CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Joseph de Maistre - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1715021b-5848-4c70-8a50-3d3514c2bc31","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Joseph_de_Maistre","wgTitle":"Joseph de Maistre","wgCurRevisionId":1259237102,"wgRevisionId":1259237102,"wgArticleId": 213143,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Joseph_de_Maistre","wgRelevantArticleId":213143,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym": "azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym": "dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym": "Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi", "autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym" :"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa", "autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym": "Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym": "tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce", "ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco", "sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q309854","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false, "donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1707"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/800px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1138"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/640px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="910"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Joseph de Maistre - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Joseph_de_Maistre rootpage-Joseph_de_Maistre stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Joseph+de+Maistre" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Joseph+de+Maistre" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Joseph de Maistre</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Joseph_de_Maistre" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Joseph+de+Maistre" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Joseph Marie, comte de Maistre<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoyard</a> philosopher, writer, lawyer, diplomat, and magistrate. One of the forefathers of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, Maistre advocated <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in the period immediately following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Despite his close personal and intellectual ties with France, Maistre was throughout his life a subject of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, which he served as a member of the Savoy Senate (1787–1792), ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> (1803–1817),<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> and minister of state to the court in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (1817–1821).<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Joseph de Maistre</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre,_1894_(page_12_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/220px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/330px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/440px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1701"></a><div class="infobox-caption">de Maistre by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Vogel_von_Vogelstein" title="Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein">von Vogelstein</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1753-04-01)1 April 1753 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 1821(1821-02-26) (aged 67) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a> <a href="/wiki/On_the_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Pope">On the Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/18th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="18th-century philosophy">18th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalism (Catholicism)">Traditionalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Providentialism</a></li><li>Necessity of <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a></li><li>Legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a></li><li>Legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> A key figure of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> and a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Maistre regarded monarchy both as <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">a divinely sanctioned institution</a> and as the only stable <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> He called for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> to the throne of France and for the ultimate authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in both spiritual and temporal matters. Maistre argued that the <a href="/wiki/Rationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist">rationalist</a> rejection of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was directly responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> which followed the French Revolution of 1789.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Philosophy">2 Philosophy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Politics">2.1 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Religion">2.2 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ethics">2.3 Ethics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Science">2.4 Science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy_and_reputation">3 Legacy and reputation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Politics_2">3.1 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Literature">3.2 Literature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Works">4 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sources">8 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Maistre was born in 1753 at <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, at that time part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a> which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berlin-12">[11]</a> His family was of French and Italian origin.