tombalbaye_.281960-1979.29"></span>Ulamulilo wa Tombalbaye (1960-1979)</h3></div> <p>Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Tombalbaye wakazomerezga yayi vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na chipani chimoza. Muwuso wa Tombalbaye uwo ukaŵa wankhongono comene na kuwusa uheni, vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko. Mu 1965, Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na gulu la National Liberation Front of Chad (French: Front de libération nationale du Tchad, FRONILAT), ŵakamba nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Mu 1975, Tombalbaye wakathereskeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuwukira boma. Mu 1979, gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likalongozgekanga na Hissène Habré likapoka msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo boma lose likamara. Magulu gha nkhondo, ghanandi mwa agha ghakafuma ku kumpoto, ghakakwesananga mazaza.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nkhondo_yakwamba_ya_ku_Chad_(1979-1987)"><span id="Nkhondo_yakwamba_ya_ku_Chad_.281979-1987.29"></span>Nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Chad (1979-1987)</h3></div> <p>Kupatukana kwa Chad kukapangiska kuti caru ca France cileke kuŵa na nkhongono. Libiya likagwiranga nchito iyi na kunjilirapo pa nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ca Chad. Nkhondo ya ku Libya yikamalira pa ngozi mu 1987; pulezidenti uyo wakakhozgeka na France, Hissène Habré, wakawovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu Chadi kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana, ndipo wakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya mu Chadi.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)"><span id="Dictatorship_of_Habr.C3.A9_.281987.E2.80.931990.29"></span>Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)</h3></div> <p>Habré wakalutilira kulamulira mwauryarya ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Pulezidenti wakatemwanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ndipo wakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa. Mulara wake wa ŵasilikari, Idriss Déby, wakamuwuskapo mu 1990. Mu 2005, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake ku Senegal cifukwa ca kuyezga kumususka. Mu Meyi 2016, wakasangika na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukaka ŵanthu, kugwiliska nchito za uzga, na kukanizga kukoma ŵanthu 40,000, ndipo wakalangika kukhala mu jele umoyo wake wose.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Déby_lineage_&_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)"><span id="D.C3.A9by_lineage_.26_democracy_with_second_Civil_War_.281990.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/170px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/255px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/340px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Nangauli pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweniso nkhondo ya pawenenawene, kweni Idriss Déby wakalutilira kuwusa Chad kwambira mu 1990 m'paka apo wakafwira mu 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>Déby wakayezga kuwezgerapo mtende pakati pa magulu gha ŵakugaluka na kuwezgeraso vyaru vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakazomerezga dango liphya la boma, ndipo mu 1996, Déby wakathereska mwambura kusuzgika. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi, wakimikikaso. Mu 2003, ku Chad kukamba kunozga mafuta, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti charu ichi chiŵenge na mtende na usambazi. M'malo mwake, mphindano zikakura, ndipo nkhondo yiphya yikamba. Déby wakasintha malango gha boma kuti waleke kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo ziŵiri.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mu 2006, Déby wakathereskeka kacitatu pa mavoti agho ŵakususka boma ŵakacita yayi. Nkhaza za mafuko mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chadi zazara comene; wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) wacenjezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵangakomeka nga umo vikaŵira ku Darfur. Mu 2006 na mu 2008, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kutora msumba uwu na nkhongono, kweni ŵakatondeka. Pa Janyuwale 15, 2010, charu cha Chad na Sudan vikakolerana kuti viŵeso pa mtende. Ŵalwani ŵa Chadi ŵakawelera ku caru cawo kufuma ku Sudan, ŵakajura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi pamanyuma pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, na kutumizga ŵasilikari kuti ŵavikilire mphaka. Mu Meyi 2013, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad ŵakatondeska boma kuwukira pulezidenti Idriss Déby. </p><p>Pasono Chadi njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pa nkhondo yakulimbana na gulu la Boko Haram na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa chisopa cha Islam. Boma la Chad likapharazga kuti Déby wafwa pa 20 Epulero, 2021, pamanyuma pakuti gulu la FACT lawira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto, apo pulezidenti wakakomeka apo ŵakalutanga ku nkhondo. Mwana wa Déby, Jenerale Mahamat Idriss Déby, wasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakudumura na wupu wa ŵasilikari. Wupu uwu watora malo gha dango liphya na kupeleka mazaza kwa Mahamat Déby na kumwimika kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Makhalilo_gha_charu">Makhalilo gha charu</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geography of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Geography of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/170px-Chad_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/255px-Chad_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/340px-Chad_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Chad is divided into three distinct zones, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanian_Savanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudanian Savanna (jani likusangika yayi)">Sudanian Savanna</a> in the south, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahara_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahara Desert (jani likusangika yayi)">Sahara Desert</a> in the north, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahelian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahelian (jani likusangika yayi)">Sahelian</a> belt in the center.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chadi ni charu chikuru icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi), ndipo chili pakati pa latitude 7° na 24° N, na 13° na 24° E, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 20 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose. Chadi ni chigaŵa chichoko waka pakuyaniska na charu cha Peru, ndipo chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na charu cha South Africa. </p><p>Chadi chili na mphaka na Libya kumpoto, Sudan kumafumiro gha dazi, Niger, Nigeria na Cameroon kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Central African Republic kumwera. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,060 (660 mi) kufuma ku dowoko la pafupi chomene la Douala, Cameroon. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cili kutali comene na nyanja ndiposo cifukwa ca mphepo ya mu mapopa, nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakucichema kuti "Mtima Wakufwa wa ku Africa". </p><p>Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Ennedi Plateau na Tibesti Mountains, ndipo chili na phiri la Emi Koussi, ilo lili na mamita 3,414 (mamita 11,201) pachanya pa nyanja. Nyanja ya Chad, yeneiyo yikupangiska kuti charu ichi chichemeke (ndipo yeneiyo yikutora zina lake kufuma ku lizgu la Kanuri ilo likung'anamura "nyanja"), ni vyakukhalira vya nyanja yikuru iyo yikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) mu Chad Basin vyaka 7,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Nangauli mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chiziŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana ma kilomita 17,806 pera, ndipo malo ghake ghakusintha nyengo na nyengo.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mu charu cha Chad muli malo 6 ghakukhala vyamoyo: East Sudan savanna, Sahelian Acacia savanna, Lake Chad flooded savanna, East Sahara montane xeric forests, South Sahara steppe and forests, na Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric forests. Pakuti mu chigaŵa ichi muli vyakumera vinandi, ntchakwenelera kuti viyuni, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa, na vinyama vikuruvikuru vyambukengepo. Mlonga ukuru wa Chadi, wa Chari, wa Logone na milonga yawo yinyake, ukufuma kumwera kwa charu ichi kuya ku nyanja ya Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caka cilicose, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikumanyikwa kuti intertropical front, yikwendendeka kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto mu caru ca Chad. Para vula yikulokwa pa malo ghakupambanapambana, pakupangika vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Sahara. Mvula iyo yikulokwa chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 50 millimeters (2.0 inches).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charu cha Sahara chili pakati pa charu cha Chad, ndipo pa charu ichi pali chivula cha mamita 300 m'paka 600. Ku Sahel, makuni gha minga (makuni ghanandi gha akasiya) ghakwenda pachokopachoko kulazga kumwera na kufika ku chigaŵa cha Sudan. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 900 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Wildlife of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/220px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/330px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/440px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_bush_elephant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African bush elephant (jani likusangika yayi)">African bush elephant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Vinyama na vyakumera vya mu caru ici vikukolerana na malo ghatatu agha. Mu chigaŵa cha Sahara, vyakumera ivyo vikusangika mu malo agha ni makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha mikama na gha akasiya ghakumera mu chigaŵa cha Sahel. Malo gha kumwera, panji gha ku Sudan, ghali na utheka ukuru panji malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Kuzakafika mu 2002, mu caru ici mukaŵa vyamoyo pafupifupi 134, viyuni 509 (vyamoyo 354 ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha, na 155 ivyo vikusama), na vyakumera vyakujumpha 1,600. </p><p>Ku malo agha kuli njovu, nkhalamu, mbaŵala za mu nkhorongo, zombe, mphoyo, mphumphi, nyalubwe, mphoyo, na njoka zinandi. Kuzingira njovu, comenecomene kumwera kwa caru ici mu malo nga ni Zakouma National Park, ni suzgo likuru comene. Gulu lichoko waka la ng'ona za ku West Africa izo zilipo mu Ennedi Plateau, ni zamoyo zaumaliro ku Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chadi wakaŵa na chiŵelengero cha 6.18/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara 83 pa vyaru 172. Pakuti makuni ghanandi ghakumara, makuni gha acacia, baobab, na makuni gha mikama ghakumara. Ici cikupangiska kuti nyama za mu thengere zileke kukhala mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Viŵeto nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe, na mphumphi vyachepa comene. </p><p>Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya na vyakurya (Food and Agriculture Organization) wacitapo kanthu kuti uwovwire comene ŵalimi, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto mu malo gha Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, na Aouk mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Chad kuti vinthu vyende makora. Nga ni cigaŵa ca mulimo wa kuvikilira caru, makuni ghakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni ghaŵikikaso kuti mapopa ghaleke kukura, ndipo ici cikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasange ndalama kufuma ku makuni gha acacia, agho ghakupanga chigumula, kweniso makuni gha vipambi. </p><p>Kucicizga njoka ni suzgo likuru comene mu caru ici, comenecomene njovu izo zikuguliskika cifukwa ca malonda gha maryero gha maryero. Kanandi njovu zikukomeka mu viŵeto mukati na kufupi na malo agha. Suzgo ili likusazgikira cifukwa cakuti mu mapaki agha mulije ŵantchito ŵanandi kweniso ŵalinda ŵanandi ŵakomeka na ŵalwani.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ŵanthu"><span id=".C5.B4anthu"></span>Ŵanthu</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Demographics of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/220px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/330px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/440px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toubou_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toubou people (jani likusangika yayi)">Toubou</a> nomads in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennedi_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennedi Plateau (jani likusangika yayi)">Ennedi Mountains</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Wupu wakuwona vya ndyali ku Chad ukati mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 13,630,252 na 13,679,203, ndipo ŵanthu 13,670,084 ndiwo ŵakawonekanga kuti ŵalipo. Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici mbawukirano comene: 47% ŵali na vyaka vya pasi pa 15. Ŵanthu ŵakubaba ŵana 42.35 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo ŵakufwa 16.69. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 52. </p><p>Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Chad ŵali palipose yayi. Chiŵelengero chake chili 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Sahara cha Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti kweni 52.4/km2 (136/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Logone Occidental. Mu msumba uwu, ciŵelengero ici nchakukwera comene. Ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. </p><p>Mu msumba uwu ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakuchita malonda. Matawuni ghanyake ghakuru ni Sarh, Moundou, Abéché na Doba, agho ngakutowa comene kweni ŵanthu ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndiposo vinthu vikwenda makora. Kwambira mu 2003, ŵanthu 230,000 ŵakufuma ku Sudan ŵachimbira ku Darfur, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Ŵanthu 172,600 ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakutora mitala. Dango likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵatorenge ŵanakazi ŵanandi, pekha para ŵakutorana ŵayowoyapo kuti ŵaleke kutora. Nangauli nkhaza za ŵanakazi ni zakukanizgika, kweni ni viŵi yayi kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitirike nkhaza pa nyumba. Kucicizga ŵanakazi nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi, kweni nkharo iyi njakuzara comene ndipo njakukhora comene mu mitheto; ŵanakazi 45 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa mu Chad ŵakucicizgika, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵanandi comene ŵali mu mtundu wa Ciarabu, Hadjarai, na Ouaddai (90% panji kujumpha apa). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara (38%) na Toubou (2%) ŵakaŵa na vigaŵa vichoko chomene. Ŵanakazi ŵalije mwaŵi wakuyana pa nkhani ya masambiro na masambiro, lekani vikuŵasuzga kuphalizgana na ŵanyawo pa milimo yinandi iyo yikuchitika mu vipatala. Nangauli malango ghakukhwaskana na katundu na kuhara agho ghakukolerana na malango gha ku France ghakususkana yayi na ŵanakazi, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwera ŵanalume.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities,_towns,_and_municipalities"><span id="Largest_cities.2C_towns.2C_and_municipalities"></span>Largest cities, towns, and municipalities</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cities of Chad </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank</th> <th rowspan="2">City</th> <th colspan="2">Population</th> <th rowspan="2">Region </th></tr> <tr> <th>1993 Census<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2009 Census<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%27Djam%C3%A9na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N'Djaména (jani likusangika yayi)">N'Djaména</a></td> <td align="right">530,965</td> <td align="right">951,418</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%27Djam%C3%A9na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N'Djaména (jani likusangika yayi)">N'Djaména</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moundou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moundou (jani likusangika yayi)">Moundou</a></td> <td align="right">99,530</td> <td align="right">137,251</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logone_Occidental_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logone Occidental (region) (jani likusangika yayi)">Logone Occidental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abéché (jani likusangika yayi)">Abéché</a></td> <td align="right">54,628</td> <td align="right">97,963</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouadda%C3%AF_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouaddaï Region (jani likusangika yayi)">Ouaddaï</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarh (jani likusangika yayi)">Sarh</a></td> <td align="right">75,496</td> <td align="right">97,224</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moyen-Chari_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moyen-Chari Region (jani likusangika yayi)">Moyen-Chari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A9lo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kélo (jani likusangika yayi)">Kélo</a></td> <td align="right">31,319</td> <td align="right">57,859</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandjil%C3%A9_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tandjilé Region (jani likusangika yayi)">Tandjilé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am_Timan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Am Timan (jani likusangika yayi)">Am Timan</a></td> <td align="right">21,269</td> <td align="right">52,270</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salamat_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salamat Region (jani likusangika yayi)">Salamat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doba,_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doba, Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Doba</a></td> <td align="right">17,920</td> <td align="right">49,647</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logone_Oriental_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logone Oriental Region (jani likusangika yayi)">Logone Oriental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala,_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pala, Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Pala</a></td> <td align="right">26,116</td> <td align="right">49,461</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayo-Kebbi Ouest (jani likusangika yayi)">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bongor (jani likusangika yayi)">Bongor</a></td> <td align="right">20,448</td> <td align="right">44,578</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo-Kebbi_Est&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayo-Kebbi Est (jani likusangika yayi)">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goz_Be%C3%AFda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goz Beïda (jani likusangika yayi)">Goz Beïda</a></td> <td align="right">3,083</td> <td align="right">41,248</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sila_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sila Region (jani likusangika yayi)">Sila</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Ethnic groups in Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/220px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/330px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/440px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Mboum girls dancing in Chad</figcaption></figure> <p>Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, vyapakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumpoto kwa Africa. </p><p>Mu charu cha Chad muli mafuko ghakujumpha 200, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma na maboma ghakupambanapambana ŵakayezga kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe mu charu chawo, kweni ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chawo ndiwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza chomene. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵangapika vigaŵa kuyana na malo agho ŵakukhala.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera, kuli ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa nga ni Sara, mtundu ukuru wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba zawo. Mu vyaru vya Sahel, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa ŵakukhala lumoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mwakufwasa, nga Mbaarabu. Kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubous.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Languages of Chad</a></div> <p>Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Ciarabu na Cifurenci, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100. Cifukwa ca mulimo wakuzirwa wa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, Ciarabu ca ku Chad cazgoka ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Religion in Chad</a></div> <p>Chadi ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa visopa vyakupambanapambana. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu 52% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 39% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 22% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, ndipo 17% ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research wa mu 2012, 48% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad awo Mbasilamu, ŵakatenge Mbakhristu ŵa chisopa cha Sunni, 21% Ŵachihiya, 4% Ŵaahmadi, ndipo 23% Mbasilamu. Chisilamu chikulongosoreka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana; nga ni umo tawonera, ŵanthu 55% ŵa Chadi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya chisopa cha Tijaniyah. Mu 2020, ARDA yikati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Chadi ŵakaŵa Ŵasuni. Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka (5~10%) mu charu ichi ŵakuchita vinthu vyautesi, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakukolerana na gulu la Salafi. </p><p>Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi Mbakatolika. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi, kusazgapo "Winners' Chapel" ya ku Nigeria, ŵali mu magulu ghakupambanapambana gha Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova nawo ŵali mu caru ici. Visopa vyose viŵiri ivi vikamba mu 1960 apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. </p><p> Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Chisopa cha Animisimu chili na visopa vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuyowoya vya ŵasekuru na malo. Chikhristu chikafika ku Chad pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵa ku France na America; nga umo vikaŵira na Chisilamu cha ku Chad, chikukolerana na visambizgo vya chisopa ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chikhristu chindafike.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Religion in Chad</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Research Center (jani likusangika yayi)">Pew Research</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cia_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pew_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:57%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:39%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">39%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irreligion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irreligion (jani likusangika yayi)">None</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_traditional_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African traditional religion (jani likusangika yayi)">Folk</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of religion in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Other</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo na Ŵakhristu ŵakukhala comene kumwera kwa Chad na Guéra. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵachoko chomene kumpoto. Ndondomeko iyi yikupanga boma la ŵanthu yayi ndipo likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa. </p><p>Mu caru ca Chad muli ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakwimira magulu gha Cikhristu na Cisilamu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Cisilamu ŵakufuma ku Sudan, Saudi Arabia, na Pakistan nawo ŵakwiza. Ndalama za Saudi Arabia zikovwira pa ntchito za umoyo wa ŵanthu na za masambiro kweniso kuzenga masisiteri ghanandi.<sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <p>Ŵasambizgi ŵakukumana na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa cakuti mu caru muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo ŵapapi ŵakukhumba yayi kutuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu. Nangauli sukulu njakukhumbikwa, kweni ŵana 68 pera pa ŵana 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakusambira pulayimale. Masambiro ghapacanya ghakusambizgika pa Yunivesite ya N'Djamena. Mu caru ca Chad, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ŵali pacoko comene kuluska mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa. </p><p>Mu 2013, boma la United States Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku Chad yikati ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa sukulu ŵalipo 39%. Ivi vikukolerana na nkhani ya ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito, cifukwa lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti ŵana 53% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo ŵana 30% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito pamoza na sukulu. Lipoti linyake la DOL likulongora kuti viŵeto ni vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵana ŵachoko ŵakuchita.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boma_na_ndale">Boma na ndale</h2></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Politics of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/220px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/330px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg/440px-Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election</figcaption></figure> <p>Dango la caru ca Chad likuti boma likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wali na mazaza gha kwimika nduna yikuru na nduna za boma, ndipo wali na mazaza ghakuru pa kwimika ŵeruzgi, ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari, ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe gha boma. Para kwacitika suzgo yikuru, pulezidenti wangapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru. Pulezidenti wakusankhika mwakudunjika na ŵanthu kuti waŵe na vyaka vinkhondi. Mu 2005, ŵakafumiskapo malango agho ghakukanizga munthu kuŵa na vyaka viŵiri. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira Déby mba fuko la Zaghawa, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa kumwera na ŵakususka ŵali mu boma.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ndondomeko ya malango ya Chadi yikukolerana na malango gha boma la France na malango gha Chadi agho ghakususkana yayi na malango gha boma panji malango agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana. Nangauli dango likukanizga ŵeruzgi yayi, kweni pulezidenti ndiyo wakwimika ŵeruzgi ŵanandi. Khoti Likuru ili likulongozgeka na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri. Wangaŵa na mazaza ghakuwonaso malango, mapangano, na mapangano gha pa caru cose pambere ghandakhazikiskike.