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Ciad - Wikipedia

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data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Geografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_e_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_e_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flora e fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_e_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aree_protette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aree_protette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aree protette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aree_protette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Società" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Società"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Società</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Società-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Società</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Società-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Demografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gruppi_etnici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gruppi_etnici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gruppi etnici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gruppi_etnici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diritti_umani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diritti_umani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diritti umani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diritti_umani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Lingue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinamento_dello_stato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinamento_dello_stato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ordinamento dello stato</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ordinamento_dello_stato-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Ordinamento dello stato</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ordinamento_dello_stato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suddivisione_amministrativa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suddivisione_amministrativa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Suddivisione amministrativa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suddivisione_amministrativa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Città_principali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Città_principali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Città principali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Città_principali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Economia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricoltura_e_allevamento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricoltura_e_allevamento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agricoltura e allevamento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricoltura_e_allevamento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Foreste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pesca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pesca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produzione,_commercio_e_sicurezza_alimentare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produzione,_commercio_e_sicurezza_alimentare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Produzione, commercio e sicurezza alimentare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produzione,_commercio_e_sicurezza_alimentare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastrutture_e_trasporti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastrutture_e_trasporti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastrutture e trasporti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastrutture_e_trasporti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Infrastrutture e trasporti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastrutture_e_trasporti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trasporti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trasporti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Trasporti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trasporti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trasporto_aereo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trasporto_aereo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Trasporto aereo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trasporto_aereo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Energia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecomunicazioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecomunicazioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Telecomunicazioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecomunicazioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istruzione_e_università" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istruzione_e_università"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Istruzione e università</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istruzione_e_università-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Cultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festività" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festività"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Festività</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festività-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Musica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produzione_letteraria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produzione_letteraria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Produzione letteraria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produzione_letteraria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patrimoni_dell&#039;umanità" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrimoni_dell&#039;umanità"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Patrimoni dell'umanità</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrimoni_dell&#039;umanità-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cucina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cucina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Cucina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cucina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ciad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un&#039;altra lingua. Disponibile in 252 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">252 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - abcaso" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abcaso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - accinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="accinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead - inglese antico" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglese antico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ - aramaico" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - bavarese" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads - samogitico" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། - tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ - bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ - cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - corso" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - turco crimeo" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turco crimeo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - dinca" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad - basso sorabo" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="basso sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi - ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - estremegno" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremegno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi - fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="voce consigliata"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad - faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - francoprovenzale" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovenzale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - gagauzo" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauzo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad - gaelico scozzese" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelico scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad - mannese" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ&#039;אד - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ&#039;אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - alto sorabo" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad" title="Tjad - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - creolo giamaicano" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="creolo giamaicano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi - kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ - khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - cornico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - giudeo-spagnolo" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="giudeo-spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ - lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta - maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - menangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="menangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) - manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - mari occidentale" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad - maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade - mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - basso tedesco olandese" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - sotho del nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho del nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah - navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad - pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - pidgin nigeriano" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="pidgin nigeriano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaed" title="Tchaed - Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tchaed" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - piemontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - romancio" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romancio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade - kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - sanscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - sami del nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami del nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde - sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad - tashelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ - shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - samoano" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad - sami di Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami di Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi - swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - sotho del sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - saterfriesisch" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad - slesiano" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="slesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade - tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - turcomanno" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcomanno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - taliscio" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="taliscio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - uiguro" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - vepso" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - fiammingo occidentale" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="fiammingo occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade - vallone" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd - wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod - zelandese" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ - tamazight del Marocco standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight del Marocco standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ciad" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Ciad" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ciad"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ciad"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Ciad" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Ciad" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;oldid=142185896" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&amp;page=Ciad&amp;id=142185896&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCiad"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCiad"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Ciad"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Ciad&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikinews.org/wiki/Categoria:Ciad" hreflang="it"><span>Wikinotizie</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ciad" hreflang="it"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657" title="Collegamento all&#039;elemento connesso dell&#039;archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div style="font-size: small"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_geografiche" title="Coordinate geografiche">Coordinate</a>: <a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Speciale:Map/5/15.466667/19.4/it" data-zoom="5" data-lat="15.466667" data-lon="19.4" data-overlays="[&quot;_5ecbcc9e0a91e73f82c5147c2f0f55f3ac356784&quot;]">15°28′N 19°24′E</a><span class="geo" style="display:none"><span class="latitude">15°28′N</span>, <span class="longitude">19°24′E</span></span></span></div></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l&#039;enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando il lago, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Ciad_(lago)" title="Ciad (lago)">Ciad (lago)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume le principali caratteristiche di uno Stato"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Ciad</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="display:grid; grid-auto-flow:column; gap:.2em .4em; margin:0 auto; max-width:255px; align-items:center; justify-content:space-evenly;"> <div style="grid-area:1;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ciad – Bandiera"><img alt="Ciad – Bandiera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/125px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/188px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/250px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div style="grid-area:2;"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Bandiera_del_Ciad" title="Bandiera del Ciad">dettagli</a>)</small></div> <div style="grid-area:1;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ciad - Stemma"><img alt="Ciad - Stemma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div style="grid-area:2;"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Stemma_del_Ciad" title="Stemma del Ciad">dettagli</a>)</small></div> </div> <div style="font-style:italic; padding:.2em 0;">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="arabo">AR</abbr></span>) <i>الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم</i><br />(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Unité, Travail, Progrès<br />(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) Unità, Lavoro, Progresso</div> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TCD_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ciad - Localizzazione"><img alt="Ciad - Localizzazione" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TCD_orthographic.svg/260px-TCD_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TCD_orthographic.svg/390px-TCD_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TCD_orthographic.svg/520px-TCD_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Ciad - Localizzazione</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Dati amministrativi</th></tr><tr><th style="width:150px;">Nome completo</th><td>Repubblica del Ciad </td></tr><tr><th>Nome ufficiale</th><td>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <i>République du Tchad</i><br />(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="arabo">AR</abbr></span>) جمهورية تشاد<br /><i>Jumhuriyat Tšād</i> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ufficiale" title="Lingua ufficiale">Lingue ufficiali</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese">francese</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba">arabo</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Capitale_(citt%C3%A0)" title="Capitale (città)">Capitale</a></th><td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%27Djamena_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/N%27Djamena_coa.svg/20px-N%27Djamena_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/N%27Djamena_coa.svg/30px-N%27Djamena_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/N%27Djamena_coa.svg/40px-N%27Djamena_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="182" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N&#39;Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Politica</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Forma_di_governo" title="Forma di governo">Forma di governo</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Repubblica_semipresidenziale" title="Repubblica semipresidenziale">Repubblica semipresidenziale</a> con influenze militari </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Presidenti_del_Ciad" title="Presidenti del Ciad">Presidente</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Déby Itno</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Primi_ministri_del_Ciad" title="Primi ministri del Ciad">Primo ministro</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Allamaye_Halina" title="Allamaye Halina">Allamaye Halina</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Indipendenza</th><td>dalla <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, 11 agosto <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Ingresso nell'<a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_delle_Nazioni_Unite" title="Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite">ONU</a></th><td>20 settembre <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Superficie</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">Totale</a></th><td>1&#160;284&#160;000<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chilometro_quadrato" title="Chilometro quadrato">km²</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Stati_per_superficie" title="Stati per superficie">21º</a>) </td></tr><tr><th>% delle acque</th><td>1,9% </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Popolazione</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Popolazione" title="Popolazione">Totale</a></th><td>16&#160;877&#160;357<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ab.&#160;<small>(2022)</small>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Stati_per_popolazione" title="Stati per popolazione">71º</a>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0_di_popolazione" title="Densità di popolazione">Densità</a></th><td>8,9 ab./<a href="/wiki/Chilometro_quadrato" title="Chilometro quadrato">km²</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Tasso di crescita</th><td>1,98% (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Etnico_(onomastica)" title="Etnico (onomastica)">Nome degli abitanti</a></th><td>ciadiani<sup id="cite_ref-nomeciadiani_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomeciadiani-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Geografia</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Continente" title="Continente">Continente</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Confini</th><td><a href="/wiki/Confine_tra_il_Ciad_e_la_Libia" title="Confine tra il Ciad e la Libia">Libia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confine_tra_il_Ciad_e_il_Sudan" title="Confine tra il Ciad e il Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confine_tra_il_Camerun_e_il_Ciad" title="Confine tra il Camerun e il Ciad">Camerun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confine_tra_il_Ciad_e_la_Nigeria" title="Confine tra il Ciad e la Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confine_tra_il_Ciad_e_il_Niger" title="Confine tra il Ciad e il Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confine_tra_il_Ciad_e_la_Repubblica_Centrafricana" title="Confine tra il Ciad e la Repubblica Centrafricana">Repubblica Centrafricana</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Fuso_orario" title="Fuso orario">Fuso orario</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Economia</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Valuta" title="Valuta">Valuta</a></th><td>franco CFA dell'Africa centrale </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Prodotto_interno_lordo" title="Prodotto interno lordo">PIL</a> (nominale)</th><td>12&#160;900<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> milioni di $ (2012) (<a href="/wiki/Stati_per_PIL_(nominale)" title="Stati per PIL (nominale)">124º</a>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Reddito_pro_capite" title="Reddito pro capite">PIL pro capite</a> (nominale)</th><td>885 $ (2018) (<a href="/wiki/Stati_per_PIL_(nominale)_pro_capite" title="Stati per PIL (nominale) pro capite">170º</a>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Prodotto_interno_lordo" title="Prodotto interno lordo">PIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teoria_della_parit%C3%A0_dei_poteri_di_acquisto" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria della parità dei poteri di acquisto">PPA</a>)</th><td>26&#160;576 milioni di $ (2012) (<a href="/wiki/Stati_per_PIL_(PPA)" title="Stati per PIL (PPA)">111º</a>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Reddito_pro_capite" title="Reddito pro capite">PIL pro capite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parit%C3%A0_di_potere_d%27acquisto" title="Parità di potere d&#39;acquisto">PPA</a>)</th><td>2&#160;539 $ (2013) (<a href="/wiki/Stati_per_PIL_(PPA)_pro_capite" title="Stati per PIL (PPA) pro capite">145º</a>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Indice_di_sviluppo_umano" title="Indice di sviluppo umano">ISU</a> <small>(2021)</small></th><td>0,394 (basso) (<a href="/wiki/Stati_per_indice_di_sviluppo_umano" title="Stati per indice di sviluppo umano">190º</a>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Tasso_di_fecondit%C3%A0_totale" title="Tasso di fecondità totale">Fecondità</a></th><td>5,75 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Varie</th></tr><tr><th>Codici <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TD" title="ISO 3166-2:TD">TD</a>, TCD, 148 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Dominio_di_primo_livello" title="Dominio di primo livello">TLD</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Prefissi_telefonici_internazionali" title="Prefissi telefonici internazionali">Prefisso tel.