<a href="#cite_note-geneanet-13">[12]</a> His grandfather André (Andrea) Maistre (1661–1722), whose parents Francesco and Margarita Maistre (née Dalmassi) originated in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-geneanet.com-14">[13]</a> had been a draper and councilman in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> (then under the rule of the House of Savoy) and his father François-Xavier Maistre (1705–1789), who moved to Chambéry in 1740, became a magistrate and senator, eventually receiving the title of <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a> from the King of Piedmont-Sardinia. His mother's family, whose surname was Desmotz, were from <a href="/wiki/Rumilly,_Haute-Savoie" title="Rumilly, Haute-Savoie">Rumilly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-triomphe-15">[14]</a> He was the eldest of ten surviving children and godfather to his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_de_Maistre" title="Xavier de Maistre">Xavier</a>, who would become a major general and a popular writer of fiction.<a href="#cite_note-cath-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-xav-17">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1865"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 290px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg/400px-Portrait_of_Joseph_de_Maistre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stipple engraving of Maistre from a painting by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bouillon" title="Pierre Bouillon">Pierre Bouillon</a> in which he is shown wearing the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a></figcaption></figure> Maistre was probably educated by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cath-16">[15]</a> After the Revolution, he became an ardent defender of the Jesuits, increasingly associating the spirit of the Revolution with the Jesuits' traditional enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Jansenists" class="mw-redirect" title="Jansenists">Jansenists</a>. After completing his training in the law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a> in 1774, he followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a senator in 1787. In his early years Maistre was a liberal and supporter of <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>. The philosopher and mystic <a href="/wiki/Louis_Claude_de_Saint-Martin" title="Louis Claude de Saint-Martin">Louis Claude de Saint-Martin</a> was a major and lasting influence for Maistre. In one of his first public addresses Maistre praised the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> proclaiming "Liberty, insulted in Europe, has winged its flight to another hemisphere."<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> A member of the progressive <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Masonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic">Masonic</a> lodge at Chambéry from 1774 to 1790,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Maistre originally favoured political reform in France, supporting the efforts of the magistrates in the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlements</a> to force King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> to convene the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Landowner" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowner">landowner</a> in France, Maistre was eligible to join that body and there is some evidence that he contemplated that possibility.<a href="#cite_note-lebrun-20">[19]</a> Maistre was alarmed by the decision of the Estates-General to combine <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocracy (government)">aristocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a> into a single legislative body which became the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a>. After the passing of the <a href="/wiki/August_Decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="August Decrees">August Decrees</a> on 4 August 1789, he decisively turned against the course of political events in France.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg/220px-Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="634"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg/220px-Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg/330px-Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg/440px-Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of Maistre by Swiss painter <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vallotton" title="Félix Vallotton">Félix Vallotton</a> from La Revue blanche, 1895</figcaption></figure> Maistre fled Chambéry when it was taken by a French revolutionary army in 1792, but he was unable to find a position in the royal court in Turin and returned the following year. Deciding that he could not support the French-controlled regime, Maistre departed again, this time for <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> where he discussed politics and theology at the salon of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a>, and began his career as a counter-revolutionary writer,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> with works such as Lettres d'un Royaliste Savoisien ("Letters from a Savoyard Royalist", 1793), Discours à Mme. la Marquise Costa de Beauregard, sur la Vie et la Mort de son Fils ("Discourse to the Marchioness Costa de Beauregard, on the Life and Death of her Son", 1794) and Cinq paradoxes à la Marquise de Nav... ("Five Paradoxes for the Marchioness of Nav...", 1795).<a href="#cite_note-berlin-12">[11]</a> From Lausanne, Maistre went to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, where the King of Piedmont-Sardinia held the court and the government of the kingdom after French armies took Turin in 1798. Maistre's relations with the court at Cagliari were not always easy.<a href="#cite_note-berlin-12">[11]</a> In 1802, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in Russia as ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> His diplomatic responsibilities were few and he became a well-loved fixture in aristocratic and wealthy merchant circles, converting some of his friends to Roman Catholicism and writing his most influential works on political philosophy. Maistre's observations on Russian life, contained in his diplomatic memoirs and in his personal correspondence, were among <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s sources for his novel <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berlin-12">[11]</a> After the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and the restoration of the House of Savoy's dominion over <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and Savoy under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Maistre returned in 1817 to Turin and served there as <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> and minister of state until his death. He died on 26 February 1821 and is buried in the Jesuit Church of the Holy Martyrs (Chiesa dei Santi Martiri). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> In <a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considérations sur la France</a> ("Considerations on France", 1796), Maistre claimed that France has a divine mission as the principal instrument of good and evil on Earth. He interpreted the Revolution of 1789 as a <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providential</a> event in which the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocracy (government)">aristocracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> in general, instead of directing the influence of French civilization to the benefit of mankind, had promoted the <a href="/wiki/Atheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheistic">atheistic</a> doctrines of the 18th-century philosophers. He claimed that the crimes of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">logical consequence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thought as well as its divinely-decreed punishment.<a href="#cite_note-HCaR-25">[24]</a> In his short book Essai sur le Principe Générateur des Constitutions Politiques et des Autres Institutions Humaines ("Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions and other Human Institutions", 1809), Maistre argued that <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a> are not the product of <a href="/wiki/Human_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Human reason">human reason</a>, but rather come from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, who slowly brings them to maturity. What was novel in Maistre's writings was not his enthusiastic defense of monarchical and religious authority per se, but rather his arguments concerning the practical need for ultimate authority to lie with an individual capable of decisive action as well as his analysis of the social foundations of that authority's legitimacy. In his own words which he addressed to a group of aristocratic French émigrés, "You ought to know how to be royalists. Before, this was an instinct, but today it is a science. You must love the sovereign as you love order, with all the forces of intelligence."<a href="#cite_note-S%C3%A9nart-26">[25]</a> Maistre's analysis of the problem of authority and its legitimacy foreshadows some of the concerns of early sociologists such as <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-Bruhl-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pickering-29">[28]</a> Despite his preference for monarchy, Maistre acknowledged that republics could be the superior form of government, depending on the situation and the people. Maistre also defended the government of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> because its people were heirs to the democratic spirit of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, which he felt France lacked.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the appearance in 1816 of his French translation of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s treatise On the Delay of Divine Justice in the Punishment of the Guilty, Maistre published Du Pape ("<a href="/wiki/On_the_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Pope">On the Pope</a>") in 1819, the most complete exposition of his religious conception of authority. According to Maistre, any attempt to justify government on rational grounds will only lead to unresolvable arguments about the legitimacy and expediency of any existing government and that this in turn will lead to violence and chaos.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> As a result, Maistre argued that the legitimacy of government must be based on compelling, but non-rational grounds which its subjects must not be allowed to question.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Maistre went on to argue that <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> in politics should derive from religion and that in Europe this religious authority must ultimately lie with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> In addition to his voluminous correspondence, Maistre left two books that were published posthumously. <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">Soirées de St. Pétersbourg</a> (1821) is a <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Plato#Plato's_dialogues" title="Plato">Platonic dialogue</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> in which Maistre argues that evil exists because of its place in the divine plan, according to which the blood sacrifice of innocents returns men to God via the expiation of the sins of the guilty. Maistre sees this as a law of human history as unquestionable as it is mysterious. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/An_Examination_of_the_Philosophy_of_Bacon" title="An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon">Examen de la Philosophie de Bacon</a> ("An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon", 1836) is a critique of the thought of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> whom Maistre considers to be the fountainhead of the destructive rationalistic thought.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Maistre also argued, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantically</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a> plays a pivotal role in great scientific discoveries, as demonstrated by inspired intellects such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, contrary to Bacon's theory about conforming to a mechanistic method.<a href="#cite_note-Liberalism_and_Tradition_worldcat.org-37">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reputation">Legacy and reputation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy and reputation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg/220px-Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg/220px-Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg/330px-Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg/440px-Statue_des_fr%C3%A8res_de_Maistre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of the Joseph and Xavier de Maistre brothers outside the old fortress in their hometown Chambéry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_(FR75)_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg/220px-Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3383" data-file-height="1938"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg/220px-Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg/330px-Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg/440px-Plaque_Rue_Joseph_Maistre_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2021-08-04_-_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Street