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo yikupanga malango. Wupu uwu uli na mamembara 155, awo ŵakusankhika kwa vilimika vinayi. Nyumba ya Ufumu iyi yikuwungana kaŵiri pa chaka, mu Malichi na Okutobala. Pa vilimika viŵiri vilivyose, ŵimiliri ŵakusankha mulongozgi wa wupu wakulongozga. Mu mazuŵa 15 pera, pulezidenti wakwenera kusayinira panji kukana malango ghaphya. Nyumba ya Malamulo yikwenera kuzomerezga ndondomeko ya nduna yikuru ya boma ndipo yingacicizga nduna yikuru kuti yifumeko na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kuyigomezga. Ndipouli, usange wupu wakulongozga ukukana ndondomeko ya wupu uwu kaŵiri pa chaka, pulezidenti wangamazga wupu uwu na kuchema maungano gha malango. Mu vyakucitika, pulezidenti wakuŵa na mazaza pa Nyumba ya Malango kwizira mu chipani cake, Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), ico cili na wanandi. </p><p>Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, magulu gha ndyali 78 ghalembeka. Mu 2005, vyaru vyakwimikana na malango na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa wanthu vikwimilira pakukana referendum iyo yikazomerezga kuti Déby wasankhike kachiŵiri pa nyengo yacitatu pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoya kuti pakaŵa vinthu vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya kulembeska ŵanthu na boma. Awo ŵakalembanga nkhani iyi ŵakawona kuti mavoti gha mu 2006 ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa, chifukwa ŵakususka ŵakawona kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghautesi ndipo ŵakaŵachimbizga. </p><p>Charu cha Chad chili pa gulu la vyaru ivyo vyabudiska kuyana na fundo ya Peace Fund (FFP). Chad yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 7 pa malo ghapachanya chomene pa Index ya Vyaru Vyakukhora mu 2021. Vimbundi vili palipose; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ya 2021 yikati Chad yili pa malo gha 164 pa vyaru 180. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga pulezidenti wakale Déby ŵakamupa mulandu wa kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. </p><p>Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikana comene cifukwa ca malo. Kanandi ŵakuŵa ŵankhaza. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene vikumara, ndipo ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo. </p><p>Kufwa kwa president wa Chadi kwa nyengo yitali Idriss Déby pa 20 April, 2021, kukapangiska kuti chalo cha National Assembly na boma vyasweke ndipo boma la chalo likasinthika na wupu wa ŵasilikari wa nyengo yachilendo uwo ukaŵa na ŵasilikari ndipo ukalongozgekanga na mwana wake Mahamat Kaka.<sup id="cite_ref-newgovernment_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newgovernment-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newgvernment2021_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newgvernment2021-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pa nyengo yasono dango la boma ili ndakwimiskika, ndipo likulindilira kuti lisinthike na dango linyake ilo lalembeka na wupu wa ŵanthu wose wa National Transitional Council, uwo uchalipo. Wupu wa ŵasilikari wati mavoti ghazamunozgeka pamanyuma pa nyengo ya myezi 18.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_opposition_and_foreign_relations">Internal opposition and foreign relations</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Foreign relations of Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Chad_(Washington,_D.C.).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/220px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/330px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/440px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_Chad_in_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C. (jani likusangika yayi)">Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Déby wakasangana na ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga chifukwa cha kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya ŵalongozgi. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakanjira mu msumba uwu pa Epulero 13, 2006, kweni pamasinda ŵakaŵawuskamo. Charu icho chili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Chad ni France, ndipo chili na ŵasilikari 1,000. Déby wakagomezga Ŵafalansa kuti ŵamovwirenge kuthereska ŵakugaluka, ndipo France yikovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakuthupi na vya umanyi cifukwa ca kopa kuti mu chigaŵa ichi vinthu vinganangika. Ndipouli, ubwezi wa caru ca France na Chad ukasuzgika cifukwa cakuti mu 1999 kampani ya ku America yakucemeka Exxon yikapokera wanangwa wa kubowozga mafuta.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ku Chad kwaŵa magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka. Mu 2007, pakalembeka phangano la mtende ilo likasazga ŵasilikari ŵa United Front for Democratic Change mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi. Gulu la Justice and Democracy mu Chad nalo likakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma mu 2003 pakukhumba kuwuskapo pulezidenti Idriss Déby. Kuonjezera apo, pakaŵa nkhondo zakupambanapambana na ŵakugaluka ŵa Janjaweed ŵa ku Khartoum kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, awo ŵakakoma ŵanthu mwakugwiliskira nchito ndege za nkhondo. Pasono, gulu la Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) ni gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likulutilira kurwa nkhondo na boma la Chad. Mu 2010, UFR yikati yikaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,000 na magalimoto 300.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_National_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chad National Army (jani likusangika yayi)">Chad National Army</a></div> <p>Buku la CIA la World Factbook likuti bajeti ya usilikari wa Chad ni 4.2% ya GDP kufuma mu 2006. Pakuwona kuti pa nyengo iyo caru ici cikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana $7.095 biliyoni, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa pafupifupi $300 miliyoni. Kweni pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Chad (2005-2010) chiŵerengero ichi chikakhira kufika pa 2.0% nga umo Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoyera mu 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regions_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regions of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Regions of Chad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departments_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departments of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Departments of Chad</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-prefectures_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sub-prefectures of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Sub-prefectures of Chad</a></div> <p>Kwambira mu 2012, charu cha Chad chili na vigaŵa 23. Boma la Chad likagaŵa vigaŵa mu 2003, apo likamazga vigaŵa 14. Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakulongozga vigaŵa 61. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ivyo vili na vigaŵa 446. </p><p> Vyaru ivi vikwenera kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinyake, kweni malango gha vyaru ivi ghandamalizgike. Ndondomeko iyi yikuphalira boma kuti liŵachichizge ŵanthu kuti ŵachitengepo kanthu kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora. Pa cifukwa ici, dango la boma likuti cigaŵa cilicose cikwenera kulongozgeka na wupu wakulongozga, kweni palije maungano gha cigaŵa agho ghacitika.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="error">Page 'Regions of Chad' not found</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chuma">Chuma</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33382" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Wonani vinandi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Economy of Chad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Agriculture in Chad</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Petroleum industry in Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/250px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/500px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Chad exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development of Chad, since 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>Lipoti la wupu wa United Nations' Human Development Index likulongora kuti charu cha Chad chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru vikavu chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2009, GDP pa munthu yumoza yikaŵa USD 1,651. Chadi wali mu wupu wa Central African States Bank, Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) na Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). </p><p> Ndalama za ku Chad ni CFA franc. M'ma 1960, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakagwiranga nchito ya migodi kuti ŵapange sodium carbonate, panji natron. Kweniso ku chigaŵa cha Biltine kuli malipoti ghakuti kuli malibwe gha golide. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vilimika vinandi, ŵamalonda ŵakufumako ku vyaru vinyake ŵakawopa. Mu 2000, ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikamba kugwiliskirika nchito mu dipatimenti ya mafuta, ndipo ivi vikakhozga vinthu vya mu caru ici.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/250px-Mao_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/330px-Mao_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/440px-Mao_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Women in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mao,_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mao, Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Mao</a>, where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilities_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilities in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">water</a> is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kuŵavya umoza mu vyalo vya ndyali pa caru cose nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakuguliska vinthu (makamaka thonje na mafuta ghamsinjiro), ndyali ya caru cose iyo yikovwira yayi panji kukhozga vyalo vya Chadi, kweniso kuleka kovwira vyalo vya mu caru ici, vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi ŵakhalenge na njara.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 ŵali mu caru ca Chad ŵakuthemba pa ulimi na viŵeto. Vipambi ivyo vikulimika na malo agho viŵeto vikukhala vikuthemba pa nyengo ya mu malo agha. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli malo ghanandi gha vyakurya. Mu Sahel, mbuto za mphoza izo zikukura makora ni izo zikupambika makora yayi kuluska za kumwera. Kweni ku Sahel kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe, mbuzi, mberere, mbunda, na mahachi. Mu mapopa gha Sahara muli vyakumera vichoko waka. Msumba wa Chad uli na masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya vinthu vya mu tawuni; 48% pera ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakumwa ndiposo 2% pera ndiwo ŵali na vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Makuni gha katoni ghakukhalilira kuŵa vyakurya vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska, nangauli palije maukaboni. Kuweleramo kwa tawuni ya Cotontchad, iyo ni tawuni yikuru ya makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni agho ghali kuchepa cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mtengo wa makuni gha makuni gha makuni agha, kuli kovwirika na France, Netherlands, European Union, na International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Pasono boma likulindizga kuti likanizgirenge vinthu vyawo. Ku malo agha kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe na vyakurya vinyake.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, caru ca Chad caŵa na suzgo la ŵanthu kwamba mu 2001. Mu 2008, mu charu cha Chad mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 280,000 ŵakufuma mu chigaŵa cha Darfur ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 55,000 ŵakufuma ku Central African Republic, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 170,000 awo ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu Febuluwale 2008, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku N'Djamena, Muteŵeti wa Secretary-General wa UN pa Nkhani za Umoyo wa Ŵanthu, John Holmes, wakayowoya kuti "wakudandawura comene" cifukwa ca suzgo ili. Maurizio Giuliano, muyowoyeri wa UN, wakaphalira nyuzipepara ya The Washington Post kuti: "Usange tikutondeka kovwira ŵanthu mwakukwana, suzgo ili lingazgoka soka". Kweniso mawupu nga ni Save the Children ghalekeska milimo yawo cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu. </p><p>Chad yaluta panthazi comene pa nkhani ya kucepeska ukavu. Ndipouli, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakavu chikakwera kufuma pa 4.7 miliyoni mu 2011 kufika pa 6.5 miliyoni mu 2019. Kuzakafika mu 2018, ŵanthu 4.2 pa 10 ŵaliwose ŵachali mu ukavu.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Transport in Chad</a></div> <p>Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska kuti vipatala vileke kwenda makora. Mu 1987, mu Chad mukaŵa waka misewu ya makilomita 30. Mu 2004, misewu iyi yikaŵa na utali wa makilomita 550. Ndipouli, misewu yinandi njambura kwenda makora, ndipo kanandi yingaŵa yambura kwenda myezi yinandi pa chaka. Pakuti charu cha Chad chilije misewu ya njanji, ntchigaŵa icho chikuthemba chomene njanji za ku Cameroon. </p><p>Mu 2013, charu cha Chad chikaŵa na ma eyapoti pafupifupi 59, ndipo 9 pera ghakaŵa na misewu.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-WFB_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-WFB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ku Paris kuli chiŵanja cha ndege icho chikwendako nyengo na nyengo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku misumba yinyake ya mu Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33382" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Wonaniso: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Energy in Chad</a></div> <p>Boma la Chad likwendeska makora yayi vya magesi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Chad ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makuni na vyakumera kuti ŵasange magesi. </p><p>ExxonMobil ndiyo wakulongozga gulu la Chevron na Petronas ilo laŵika ndalama zakukwana madola 3.7 biliyoni kuti liŵe na mafuta ghakukwana mabarale 1 biliyoni kumwera kwa Chad. Mu 2003, mulimo wa kupanga mafuta ukayamba apo ŵakamalizga kuzenga maji (ghakovwira na ndalama za World Bank) agho ghakukolerana na malo gha ku mizi ya kumwera kwa caru ca Cameroon. Pakupeleka wovwiri uwu, Banki ya Caru Cose yikakhumbanga kuti ndalama izo zikufuma mu mafuta zinjizgike pa 80 peresenti. Mu Janyuwale 2006, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayimiska ndondomeko yake ya ngongoli apo boma la Chad likapeleka malango ghakukanizga ndalama izi. Pa Julayi 14, 2006, Banki ya Charu Chose na Chadi ŵakasayina chikalata chakulongosolera umo boma la Chadi likugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zake 70% pa mapulogiramu ghakovwira kuchepeska ukavu.