</a></th><td>+235 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Sigle_automobilistiche_internazionali" title="Sigle automobilistiche internazionali">Sigla autom.</a></th><td>TCH e TD </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Mano_da_tenere" title="Mano da tenere">Lato di guida</a></th><td>Destra (↓↑) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Inno_nazionale" title="Inno nazionale">Inno nazionale</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/La_Tchadienne" title="La Tchadienne">La Tchadienne</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Festa_nazionale" title="Festa nazionale">Festa nazionale</a></th><td>11 agosto </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cd-map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ciad - Mappa"><img alt="Ciad - Mappa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cd-map.png/183px-Cd-map.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cd-map.png/274px-Cd-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Cd-map.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Ciad - Mappa</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Evoluzione storica</th></tr><tr><th>Stato precedente</th><td><a href="/wiki/Africa_Equatoriale_Francese" title="Africa Equatoriale Francese">Africa Equatoriale Francese</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="sinottico_piede" style="background:#ABCDEF;">&#160; </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657" class="extiw" title="d:Q657"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Ciad su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Stato/man" title="Template:Stato/man"><span title="Manuale del template Stato">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139486644">body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output #coordinates{font-size:85%;line-height:1.5em;white-space:nowrap}</style> <p>Il <b>Ciad</b> (<small><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_fonetico_internazionale" title="Alfabeto fonetico internazionale">AFI</a></small>: <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA_per_l%27italiano" title="Aiuto:IPA per l&#39;italiano"><span title="Questa è una trascrizione IPA della pronuncia. Vedere l&#39;alfabeto fonetico internazionale." class="IPA">/ˈʧad/</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>; in&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba">arabo</a> <span dir="rtl" lang="ar" class="arabo">تشاد</span>&#8206;<span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Arabo" title="Aiuto:Arabo">?</a></sup></span>, <i>Tšād</i>; in&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese">francese</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="fr"><i>Tchad</i></span>), ufficialmente <b>Repubblica del Ciad</b>, è uno <a href="/wiki/Stato" title="Stato">Stato</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Africa_centrale" title="Africa centrale">Africa centrale</a> che confina a nord con la <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a>, a est con il <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, a sudovest col <a href="/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun">Camerun</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, a ovest col <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> e a sud con la <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Centrafricana" title="Repubblica Centrafricana">Repubblica Centrafricana</a>. Ha una superficie di <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012128400000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">284</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chilometro_quadrato" title="Chilometro quadrato">km²</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e una popolazione di 16&#160;877&#160;357 abitanti per una densità di 8,9 ab/km².<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il Ciad è costituito da diverse <a href="/wiki/Zona_climatica" title="Zona climatica">regioni climatiche</a>: una <a href="/wiki/Deserto" title="Deserto">zona desertica</a> a nord, un'arida <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">cintura saheliana</a> al centro, mentre il sud è caratterizzato da una più fertile <a href="/wiki/Savana_sudanese" title="Savana sudanese">savana sudanese</a>. Il <a href="/wiki/Lago_Ciad" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Ciad">lago Ciad</a>, da cui il paese prende il nome, è la seconda <a href="/wiki/Zona_umida" title="Zona umida">zona umida</a> più grande dell'Africa. La capitale <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N&#39;Djamena">N'Djamena</a> è anche la <a href="/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_del_Ciad" title="Città del Ciad">città più estesa e popolosa del paese</a>. Le lingue ufficiali del Ciad sono l'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba">arabo</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese">francese</a>. Sono presenti oltre 200 diversi <a href="/wiki/Gruppi_etnici" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppi etnici">gruppi etnici</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_linguistico" title="Gruppo linguistico">linguistici</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (52%) e <a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo">cristianesimo</a> (44%) sono le religioni più diffuse e praticate.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le popolazioni umane iniziarono a stanziarsi in gran numero nel bacino del Ciad a partire dal <a href="/wiki/VII_millennio_a.C." title="VII millennio a.C.">VII millennio a.C.</a> Entro la fine del <a href="/wiki/I_millennio_d.C." class="mw-redirect" title="I millennio d.C.">I millennio d.C.</a>, la striscia saheliana del Ciad ha visto l'ascesa e la caduta di una serie di stati e imperi, ciascuno concentrato sul controllo delle <a href="/wiki/Vie_commerciali_trans-sahariane" title="Vie commerciali trans-sahariane">rotte commerciali trans-sahariane</a> che passavano attraverso la regione. La <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> conquistò il territorio nel 1920 e lo incorporò come parte dell'<a href="/wiki/Africa_equatoriale_francese" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa equatoriale francese">Africa equatoriale francese</a>. Nel 1960, il Ciad ottenne l'indipendenza sotto la guida di <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a>. Il risentimento verso le sue politiche nel nord a maggioranza musulmana culminò in una lunga guerra civile iniziata nel 1965. Nel 1979 i ribelli conquistarono la capitale e misero fine all'egemonia del Sud; tuttavia i comandanti ribelli iniziarono a combattere tra loro finché <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> non sconfisse i suoi rivali. Nel 1978 la Libia invase il paese, portando a un <a href="/wiki/Guerra_libico-ciadiana" title="Guerra libico-ciadiana">conflitto</a> che si interruppe solo nel 1987 con un intervento militare francese (<i>operazione Épervier</i>). Hissène Habré fu a sua volta rovesciato nel 1990 dal suo generale <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>. Con il sostegno francese, nel 1991 fu avviata una modernizzazione dell'<a href="/wiki/Forze_armate_del_Ciad" title="Forze armate del Ciad">esercito nazionale del Ciad</a>. Dal 2003 la <a href="/wiki/Conflitto_del_Darfur" title="Conflitto del Darfur">crisi del Darfur</a> nel confinante Sudan portò a una destabilizzazione anche del Ciad, nazione già molto povera che dovette compiere enormi sforzi per accogliere centinaia di migliaia di rifugiati sudanesi. </p><p>Durante la presidenza di Idriss Déby, il cui governo era descritto come <a href="/wiki/Stato_autoritario" title="Stato autoritario">autoritario</a>, il potere rimase saldamente nelle mani del <a href="/wiki/Movimento_Patriottico_di_Salvezza" title="Movimento Patriottico di Salvezza">Movimento patriottico di salvezza</a>, nonostante la presenza formale di una pluralità di partiti politici all'Assemblea nazionale del Ciad.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il presidente Déby fu ucciso dai ribelli del <i><a href="/wiki/Front_pour_l%27alternance_et_la_concorde_au_Tchad" title="Front pour l&#39;alternance et la concorde au Tchad">Front pour l'alternance et la concorde au Tchad</a></i> (FACT) nell'aprile 2021: in seguito a tale evento, il consiglio militare di transizione guidato da suo figlio <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Déby</a> assunse il controllo del governo e il nuovo leader sciolse l'Assemblea.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il Ciad rimane un paese tormentato dalla violenza politica e dai ricorrenti tentativi di <a href="/wiki/Colpo_di_Stato" title="Colpo di Stato">colpo di Stato</a>. È uno dei <a href="/wiki/Paesi_meno_sviluppati" title="Paesi meno sviluppati">paesi meno sviluppati</a>, classificato tra i più bassi in termini di <a href="/wiki/Indice_di_sviluppo_umano" title="Indice di sviluppo umano">Indice di sviluppo umano</a>. Il Ciad è uno dei paesi più <a href="/wiki/Stati_per_PIL_(nominale)_pro_capite" title="Stati per PIL (nominale) pro capite">poveri</a> e <a href="/wiki/Indice_di_percezione_della_corruzione" title="Indice di percezione della corruzione">corrotti</a> del mondo; la maggior parte dei suoi abitanti è costituita da <a href="/wiki/Pastorizia" title="Pastorizia">pastori</a> e <a href="/wiki/Agricoltura_di_sussistenza" title="Agricoltura di sussistenza">agricoltori di sussistenza</a>. Dal 2003 il <a href="/wiki/Petrolio_greggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrolio greggio">petrolio greggio</a> costituisce la principale fonte di guadagni del paese in termini di <a href="/wiki/Esportazioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Esportazioni">esportazioni</a>, soppiantando l'industria tradizionale del <a href="/wiki/Cotone_(fibra)" title="Cotone (fibra)">cotone</a>. Il Ciad ha una scarsa reputazione in termini di tutela dei <a href="/wiki/Diritti_umani" title="Diritti umani">diritti umani</a>, con frequenti abusi quali incarcerazioni arbitrarie, esecuzioni extragiudiziali e limiti alle libertà civili da parte delle forze di sicurezza e delle milizie armate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Storia_del_Ciad" title="Storia del Ciad">Storia del Ciad</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Nel VII millennio a.C., le condizioni climatiche e ambientali nella metà settentrionale del territorio ciadiano erano tali da favorire l'insediamento umano, per cui la sua popolazione aumentò considerevolmente. Alcuni dei più importanti <a href="/wiki/Archeologia_africana" title="Archeologia africana">siti archeologici africani</a> si trovano in Ciad, principalmente nella <a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti" title="Regione di Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti">regione di Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti</a>; alcuni risalgono a periodi antecedenti del 2000 a.C.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per più di 2.000 anni, il bacino del Ciad è stato abitato da popolazioni sedentarie a vocazione agricola. La regione divenne dunque un crocevia di civiltà, la prima delle quali fu la civiltà Sao. I Sao caddero sotto l'<a href="/wiki/Impero_di_Kanem-Bornu" title="Impero di Kanem-Bornu">Impero di Kanem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lange88_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange88-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> il primo e il più longevo degli imperi che si svilupparono nella <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">fascia saheliana</a> del Ciad prima della fine del I millennio d.C. Nel XVI e XVII secolo emersero altri due imperi della regione, il <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Baguirmi" title="Regno di Baguirmi">Sultanato di Bagirmi</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Impero_Ouaddai" title="Impero Ouaddai">Impero Ouaddai</a>. Il potere di Kanem e dei suoi successori si basava sul controllo delle <a href="/wiki/Vie_commerciali_trans-sahariane" title="Vie commerciali trans-sahariane">rotte commerciali trans-sahariane</a> che attraversavano la regione.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Questi stati, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">musulmani</a>, non estesero mai il loro controllo alle praterie meridionali se non per sporadiche incursioni per procurarsi gli schiavi<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (nell'impero di Kanem, circa un terzo della popolazione era costituita da schiavi).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/220px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/330px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/440px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption> Un soldato ciadiano che combatte per la <a href="/wiki/France_libre" class="mw-redirect" title="France libre">Francia libera</a> durante la <a href="/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale">seconda guerra mondiale</a>. Le forze francesi libere includevano 15.000 soldati del Ciad.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>L'espansione coloniale francese portò alla creazione del <i><span dir="ltr" lang="fr">Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad</span></i> nel 1900. Al 1920, la Francia si era assicurata il pieno controllo della colonia, che venne incorporata come parte dell'<a href="/wiki/Africa_equatoriale_francese" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa equatoriale francese">Africa equatoriale francese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il dominio francese in Ciad fu caratterizzato da un'assenza di politiche atte per unificare il territorio e da una modernizzazione molto più lenta rispetto ad altre colonie francesi.<sup id="cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per i francesi, la colonia era considerata poco significativa, in quanto fonte di manodopera non specializzata e di cotone grezzo, la cui produzione fu introdotta su larga scala nel 1929. L'amministrazione coloniale in Ciad era largamente sotto organico e doveva fare affidamento sul personale meno affidabile del servizio civile francese. Solo l'etnia dei <a href="/wiki/Sara_(popolo)" title="Sara (popolo)">Sara</a> del sud era governata in modo efficace, mentre il dominio sulle zone musulmane del nord e dell'est era di fatto inesistente. Tale abbandono ebbe conseguenze sul sistema educativo.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dopo la <a href="/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale">seconda guerra mondiale</a>, la Francia concesse al Ciad lo status di <a href="/wiki/Francia_d%27oltremare" title="Francia d&#39;oltremare">territorio d'oltremare</a> e ai suoi abitanti il diritto di eleggere rappresentanti all'<a href="/wiki/Assemblea_nazionale_(Francia)" title="Assemblea nazionale (Francia)">Assemblea nazionale francese</a> e a quella ciadiana. Il Partito progressista ciadiano (in francese: <i>Parti Progressiste Tchadien</i>, PPT) divenne il più grande partito politico. Il Ciad ottenne l'indipendenza l'11 agosto 1960 con il leader del PPT, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a>, di etnia Sara, in qualità di primo <a href="/wiki/Presidenti_del_Ciad" title="Presidenti del Ciad">presidente</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il 20 settembre dello stesso anno entrò a far parte dell'ONU<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Due anni dopo, Tombalbaye bandì i partiti di opposizione e istituì un sistema monopartitico. Il governo autocratico di Tombalbaye e la cattiva gestione della cosa pubblica esacerbarono le tensioni interetniche. Nel 1965, i musulmani del nord, guidati dal Fronte di liberazione nazionale del Ciad (in francese: <i>Front de libération nationale du Tchad</i>, FRONILAT), si ribellarono, scatenando una guerra civile. Tombalbaye fu rovesciato in un colpo di stato e ucciso nel 1975;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nonostante ciò, l'insurrezione continuò. Nel 1979 le fazioni ribelli guidate da <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> conquistarono la capitale, con il conseguente collasso di tutte le istituzioni dello Stato. Fazioni armate, molte provenienti da segmenti della ribellione del nord, iniziarono a contendersi il potere.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La disintegrazione del Ciad causò la perdita del controllo della Francia sul paese. Allo scopo di colmare il vuoto di potere creatosi, la Libia <a href="/wiki/Guerra_libico-ciadiana" title="Guerra libico-ciadiana">intervenne nella guerra civile in Ciad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'intervento libico si <a href="/wiki/Guerra_delle_Toyota" title="Guerra delle Toyota">concluse con un'ampia sconfitta</a> nel 1987: il presidente appoggiato dalla Francia, <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a>, evocò una mobilitazione da parte dei ciadiani mai vista prima<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> costringendo l'esercito libico a lasciare il suolo ciadiano.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habré consolidò la sua dittatura grazie a un sistema di potere basato sulla corruzione e sulla violenza. Si stima che migliaia di persone siano state uccise durante il suo governo.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il presidente attuò politiche per favorire il proprio gruppo etnico, <a href="/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu">Tebu</a>, discriminando invece i suoi ex alleati, gli <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa" title="Zaghawa">Zaghawa</a>. Il generale <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> rovesciò il governo di Habrè nel 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Habré fu sottoposto agli <a href="/wiki/Arresti_domiciliari" title="Arresti domiciliari">arresti domiciliari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> nel 2005; nel 2013, fu formalmente accusato di crimini di guerra commessi durante la sua presidenza.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nel maggio 2016 fu condannato all'<a href="/wiki/Ergastolo" title="Ergastolo">ergastolo</a> perché riconosciuto colpevole di violazioni dei diritti umani, tra cui stupro e schiavitù sessuale, e per aver ordinato l'assassinio di circa 40.000 persone.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/220px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/330px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/440px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption> Nonostante l'opposizione politica interna, i tentativi di colpo di stato e una guerra civile, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> ha governato ininterrottamente il Ciad dal 1990 fino alla sua morte nel 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>Déby tentò di riconciliare i gruppi ribelli e reintrodusse il <a href="/wiki/Multipartitismo" title="Multipartitismo">multipartitismo</a> nelle istituzioni. I ciadiani approvarono una nuova costituzione tramite <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> e nel 1996 Déby vinse facilmente le <a href="/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_in_Ciad_del_1996" title="Elezioni presidenziali in Ciad del 1996">elezioni presidenziali</a>, ottenendo anche un <a href="/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_in_Ciad_del_2001" title="Elezioni presidenziali in Ciad del 2001">secondo mandato</a> cinque anni più tardi.