named after Joseph de Maistre in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg/220px-Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="2437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 392px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg/220px-Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="392" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg/330px-Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg/440px-Torino_Santi_Martiri_Joseph_de_Maistre_23072015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Joseph de Maistre's tomb at the Church of the Holy Martyrs in Turin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_2">Politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> statesman and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, Maistre is commonly regarded as one of the founders of European <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Maistre exerted a powerful influence on the Spanish political thinker <a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Juan Donoso Cortés</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> the French royalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a> and his nationalist movement <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> as well as the German philosopher of law <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Armenteros" title="Carolina Armenteros">Carolina Armenteros</a>, who has written four books about Maistre, his writings influenced not only conservative political thinkers but also the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Armenteros-44">[43]</a> Early sociologists such as <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a> explicitly acknowledged the influence of Maistre on their own thinking about the sources of social cohesion and political authority.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-Bruhl-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pickering-29">[28]</a> Maistre has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberals</a>. Literary critic <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Faguet" title="Émile Faguet">Émile Faguet</a> described Maistre as "a fierce absolutist, a furious theocrat, an intransigent legitimist, apostle of a monstrous trinity composed of pope, king and hangman, always and everywhere the champion of the hardest, narrowest and most inflexible dogmatism, a dark figure out of the Middle Ages, part learned doctor, part inquisitor, part executioner".<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Political historian <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> considered Maistre a forerunner to the 20th-century movement of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, claiming that Maistre knew the self-destructive impulses in human nature and intended to exploit them.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> openly rejected Maistre's reactionary conservatism, and Maistre's works were <a href="/wiki/List_of_authors_banned_in_Nazi_Germany" title="List of authors banned in Nazi Germany">banned in Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maistre's skills as a writer and polemicist ensured that he continues to be read. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, an influential 19th-century critic, wrote as follows while comparing Maistre's style with that of his Irish counterpart <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>: <blockquote>"Joseph de Maistre is another of those men whose word, like that of Burke, has vitality. In imaginative power he is altogether inferior to Burke. On the other hand, his thought moves in closer order than Burke's, more rapidly, more directly; he has fewer superfluities. Burke is a great writer, but Joseph de Maistre's use of the French language is more powerful, more thoroughly satisfactory, than Burke's use of the English. It is masterly; it shows us to perfection of what that admirable instrument, the French language, is capable."<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> of 1910 describes his writing style as "strong, lively, picturesque" and states that his "animation and good humour temper his dogmatic tone".<a href="#cite_note-cath-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">George Saintsbury</a> called him "unquestionably one of the greatest thinkers and writers of the eighteenth century".<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Although a political opponent, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a> called him the "<a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> of the Alps".<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Admiring the splendour of his prose, Lamartine stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"That brief, nervous, lucid style, stripped of phrases, robust of limb, did not at all recall the softness of the eighteenth century, nor the declamations of the latest French books: it was born and steeped in the breath of the Alps; it was virgin, it was young, it was harsh and savage; it had no human respect, it felt its solitude; it improvised depth and form all at once ... That man was new among the enfants du siècle [children of the century]."<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></blockquote> Maistre is also associated with the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> movement <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> and is often referred to as a Romantic.<a href="#cite_note-Liberalism_and_Tradition_worldcat.org-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-HCaR-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Among those who admired him was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> – the most famous Romantic poet in France – who described himself a disciple of the Savoyard counter-revolutionary, claiming that Maistre had taught him how to think.