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33382" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Wonaniso: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Telecommunications in Chad</a></div> <p>Mafoni agha ghakaŵa ghakudura ndipo ghakaŵa ghapachanya chomene. Mu 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa waka mafoni 14 pa ŵanthu 10,000. </p><p>Gateway Communications, uyo wakwendeska ntchito ya kutumizga mauthenga ku vyaru vya ku Africa, nayo wali ku Chad. Mu Seputembala 2013, Unduna wa vya Makalata na Mapulogiramu gha Umoyo (PNTIC) wa ku Chad ukati charu ichi chikupenja ŵantchito awo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya fiber optic. </p><p>Chadi wali pa malo ghaumaliro pa ndondomeko ya World Economic Forum yakuwona umo maofesi gha pa Intaneti ghakugwilira ntchito. Chad yikaŵa pa nambara 148 pa nambara 148 pa nambara ya NRI ya 2014. Mu Seputembala 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni chikaŵa 24.3% pa ŵanthu 10.7 miliyoni.<sup id="cite_ref-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mwambo">Mwambo</h2></div> <p>Cifukwa ca ŵanthu na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, caru ca Chad cili na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Boma la Chadi likulimbikira kukhozga mitheto ya Chadi mwa kujura Nyumba ya Vyakusanguluska ya Chadi na Charu cha Chikhalidwe cha Chadi. Maholide ghakukwana 6 ghakuchitika chaka chose, ndipo maholide ghanyake ghakusunkhunyika ni maholide gha Chikhristu gha Easter Monday na maholide gha Chisilamu gha Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, na Eid Milad Nnabi.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/250px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/330px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/500px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuphika">Kuphika</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuisine of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Cuisine of Chad</a></div> <p>Mu vyakurya vya ku Chad, chiŵiya cha millet ndicho ntchakukhumbikwa chomene. Ŵakuwugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga viŵiya ivyo ŵakuviŵika mu msuzi. Mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto vya caru ici, cakurya ici cikucemeka alysh, ndipo kumwera, biya. Somba zikumanyikwa comene, ndipo kanandi zikuphika na kuguliskika nga ni salanga (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma) panji nga ni banda (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma). Chitayi chakuchemeka carcaje, ntchakutchuka chomene. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto mulije vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, uko ŵanthu ŵakumwa moŵa wakuchemeka billi-billi para wafuma mu moŵa wakukhoma, ndipo coshate para wafuma mu moŵa utuŵa.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumo">Sumo</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Music of Chad</a></div> <p>Sumu za ku Chad zili na vyakwimbira nga ni kinde, mtundu unyake wa zeze; kakaki, mbata yitali; na hu hu, vyakwimbira vya vingwe ivyo vikugwiliskira nchito ma calabash nga ni vyakukuzgira mazgu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara ŵakutemwa chomene vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya kodjo. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kanembu ŵakusazga vyakwimbira vyawo na vyakwimbira vya vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya fuluti. </p><p>Gulu la sumu la Chari Jazz likapangika mu 1964 ndipo ndilo likambiska sumu za mu Chad. Pamanyuma, magulu ghanyake ghakucemeka African Melody na International Challal ghakayezga kusazga vinthu vyasono na vya kale. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni Tibesti, ghakulutilira kulondezga mitheto yawo chifukwa cha sumu za sai, za kumwera kwa charu cha Chad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakutinkha sumu za mazuŵa ghano. Ndipouli, mu 1995 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kutemwa comene nkhani za mu Chadi izo zili pa ma CD na ma kaseti. Kuwukira boma na kuleka kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ni masuzgo ghakuru comene ku makampani gha sumu gha ku Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/220px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/330px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/440px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Fried or Grilled Grasshoppers</figcaption></figure> <p>Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Sahel, mabuku gha mu Chad ghali na suzgo la vyachuma, ndyali, na vyauzimu. Awo ŵakulemba mabuku mu charu cha Chad ŵakachichizgika kulemba mabuku kufuma ku charu chinyake, ndipo ŵakalemba mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya nkhaza za ndyali na mbiri. Kwambira mu 1962, ŵalembi 20 ŵa ku Chad ŵalemba mabuku pafupifupi 60. Ŵanyake mwa ŵalembi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose ni Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui na Koulsy Lamko. Mu 2003 munthu yumoza pera uyo wakususka mabuku gha Chadi, Ahmat Taboye, wakafumiska buku lake lakuti Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne kuti wamanye makora mabuku gha Chadi pa caru cose kweniso ku ŵawukirano.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_cinema">Media and cinema</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Media of Chad</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Cinema of Chad</a></div> <p>Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera TV mu charu cha Chad ŵakukhala waka mu msumba wa N'Djamena. Wayilesi ya boma ya Télé Tchad ndiyo yikulongozga pa nkhani iyi. Wayilesi yikupharazga comene, ndipo pali wayilesi zakukwana 13. Manyuzipepara ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakupharazgika bweka yayi chifukwa cha ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba, kweniso ukavu. Nangauli dango la boma likuvikilira wanangwa wakuyowoya, kweni boma likukana wanangwa uwu, ndipo kuumaliro wa 2006 likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵapharazgenge. </p><p>Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Chad ghakamba na mafilimu ghafupi gha Edouard Sailly mu m'ma 1960, kweni ghakatimbanizgika na nkhondo za pawenenawene kweniso chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mafilimu. Makampani gha mafilimu gha Chadian ghakambaso kukura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, na ntchito ya Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Issa Serge Coelo na Abakar Chene Massar. Filimu ya Haroun yakucemeka Abouna yikapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo Daratt wake wakatora Mphoto ya Grand Special Jury pa Venice International Film Festival ya nambara 63. Filimu ya A Screaming Man ya mu 2010 yikapokera chawanangwa cha jury pa 2010 Cannes Film Festival, ndipo Haroun ndiyo wakaŵa director wakwamba wa ku Chad kunjira, kweniso kuwina chawanangwa mu chiphalizgano chikuru cha Cannes. Issa Serge Coelo wakapangiska mafilimu Daresalam na DP75: Tartina City.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maseŵera"><span id="Mase.C5.B5era"></span>Maseŵera</h3></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Nkhani ikulu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sports in Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Sports in Chad</a></div> <p>Bola la malundi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Chad. Ŵasepuka ŵa ku Chadi ŵakwimira timu ya ku France pa maseŵera gha caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita maseŵero gha basketball na freestyle wrestling, ndipo awo ŵakuchita maseŵero agha ŵakuvwara vikumba vya nyama na kujibisa fuvu.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wonaniso">Wonaniso</h2></div> <p><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-7f4916c7">Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').</span></strong> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Outline of Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Chad-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of Chad-related articles (jani likusangika yayi)">Index of Chad-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vyakulemba">Vyakulemba</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33308">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic language (jani likusangika yayi)">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تشاد</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tšād</i></span>, <small>Arabic pronunciation: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Arabic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA/Arabic (jani likusangika yayi)">[tʃaːd]</a></span></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (jani likusangika yayi)">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Tchad</i>, <small>pronounced </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA/French (jani likusangika yayi)">[tʃa(d)]</a></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic language (jani likusangika yayi)">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية<span class="nowrap"> </span>تْشَاد</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jumhūriyyat Tšād</i></span></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (jani likusangika yayi)">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République du Tchad</i></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ukaboni">Ukaboni</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33308" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-recensement2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recensement2009_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r111728">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022216/http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">"Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population"</a>. Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques du Tchad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">the original</a> on 28 Disembala 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 Meyi</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analyse+Thematique+des+Resultats+Definitifs+Etat+et+Structures+de+la+Population&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique%2C+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques+et+D%C3%A9mographiques+du+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseed-td.net%2Findex.php%2Fblog-with-right-sidebar%2Fdocument%2Fsend%2F7-documents-et-publications-demographique%2F20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_transition-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_transition_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="CITEREFRamadane2022" class="citation news cs1">Ramadane, Mahamat (2 Okutobala 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/junta-set-stay-power-after-chad-delays-elections-by-two-years-2022-10-02/">"Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuters (jani likusangika yayi)">Reuters</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 Okutobala</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Junta+set+to+stay+in+power+after+Chad+delays+elections+by+two+years&rft.date=2022-10-02&rft.aulast=Ramadane&rft.aufirst=Mahamat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fjunta-set-stay-power-after-chad-delays-elections-by-two-years-2022-10-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-area_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081746/http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref">"Le TCHAD en bref"</a> (in French). INSEED. 22 Julayi 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref">the original</a> on 22 Disembala 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 Disembala</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+TCHAD+en+bref&rft.pub=INSEED&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseedtchad.com%2F%3FLe-TCHAD-en-bref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad">"Chad"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (jani likusangika yayi)">The World Factbook</a></i> (2025 ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Agency (jani likusangika yayi)">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 Juni</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2023.zip">(Archived 2023 edition)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-2">5.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-3">5.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=628,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Monetary Fund (jani likusangika yayi)">International Monetary Fund</a>. Okutobala 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Malichi</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2022&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D628%2C%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2024%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TD">"Gini Index"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Julayi</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DTD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in English). <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Development_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Development Programme (jani likusangika yayi)">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 Sekutembala 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 Sekutembala</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:religions2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:religions2020_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016">"Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Chad+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fchad%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf">"Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+D%C3%A9mographique+et+de+Sant%C3%A9+1996%E2%80%931997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhsprogram.com%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2FFR90%2FFR90.