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nel 2005, con la modifica della costituzione per rimuovere il limite di due mandati alla presidenza, scoppiò una nuova guerra civile.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le <a href="/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_in_Ciad_del_2006" title="Elezioni presidenziali in Ciad del 2006">elezioni del 2006</a>, boicottate dall'opposizione, permisero a Déby di ottenere un terzo mandato; da allora, la violenza etnica nel Ciad orientale è progressivamente aumentata.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nel 2006 e nel 2008 le forze ribelli tentarono di impadronirsi della capitale con la forza, entrambe le volte senza successo.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Un accordo per il ripristino della pace tra Ciad e Sudan, firmato il 15 gennaio 2010, segnò la fine di una guerra quinquennale tra i due stati, iniziata nel 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La frontiera tra i due paesi fu riaperta dopo sette anni, con il dispiegamento di forze congiunte a protezione del confine. Nel maggio 2013, le forze di sicurezza in Ciad sventarono un colpo di stato contro il presidente <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il Ciad fa parte della coalizione dell'Africa occidentale nella lotta contro <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> e altre organizzazioni dell'<a href="/wiki/Estremismo_islamico" class="mw-redirect" title="Estremismo islamico">estremismo islamico</a>. Il 20 aprile 2021, l'esercito del Ciad annunciò la morte di Déby.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Suo figlio, il <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">generale Mahamat Idriss Déby</a>, fu nominato presidente ad interim da un consiglio di transizione composto da ufficiali militari. Tale consiglio di transizione ha rimpiazzato la Costituzione con un nuovo statuto, conferendo a Mahamat Déby i poteri di presidenza e nominandolo capo delle forze armate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Geografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Geografia_del_Ciad" title="Geografia del Ciad">Geografia del Ciad</a></b>&#32;e&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/220px-Chad_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/330px-Chad_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/440px-Chad_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption> Il Ciad è diviso in tre zone climatiche distinte: la <a href="/wiki/Savana_sudanese" title="Savana sudanese">savana sudanese</a> a sud, il <a href="/wiki/Deserto_del_Sahara" title="Deserto del Sahara">deserto del Sahara</a> a nord e la <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">cintura saheliana</a> al centro.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg/220px-ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg/330px-ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg/440px-ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption> Il <a href="/wiki/Ciad_(lago)" title="Ciad (lago)">lago Ciad</a> in un'immagine satellitare del 2001. In alto, sono mostrati i cambiamenti dal 1973 al 1997, con la riduzione della superficie del lago.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ounianga_Lakes_from_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ounianga_Lakes_from_ISS.jpg/220px-Ounianga_Lakes_from_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ounianga_Lakes_from_ISS.jpg/330px-Ounianga_Lakes_from_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ounianga_Lakes_from_ISS.jpg/440px-Ounianga_Lakes_from_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Questa fotografia satellitare mostra uno dei dieci laghi nel bacino di Ounianga, nel cuore del deserto del Sahara, nel Ciad nord-orientale.</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> Il Ciad è uno <a href="/wiki/Stato_senza_sbocco_al_mare" title="Stato senza sbocco al mare">stato senza sbocco al mare</a> che abbraccia l'<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> centro-settentrionale. Copre un'area di 1&#160;284&#160;000 chilometri quadri (496&#160;000&#160;mi²), compresa tra le latitudini 7° e 24 °N, tra le longitudini 13° e 24°E,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ed è il <a href="/wiki/Stati_per_superficie" title="Stati per superficie">ventesimo paese più grande</a> del mondo. Il Ciad è, per dimensioni, leggermente più piccolo del <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù">Perù</a> e leggermente più grande del <a href="/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica">Sudafrica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il Ciad confina a nord con la <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a>, a est con il <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, a ovest con <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> e <a href="/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun">Camerun</a>, e a sud con la <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Centrafricana" title="Repubblica Centrafricana">Repubblica Centrafricana</a>. La capitale del paese è distante 1&#160;060 chilometri (660&#160;mi) dal porto più vicino, <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>, in Camerun.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A causa della distanza dal mare e del <a href="/wiki/Clima_desertico" title="Clima desertico">clima prevalentemente desertico</a> del paese, il Ciad viene talvolta definito, in senso climatico, il "cuore morto dell'Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il territorio del Chad è costituito da un ampio bacino delimitato a nord e ad est dall'altopiano dell'<a href="/wiki/Ennedi" title="Ennedi">Ennedi</a> e dai <a href="/wiki/Tibesti" title="Tibesti">monti Tibesti</a>, che comprendono <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Emi Koussi</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">vulcano</a> dormiente che raggiunge i 3&#160;414 metri (11&#160;201&#160;ft) sul livello del mare. <a href="/wiki/Ciad_(lago)" title="Ciad (lago)">Il lago Ciad</a>, da cui prende il nome il paese (e che a sua volta prende il nome dalla parola <a href="/wiki/Lingua_kanuri" title="Lingua kanuri">kanuri</a> per "lago"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), è ciò che resta di un immenso lago che 7000 anni fa si estendeva per 330&#160;000 chilometri quadri (130&#160;000&#160;mi²) nel <a href="/wiki/Bacino_del_Ciad" title="Bacino del Ciad">bacino del Ciad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il lago rappresenta la seconda zona umida più grande dell'Africa, nonostante nel XXI secolo copra solo 17&#160;806 chilometri quadri (6&#160;875&#160;mi²) e nonostante la sua superficie sia soggetta a forti fluttuazioni stagionali.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il Ciad ospita sei <a href="/wiki/Ecoregione_terrestre" title="Ecoregione terrestre">ecoregioni terrestri</a>: la <a href="/wiki/Savana_sudanese_orientale" title="Savana sudanese orientale">savana sudanese orientale</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">savana</a> ad acacia del Sahel, la <a href="/wiki/Savana_inondabile_del_lago_Ciad" title="Savana inondabile del lago Ciad">savana inondabile del lago Ciad</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Boscaglie_xerofile_montane_del_Sahara_orientale" title="Boscaglie xerofile montane del Sahara orientale">boscaglie xerifile montane del Sahara orientale</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Steppa_e_boscaglie_del_Sahara_meridionale" title="Steppa e boscaglie del Sahara meridionale">steppe e boscaglie del Sahara meridionale</a> e le <a href="/wiki/Boscaglie_xerofile_montane_del_Tibesti-Jebel_Uweinat" title="Boscaglie xerofile montane del Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat">boscaglie xerofile montane del Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Le alte erbe e le vaste paludi della regione rendono la zona favorevole per uccelli, rettili e grandi mammiferi. I principali fiumi del Ciad, il <a href="/wiki/Chari" title="Chari">Chari</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Logone" title="Logone">Logone</a> e i loro affluenti, scorrono attraverso le savane meridionali da sud-est al lago Ciad.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clima">Clima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Clima"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ogni anno il <a href="/wiki/Zona_di_convergenza_intertropicale" title="Zona di convergenza intertropicale">fronte intertropicale</a> attraversa il Ciad da sud a nord, portando una <a href="/wiki/Stagione_delle_piogge" title="Stagione delle piogge">stagione delle piogge</a> che dura da maggio a ottobre nelle zone meridionali e da giugno a settembre nel Sahel.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Le variazioni delle precipitazioni locali creano tre grandi zone geografiche: </p> <ul><li>il <a href="/wiki/Deserto_del_Sahara" title="Deserto del Sahara">Sahara</a>, che costituisce la fascia più settentrionale. In questa zona, le precipitazioni annuali sono inferiori a 50 millimetri (2,0&#160;in); sopravvivono solo occasionali palmeti spontanei, tutti ubicati a sud del <a href="/wiki/Tropico_del_Cancro" title="Tropico del Cancro">Tropico del Cancro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>il <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, che costituisce la fascia centrale. Qui le precipitazioni variano da 300 a 600&#160;mm all'anno. La vegetazione in questa fascia è prevalentemente costituita da cespugli spinosi, in particolari da <a href="/wiki/Acacie" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacie">acacie</a>.</li> <li>la Savana sudanese orientale, dove le precipitazioni annue sono superiori a 900&#160;mm.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_e_fauna">Flora e fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Flora e fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Flora e fauna"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/220px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/330px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/440px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption> Un <a href="/wiki/Loxodonta_africana" title="Loxodonta africana">elefante africano di savana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La vita animale e vegetale del Ciad è caratteristica di ciascuna delle tre zone climatiche. Nella regione sahariana, l'unica flora è rappresentata dai <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" title="Phoenix dactylifera">palmeti da datteri</a> delle <a href="/wiki/Oasi" title="Oasi">oasi</a>. Nella regione del Sahel crescono palme e <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">alberi di acacia.</a> La zona meridionale, o sudanese, è costituita da vaste praterie, spesso adatte al pascolo. Nel 2002, si contavano 134 specie di mammiferi, 509 specie di uccelli e oltre 1.600 specie di piante in tutto il paese.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flora_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flora-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel territorio del Chad vivono <a href="/wiki/Elefante" class="mw-redirect" title="Elefante">elefanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo">leoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncerus_caffer" title="Syncerus caffer">bufali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_amphibius" title="Hippopotamus amphibius">ippopotami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinocerotidae" title="Rhinocerotidae">rinoceronti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffa" title="Giraffa">giraffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antilope" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilope">antilopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus" title="Panthera pardus">leopardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acinonyx_jubatus" title="Acinonyx jubatus">ghepardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae">iene</a> e molte specie di <a href="/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes">serpenti</a>, sebbene il XX secolo abbia visto una drastica riduzione delle grandi popolazioni di carnivori.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LTQ_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTQ-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rappresenta un grave problema il <a href="/wiki/Bracconaggio" title="Bracconaggio">bracconaggio</a> degli elefanti, in particolare nel sud del paese, in aree protette come il <a href="/wiki/Parco_nazionale_di_Zakouma" title="Parco nazionale di Zakouma">Parco Nazionale di Zakouma</a>. Un piccolo gruppo di <a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_suchus" title="Crocodylus suchus">coccodrilli dell'Africa occidentale</a> è sopravvissuto nell'altopiano dell'<a href="/wiki/Ennedi" title="Ennedi">Ennedi</a>, rappresentando una delle ultime colonie rimaste nel Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il Ciad ha ottenuto un punteggio medio dell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indice_di_integrit%C3%A0_del_paesaggio_forestale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indice di integrità del paesaggio forestale (la pagina non esiste)">indice di integrità del paesaggio forestale</a> del 2018 pari a 6,18/10, classificandosi all'83º posto a livello globale su 172 paesi.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La vasta deforestazione ha portato alla perdita di alberi come acacie, <a href="/wiki/Baobab" class="mw-redirect" title="Baobab">baobab</a> e palme da dattero, causando di conseguenza la riduzione dell'habitat naturale per gli animali selvatici. Una delle ragioni principali della deforestazione è la caccia e l'allevamento del bestiame causati dall'aumento degli insediamenti umani. Le popolazioni di animali come leoni, leopardi e rinoceronti sono diminuite in modo particolarmente significativo.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/FAO" title="FAO">Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura</a> (FAO) ha compiuto sforzi per migliorare le relazioni tra agricoltori, agropastori e pastori nel Parco nazionale di Zakouma (ZNP), e nelle riserve di Siniaka-Minia e di Aouk nel sud-est del Ciad al fine di promuovere lo <a href="/wiki/Sviluppo_sostenibile" title="Sviluppo sostenibile">sviluppo sostenibile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Come parte dello sforzo nazionale di <a href="/wiki/Conservazionismo" title="Conservazionismo">conservazione</a>, più di 1.2&#160;milioni di alberi sono stati ripiantati allo scopo di frenare la desertificazione, aiutando tra l'altro anche l'economia locale grazie al ritorno economico degli alberi di acacia, che producono <a href="/wiki/Gomma_arabica" title="Gomma arabica">gomma arabica</a>, e degli alberi da frutto.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il bracconaggio rimane un problema serio nel paese, in particolare quello legato agli elefanti per la redditizia <a href="/wiki/Avorio" title="Avorio">industria dell'avorio</a>. Il bracconaggio rappresenta anche una minaccia per la vita dei ranger nei parchi nazionali come Zakouma. Gli elefanti vengono spesso uccisi in branchi all'interno dei parchi e nelle immediate prossimità. Il problema è aggravato dalla carenza di personale e dai continui attacchi ai ranger da parte dei bracconieri.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aree_protette">Aree protette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Aree protette" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Aree protette"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parco_nazionale_di_Zakouma" title="Parco nazionale di Zakouma">Parco nazionale di Zakouma</a>, ad Ovest di <a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Am Timan</a> e a nord di <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a>, si estende per 300.000 ettari, attraversato dal Bahr Salamat, nel sud-est ciadiano, ci vivono numerosi animali anche di grossa taglia;</li> <li>Riserva faunistica e della caccia di Abou Telfan, ad est di <a href="/wiki/Mongo_(Ciad)" title="Mongo (Ciad)">Mongo</a>, istituita nel 1955 è estesa per 1.100&#160;km²;</li> <li>Riserva faunistica di Manda, ad ovest di <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a>, istituita nel 1969 è estesa per 138.000 ettari;</li> <li>Riserva forestale di Djoli-Kéra ad ovest di <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a>;</li> <li>Riserva forestale di Yamba-Berete ad est di <a href="/wiki/Pala_(Ciad)" title="Pala (Ciad)">Pala</a>;</li> <li>Riserva forestale di Bédouma, a nord di <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9" title="Goré">Goré</a></li> <li>Riserva faunistica del Basso <a href="/wiki/Chari" title="Chari">Chari</a>, nord-ovest di <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N&#39;Djamena">N'Djamena</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Società"><span id="Societ.C3.A0"></span>Società</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Società" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Società"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demografia">Demografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Demografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Demografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad-demography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chad-demography.png/220px-Chad-demography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chad-demography.png/330px-Chad-demography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chad-demography.png/440px-Chad-demography.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Evoluzione demografica del Ciad.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadian_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chadian_delegation.jpg/220px-Chadian_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chadian_delegation.jpg/330px-Chadian_delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chadian_delegation.jpg/440px-Chadian_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Una delegazione tribale in Ciad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/220px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/330px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg/440px-Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> Nomadi <a href="/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu">Tebu</a> nei <a href="/wiki/Ennedi" title="Ennedi">Monti Ennedi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_in_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crowd_in_Chad.jpg/220px-Crowd_in_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crowd_in_Chad.jpg/330px-Crowd_in_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crowd_in_Chad.jpg/440px-Crowd_in_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Popolazione del Ciad</figcaption></figure> <p>Secondo le proiezioni dell'agenzia statistica nazionale del Ciad, nel 2015 la popolazione media del paese era pari a 13.670.084; sulla base della proiezione media, 3.212.470 persone risiedevano in aree urbane e 10.457.614 persone vivevano in aree rurali. L'età media è bassa: si stima che il 47% degli abitanti abbia meno di 15 anni. Il <a href="/wiki/Tasso_di_natalit%C3%A0" title="Tasso di natalità">tasso di natalità</a> è stimato in 42,35 nascite per 1.000 persone, il <a href="/wiki/Tasso_di_mortalit%C3%A0" title="Tasso di mortalità">tasso di mortalità</a> in 16,69. L'<a href="/wiki/Aspettativa_di_vita" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspettativa di vita">aspettativa di vita</a> è di 52 anni.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La popolazione del Ciad è geograficamente distribuita in modo non uniforme. La densità è di 0,1/km² (0,26/sq&#160;mi) nella regione sahariana di <a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti" title="Regione di Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti</a>, ma è pari a 52,4/km² (136/sq&#160;mi) nella <a href="/wiki/Regione_del_Logone_Occidentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione del Logone Occidentale">regione del Logone Occidentale</a>. Nella capitale la densità abitativa è ancora più alta.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Circa la metà della popolazione vive nel quinto meridionale del suo territorio, rendendo questa regione la più densamente popolata.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La vita urbana è concentrata nella capitale, la cui popolazione è per lo più dedita al commercio. Tra le altre grandi città si annoverano <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a> e <a href="/wiki/Doba_(Ciad)" title="Doba (Ciad)">Doba</a>, notevolmente più piccole della capitale ma in rapida crescita in termini di popolazione e di economia.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A partire dal 2003, 230.000 rifugiati sudanesi sono fuggiti dal <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> verso il Ciad orientale, mentre 172.000 ciadiani sono sfollati a causa della guerra civile nell'est del paese. Ciò ha generato tensioni crescenti all'interno delle varie comunità regionali.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia">poligamia</a> è una pratica comune ed è regolata dalla legge, che la consente automaticamente a meno che i coniugi non specifichino che questa è inaccettabile al momento del matrimonio.