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbn.it/opacsbn/opaclib?db=iccu&select_db=iccu&nentries=1&from=5&searchForm=opac/iccu/error.jsp&resultForward=opac/iccu/full.jsp&do=search_show_cmd&rpnlabel=+Autore+%3D+Joseph+de+Maistre+%28parole+in+AND%29++Anno+di+pubblicazione%3E%3D1700++AND+Anno+di+pubblicazione%3C%3D1810+&rpnquery=%40attrset+bib-1+%40and+%40and++%40attr+1%3D31+%40attr+4%3D4++%40attr++2%3D4+%221700%22++%40attr+1%3D1003+%40attr+4%3D2+%22Joseph+de+Maistre%22++%40attr+1%3D31+%40attr+4%3D4++%40attr++2%3D2+%221810%22&totalResult=9&fname=none&brief=brief">Nobilis Ioseph Maistre Camberiensis ad i.u. lauream anno 1772. die 29. Aprilis hora 5. pomeridiana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053002/http://www.sbn.it/opacsbn/opaclib?db=iccu&select_db=iccu&nentries=1&from=5&searchForm=opac/iccu/error.jsp&resultForward=opac/iccu/full.jsp&do=search_show_cmd&rpnlabel=+Autore+%3D+Joseph+de+Maistre+%28parole+in+AND%29++Anno+di+pubblicazione%3E%3D1700++AND+Anno+di+pubblicazione%3C%3D1810+&rpnquery=%40attrset+bib-1+%40and+%40and++%40attr+1%3D31+%40attr+4%3D4++%40attr++2%3D4+%221700%22++%40attr+1%3D1003+%40attr+4%3D2+%22Joseph+de+Maistre%22++%40attr+1%3D31+%40attr+4%3D4++%40attr++2%3D2+%221810%22&totalResult=9&fname=none&brief=brief">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Turin, 1772) – Joseph de Maistre's decree thesis, kept in the National Library of the University of Turin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k134091g">Éloge de Victor-Amédée III</a> (Chambéry, 1775)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8615771v">Lettres d'un royaliste savoisien à ses compatriotes</a> (1793)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k41850s">Étude sur la souveraineté</a> (1794)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k418514">De l'État de nature, ou Examen d'un écrit de Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> (1795)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/considerationssu00maisuoft">Considérations sur la France</a> (London [Basel], 1796)</li> <li>Intorno allo stato del Piemonte rispetto alla carta moneta (Turn, Aosta, Venice, 1797–1799)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k41852g">Essai sur le Principe Générateur des Constitutions Politiques</a>, 1814, [1st. Pub. 1809]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dupape001819mais#page/n5/mode/2up">Du Pape</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dupape03maisgoog#page/n9/mode/2up">Tome Second</a>, 1819.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a591338200maisuoft#page/n3/mode/2up">De l'Église Gallicane</a>, édit. <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_de_Maistre" title="Rodolphe de Maistre">Rodolphe de Maistre</a>, 1821.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">Les Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg ou Entretiens sur le Gouvernement Temporel de la Providence</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lessoiresdesain09maisgoog">Tome Second</a>, édit. Rodolphe de Maistre, 1821.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lettresaungenti00maisgoog#page/n9/mode/2up">Lettres à un Gentilhomme Russe sur l'Inquisition Espagnole</a>, édit. Rodolphe de Maistre, 1822.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/examendelaphilo01mais#page/n7/mode/2up">Examen de la Philosophie de Bacon, ou: l'on Traite Différentes Questions de Philosophie Rationnelle</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/examendelaphilo02maisgoog#page/n7/mode/2up">Tome Second</a>, édit. Rodolphe de Maistre, 1836.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k246120">Lettres et Opuscules Inédits du Comte Joseph de Maistre</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k24613b">Tome Second</a>, édit. Rodolphe de Maistre, Paris, 1853.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/58/mode/2up">Mémoires Politiques et Correspondance Diplomatique</a>, édit. Albert Blanc, Paris, 1859.</li></ul> <dl><dt>English translations</dt></dl> <ul><li>Memoir on the Union of Savoy and Switzerland, 1795.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951002310742q">Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions</a>, 1847.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433043941719">The Pope: Considered in His Relations with the Church, Temporal Sovereignties, Separated Churches and the Cause of Civilization</a>, 1850.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.0114216086;seq=7;view=1up;num=i">Letters on the Spanish Inquisition</a>, 1838.</li> <li>In Menczer, Béla, 1962. Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848, University of Notre Dame Press. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/60/mode/2up">"Human and Divine Nomenclature"</a>, pp. 61–66.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/66/mode/2up">"War, Peace, and Social Order"</a>, pp. 66–69.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/68/mode/2up">"On Sophistry and Tyranny"</a>, pp. 69–71.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/72/mode/2up">"Russia and the Christian West"</a>, pp. 72–76.</li></ul></li> <li>Lively, Jack. ed. The Works of Joseph de Maistre, Macmillan, 1965 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805203042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805203042">978-0805203042</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lebrun" title="Richard Lebrun">Richard Lebrun</a>, ed. Works of Joseph de Maistre: <ul><li>The Pope, Howard Fertig, 1975 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1296620059" title="Special:BookSources/978-1296620059">978-1296620059</a>)</li> <li>St. Petersburg Dialogues, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773509825" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773509825">978-0773509825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a>, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1974 and Cambridge University Press, 1994 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773501829" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773501829">978-0773501829</a>)</li> <li>Against Rousseau: "On the State of Nature" and "On the Sovereignty of the People", McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773514157" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773514157">978-0773514157</a>)</li> <li>Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773517271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773517271">978-0773517271</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Blum, Christopher Olaf (editor and translator). Critics of the Enlightenment, ISI Books, 2004 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932236132" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932236132">978-1932236132</a>) <ul><li>1798, "Reflections on Protestantism in its Relations to Sovereignty", pp. 133–56.</li> <li>1819, "On the Pope", pp. 157–96.