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/chads-authoritarian-deby-unwilling-to-quit/a-19173621">"Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i> (in British English). 8 Epulelo 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 Ogasiti</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+authoritarian+Deby+unwilling+to+quit&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchads-authoritarian-deby-unwilling-to-quit%2Fa-19173621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Haynes, Suyin (28 Malichi 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5559491/chad-social-media-internet-ban-censorship/">"This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 Ogasiti</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=This+African+Country+Has+Had+a+Yearlong+Ban+on+Social+Media.+Here%27s+What%27s+Behind+the+Blackout&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Suyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5559491%2Fchad-social-media-internet-ban-censorship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="CITEREFWerman2012" class="citation web cs1">Werman, Marco (5 Juni 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-05/exxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain">"ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The World</i>. Public Radio International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 Ogasiti</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World&rft.atitle=ExxonMobil+and+Chad%27s+Authoritarian+Regime%3A+An+%27Unholy+Bargain%27&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.aulast=Werman&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2012-06-05%2Fexxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="CITEREFRamadane2021" class="citation news cs1">Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 Epulelo 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G">"Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Epulelo</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chad+in+turmoil+after+Deby+death+as+rebels%2C+opposition+challenge+military&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Ramadane&rft.aufirst=Madjiasra+Nako%2C+Mahamat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, pp. 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collelo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_17-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_17-1">15.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_17-2">15.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_17-3">15.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_17-4">15.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_17-5">15.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_17-6">15.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Collelo, <i>Chad</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">the original</a> on 6 Okutobala 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 Ogasiti</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27s+Guide+to+Black+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lange88-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lange88_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Lange 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_21-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_21-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, pp. 248–249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nolutshungu">Nolutshungu</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, pp. 12–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nolutshungu">Nolutshungu</a>, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Pollack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Pollack (jani likusangika yayi)">Pollack, Kenneth M.</a> (2002); <i><a href="//archive.org/details/arabsatwarmilita0000poll/page/391/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:arabsatwarmilita0000poll/page/391/mode/2up">Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</a></i>. Lincoln: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Nebraska Press (jani likusangika yayi)">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2">0-8032-3733-2</a>, pp. 391–397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36411466">"Hissène Habré: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"</a>. BBC. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hiss%C3%A8ne+Habr%C3%A9%3A+Chad%27s+ex-ruler+convicted+of+crimes+against+humanity&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-36411466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IPS, "<span lang="fr">Le pétrole au cœur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad</span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0">28.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-1">28.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-2">28.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6">0-8213-3321-6</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCHR-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a>". Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights (jani likusangika yayi)">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. 12 December 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="CITEREFBritoMartínez-FreiríaSierraSillero2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brito, José C.; Martínez-Freiría, Fernando; Sierra, Pablo; Sillero, Neftalí; Tarroso, Pedro; Fenton, Brock (25 Febuluwale 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045445">"Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS_ONE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS ONE (jani likusangika yayi)">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): e14734. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (jani likusangika yayi)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...614734B">2011PLoSO...614734B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (jani likusangika yayi)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734">10.1371/journal.pone.0014734</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (jani likusangika yayi)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045445">3045445</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (jani likusangika yayi)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364897">21364897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Crocodiles+in+the+Sahara+Desert%3A+An+Update+of+Distribution%2C+Habitats+and+Population+Status+for+Conservation+Planning+in+Mauritania&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e14734&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21364897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...614734B&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Freir%C3%ADa%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Sierra%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Sillero%2C+Neftal%C3%AD&rft.au=Tarroso%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Brock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw">"Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 31 Disembala 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 Okutobala</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rangers+in+Isolated+Central+Africa+Uncover+Grim+Cost+of+Protecting+Wildlife&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F01%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcentral-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html%3Fadxnnl%3D1%26adxnnlx%3D1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf">"COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Commission. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMMISSION+DECISION+of+on+the+financing+of+a+Global+Plan+for+humanitarian+operations+from+the+budget+of+the+European+Union+in+CHAD&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fecho%2Ffiles%2Ffunding%2Fdecisions%2F2008%2Fchad_gp_01000_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</a>" (PDF). 8 January 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (jani likusangika yayi)">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRP-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HRP_36-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HRP_36-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Chad</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (jani likusangika yayi)">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> 2006, 6 March 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (jani likusangika yayi)">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, U.S. Department of State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0">35.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-1">35.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022216/http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">"INSEED-TCHAD – Document"</a>. Inseed-td.net. 24 Epulelo 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22">the original</a> on 28 Disembala 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 Meyi</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INSEED-TCHAD+%E2%80%93+Document&rft.pub=Inseed-td.net&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseed-td.net%2Findex.php%2Fblog-with-right-sidebar%2Fdocument%2Fsend%2F7-documents-et-publications-demographique%2F20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB_38-0">36.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB_38-1">36.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB_38-2">36.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chad". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (jani likusangika yayi)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_39-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_39-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">CIA, "Chad", 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pew_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216202531/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Research Center (jani likusangika yayi)">Pew Research Center</a>. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Chad</a>". <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2006</i>. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">the original</a> on 10 Juni 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 Juni</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Goods+Produced+by+Child+Labor+or+Forced+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Flist-of-goods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGN-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BGN_43-0">41.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BGN_43-1">41.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BGN_43-2">41.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Background Note: Chad</a> ". September 2006. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of State (jani likusangika yayi)">United States Department of State</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPACP-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNPACP_44-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNPACP_44-1">42.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Archived</a> 14 Juni 2007 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newgovernment-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-newgovernment_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.trust.org/item/20210420111727-lvy4q/">"Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over"</a>. Thomas Reuters News. Reuters. 20 Epulelo 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 Epulelo</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chad+President+Idriss+Deby+killed+on+frontline%2C+son+to+take+over&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20210420111727-lvy4q%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newgvernment2021-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-newgvernment2021_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/chad-sets-up-transitional-military-council-he-1229174.html">"Chad Sets Up Transitional Military Council Headed By Son Of Late President – Reports"</a>. <i>UrduPoint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 Epulelo</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UrduPoint&rft.atitle=Chad+Sets+Up+Transitional+Military+Council+Headed+By+Son+Of+Late+President+%E2%80%93+Reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urdupoint.com%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fchad-sets-up-transitional-military-council-he-1229174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/chad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement/a-57262804">"Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 20 Epulelo 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 Epulelo</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Chad+President+Idriss+Deby+dies+on+front+lines%2C+according+to+an+army+statement&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement%2Fa-57262804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2021/07/19/calm-and-order-in-chad-three-months-after-idriss-deby-s-death/">"Calm and order in Chad three months after Idriss Déby's death"</a>. <i>Africanews</i>. 19 Julayi 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Ogasiti</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Calm+and+order+in+Chad+three+months+after+Idriss+D%C3%A9by%27s+death&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2021%2F07%2F19%2Fcalm-and-order-in-chad-three-months-after-idriss-deby-s-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manley, Andrew; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Chad's vulnerable president</a>", BBC News, 15 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321">Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180216/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/21/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321">Archived</a> 24 Sekutembala 2015 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. 