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebbene la violenza contro le donne sia vietata, la violenza domestica è comune. Sono vietate anche le <a href="/wiki/Mutilazioni_genitali_femminili" title="Mutilazioni genitali femminili">mutilazioni genitali femminili</a>, ma la pratica è diffusa e profondamente radicata: si stima che il 45% delle donne del Ciad sia sottoposto alla procedura; le percentuali più alte si registrano tra le popolazioni <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadjarai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadjarai (la pagina non esiste)">Hadjarai</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnia_Ouadda%C3%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnia Ouaddaï (la pagina non esiste)">Ouaddaï</a> (più del 90%). Percentuali inferiori si registrano tra i <a href="/wiki/Sara_(popolo)" title="Sara (popolo)">Sara</a> (38%) e i <a href="/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu">Tebu</a> (2%). Le donne non hanno pari opportunità nell'istruzione e nella formazione, rendendo loro difficile competere per i pochi posti di lavoro. Sebbene le leggi sulla proprietà e sulla successione basate sul codice francese non discriminino le donne, i leader locali aggiudicano la maggior parte delle quote di eredità a favore degli uomini, secondo la pratica tradizionale.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gruppi_etnici">Gruppi etnici</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Gruppi etnici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Gruppi etnici"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/220px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/330px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg/440px-Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ragazze Mboum che danzano in Ciad</figcaption></figure> <p>I popoli del Ciad discendono da popolazioni dell'<a href="/wiki/Africa_orientale" title="Africa orientale">Africa orientale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_centrale" title="Africa centrale">centrale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_occidentale" title="Africa occidentale">occidentale</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nordafrica" title="Nordafrica">settentrionale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>All'interno del Ciad sono presenti più di 200 distinti gruppi etnici.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'amministrazione coloniale e i governi indipendenti hanno tentato di costruire un'identità nazionale, ma per la maggior parte dei ciadiani la società locale o regionale rimane di gran lunga più importante. Nonostante ciò, la popolazione del Ciad può essere classificata in base alla regione geografica in cui vive.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel sud risiedono popolazioni sedentarie come i Sara, che costituiscono il principale gruppo etnico della nazione. Nel Sahel convivono popolazioni sedentarie e popolazioni nomadi, come gli arabi, secondo grande gruppo etnico del Paese. Il nord è abitato da nomadi, per lo più <a href="/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu">Tebu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diritti_umani">Diritti umani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Diritti umani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Diritti umani"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Diritti_LGBT_in_Ciad" title="Diritti LGBT in Ciad">Diritti LGBT in Ciad</a></b>.</span></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139255918">.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fbfbfb;margin-bottom:.5em;padding:0 2px 0 3px;margin:5px 10%;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini>div:first-of-type{margin:2px 2px 2px 0}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini .mw-collapsible-content{padding:2px 0 0 7px}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini-informazioni{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini-contenuto{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini-stile{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini-statico{border-left:10px solid limegreen}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini-struttura{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .avviso-mini-generico{border-left:10px solid #bba}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .avviso-mini{border:none;margin-bottom:1px;padding:inherit}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .avviso-mini .mbox-text-div{font-style:normal}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .avviso-mini>div{padding:8px 8px 8px 32px!important;position:relative}</style><div class="ambox avviso-mini noprint metadata avviso-mini-informazioni plainlinks"> <div class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div" style="display:flex; flex-direction:row; align-items:center; column-gap:5px;"><span class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill-Nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sezione vuota"><img alt="Sezione vuota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Quill-Nuvola.svg/20px-Quill-Nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Quill-Nuvola.svg/30px-Quill-Nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Quill-Nuvola.svg/40px-Quill-Nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></span><span style="width:100%"><b>Questa sezione &#32;sugli argomenti diritto e geografia è ancora vuota</b>. <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit">Aiutaci</a> a scriverla!</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religioni">Religioni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Religioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Religioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Religioni_in_Ciad" title="Religioni in Ciad">Religioni in Ciad</a></b>&#32;e&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_Ciad" title="Cristianesimo in Ciad">Cristianesimo in Ciad</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Dal punto di vista religioso, il Ciad è molto diversificato. Secondo stime del 2010, il 52 - 58% della popolazione è <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmana</a>, mentre il 39 - 44% è <a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo">cristiano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il 22% della popolazione è <a href="/wiki/Chiesa_cattolica" title="Chiesa cattolica">cattolico</a> mentre il 17% si dichiara <a href="/wiki/Protestantesimo" title="Protestantesimo">protestante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Christians_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Christians-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Muslims-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tra i musulmani, il 48% si professa <a href="/wiki/Sunnismo" title="Sunnismo">sunnita</a>, il 21% <a href="/wiki/Sciismo" title="Sciismo">sciita</a>, il 4% <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">ahmadi</a> e il 23% non si identifica in alcuna di queste denominazioni.<sup id="cite_ref-pew128_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew128-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Una piccola parte della popolazione continua a praticare le religioni indigene. L'<a href="/wiki/Animismo" title="Animismo">animismo</a> include una varietà di religioni ancestrali la cui espressione è altamente specifica e rispecchia l'ambiente in cui vivono i praticanti. L'Islam si esprime in modi diversi; per esempio, il 55% dei musulmani ciadiani appartiene a <a href="/wiki/Confraternite_islamiche" title="Confraternite islamiche">ordini</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo">sufi</a>. Il <a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_Africa" title="Cristianesimo in Africa">cristianesimo</a> fu introdotto in Ciad con i missionari francesi e americani; come con l'Islam ciadiano, esso è caratterizzato da un <a href="/wiki/Sincretismo" title="Sincretismo">sincretismo</a> con le forme religiose precristiane.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I musulmani sono in gran parte concentrati nel Ciad settentrionale e orientale, mentre animisti e cristiani vivono principalmente nel Ciad meridionale e nella <a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Gu%C3%A9ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione di Guéra">regione di Guéra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La costituzione prevede la laicità dello Stato e garantisce la libertà religiosa; le varie comunità religiose generalmente coesistono senza tensioni.<sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La maggioranza dei musulmani presenti nel Paese aderiscono al <a href="/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo">sufismo</a>, la cui espressione più comune è il <i>Tijaniyah</i>, un ordine seguito dal 35% dei musulmani ciadiani che incorpora alcuni elementi religiosi locali.<sup id="cite_ref-pew128_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew128-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Una piccola minoranza dei musulmani mantiene pratiche più fondamentaliste, che, in alcuni casi, possono essere associate a movimenti <a href="/wiki/Salafismo" title="Salafismo">salafiti</a> di orientamento <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">saudita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Chiesa_cattolica" title="Chiesa cattolica">cattolici romani</a> rappresentano la più grande denominazione cristiana del paese. La maggior parte dei protestanti è invece affiliata a vari gruppi cristiani <a href="/wiki/Chiesa_evangelica" title="Chiesa evangelica">evangelici</a>. Nel Paese sono presenti anche membri delle comunità religiose <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD" title="Bahá&#39;í">Baháʼí</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Testimoni_di_Geova" title="Testimoni di Geova">Testimoni di Geova</a>. Entrambe le fedi sono state introdotte dopo l'indipendenza nel 1960 e quindi sono considerate religioni relativamente nuove.<sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il Ciad ospita missionari stranieri sia cristiani che islamici, oltre a predicatori musulmani itineranti provenienti principalmente dal <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, dal <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> e dall'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">.</a> Quest'ultima fornisce finanziamenti allo scopo di supportare progetti sociali ed educativi e la costruzione di grandi moschee.<sup id="cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lingue">Lingue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Lingue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lingue"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gli idiomi ufficiali del Ciad sono l'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba">arabo</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese">francese</a>, ma sono comunemente parlati più di cento lingue e dialetti. Grazie all'importante ruolo svolto dai commercianti arabi itineranti e dai mercanti stanziali nelle comunità locali, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabo_ciadiano&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabo ciadiano (la pagina non esiste)">arabo ciadiano</a> è usato come <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordinamento_dello_stato">Ordinamento dello stato</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Ordinamento dello stato" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ordinamento dello stato"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suddivisione_amministrativa">Suddivisione amministrativa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Suddivisione amministrativa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Suddivisione amministrativa"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Suddivisioni_del_Ciad" title="Suddivisioni del Ciad">Suddivisioni del Ciad</a></b>,&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Province_del_Ciad" title="Province del Ciad">Province del Ciad</a></b>&#32;e&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Dipartimenti_del_Ciad" title="Dipartimenti del Ciad">Dipartimenti del Ciad</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg/220px-Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg/330px-Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg/440px-Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Le regioni del Ciad</figcaption></figure> <p>La costituzione del 4 maggio 2018 prevede due livelli di collettività amministrative, le province e i comuni.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Esiste inoltre un livello intermedio, i <a href="/wiki/Dipartimenti_del_Ciad" title="Dipartimenti del Ciad">dipartimenti</a>. </p><p>Le province sono 23, i dipartimenti sono 107 e i comuni sono 377<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Di seguito l'elenco delle province con i relativi capoluoghi: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rif. </th> <th>ISO </th> <th>Provincia </th> <th>Capoluogo </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TD" title="ISO 3166-2:TD">TD-BA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Batha" title="Provincia di Batha">Batha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ati_(Ciad)" title="Ati (Ciad)">Ati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>TD-CB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Chari-Baguirmi" title="Provincia di Chari-Baguirmi">Chari-Baguirmi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mass%C3%A9nya" title="Massénya">Massénya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>TD-HL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Hadjer-Lamis" title="Provincia di Hadjer-Lamis">Hadjer-Lamis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massakory" title="Massakory">Massakory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>TD-WF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Wadi_Fira" title="Provincia di Wadi Fira">Wadi Fira</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biltine" title="Biltine">Biltine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>TD-BG </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Barh_El_Gazel" title="Provincia di Barh El Gazel">Barh El Gazel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moussoro" title="Moussoro">Moussoro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>TD-BO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Borkou" title="Provincia di Borkou">Borkou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faya_Largeau" title="Faya Largeau">Faya Largeau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>TD-EE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Ennedi_Est" title="Provincia di Ennedi Est">Ennedi Est</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amdjarass" title="Amdjarass">Amdjarass</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>TD-EO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Ennedi_Ovest" title="Provincia di Ennedi Ovest">Ennedi Ovest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fada" title="Fada">Fada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>TD-GR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Gu%C3%A9ra" title="Provincia di Guéra">Guéra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongo_(Ciad)" title="Mongo (Ciad)">Mongo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>TD-KA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Kanem" title="Provincia di Kanem">Kanem</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_(Ciad)" title="Mao (Ciad)">Mao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>TD-LC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_del_Lago" title="Provincia del Lago">Lago</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bol_(Ciad)" title="Bol (Ciad)">Bol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>TD-LO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_del_Logone_Occidentale" title="Provincia del Logone Occidentale">Logone Occidentale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>TD-LR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_del_Logone_Orientale" title="Provincia del Logone Orientale">Logone Orientale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doba_(Ciad)" title="Doba (Ciad)">Doba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>TD-MA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Mandoul" title="Provincia di Mandoul">Mandoul</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koumra" title="Koumra">Koumra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>TD-ME </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Mayo-Kebbi_Est" title="Provincia di Mayo-Kebbi Est">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongor" title="Bongor">Bongor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>TD-MO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Mayo-Kebbi_Ovest" title="Provincia di Mayo-Kebbi Ovest">Mayo-Kebbi Ovest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Ciad)" title="Pala (Ciad)">Pala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>TD-MC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Moyen-Chari" title="Provincia di Moyen-Chari">Moyen-Chari</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>TD-OD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Ouadda%C3%AF" title="Provincia di Ouaddaï">Ouaddaï</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>TD-SA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_del_Salamat" title="Provincia del Salamat">Salamat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Am Timan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>TD-SI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_del_Sila" title="Provincia del Sila">Sila</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goz_Be%C3%AFda" title="Goz Beïda">Goz Beïda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>TD-TA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Tandjil%C3%A9" title="Provincia di Tandjilé">Tandjilé</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AF" title="Laï">Laï</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>TD-TI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Tibesti" title="Provincia di Tibesti">Tibesti</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barda%C3%AF" title="Bardaï">Bardaï</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>TD-ND </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N&#39;Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Città_principali"><span id="Citt.C3.A0_principali"></span>Città principali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Città principali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Città principali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Città del Ciad </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rango </th> <th rowspan="2">Città </th> <th colspan="2">Popolazione </th> <th rowspan="2">Regione </th></tr> <tr> <th>Censimento 1993 </th> <th>Censimento 2009 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N&#39;Djamena">N'Djaména</a> </td> <td align="right">530.965 </td> <td align="right">951.418 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N&#39;Djamena">N'Djaména</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a> </td> <td align="right">99,530 </td> <td align="right">137.251 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_del_Logone_Occidentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione del Logone Occidentale">Logone occidentale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a> </td> <td align="right">54.628 </td> <td align="right">97.963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Ouadda%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione di Ouaddaï">Ouaddaï</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a> </td> <td align="right">75.496 </td> <td align="right">97,224 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Moyen-Chari" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione di Moyen-Chari">Moyen-Chari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9lo" title="Kélo">Kélo</a> </td> <td align="right">31.319 </td> <td align="right">57.859 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Tandjil%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione di Tandjilé">Tandjilé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Am_Timan" title="Am Timan">Sono Timan</a> </td> <td align="right">21.269 </td> <td align="right">52,270 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_del_Salamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione del Salamat">Salamat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doba_(Ciad)" title="Doba (Ciad)">Doba</a> </td> <td align="right">17.920 </td> <td align="right">49.647 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_del_Logone_Orientale" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione del Logone Orientale">Logone Oriental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Ciad)" title="Pala (Ciad)">Pala</a> </td> <td align="right">26.116 </td> <td align="right">49.461 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Mayo-Kebbi_Ovest" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione di Mayo-Kebbi Ovest">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongor" title="Bongor">Bongor</a> </td> <td align="right">20.448 </td> <td align="right">44.578 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Mayo-Kebbi_Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione di Mayo-Kebbi Est">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goz_Be%C3%AFda" title="Goz Beïda">Goz Beida</a> </td> <td align="right">3.083 </td> <td align="right">41.248 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regione_del_Sila" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione del Sila">Sila</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politica">Politica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Politica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La costituzione del Ciad prevede un forte <a href="/wiki/Potere_esecutivo" title="Potere esecutivo">potere esecutivo</a> guidato da un presidente che domina il sistema politico. Il presidente ha il potere di nominare il <a href="/wiki/Primi_ministri_del_Ciad" title="Primi ministri del Ciad">primo ministro</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Governo" title="Governo">governo</a> ed esercita una notevole influenza sulle nomine di giudici, generali, funzionari provinciali e capi delle società parastatali del Ciad.