</li></ul></li> <li>Lively, Jack. ed. The Generative Principle of Political Constitutions: Studies on Sovereignty, Religion, and Enlightenment, Transaction Publishers, 2011 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412842655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412842655">978-1412842655</a>)</li> <li>In Blum, Christopher O., editor and translator. Critics of the Enlightenment, Cluny Media, 2020 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1952826160" title="Special:BookSources/978-1952826160">978-1952826160</a>) <ul><li>1797, "<a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a>" (excerpt of first two sections), pp. 75–90.</li> <li>1819, "On the Pope", pp. 91–100.</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Ambroise_de_Bonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald">Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">Conservatism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Maistre is traditionally pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛstʁ]</a> (i.e. sounding the "s" and rhyming with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bourgmestre" class="extiw" title="wikt:bourgmestre">bourgmestre</a>); that is how it is usually heard at university and in historical movies (as in <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Guitry" title="Sacha Guitry">Sacha Guitry</a>'s 1948 film <a href="/wiki/Le_Diable_boiteux_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Diable boiteux (film)">Le Diable Boiteux</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Diable_Boiteux_(film)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Diable Boiteux (film)">fr</a>]). The pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛːtʁ]</a> (rhymes with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ma%C3%AEtre" class="extiw" title="wikt:maître">maître</a>) is sometimes heard under the influence of the modernized pronunciation, adopted by some descendants (such as Patrice de Maistre) </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (September 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> John Powell, Derek W. Blakeley, Tessa Powell. Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1914. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. P267. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosengarten2012" class="citation book cs1">Rosengarten, Frank (2012). Giacomo Leopardi's Search For A Common Life Through Poetry. A Different Nobility, A Different Love. <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611475067" title="Special:BookSources/9781611475067"><bdi>9781611475067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giacomo+Leopardi%27s+Search+For+A+Common+Life+Through+Poetry.+A+Different+Nobility%2C+A+Different+Love&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781611475067&rft.aulast=Rosengarten&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-de-Maistre">"Joseph de Maistre"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+de+Maistre&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJoseph-de-Maistre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Beum, Robert (1997). "Ultra-Royalism Revisited," Modern Age, Vol. 39, No. 3, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dublinreview33londuoft#page/418/mode/2up">"Joseph de Maistre,"</a> The Dublin Review, Vol. XXXIII, 1852. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The issue of Maistre's national identity has long been contentious. In 1802, after the invasion of Savoy and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, Maistre had fled to <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, the ancient capital of Kingdom of Sardinia that resisted the French invasion; he wrote to the French ambassador in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, objecting to having been classified as a French <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigré</a> and thus subject to confiscation of his properties and punishment should he attempt to return to Savoy. According to the biographical notice written by his son Rodolphe and included in the Complete Works, on that occasion Maistre wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"He had not been born French, and did not desire to become French, and that, never having set foot in the lands conquered by France, he could not have become French."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Œuvres complètes de Joseph de Maistre, Lyon, 1884, vol. I, p. XVIII.</cite></div></blockquote> Sources such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358824/Joseph-de-Maistre">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09554a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> identify Maistre as French by culture, if not by law. In 1860, Albert Blanc, professor of law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>, in his preface to a collection of Maistre's diplomatic correspondence wrote that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"this philosopher [Maistre] was a politician; this Catholic was an Italian; he foretold the destiny of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, he supported the end of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian rule</a> [of northern Italy], he has been, during this century, one of the first defenders of [Italian] independence."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Correspondance diplomatique de Joseph de Maistre, Paris, 1860, vol. I, pp. III-IV.</cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Masseau, Didier (2000). Les Ennemis des Philosophes. Editions Albin Michel. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Alibert, Jacques (1992). Joseph de Maistre, Etat et Religion. Paris: Perrin. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Lebrun, Richard (1989). "The Satanic Revolution: Joseph de Maistre's Religious Judgment of the French Revolution", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Vol. 16, pp. 234–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Garrard, Graeme (1996). "Joseph de Maistre's Civilization and its Discontents", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 429–446. </li> <li id="cite_note-berlin-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berlin_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berlin_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berlin_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berlin_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2005" class="citation web cs1">Berlin, Isaiah (24 November 2005) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/lists/nachlass/maistre.pdf">"The Second Onslaught: Joseph de Maistre and Open Obscurantism"</a> (PDF). Two Enemies of the