21 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS">"Military expenditure (% of GDP) | Data"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Military+expenditure+%28%25+of+GDP%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FMS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="CITEREFAmin1990" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Samir (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC"><i>Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations University Press (jani likusangika yayi)">United Nations University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862329310" title="Special:BookSources/9780862329310"><bdi>9780862329310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maldevelopment%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Global+Failure&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780862329310&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_5HjgjpmmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="CITEREFBond2006" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC"><i>Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zed_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zed Books (jani likusangika yayi)">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842778111" title="Special:BookSources/9781842778111"><bdi>9781842778111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looting+Africa%3A+The+Economics+of+Exploitation&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781842778111&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBXF3IIcBwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WB1_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Bank (jani likusangika yayi)">World Bank</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Chad-AGRICULTURE.html">"Chad economic products"</a>. <i>NationsEncyclopedia.com</i>. 28 Okutobala 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 Okutobala</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NationsEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Chad+economic+products&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2Feconomies%2FAfrica%2FChad-AGRICULTURE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1">"The World Bank in Chad"</a>. <i>The World Bank</i>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 Meyi</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+in+Chad&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fchad%2Foverview%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-WFB-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-WFB_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad">"Chad"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (jani likusangika yayi)">The World Factbook</a></i> (2025 ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Agency (jani likusangika yayi)">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 Epulelo</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2017.zip">(Archived 2017 edition)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank (14 July 2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204221211/http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm">"Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 – Q3 2010)"</a>. <i>mnodirectory.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm">the original</a> on 4 Disembala 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mnodirectory.com&rft.atitle=Chad+Mobile+Market+%28Q1+2008+%E2%80%93+Q3+2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnodirectory.com%2Fame%2FChad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCG-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CCG_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">the original</a> on 15 Okutobala 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Meyi</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of Commerce (jani likusangika yayi)">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-culture_61-0">59.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-culture_61-1">59.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-culture_61-2">59.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-culture_61-3">59.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">"Chad: A Cultural Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 Okutobala 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Juni</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad%3A+A+Cultural+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fchad%2Fchad_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada (jani likusangika yayi)">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3">0-7727-9102-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422134754/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231"><span lang="fr">La musique recherche son identité</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422134754/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231">Archived</a> 22 Epulelo 2014 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>", <span lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</span> <b>214</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130928053407/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article236">Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130928053407/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article236">Archived</a> 28 Sekutembala 2013 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (jani likusangika yayi)">archive.today</a>", <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); <i>Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures</i>. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2">0-86543-757-2</a>, pp. 12, 132, 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: <i>On a encore du travail à faire</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">Archived</a> 30 Meyi 2013 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>256</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Neil (23 March 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")</a>. jigsawlounge.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</a>", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Archived</a> 28 Sekutembala 2013 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (jani likusangika yayi)">archive.today</a>, <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33354">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">Archived</a> 28 Sekutembala 2013 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (jani likusangika yayi)">archive.today</a>, <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Background Note: Chad</a>". September 2006. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of State (jani likusangika yayi)">United States Department of State</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915"><span lang="fr">Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: <i>On a encore du travail à faire</i></span></a>", <span lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</span> <b>256</b>.</li> <li>Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", <i>The South African Journal of Economics</i> <b>60</b> (4): 246–255.</li> <li>Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); <i>Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures</i>. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2">0-86543-757-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad">"Chad"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (jani likusangika yayi)">The World Factbook</a></i> (2025 ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Agency (jani likusangika yayi)">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 Janyuwale</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2010.zip">(Archived 2010 edition)</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Chad</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (jani likusangika yayi)">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> 2006, 6 March 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (jani likusangika yayi)">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm">Chad</a>". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Chad"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 Epulelo</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2014%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D52%26pr.y%3D1%26sy%3D2013%26ey%3D2017%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D628%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Chad</a>". <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2006</i>. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en"><i>Amnesty International Report 2006</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025418/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en">Archived</a> 13 Janyuwale 2015 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnesty_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnesty International (jani likusangika yayi)">Amnesty International</a> Publications.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Chad</a>" (PDF). <i>African Economic Outlook 2007</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (jani likusangika yayi)">OECD</a>. May 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3">978-92-64-02510-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Chad</a>". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (jani likusangika yayi)">The World Factbook</a></i>. United States <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Agency (jani likusangika yayi)">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 15 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Chad</a>" (PDF). <i>Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa</i>. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102856/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">"Chad (2006)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">the original</a> on 4 Juni 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Meyi</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+%282006%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Finc%2Fcontent%2Fpubs%2Fpfs%2Finc_country_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3D6939%26year%3D2006%26pf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition</i>. Freedom House, Inc.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a>". Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights (jani likusangika yayi)">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. 12 December 1997.</li> <li>"Chad". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (jani likusangika yayi)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000). Chicago: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (jani likusangika yayi)">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></li> <li>"Chad, Lake". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2000).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Bank (jani likusangika yayi)">World Bank</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">"Chad: A Cultural Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 Okutobala 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 Juni</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad%3A+A+Cultural+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fchad%2Fchad_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada (jani likusangika yayi)">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3">0-7727-9102-3</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf">Chad Urban Development Project</a>" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</a>" (PDF). 8 January 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (jani likusangika yayi)">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504133937/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf">Chad Livelihood Profiles</a>" (PDF). March 2005. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Agency for International Development (jani likusangika yayi)">United States Agency for International Development</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</a>" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Chad (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174004/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Archived</a> 12 Okutobala 2007 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Country Report: 2006 Edition</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom House (jani likusangika yayi)">Freedom House</a>, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">"Chad and Cameroon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">the original</a> on 13 Janyuwale 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 Meyi</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+and+Cameroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FChad_Cameroon%2FFull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Information_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Information Administration (jani likusangika yayi)">Energy Information Administration</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Chad leader's victory confirmed</a>", <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News (jani likusangika yayi)">BBC News</a>, 14 May 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm">Chad may face genocide, UN warns</a>", BBC News, 16 February 2007.