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In caso di minaccia grave e immediata, il presidente, sentita l'Assemblea nazionale, può dichiarare lo <a href="/wiki/Stato_di_emergenza" title="Stato di emergenza">stato di emergenza</a>. Il presidente è eletto direttamente dal popolo e il suo mandato ha una durata di cinque anni; nel 2005 sono stati rimossi i limiti costituzionali del mandato,<sup id="cite_ref-Term2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Term2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> consentendo a un presidente di rimanere al potere oltre il precedente limite di due mandati. La maggior parte dei consiglieri chiave di Déby erano membri del gruppo etnico Zaghawa, sebbene nel governo fossero rappresentate anche personalità del sud e dell'opposizione.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il sistema giuridico del Ciad si basa sul <a href="/wiki/Diritto_francese" title="Diritto francese">diritto civile francese</a> e sul diritto consuetudinario ciadiano, laddove quest'ultimo non interferisca con l'ordine pubblico o le garanzie costituzionali. Nonostante la costituzione garantisca l'indipendenza giudiziaria, il presidente nomina la maggior parte dei funzionari giudiziari più rilevanti. Le massime giurisdizioni sono rappresentate dalla Corte suprema e dal Consiglio costituzionale; la prima è composta da un capo, nominato dal presidente, e da quindici consiglieri, nominati a vita dal presidente e dall'Assemblea nazionale. La Corte Costituzionale, invece, è presieduta da nove giudici eletti per nove anni, con il potere di rivedere la legislazione, i trattati e gli accordi internazionali prima della loro adozione.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Chad_(Washington,_D.C.).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/220px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/330px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG/440px-Embassy_of_Chad_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption> Ambasciata del Ciad a <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a></figcaption></figure> <p>L'Assemblea nazionale detiene il <a href="/wiki/Potere_legislativo" title="Potere legislativo">potere legislativo</a>. L'organo è composto da 155 membri eletti per quattro anni che si riuniscono tre volte all'anno. L'Assemblea tiene sessioni regolari due volte l'anno, a partire da marzo e ottobre, e può tenere sessioni speciali quando convocata dal primo ministro. I deputati eleggono un presidente dell'Assemblea nazionale ogni due anni. Il presidente deve firmare o respingere le leggi approvate entro quindici giorni. L'Assemblea nazionale deve approvare il piano di governo del primo ministro e può costringere quest'ultimo a dimettersi con un voto di sfiducia a maggioranza. Tuttavia, se l'Assemblea nazionale rifiuta il programma dell'esecutivo per due volte in un anno, il presidente può sciogliere l'Assemblea e indire nuove elezioni legislative. Di fatto, il presidente esercita una notevole influenza sull'Assemblea nazionale attraverso il suo partito, il <a href="/wiki/Movimento_Patriottico_di_Salvezza" title="Movimento Patriottico di Salvezza">Movimento patriottico di salvezza</a> (MPS), che detiene una larga maggioranza.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fino alla legalizzazione dei partiti di opposizione nel 1992, il MPS di Déby era l'unico partito legale in Ciad.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Da allora, sono ufficialmente attivi 78 partiti politici.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nel 2005, i partiti di opposizione e le organizzazioni per i diritti umani hanno sostenuto il boicottaggio del referendum costituzionale che ha permesso a Déby di candidarsi alla rielezione per un terzo mandato<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tra le segnalazioni di diffuse irregolarità nella registrazione degli elettori e la censura governativa dei media indipendenti durante la campagna.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I corrispondenti hanno giudicato le elezioni presidenziali del 2006 una mera formalità, poiché l'opposizione ha ritenuto l'evento una farsa e le ha boicottate.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il Ciad è considerato uno <a href="/wiki/Stato_fallito" title="Stato fallito">stato fallito</a> dall'istituto americano no-profit <i>Fund for peace</i> (FFP). A partire dal 2007 il Ciad ha ottenuto tra i punteggi più alti nella scala degli stati falliti.<sup id="cite_ref-fundforpeace.org_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundforpeace.org-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La corruzione è diffusa a tutti i livelli; <a href="/wiki/Indice_di_percezione_della_corruzione" title="Indice di percezione della corruzione">l'indice di percezione della corruzione</a> del 2005 di <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> ha classificato il Ciad come il paese più corrotto al mondo, alla pari del <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La classifica del Ciad nell'indice è migliorata solo marginalmente negli ultimi anni.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I critici del presidente Déby lo hanno accusato di clientelismo e <a href="/wiki/Tribalismo" title="Tribalismo">tribalismo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tribe_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribe-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La morte del presidente del Ciad <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>, il 20 aprile 2021, ha comportato lo scioglimento dell'Assemblea nazionale e del governo e la sostituzione della leadership nazionale con un consiglio di transizione composto da ufficiali militari e guidato da suo figlio <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Kaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newgovernment_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newgovernment-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> stima il budget militare del Ciad al 4,2% del PIL a partire dal 2006;<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> considerando l'allora PIL del paese ($ 7,095 miliardi), la spesa militare è stata stimata in circa $ 300&#160;milioni. Tale stima è scesa al 2,0% dopo la fine della guerra civile in Ciad (2005-2010)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> come stimato dalla <a href="/wiki/Banca_Mondiale" title="Banca Mondiale">Banca Mondiale</a> per l'anno 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Economia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezzi_di_trasporto_in_Ciad_img286.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezzi_di_trasporto_in_Ciad_img286.jpg/220px-Mezzi_di_trasporto_in_Ciad_img286.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezzi_di_trasporto_in_Ciad_img286.jpg/330px-Mezzi_di_trasporto_in_Ciad_img286.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezzi_di_trasporto_in_Ciad_img286.jpg/440px-Mezzi_di_trasporto_in_Ciad_img286.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Mezzi di trasporto su una pista nel sud Ciad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pista_con_sacchi_di_carbone_img291.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pista_con_sacchi_di_carbone_img291.jpg/220px-Pista_con_sacchi_di_carbone_img291.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pista_con_sacchi_di_carbone_img291.jpg/330px-Pista_con_sacchi_di_carbone_img291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pista_con_sacchi_di_carbone_img291.jpg/440px-Pista_con_sacchi_di_carbone_img291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Vendita del carbone a legna su una pista nel sud Ciad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mattoni_cotti_00247.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mattoni_cotti_00247.JPG/220px-Mattoni_cotti_00247.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mattoni_cotti_00247.JPG/330px-Mattoni_cotti_00247.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mattoni_cotti_00247.JPG/440px-Mattoni_cotti_00247.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Produzione di <a href="/wiki/Mattoni_di_fango" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattoni di fango">mattoni di fango</a> cotti per l'edilizia rurale nel sud Ciad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg/220px-Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg/330px-Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg/440px-Tree_map_export_2009_Chad.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Rappresentazione grafica delle esportazioni di prodotti del Ciad in 28 categorie.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/220px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/330px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/440px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Un sarto ciadiano vende abiti tradizionali.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indice_di_sviluppo_umano" title="Indice di sviluppo umano">L'indice di sviluppo umano</a> delle Nazioni Unite classifica il Ciad come il settimo paese più povero del mondo, con l'80% della popolazione che vive al di sotto della soglia di povertà. Il <a href="/wiki/Prodotto_interno_lordo" title="Prodotto interno lordo">PIL</a> pro capite (a <a href="/wiki/Parit%C3%A0_di_potere_d%27acquisto" title="Parità di potere d&#39;acquisto">parità del potere d'acquisto</a>) è stato stimato in $ 1&#160;651 nel 2009. Il Ciad fa parte della <a href="/wiki/Banca_degli_Stati_dell%27Africa_Centrale" title="Banca degli Stati dell&#39;Africa Centrale">Banca degli Stati dell'Africa centrale</a>, della <a href="/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_economica_degli_Stati_dell%27Africa_centrale" title="Comunità economica degli Stati dell&#39;Africa centrale">Comunità economica degli Stati dell'Africa centrale</a> (UDEAC) e dell'Organizzazione per l'armonizzazione del diritto commerciale in Africa (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organizzazione_per_l%27armonizzazione_del_diritto_commerciale_in_Africa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organizzazione per l&#39;armonizzazione del diritto commerciale in Africa (la pagina non esiste)">OHADA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La valuta del Ciad è il <a href="/wiki/Franco_CFA" title="Franco CFA">franco CFA</a>. Negli anni '60, vi era una fiorente industria mineraria di <a href="/wiki/Carbonato_di_sodio" title="Carbonato di sodio">carbonato di sodio</a>. Sono state anche trovate miniere di quarzo nella prefettura di Biltine. Nel 2000 sono iniziati importanti investimenti esteri diretti nel settore petrolifero, che hanno rilanciato le prospettive economiche del Paese.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/220px-Mao_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/330px-Mao_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/440px-Mao_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption> Donne ciadiane a <a href="/wiki/Mao_(Ciad)" title="Mao (Ciad)">Mao</a>. L'accesso all'acqua pulita costituisce un problema in Ciad.</figcaption></figure> <p>La maggior parte della popolazione ciadiana soffre di fame e vive in condizioni economiche precarie. Ciò è principalmente dovuto alle politiche economiche eccessivamente incentrate sullo sfruttamento delle risorse naturali (in particolare cotone e petrolio greggio), a un sistema economico globale che non promuove né incoraggia lo sviluppo dell'industrializzazione,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e al fallimento nel sostenere la produzione agricola locale.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Le città del Ciad affrontano serie difficoltà di infrastrutture dei servizi; solo il 48% dei residenti urbani ha accesso all'acqua potabile e solo il 2% ai servizi igienici di base.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prima dello sviluppo dell'industria petrolifera, il settore industriale più rilevante era rappresentato dalla produzione del cotone.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Le esportazioni di cotone raggiungono tuttora quantità particolarmente importanti, sebbene non siano disponibili cifre ufficiali. Oltre al cotone, è rilevante l'allevamento di <a href="/wiki/Bos_taurus" title="Bos taurus">bestiame</a> e la produzione di <a href="/wiki/Gomma_arabica" title="Gomma arabica">gomma arabica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondo le <a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_delle_Nazioni_Unite" title="Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite">Nazioni Unite</a>, nel Ciad è in corso una crisi umanitaria a partire dal 2001. Al 2008, il Paese ospitava oltre 280.000 rifugiati dalla regione <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">sudanese</a> del <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, oltre 55.000 dalla <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Centrafricana" title="Repubblica Centrafricana">Repubblica Centrafricana</a> e oltre 170.000 sfollati interni.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Organizzazioni come <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> hanno sospeso le attività a causa delle uccisioni di operatori umanitari.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricoltura_e_allevamento">Agricoltura e allevamento</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Agricoltura e allevamento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Agricoltura e allevamento"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dei 128,4 milioni di ettari di superficie territoriale, il deserto del Sahara costituisce il 47%, il 43% ricade nel <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> e il 10% si trova nella sottostante fascia sudanese. Del totale, 3,0 milioni di ettari sono coltivati, i <a href="/wiki/Pascoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascoli">pascoli</a> occupano 45 milioni di ettari<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il settore agricolo contribuisce per il 23% alla formazione del Prodotto interno lordo (PIL) del quale solo il 3% dalle colture commerciali. Inoltre, esso fornisce occupazione ai due terzi circa della popolazione attiva del paese; le donne sono rappresentate per oltre la metà. L'agricoltura è dominata da aziende contadine che praticano sistemi di produzione estensivi e poco produttivi, su superfici da 2 a 5 ettari per le colture in seccagno<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Oltre l'80% della popolazione del Ciad fa affidamento sull'agricoltura di sussistenza e sull'allevamento di bestiame per il proprio sostentamento.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Le colture e le localizzazioni delle mandrie sono determinate dal clima locale. Nel 10% più meridionale del territorio si trova il terreno più fertile della nazione, con ricchi raccolti di <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorgo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Panicum_miliaceum" title="Panicum miliaceum">miglio</a>, che rappresentano i due terzi circa della produzione. Nel Sahel crescono solo le varietà di miglio più resistenti, che hanno rese molto inferiori rispetto a quelle che crescono al sud. D'altra parte, il Sahel costituisce il pascolo ideale per le grandi mandrie di bovini e per capre, pecore, asini e cavalli. Le <a href="/wiki/Oasi" title="Oasi">oasi</a> sparse nel Sahara forniscono solo datteri e legumi.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le colture commerciali principali, coltivate in seccagno, sono il <a href="/wiki/Cotone_(fibra)" title="Cotone (fibra)">cotone</a>, le oleifere (<a href="/wiki/Arachide_(seme)" title="Arachide (seme)">arachide</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sesamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesamo">sesamo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leguminose_da_granella" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminose da granella">leguminose da granella</a>). L'irrigazione si pratica su ventiseimila ettari circa lungo i fiumi <a href="/wiki/Chari" title="Chari">Chari</a>-<a href="/wiki/Logone" title="Logone">Logone</a> e gli oued Kanem, Ouaddaï e Batha e nelle vicinanze dei laghi Ciad e Fitri, per la produzione di cereali, <a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">riso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ortaggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortaggi">ortaggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frutta" title="Frutta">frutta</a> e <a href="/wiki/Canna_da_zucchero" class="mw-redirect" title="Canna da zucchero">canna da zucchero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'allevamento è praticato in forma estensiva soprattutto nelle zone pastorali settentrionali ed agropastorali al sud e riguarda principalmente i piccoli ruminanti (9,9 milioni di capi nel 2012), i <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">bovini</a> (7,8 milioni), i <a href="/wiki/Cammelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Cammelli">cammelli</a> (1,45 milioni di capi) ed il pollame (5,7 milioni di capi).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreste">Foreste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifica la sezione Foreste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Foreste"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le foreste si estendono su 11,4 milioni di ettari e coprono il 9% del territorio, sviluppandosi come savana arborata nella porzione meridionale sudanese del paese. Le foreste forniscono legna da ardere (la principale fonte di energia disponibile) e gomma arabica. Secondo il Programma delle Nazioni Unite, nel periodo 1990-2010 hanno subito una diminuzione del 12,1%.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pesca">Pesca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifica la sezione Pesca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Pesca"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La pesca si esercita in un complesso fluviale (Chari, Logone e pianure inondate) e lacustre (Ciad, Fitri e Mayo Kebbi) esteso 93.000&#160;km² nel quale vivono circa 177 specie ittiche, 27 delle quali oggetto di sfruttamento commerciale. Si stima che il 43% della produzione (2001) proviene dal lago Ciad. L'89% del pescato (53.000 tonnellate nel 2003), è trasformato (seccato o affumicato) artigianalmente. Il 44% della produzione è esportato nella regione (Nigeria, Repubblica Centrafricana, Niger e Camerun).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produzione,_commercio_e_sicurezza_alimentare"><span id="Produzione.2C_commercio_e_sicurezza_alimentare"></span>Produzione, commercio e sicurezza alimentare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifica la sezione Produzione, commercio e sicurezza alimentare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Produzione, commercio e sicurezza alimentare"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/220px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/330px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg/440px-Criquets_grill%C3%A9s_ou_fris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Locuste alla griglia o fritte</figcaption></figure> <p>Il <a href="/wiki/Prodotto_Interno_Lordo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodotto Interno Lordo">Prodotto Interno Lordo</a> (PIL) per abitante si aggira 1.343 dollari all'anno nel 2009, con una partecipazione del settore agricolo del 13,6% nel periodo 2005-2010<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Nel 2013, il settore impiega il 62,14% della popolazione attiva. Importatore netto di prodotti alimentari di base quali cereali (193.000 tonnellate nel 2009), latte in polvere, farine, zucchero, il paese esporta cotone, pellame, arachidi e gomma arabica<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Nel periodo 2008-2012 ha anche ricevuto una media 99.000 tonnellate di aiuti alimentari all'anno<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Il 29,4% della popolazione è sottonutrita e il 55% vive sotto la soglia della povertà (nel 2002) che colpisce in particolare la popolazione rurale (58,6%)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastrutture_e_trasporti">Infrastrutture e trasporti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifica la sezione Infrastrutture e trasporti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Infrastrutture e trasporti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trasporti">Trasporti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifica la sezione Trasporti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Trasporti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg/220px-Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg/330px-Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg/440px-Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Un ponte sul fiume Bragoto.