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Chapelle, Jean (1981); <span lang="fr">Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne</span>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4">2-85802-169-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury (jani likusangika yayi)">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">"<i>Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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New York: United Nations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1">92-1-104540-1</a></li> <li>Collelo, Thomas (1990); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad: A Country Study</a></i>, 2d ed. Washington: <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Government_Printing_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Government Printing Office (jani likusangika yayi)">U.S. GPO</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5">0-16-024770-5</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">"La decentralisation au Tchad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">the original</a> on 8 Malichi 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Juni</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+decentralisation+au+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefod.org%2FFichiers%2520web%2Fdecentralisationtchad.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="Decalo" class="citation book cs1">Decalo, Samuel (1987). <i>Historical Dictionary of Chad</i> (2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1937-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-1937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Chad&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Metuchen%3A+The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-1937-5&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); <i>Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X">1-85743-126-X</a></li> <li>Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6">0-8213-3321-6</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530061624/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231"><span lang="fr">La musique recherche son identité</span></a>", <span lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</span> <b>214</b>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">"Chad: the Habré Legacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041028/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">Archived</a> 13 Janyuwale 2015 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnesty_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnesty International (jani likusangika yayi)">Amnesty International</a>. 16 October 2001.</li> <li>Lange, Dierk (1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf">The Chad region as a crossroad</a>" (PDF), in <i>UNESCO <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_History_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General History of Africa (jani likusangika yayi)">General History of Africa</a> – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</i>, vol. 3: 436–460. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Press (jani likusangika yayi)">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03914-8">978-0-520-03914-8</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf"><span lang="fr">Lettre d'information</span></a> (PDF). <span lang="fr">Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad</span>. N. 3. September 2004.</li> <li>Macedo, Stephen (2006); <i>Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3">0-8122-1950-3</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063643/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236"><span lang="fr">Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche</span></a>", <span lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</span> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>Manley, Andrew; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Chad's vulnerable president</a>", BBC News, 15 March 2006.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</a>", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf"><span lang="fr">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">Archived</a> 12 Meyi 2012 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). <i>4th PEP Research Network General Meeting</i>. Poverty and Economic Policy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite id="Nolutshungu" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Nolutshungu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Nolutshungu (jani likusangika yayi)">Nolutshungu, Sam C.</a> (1995). <i>Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1628-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1628-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-1628-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Anarchy%3A+Intervention+and+State+Formation+in+Chad&rft.pub=Charlottesville%3A+University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1628-6&rft.au=Nolutshungu%2C+Sam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Pollack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Pollack (jani likusangika yayi)">Pollack, Kenneth M.</a> (2002); <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</i>. Lincoln: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Nebraska Press (jani likusangika yayi)">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2">0-8032-3733-2</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Rank Order – Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Archived</a> 9 Febuluwale 2014 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The World Factbook</i>. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Archived</a> 14 Juni 2007 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (jani likusangika yayi)">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022324/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">"Circonscriptions Administratives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Chad (jani likusangika yayi)">Government of Chad</a>. 3 Julayi 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 Julayi 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circonscriptions+Administratives&rft.pub=Government+of+Chad&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature-tchad.org%2FCIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">"Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">the original</a> on 15 Okutobala 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Meyi</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of Commerce (jani likusangika yayi)">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm">Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries</a>". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=FAO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FAO (jani likusangika yayi)">FAO</a>. 29 November – 1 December 1972.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html"><span lang="fr">Tchad</span></a>". <span lang="fr">L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNESCO (jani likusangika yayi)">UNESCO</a>, Education for All.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf"><span lang="fr">Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?</span></a>" (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Crisis_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Crisis Group (jani likusangika yayi)">International Crisis Group</a>. 1 June 2006.</li> <li>Wolfe, Adam; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r111728" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">"Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">the original</a> on 5 Janyuwale 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 Meyi</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instability+on+the+March+in+Sudan%2C+Chad+and+Central+African+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinr.com%2Freport.php%3Fac%3Dview_report%26report_id%3D592%26language_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftum.wikipedia.org%3AChad" class="Z3988"></span>, PINR, 6 December 2006.</li> <li>World Bank (14 July 2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=News_release&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="News release (jani likusangika yayi)">Press release</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm">World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database</a></i>. 2006. United Nations Population Division.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm">Worst corruption offenders named</a>", BBC News, 18 November 2005.</li> <li>Young, Neil (August 2002); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")</a></i>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vigaŵa_vya_kuwalo"><span id="Viga.C5.B5a_vya_kuwalo"></span>Vigaŵa vya kuwalo</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r45680">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r54249">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r107034">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Chad</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects (jani likusangika yayi)"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tum.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Chad">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" class="extiw" title="c:Tchad">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tum.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Chad" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Chad">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tum.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Chad">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tum.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Chad">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tum.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Chad">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tum.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chad" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Chad">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tum.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad" class="extiw" title="voy:Chad">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107034" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r92536">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library (jani likusangika yayi)">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Chad</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chad">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chad&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">Chad</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (jani likusangika yayi)">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Agency (jani likusangika yayi)">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad country study</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Congress (jani likusangika yayi)">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=chad">Chad</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries (jani likusangika yayi)">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Chad">Chad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13164686">Chad profile</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News (jani likusangika yayi)">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Chad" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Chad">Wikimedia Atlas of Chad</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2361304">Chad</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenStreetMap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenStreetMap (jani likusangika yayi)">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TD">Key Development Forecasts for Chad</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Futures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Futures (jani likusangika yayi)">International Futures</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Chad_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Chad topics (jani likusangika yayi)">Template:Chad topics</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33398">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33398" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r48070">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa (jani likusangika yayi)">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sovereign state (jani likusangika yayi)">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> · <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> · <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> · <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> · <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tome_na_Principe" title="Sao Tome na Principe">Sao Tome na Principe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> · <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> · <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> · <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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likusangika yayi)">Somaliland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dependent territory (jani likusangika yayi)">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean (jani likusangika yayi)">Îles Éparses</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantelleria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantelleria (jani likusangika yayi)">Pantelleria</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelagie_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelagie Islands (jani likusangika yayi)">Pelagie Islands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceuta (jani likusangika yayi)">Ceuta</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melilla (jani likusangika yayi)">Melilla</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazas de soberanía (jani likusangika yayi)">Plazas de soberanía</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (Portugal) · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (jani likusangika yayi)">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom) · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socotra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socotra (jani likusangika yayi)">Socotra</a> (Yemen)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:African Union (jani likusangika yayi)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Africanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Africanism (jani likusangika