</figcaption></figure> <p>La guerra civile ha paralizzato lo sviluppo delle <a href="/wiki/Trasporti_in_Ciad" title="Trasporti in Ciad">infrastrutture</a> di trasporto; nel 1987, il Ciad aveva solo 30&#160;km di strade asfaltate. I successivi progetti di risanamento stradale hanno ampliato la rete<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a 550 chilometri (340&#160;mi) al 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tuttavia, la rete stradale rimane fortemente limitata; le strade sono spesso inagibili per diversi mesi all'anno. Priva di ferrovie proprie, il Ciad dipende fortemente dal sistema ferroviario del Camerun per il trasporto di esportazioni e importazioni da e verso il porto marittimo di <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geography_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geography-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trasporto_aereo">Trasporto aereo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Modifica la sezione Trasporto aereo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Trasporto aereo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroport_abech%C3%A91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aeroport_abech%C3%A91.jpg/220px-Aeroport_abech%C3%A91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aeroport_abech%C3%A91.jpg/330px-Aeroport_abech%C3%A91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aeroport_abech%C3%A91.jpg/440px-Aeroport_abech%C3%A91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption> Un aereo in atterraggio ad <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Al 2013 sul territorio del Ciad sono presenti 59 aeroporti, solo nove dei quali hanno piste asfaltate.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-WFB_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-WFB-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'<a href="/wiki/Aeroporto_di_N%27Djamena-Hassan_Djamous" title="Aeroporto di N&#39;Djamena-Hassan Djamous">aeroporto internazionale di N'Djamena</a> serve la capitale e fornisce voli di linea verso <a href="/wiki/Parigi" title="Parigi">Parigi</a> e verso diverse destinazioni in Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energia">Energia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Modifica la sezione Energia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Energia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il settore energetico del Ciad ha subito anni di cattiva gestione da parte della società parastatale Chad Water and Electric Society (STEE), che fornisce energia al 15% dei cittadini della capitale, coprendo con i propri servizi solo l'1,5% della popolazione nazionale.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La maggior parte dei ciadiani utilizza combustibili da biomassa come legno e letame animale come fonte di energia.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> guida un consorzio costituito anche da <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> e <a href="/wiki/Petronas_(azienda)" title="Petronas (azienda)">Petronas</a> che ha investito 3,7 miliardi di dollari per lo sviluppo delle riserve petrolifere nel sud del Ciad, stimate in un miliardo di <a href="/wiki/Barile_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Barile (unità di misura)">barili</a>. La produzione di petrolio è iniziata nel 2003 con il completamento di un oleodotto (finanziato in parte dalla <a href="/wiki/Banca_Mondiale" title="Banca Mondiale">Banca Mondiale</a>) che collega i giacimenti meridionali ai terminali della costa atlantica del Camerun. Come condizione per il finanziamento, la Banca Mondiale ha insistito affinché l'80% delle entrate dall'industria estrattiva fosse speso in progetti di sviluppo. Nel gennaio 2006 la Banca Mondiale sospese il programma di prestiti quando il governo del Ciad approvò leggi atte a ridurre tale importo.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OECD_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il 14 luglio 2006, la Banca mondiale e il Ciad firmarono un memorandum d'intesa in base al quale il governo del Ciad avrebbe impegnato il 70% della propria spesa in programmi prioritari di riduzione della povertà.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecomunicazioni">Telecomunicazioni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Modifica la sezione Telecomunicazioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Telecomunicazioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il sistema di telecomunicazioni è molto poco capillare, con servizi di telefonia fissa particolarmente costosi forniti dalla compagnia telefonica statale SotelTchad. Nel 2000 nel Paese c'erano solo 14 linee telefoniche fisse ogni 10.000 abitanti, una delle densità telefoniche più basse al mondo.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anche Gateway Communications, fornitore panafricano di connettività e telecomunicazioni, è presente in Ciad.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nel settembre 2013, il Ministero delle poste e delle tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione (PNTIC) del Ciad annunciò che il paese avrebbe cercato un partner per lo sviluppo dell'infrastruttura della tecnologia in <a href="/wiki/Fibra_ottica" title="Fibra ottica">fibra ottica</a>. </p><p>Il Ciad è all'ultimo posto nel <i>Network Readiness Index</i> (NRI) del World Economic Forum, un indicatore per determinare il livello di sviluppo delle tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione di un determinato paese. Nella classifica NRI del 2014, il Ciad si è classificato al numero 148 su 148 paesi, in calo rispetto ai 142 del 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nel settembre 2010 il tasso di penetrazione dei telefoni cellulari è stato stimato al 24,3% su una stima della popolazione di 10,7&#160;milioni.<sup id="cite_ref-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Modifica la sezione Media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Media"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il pubblico televisivo del Ciad è limitato a N'Djamena. L'unica emittente televisiva è la Télé Tchad, di proprietà statale. La radio ha una portata molto più ampia, con 13 stazioni radio private.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I giornali sono limitati in quantità e distribuzione, con diffusione ridotta a causa dei costi di trasporto, dei bassi tassi di alfabetizzazione e della povertà.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIA_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istruzione_e_università"><span id="Istruzione_e_universit.C3.A0"></span>Istruzione e università</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Modifica la sezione Istruzione e università" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istruzione e università"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebbene la frequenza scolastica sia obbligatoria, solo il 68 per cento dei ragazzi frequenta la scuola primaria e più della metà della popolazione è analfabeta. L'unica istituzione universitaria si trova nella capitale N'Djamena.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_68-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Con il 33%, il Ciad ha uno dei tassi di alfabetizzazione più bassi dell'<a href="/wiki/Africa_subsahariana" title="Africa subsahariana">Africa subsahariana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un rapporto del <a href="/wiki/Dipartimento_del_lavoro_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Dipartimento del lavoro degli Stati Uniti d&#39;America">Dipartimento del lavoro degli Stati Uniti</a> del 2013<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ha riportato che la frequenza scolastica dei bambini dai 5 ai 14 anni era del 39%. Questi numeri possono essere in parte correlati alla questione del <a href="/wiki/Lavoro_infantile" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavoro infantile">lavoro minorile</a>, poiché lo stesso rapporto afferma che il 53% dei bambini di età compresa tra 5 e 14 anni lavorava e che il 30% dei bambini di età compresa tra 7 e 14 anni combinava lavoro e istruzione. Un rapporto più recente elenca l'allevamento di bestiame come una delle principali attività che impiegano minori.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ambiti universitario l'Università di N'Djaména è stata fondata nel 1971<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Modifica la sezione Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cultura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:10px;"> <caption><b>Festività</b><sup id="cite_ref-CCG_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Data </th> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Nome inglese </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 gennaio </td> <td>Capodanno </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 maggio </td> <td>Festa dei lavoratori </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 maggio </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giornata_dell%27Africa" title="Giornata dell&#39;Africa">Giornata della Liberazione Africana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 agosto </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giorno_dell%27Indipendenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorno dell&#39;Indipendenza">Giorno dell'Indipendenza</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 novembre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tutti_i_Santi" title="Tutti i Santi">Ognissanti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 novembre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 dicembre </td> <td>Giornata della Libertà e della Democrazia </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 dicembre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natale" title="Natale">Natale</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festività"><span id="Festivit.C3.A0"></span>Festività</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Modifica la sezione Festività" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Festività"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grazie alla grande varietà di etnie e lingue, il Ciad possiede un ricco patrimonio culturale. Durante l'anno vengono osservate sei festività nazionali; le festività mobili includono la festa cristiana del <a href="/wiki/Luned%C3%AC_dell%27Angelo" title="Lunedì dell&#39;Angelo">lunedì dell'Angelo</a> e le festività musulmane di <a href="/wiki/Id_al-fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Id al-fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Id_al-adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Id al-adha">Eid ul-Adha</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Eid Milad Nnabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. La ricorrenza nazionale è l'<a href="/wiki/11_agosto" title="11 agosto">11 agosto</a>, Jour de l'Indépendance, in cui si celebra l'indipendenza dalla Francia, nel 1960. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musica">Musica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Modifica la sezione Musica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Musica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La tradizione musicale del Ciad comprende una serie di strumenti come il <i>kinde</i>, una sorta di arpa; il <i><a href="/wiki/Kakaki" title="Kakaki">kakaki</a></i>, un lungo corno di latta; e l&#39;<i>hu hu</i>, uno strumento a corde che usa le <a href="/wiki/Lagenaria_siceraria" title="Lagenaria siceraria">zucche a fiasco</a> come cassa di risonanza. Altri strumenti sono più legati a specifiche etnie: i Sara prediligono fischietti, <a href="/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon">balafon</a>, arpe e tamburi <i>kodjo;</i> i <a href="/wiki/Kanembu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanembu">Kanembu</a> combinano i suoni dei tamburi con quelli di strumenti simili a flauti.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il gruppo musicale Chari Jazz, formatosi nel 1964, ha dato il via alla scena musicale moderna del Ciad. In seguito, gruppi più rinomati come African Melody e International Challal hanno tentato di mescolare modernità e tradizione. Gruppi popolari come il Tibesti si sono invece basati sul <i>sai</i>, uno stile musicale tradizionale del Ciad meridionale. Tra i cantanti ciadiani spicca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdoulaye_Nderguet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdoulaye Nderguet (la pagina non esiste)">Abdoulaye Nderguet</a>, soprannominato<i> L'usignolo del Ciad.</i><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A partire dal 1995 si è sviluppato un maggiore interesse verso la musica moderna, favorendo una maggiore distribuzione di CD e audiocassette di artisti ciadiani. La pirateria e la mancanza di tutele legali per i diritti d'autore costituiscono serie problematiche per l'ulteriore sviluppo dell'industria musicale ciadiana.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produzione_letteraria">Produzione letteraria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Modifica la sezione Produzione letteraria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Produzione letteraria"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Come in altri paesi del Sahel, la letteratura in Ciad è dominata da temi di oppressione politica e discorso storico, trattati da parte di autori spesso in esilio politico o in rifugio all'estero. Dal 1962, venti autori ciadiani hanno scritto circa sessanta opere di narrativa. Tra gli scrittori più famosi a livello internazionale ci sono Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koulsy_Lamko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koulsy Lamko (la pagina non esiste)">Koulsy Lamko</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Nel 2003 l'unico critico letterario del Ciad, Ahmat Taboye, ha pubblicato il suo <i><span dir="ltr" lang="fr">Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne</span></i> per approfondire la conoscenza della letteratura ciadiana a livello internazionale e per sopperire alla mancanza di case editrici nel proprio paese.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patrimoni_dell'umanità"><span id="Patrimoni_dell.27umanit.C3.A0"></span>Patrimoni dell'umanità</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Modifica la sezione Patrimoni dell&#039;umanità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Patrimoni dell&#039;umanità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Patrimoni_dell%27umanit%C3%A0_del_Ciad" title="Patrimoni dell&#39;umanità del Ciad">Patrimoni dell'umanità del Ciad</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Alcuni siti del Ciad sono stati iscritti nella <a href="/wiki/Lista_dei_patrimoni_dell%27umanit%C3%A0" title="Lista dei patrimoni dell&#39;umanità">Lista dei patrimoni dell'umanità</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Modifica la sezione Cinema" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cinema"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo sviluppo di un'industria cinematografica, iniziata con i cortometraggi di Edouard Sailly negli anni '60, è stato ostacolato dalle devastazioni delle guerre civili e dalla mancanza di <a href="/wiki/Cinema_(luogo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema (luogo)">sale cinematografiche</a>, di cui attualmente ne esiste solo una in tutto il paese (il <i>Normandie</i> a N'Djamena).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'industria del cinema ha ripreso a crescere negli anni '90, con il lavoro dei registi <a href="/wiki/Mahamat-Saleh_Haroun" title="Mahamat-Saleh Haroun">Mahamat-Saleh Haroun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Issa_Coelo" title="Serge Issa Coelo">Issa Serge Coelo</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abakar_Chene_Massar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abakar Chene Massar (la pagina non esiste)">Abakar Chene Massar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il film di Haroun <i><a href="/wiki/Abouna" title="Abouna">Abouna</a></i> è stato acclamato dalla critica e il suo <i><a href="/wiki/Daratt_-_La_stagione_del_perdono" title="Daratt - La stagione del perdono">Daratt</a></i> ha vinto il Gran Premio Speciale della Giuria alla <a href="/wiki/63%C2%AA_Mostra_internazionale_d%27arte_cinematografica_di_Venezia" title="63ª Mostra internazionale d&#39;arte cinematografica di Venezia">63ª Mostra internazionale d'arte cinematografica di Venezia</a>. Il lungometraggio del 2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Un_homme_qui_crie" title="Un homme qui crie">A Screaming Man</a></i> ha vinto il <a href="/wiki/Premio_della_giuria_(Festival_di_Cannes)" title="Premio della giuria (Festival di Cannes)">Premio della Giuria</a> al <a href="/wiki/Festival_di_Cannes_2010" title="Festival di Cannes 2010">Festival di Cannes 2010</a>, rendendo Haroun il primo regista ciadiano a partecipare e a vincere tale premio.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cucina">Cucina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Modifica la sezione Cucina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cucina"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Cucina_ciadiana" title="Cucina ciadiana">Cucina ciadiana</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il <a href="/wiki/Panicum_miliaceum" title="Panicum miliaceum">miglio</a> è l'alimento base della cucina ciadiana. Esso è usato per produrre palline di pasta che vengono immerse nelle salse. Nel nord del paese questo piatto è conosciuto come <i>alysh</i>; nel sud è invece noto come <i>biya</i>. Il pesce è un alimento diffuso, generalmente preparato e venduto come <i>salanga</i> <i>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alestes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alestes (la pagina non esiste)">Alestes</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrocynus" title="Hydrocynus">Hydrocynus</a></i> essiccati al sole e leggermente affumicati) o come <i>banda</i> (pesce grosso affumicato).<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Carcaje</i> è un popolare tè rosso dolce estratto dalle foglie di <a href="/wiki/Ibisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibisco">ibisco</a>. Le bevande alcoliche, sebbene assenti nel nord, sono diffuse nel sud, dove le persone consumano una birra a base di miglio nota come <i>billi-billi</i> quando prodotta dal miglio rosso e come <i>coshate</i> quando dal <a href="/wiki/Panicum_miliaceum" title="Panicum miliaceum">miglio bianco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Modifica la sezione Sport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sport"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <a href="/wiki/Calcio_(sport)" title="Calcio (sport)">calcio</a> è lo sport più popolare in Ciad.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Nazionale_di_calcio_del_Ciad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazionale di calcio del Ciad">squadra nazionale</a> del paese è molto seguita durante le competizioni internazionali<sup id="cite_ref-culture_128-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e diversi calciatori ciadiani hanno giocato per le squadre di club francesi. Molto diffusi sono il <a href="/wiki/Pallacanestro" title="Pallacanestro">basket</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Lotta_libera" title="Lotta libera">lotta libera</a>, quest'ultima praticata in una forma in cui i lottatori indossano le tradizionali pelli di animali ricoprendosi di polvere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518164645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">CIA World Factbook</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">cia.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º novembre 2014</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">url originale</abbr> il 18 maggio 2020)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <span style="font-style:italic;">The World</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-05/exxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain">https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-05/exxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 4 agosto 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat Ramadane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Reuters</span>, 21 aprile 2021. <small>URL consultato il 21 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFDecalo">Decalo</a>,&#160; 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href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=2041-1723">ACNP</a></span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Our-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Our_58-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Our_58-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">our-africa.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.our-africa.org/chad/geography-wildlife">http://www.our-africa.org/chad/geography-wildlife</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 17 ottobre 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href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&amp;adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw"><span style="font-style:italic;">Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The New York Times</span>, 31 dicembre 2012. <small>URL consultato il 17 ottobre 2013</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN"><span style="font-style:italic;">Life expectancy at birth, total (years)</span></a>.</cite>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-HRP_66-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-HRP_66-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>.</cite>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Marc Haber, Massimo Mezzavilla e Anders Bergström, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The American Journal of 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124911/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/">https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124911/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>urlarchivio</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 16 aprile 2018</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/">url originale</abbr> l'11 maggio 2017)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Muslims-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_70-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">pewforum.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/">http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 16 aprile 2018</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew128-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-pew128_71-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-pew128_71-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">pewforum.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>urlarchivio</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 2 giugno 2014</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 24 ottobre 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_72-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>.</cite>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410025122/http://www.laltdh.org/pdf/constution_tchad.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">La constitution de la Republique du Tchad promulguee le 04 Mai 2018</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">laltdh.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 agosto 2023</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.laltdh.org/pdf/constution_tchad.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 10 aprile 2021)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tchadinfos.com/tchad-modification-de-lordonnance-portant-sur-le-decoupage-administratif/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ordonnance 38/PR/2018 portant création des Unités Administratives et des Collectivités Autonomes</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">tchadinfos.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 agosto 2023</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Constitute</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005?lang=en#286">https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005?lang=en#286</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 22 aprile 2015</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Term2-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Term2_76-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4118482.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad votes to end two-term limit</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC News</span>, 22 giugno 2005. <small>URL consultato il 20 settembre 2007</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPACP-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-UNPACP_77-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-UNPACP_77-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>) <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 14 giugno 2007)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025418/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en"><span style="font-style:italic;">"Chad"</span></a> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en">url originale</abbr> il 13 gennaio 2015)</small>.</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-FH_79-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-FH_79-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102856/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&amp;year=2006&amp;pf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">freedomhouse.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 giugno 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&amp;year=2006&amp;pf">url originale</abbr> il 4 giugno 2011)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad leader's victory confirmed</span></a>.</cite>", <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 14 May 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundforpeace.org-81"><a href="#cite_ref-fundforpeace.org_81-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">fundforpeace.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=fsi">http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=fsi</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 16 dicembre 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Worst Corruption Offenders Named</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC News</span>, 18 ottobre 2005.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327201510/http://www.transparency.org/cpi2011/results"><span style="font-style:italic;">"Corruption Perceptions Index 2011"</span></a>. <small>URL consultato il 25 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.transparency.org/cpi2011/results">url originale</abbr> il 27 marzo 2013)</small>.</cite> Transparency International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribe-84"><a href="#cite_ref-tribe_84-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4907650.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Isolated Deby clings to power</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC News</span>, 13 aprile 2006. <small>URL consultato il 4 settembre 2007</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newgovernment-85"><a href="#cite_ref-newgovernment_85-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132204/https://news.trust.org/item/20210420111727-lvy4q/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over</span></a>, Thomas Reuters News, 20 aprile 2021. <small>URL consultato il 20 aprile 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//news.trust.org/item/20210420111727-lvy4q/">url originale</abbr> il 22 aprile 2021)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">cia.gov</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">data.worldbank.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS">https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohada.com-88"><a href="#cite_ref-ohada.com_88-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">ohada.com</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohada.com/index.php">http://www.ohada.com/index.php</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 22 marzo 2009</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ray Bush, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=347BAAAAIAAJ"><span style="font-style:italic;">Poverty and neoliberalism: persistence and reproduction in the global south</span></a>, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780745319605" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780745319605">9780745319605</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Samir Amin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC"><span style="font-style:italic;">Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure</span></a>, United Nations University Press, 1990, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780862329310" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780862329310">9780862329310</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Patrick Bond, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC"><span style="font-style:italic;">Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation</span></a>, Zed Books, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781842778111" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781842778111">9781842778111</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB1-92"><a href="#cite_ref-WB1_92-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>).</cite>" (PDF). 24 September 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFDecalo">Decalo</a>,&#160; p. 11</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">NationsEncyclopedia.com</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Chad-AGRICULTURE.html">http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Chad-AGRICULTURE.html</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 ottobre 2016</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080313030132/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/YSAR-7CGP7Z?OpenDocument"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Humanitarian Action in Chad: Facts 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id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502220620/http://minagri-tchad.org/fr/telechargements/planquinquennal.version.finale/Plan.Quinquennal.de.Developpement.de.l.Agriculture.du.Tchad_Version.Finale.Avril.2013.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Irrigation (MAI) du Tchad, Plan Quinquennal de Développement de l'Agriculture 2013-2018</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">minagri-tchad.org</span>, Aprile 2013, pp.&#160;15, 17 <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//minagri-tchad.org/fr/telechargements/planquinquennal.version.finale/Plan.Quinquennal.de.Developpement.de.l.Agriculture.du.Tchad_Version.Finale.Avril.2013.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 2 maggio 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title="http&#58;//minagri-tchad.org/fr/telechargements/planquinquennal.version.finale/Plan.Quinquennal.de.Developpement.de.l.Agriculture.du.Tchad_Version.Finale.Avril.2013.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 2 maggio 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">FAOSTAT Data Base della FAO – Ressources <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/default.aspx#ancor">http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/default.aspx#ancor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626153237/http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/default.aspx#ancor">Archiviato</a> il 26 giugno 2014 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306110626/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx">Archiviato</a> il 6 marzo 2014 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>).</cite>" (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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originale</abbr> il 22 aprile 2014)</small>.</cite>", <span dir="ltr" lang="fr">Tchad et Culture</span> <b>214</b>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wordswithoutborders-org.translate.goog/contributors/view/koulsy-lamko/?_x_tr_sl=en&amp;_x_tr_tl=it&amp;_x_tr_hl=it&amp;_x_tr_pto=sc">https://wordswithoutborders-org.translate.goog/contributors/view/koulsy-lamko/?_x_tr_sl=en&amp;_x_tr_tl=it&amp;_x_tr_hl=it&amp;_x_tr_pto=sc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Malo, Nestor H. 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font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-man-who-broughtcinema-to-war-hit-chad/article21352524.ece"><span style="font-style:italic;">The man who brought cinema to war-hit Chad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">thehindu.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) White, Jerry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007055731/https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/volume-3-issue-5-spring-2007/fatherlands-on-mahamat-saleh-haroun/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Fatherlands: On Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Africa and an Evolving Political Cinema</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">closeupfilmcentre.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/volume-3-issue-5-spring-2007/fatherlands-on-mahamat-saleh-haroun">url originale</abbr> il 7 ottobre 2020)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">variety.com</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118019731.html?categoryid=13&amp;cs=1">https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118019731.html?categoryid=13&amp;cs=1</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>. <small>URL consultato il 23 maggio 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries</span></a>.</cite>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Staff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629234229/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">fifa.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 10 agosto 2006</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html">url originale</abbr> il 29 giugno 2007)</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Alphonse Dokalyo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235"><span style="font-style:italic;">Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">cefod.org</span>, 2003 <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235">url originale</abbr> il 28 settembre 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Background Note: Chad</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, Settembre 2006.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Bambé Naygotimti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915"><span style="font-style:italic;">Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: <i>On a encore du travail à faire</i></span></a><i>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Tchad et Culture</span>, n.&#160;256, Aprile 2007. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915">url originale</abbr> il 30 maggio 2013)</small>.</i></cite></li> <li>Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", <i>The South African Journal of Economics</i> <b>60</b> (4): 246–255.</li> <li>Boyd-Buggs, Debra &amp; Joyce Hope Scott (1999); <i>Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures</i>. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-86543-757-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-86543-757-2">ISBN&#160;0-86543-757-2</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">cia.gov</span>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, 2009. <small>URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2010</small>.</cite></li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>.</cite>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States&#39; Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (la pagina non esiste)">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> 2006, 6 March 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (la pagina non esiste)">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>.</cite>". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&amp;pr.y=1&amp;sy=2013&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=628&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a="><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">imf.org</span>, International Monetary Fund. <small>URL consultato il 18 aprile 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>.</cite>". <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2006</i>. 15 September 2006. 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United States <a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA">CIA</a>. 15 May 2007.</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>). <small>URL consultato il 24 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 14 giugno 2007)</small>.</cite>" (PDF). <i>Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa</i>. 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Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights (la pagina non esiste)">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. 12 December 1997.</li> <li>"Chad". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></li> <li>"Chad, Lake". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2000).</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>).</cite>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad: A Cultural Profile</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">cp-pc.ca</span>. <small>URL consultato il 4 giugno 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 1º ottobre 2006)</small>.</cite> (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada (la pagina non esiste)">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7727-9102-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7727-9102-3">ISBN&#160;0-7727-9102-3</a></li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad Urban Development Project</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>).</cite>" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</span></a>.</cite>" (PDF). 8 January 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (la pagina non esiste)">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad Livelihood Profiles</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>).</cite>" (PDF). 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Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-85802-169-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-85802-169-4">ISBN&#160;2-85802-169-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury (la pagina non esiste)">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> &amp; Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries</i><span></span></span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">www0.un.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 5 maggio 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 5 febbraio 2009)</small>.</cite>. New York: United Nations. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/92-1-104540-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/92-1-104540-1">ISBN&#160;92-1-104540-1</a></li> <li>Collelo, Thomas (1990); <i><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad: A Country Study</span></a>.</cite></i>, 2d ed. Washington: <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Government_Printing_Office&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Government Printing Office (la pagina non esiste)">U.S. GPO</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-16-024770-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-16-024770-5">ISBN&#160;0-16-024770-5</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc"><span style="font-style:italic;">La decentralisation au Tchad</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento Word 97-2003">DOC</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">cefod.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 giugno 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">url originale</abbr> l'8 marzo 2008)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDecalo" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Decalo, Samuel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000deca_d5v6"><span style="font-style:italic;">Historical Dictionary of Chad</span></a>, 2ª&#160;ed., Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, 1987, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8108-1937-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8108-1937-5">978-0-8108-1937-5</a>.</cite></li> <li>East, Roger &amp; Richard J. Thomas (2003); <i>Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-85743-126-X" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-85743-126-X">ISBN&#160;1-85743-126-X</a></li> <li>Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8213-3321-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8213-3321-6">ISBN&#160;0-8213-3321-6</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Gondjé, Laoro, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530061624/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231"><span style="font-style:italic;">La musique recherche son identité</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Tchad et Culture</span>, n.&#160;214, 2003. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231">url originale</abbr> il 30 maggio 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041028/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en"><span style="font-style:italic;">"Chad: the Habré Legacy"</span></a> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en">url originale</abbr> il 13 gennaio 2015)</small>.</cite>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 16 October 2001.</li> <li>Lange, Dierk (1988). "<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Chad region as a crossroad</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>).</cite>" (PDF), in <i>UNESCO <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_History_of_Africa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="General History of Africa (la pagina non esiste)">General History of Africa</a> – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</i>, vol. 3: 436–460. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-520-03914-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-520-03914-8">ISBN&#160;978-0-520-03914-8</a></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Lettre d'information</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), n.&#160;3, Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad, Settembre 2004. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 24 ottobre 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li>Macedo, Stephen (2006); <i>Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8122-1950-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8122-1950-3">ISBN&#160;0-8122-1950-3</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Malo, Nestor H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063643/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236"><span style="font-style:italic;">Littérature tchadienne&#160;: Jeune mais riche</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Tchad et Culture</span>, n.&#160;214, 2003. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236">url originale</abbr> il 30 maggio 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Manley, Andrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad's vulnerable president</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">news.bbc.co.uk</span>, 15 marzo 2006.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">news.bbc.co.uk</span>, 9 settembre 2006.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Ndang, Tabo Symphorien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512110104/http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">pep-net.org</span>, 2005. <small>URL consultato il 25 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 12 maggio 2012)</small>.</cite> <i>4th PEP Research Network General Meeting</i>. Poverty and Economic Policy.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNolutshungu" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Sam Nolutshungu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofanarchyi0000nolu"><span style="font-style:italic;">Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad</span></a>, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8139-1628-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8139-1628-6">978-0-8139-1628-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Pollack&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Pollack (la pagina non esiste)">Pollack, Kenneth M.</a> (2002); <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</i>. Lincoln: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Nebraska Press (la pagina non esiste)">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8032-3733-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8032-3733-2">ISBN&#160;0-8032-3733-2</a></li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Rank Order – Area</span></a> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">url originale</abbr> il 9 febbraio 2014)</small>.</cite>". <i>The World Factbook</i>. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>) <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 14 giugno 2007)</small>.</cite>" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022324/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Circonscriptions Administratives</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">primature-tchad.org</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Chad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Chad (la pagina non esiste)">Government of Chad</a>, 3 luglio 2007 <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 3 luglio 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li>Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">strategis.ic.gc.ca</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 maggio 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">url originale</abbr> il 15 ottobre 2007)</small>.</cite>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries</span></a>.</cite>". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. <a href="/wiki/FAO" title="FAO">FAO</a>. 29 November – 1 December 1972.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tchad -L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">unesco.org</span>.</cite>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Education for All.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">crisisgroup.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 5 settembre 2011)</small>.</cite> <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 1 June 2006.</li> <li>Wolfe, Adam; <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&amp;report_id=592&amp;language_id=1"><span style="font-style:italic;">Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pinr.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 maggio 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&amp;report_id=592&amp;language_id=1">url originale</abbr> il 5 gennaio 2007)</small>.</cite>, PINR, 6 December 2006.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">web.worldbank.org</span>, 14 luglio 2006. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">url originale</abbr> il 12 ottobre 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li><i><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database</span></a>. <small>URL consultato il 28 giugno 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm">url originale</abbr> il 5 settembre 2009)</small>.</cite></i>. 2006. United Nations Population Division.</li> <li>"<cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Worst corruption offenders named</span></a>.</cite>", BBC News, 18 November 2005.</li> <li>Young, Neil (August 2002); <i><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")</span></a>.</cite></i>.</li> <li><i>La Geografia - dizionario enciclopedico</i> - Gruppo Editoriale Fabbri, Bompiani, Sonzogno, Etas S.p.A., Milano (1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandiera_del_Ciad" title="Bandiera del Ciad">Bandiera del Ciad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croce_Rossa_del_Ciad" title="Croce Rossa del Ciad">Croce Rossa del Ciad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografia_del_Ciad" title="Geografia del Ciad">Geografia del Ciad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storia_del_Ciad" title="Storia del Ciad">Storia del Ciad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasporti_in_Ciad" title="Trasporti in Ciad">Trasporti in Ciad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikinews.org/wiki/Categoria:Ciad" class="extiw" title="n:Categoria:Ciad">Wikinotizie</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Chad"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chad?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ciad" class="extiw" title="voy:Ciad">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikinotizie"><img alt="Collabora a Wikinotizie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/18px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/36px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikinews.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="n:">Wikinotizie</a> contiene notizie di attualità su <b><a href="https://it.wikinews.org/wiki/Categoria:Ciad" class="extiw" title="n:Categoria:Ciad">Ciad</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chad?uselang=it">Ciad</a></span></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikivoyage"><img alt="Collabora a Wikivoyage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/18px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/36px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a> contiene informazioni turistiche su <b><a href="https://it.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ciad" class="extiw" title="voy:Ciad">Ciad</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDizionario_di_storia" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ciad_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ciad</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Dizionario di storia</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell&#39;Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2010.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#P6404" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/+Ciad.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ciad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDSS" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/it/articles/003471"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ciad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">hls-dhs-dss.ch</span>, <a href="/wiki/Dizionario_storico_della_Svizzera" title="Dizionario storico della Svizzera">Dizionario storico della Svizzera</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#P902" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Douglas Henry Jones e Alfred Thomas Grove, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chad"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302203633/http://viaggiaresicuri.mae.aci.it/?ciad"><span style="font-style:italic;">Scheda del Ciad dal sito Viaggiare Sicuri</span></a>. <small>URL consultato il 16 febbraio 2018</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//viaggiaresicuri.mae.aci.it/?ciad">url originale</abbr> il 2 marzo 2007)</small>.</cite> - Sito curato dal Ministero degli Esteri e dall'ACI.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104014553/http://primature-tchad.org/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Sito Ufficiale del Governo</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">primature-tchad.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 agosto 2009</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.primature-tchad.org/">url originale</abbr> il 4 gennaio 2014)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1068700.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Profilo del Paese della BBC - <i>Ciad</i><span></span></span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">news.bbc.co.uk</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/cd/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Dipartimento di Stato - <i>Ciad</i><span></span></span></a>.</cite> include Note di sfondo, Studio del Paese e altri reports.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Template:Africa" title="Template:Africa"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Africa" title="Discussioni template:Africa"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa&amp;action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. 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title="Burundi">Burundi</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camerun (bandiera)"><img alt="Camerun (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Camerun" title="Camerun">Camerun</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capo Verde (bandiera)"><img alt="Capo 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seychelles (bandiera)"><img alt="Seychelles (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/20px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/30px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/40px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sierra Leone (bandiera)"><img alt="Sierra Leone (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somalia (bandiera)"><img alt="Somalia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sudafrica (bandiera)"><img alt="Sudafrica (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica">Sudafrica</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sudan 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Sudan_del_Sud" title="Sudan del Sud">Sudan del Sud</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanzania (bandiera)"><img alt="Tanzania (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Togo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Togo (bandiera)"><img alt="Togo (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/20px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/40px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunisia (bandiera)"><img alt="Tunisia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uganda (bandiera)"><img alt="Uganda (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zambia (bandiera)"><img alt="Zambia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zimbabwe (bandiera)"><img alt="Zimbabwe (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:10em;">Stati <i>de facto</i> indipendenti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somaliland (bandiera)"><img alt="Somaliland (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:10em;">Territori con <i>status</i> indefinito</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sahara Occidentale (bandiera)"><img alt="Sahara Occidentale (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Democratica_Araba_dei_Sahrawi" title="Repubblica Democratica Araba dei Sahrawi">Sahara Occidentale</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:10em;">Dipendenze</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terre australi e antartiche francesi (bandiera)"><img alt="Terre australi e antartiche francesi (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Isole_Sparse_dell%27Oceano_Indiano" title="Isole Sparse dell&#39;Oceano Indiano">Isole Sparse dell'Oceano Indiano</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito">Regno Unito</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sant&#39;Elena, Ascensione e Tristan da Cunha (bandiera)"><img alt="Sant&#39;Elena, Ascensione e Tristan da Cunha (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Elena,_Ascensione_e_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Sant&#39;Elena, Ascensione e Tristan da Cunha">Sant'Elena, Ascensione e Tristan da Cunha</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:10em;">Territori africani<br />di Paesi non africani</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mayotte_(local).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mayotte (bandiera)"><img alt="Mayotte (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28local%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28local%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28local%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28local%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28local%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Carica&amp;wpDestFile=Flag_of_France_(1794%E2%80%931815,_1830%E2%80%931974).svg" class="new" title="File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="20" data-height="16">La Riunione (bandiera)</span></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/La_Riunione" title="La Riunione">La Riunione</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italia (bandiera)"><img alt="Italia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Isola_di_Lampedusa" title="Isola di Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italia (bandiera)"><img alt="Italia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Isola_Lampione" title="Isola Lampione">Lampione</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Portogallo" title="Portogallo">Portogallo</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Madeira.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/20px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/30px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Madera" title="Madera">Madera</a> (<span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portogallo (bandiera)"><img alt="Portogallo (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Isole_Selvagge" title="Isole Selvagge">Isole Selvagge</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ceuta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceuta"><img alt="Ceuta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canarie"><img alt="&#160;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Isole_Canarie" title="Isole Canarie">Canarie</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Melilla.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melilla"><img alt="Melilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/20px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/30px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/40px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spagna (bandiera)"><img alt="Spagna (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isole_Chafarinas" title="Isole Chafarinas">Chafarinas</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Alhucemas" title="Peñón de Alhucemas">Peñón de Alhucemas</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perejil" title="Perejil">Perejil</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="text-align:right; width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yemen (bandiera)"><img alt="Yemen (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Mondo_arabo"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mondo_arabo" title="Template:Mondo arabo"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Mondo_arabo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Mondo arabo (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mondo_arabo&amp;action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l&#39;anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Mondo_arabo" title="Mondo arabo">Mondo arabo</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Africa</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="padding:0.05em 0; line-height:1.8em;"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marocco (bandiera)"><img alt="Marocco (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marocco" title="Marocco">Marocco</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Algeria (bandiera)"><img alt="Algeria (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunisia (bandiera)"><img alt="Tunisia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Libia (bandiera)"><img alt="Libia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egitto (bandiera)"><img alt="Egitto (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauritania (bandiera)"><img alt="Mauritania (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ciad (bandiera)"><img alt="Ciad (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/20px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ciad</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sudan (bandiera)"><img alt="Sudan (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gibuti (bandiera)"><img alt="Gibuti (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/20px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/30px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gibuti" title="Gibuti">Gibuti</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somalia (bandiera)"><img alt="Somalia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giordania (bandiera)"><img alt="Giordania (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Giordania" title="Giordania">Giordania</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Libano (bandiera)"><img alt="Libano (bandiera)" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Stato_di_Palestina" title="Stato di Palestina">Stato di Palestina</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iraq (bandiera)"><img alt="Iraq (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuwait (bandiera)"><img alt="Kuwait (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabia Saudita (bandiera)"><img alt="Arabia Saudita (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yemen (bandiera)"><img alt="Yemen (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein">Bahrein</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qatar (bandiera)"><img alt="Qatar (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/20px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><b>&#160;·</b> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emirati Arabi Uniti (bandiera)"><img alt="Emirati Arabi Uniti (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865632d">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>)&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007548069105171">987007548069105171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>,&#160;<abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>)&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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di Africa Occidentale</div></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐687bc74f68‐pp6b5 Cached time: 20241123123210 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.863 seconds Real time usage: 2.542 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17797/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 286394/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9858/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 122942/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.846/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12698695/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 7/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2054.602 1 -total 25.46% 523.147 2 Template:Navbox 22.50% 462.296 1 Template:Africa 16.35% 335.906 1 Template:Stato 15.15% 311.227 88 Template:Bandiera 10.11% 207.744 1 Template:Collegamenti_esterni 9.08% 186.458 1 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