yayi)">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decolonisation_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decolonisation of Africa (jani likusangika yayi)">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casablanca_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casablanca Group (jani likusangika yayi)">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monrovia_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monrovia Group (jani likusangika yayi)">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_and_Malagasy_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African and Malagasy Union (jani likusangika yayi)">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Monetary_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Monetary Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirte_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirte Declaration (jani likusangika yayi)">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_of_African_Unity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation of African Unity (jani likusangika yayi)">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity (jani likusangika yayi)">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity (jani likusangika yayi)">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geography of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Countries_bordering_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Countries bordering the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme points of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Member states of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regions_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regions of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organs_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organs of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Executive Council of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembly_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assembly of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairperson_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairperson of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Commission (jani likusangika yayi)">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission (jani likusangika yayi)">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission (jani likusangika yayi)">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AU_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AU Conference Center and Office Complex (jani likusangika yayi)">AUCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-African_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-African Parliament (jani likusangika yayi)">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament (jani likusangika yayi)">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament (jani likusangika yayi)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallagher_Convention_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallagher Convention Centre (jani likusangika yayi)">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Justice of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (jani likusangika yayi)">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council (jani likusangika yayi)">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_and_Security_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace and Security Committee (jani likusangika yayi)">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union) (jani likusangika yayi)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee (jani likusangika yayi)">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee (jani likusangika yayi)">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee (jani likusangika yayi)">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union) (jani likusangika yayi)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee (jani likusangika yayi)">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union) (jani likusangika yayi)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee (jani likusangika yayi)">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Central_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Central Bank (jani likusangika yayi)">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Monetary Fund (jani likusangika yayi)">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Investment_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Investment Bank (jani likusangika yayi)">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_and_Security_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace and Security Council (jani likusangika yayi)">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises (jani likusangika yayi)">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Standby_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Standby Force (jani likusangika yayi)">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panel_of_the_Wise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panel of the Wise (jani likusangika yayi)">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (jani likusangika yayi)">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Mission in Burundi (jani likusangika yayi)">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Mission in Sudan (jani likusangika yayi)">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Mission to Somalia (jani likusangika yayi)">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MISCA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MISCA (jani likusangika yayi)">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (jani likusangika yayi)">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Peer_Review_Mechanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Peer Review Mechanism (jani likusangika yayi)">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (jani likusangika yayi)">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (jani likusangika yayi)">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlargement_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enlargement of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Africa_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Africa Command (jani likusangika yayi)">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_military_bases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of United States military bases (jani likusangika yayi)">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">United States ambassador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together (jani likusangika yayi)">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Passport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Passport (jani likusangika yayi)">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of the African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_central_banks_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of central banks of Africa (jani likusangika yayi)">Currencies</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold standard (jani likusangika yayi)">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Development_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Development Bank (jani likusangika yayi)">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Economic_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Economic Community (jani likusangika yayi)">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development (jani likusangika yayi)">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Continental Free Trade Area (jani likusangika yayi)">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_African_Air_Transport_Market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Single African Air Transport Market (jani likusangika yayi)">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa Day (jani likusangika yayi)">Africa Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Monetary_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Monetary Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States of Africa (jani likusangika yayi)">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_of_Latin_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States of Latin Africa (jani likusangika yayi)">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East African Federation (jani likusangika yayi)">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33398" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r48070" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States (jani likusangika yayi)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States (jani likusangika yayi)">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33398" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r48070" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:La_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:La Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanuatu (jani likusangika yayi)">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Community_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Community of Belgium (jani likusangika yayi)">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Brunswick (jani likusangika yayi)">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quebec (jani likusangika yayi)">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (jani likusangika yayi)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech Republic (jani likusangika yayi)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia (country) (jani likusangika yayi)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovo (jani likusangika yayi)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique (jani likusangika yayi)">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (jani likusangika yayi)">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UN_French_Language_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UN French Language Day (jani likusangika yayi)">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Francophonie_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Francophonie Day (jani likusangika yayi)">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeux_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeux de la Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senghor_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senghor University (jani likusangika yayi)">Senghor University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales (jani likusangika yayi)">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TV5Monde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TV5Monde (jani likusangika yayi)">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (jani likusangika yayi)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33398" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r48070" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (jani likusangika yayi)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (jani likusangika yayi)">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (jani likusangika yayi)">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State of Palestine (jani likusangika yayi)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (jani likusangika yayi)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Cyprus (jani likusangika yayi)">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moro_National_Liberation_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moro National Liberation Front (jani likusangika yayi)">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Cooperation Organization (jani likusangika yayi)">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union (jani likusangika yayi)">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab League (jani likusangika yayi)">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-Aligned_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-Aligned Movement (jani likusangika yayi)">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations (jani likusangika yayi)">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (jani likusangika yayi)">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP) (jani likusangika yayi)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP) (jani likusangika yayi)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports (jani likusangika yayi)">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports (jani likusangika yayi)">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population (jani likusangika yayi)">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries (jani likusangika yayi)">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (jani likusangika yayi)">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107036" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33398" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41523">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208478/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121851881">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151207935">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxjqpd9Kdc6GXVtDkv73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453071">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865632d">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865632d">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061074-3">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548069105171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80049721">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3545s91js3154">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573565">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Čad"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131640&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810699901405606">Poland</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6ce82d72-8123-3365-ab34-7b20581a34cf">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e0fa349a-38e0-4a49-be80-96b98470e937">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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