Enlightenment. <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford" title="Wolfson College, Oxford">Wolfson College, Oxford</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Two+Enemies+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.atitle=The+Second+Onslaught%3A+Joseph+de+Maistre+and+Open+Obscurantism&rft.date=2005-11-24&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk%2Flists%2Fnachlass%2Fmaistre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geneanet-13"><a href="#cite_ref-geneanet_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112014623/http://gw.geneanet.org/stefanofrancobora?lang=en&pz=claudio&nz=franco+bora&ocz=0&p=joseph&n=maystre+de+maistre+aspremont">"Etude Culturelle - Recherches Historiques"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gw.geneanet.org/stefanofrancobora?lang=en&pz=claudio&nz=franco+bora&ocz=0&p=joseph&n=maystre+de+maistre+aspremont">the original</a> on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etude+Culturelle+-+Recherches+Historiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgw.geneanet.org%2Fstefanofrancobora%3Flang%3Den%26pz%3Dclaudio%26nz%3Dfranco%2Bbora%26ocz%3D0%26p%3Djoseph%26n%3Dmaystre%2Bde%2Bmaistre%2Baspremont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geneanet.com-14"><a href="#cite_ref-geneanet.com_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112014626/http://gw.geneanet.org/stefanofrancobora?lang=en&pz=claudio&nz=franco+bora&ocz=0&p=andrea&n=maystre+de+maistre+aspremont">"Etude Culturelle - Recherches Historiques"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gw.geneanet.org/stefanofrancobora?lang=en&pz=claudio&nz=franco+bora&ocz=0&p=andrea&n=maystre+de+maistre+aspremont">the original</a> on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etude+Culturelle+-+Recherches+Historiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgw.geneanet.org%2Fstefanofrancobora%3Flang%3Den%26pz%3Dclaudio%26nz%3Dfranco%2Bbora%26ocz%3D0%26p%3Dandrea%26n%3Dmaystre%2Bde%2Bmaistre%2Baspremont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-triomphe-15"><a href="#cite_ref-triomphe_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriomphe1968" class="citation book cs1">Triomphe, Robert (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephdemaistree0000trio">Joseph de Maistre</a>. Genève: Droz. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephdemaistree0000trio/page/39">39</a>–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+de+Maistre&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=Droz&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Triomphe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephdemaistree0000trio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> Preview available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkrcFHJB5cQC&pg">here</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cath-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cath_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cath_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cath_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Joseph-Marie,_Comte_de_Maistre">"Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph-Marie%2C+Comte+de+Maistre&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xav-17"><a href="#cite_ref-xav_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Xavier_de_Maistre">"Xavier de Maistre" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xavier+de+Maistre&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1949" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, John C (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1404500.">"The Political Thought of Joseph De Maistre"</a>. The Review of Politics. 11 (1): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500044685">10.1017/S0034670500044685</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404500">1404500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Joseph+De+Maistre&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500044685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404500.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Vulliaud, Paul (1926). Joseph de Maistre Franc-maçon. Paris: Nourry. </li> <li id="cite_note-lebrun-20"><a href="#cite_ref-lebrun_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun" class="citation web cs1">Lebrun, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110325225956/http://www.maistre.polthought.cam.ac.uk/maistrebio.html">"A Brief Biography of Joseph de Maistre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maistre.polthought.cam.ac.uk/maistrebio.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Biography+of+Joseph+de+Maistre&rft.pub=University+of+Manitoba&rft.aulast=Lebrun&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maistre.polthought.cam.ac.uk%2Fmaistrebio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Greifer, Elisha (1961). "Joseph de Maistre and the Reaction Against the Eighteenth Century," The American Political Science Review, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 591–598. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Bordeaux, Henri (1895). "Joseph de Maistre à Genève et à Lausanne". In: Semaine Littéraire, II, pp. 478–480. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Ferret, Olivier (2007). La Fureur de Nuire: Échanges Pamphlétaires entre Philosophes et Antiphilosophes, 1750-1770. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Teeling, T.T. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic20philuoft#page/806/mode/2up">"Joseph de Maistre,"</a> The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XX, p. 824. </li> <li id="cite_note-HCaR-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCaR_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCaR_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lebrun" title="Richard Lebrun">Lebrun, Richard</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107035631/http://umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1967/Lebrun.pdf">"Joseph de Maistre, how Catholic a Reaction?"</a> (PDF). CCHA Study Sessions. 34: 29–45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1967/Lebrun.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CCHA+Study+Sessions&rft.atitle=Joseph+de+Maistre%2C+how+Catholic+a+Reaction%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=29-45&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Lebrun&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumanitoba.ca%2Fcolleges%2Fst_pauls%2Fccha%2FBack%2520Issues%2FCCHA1967%2FLebrun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sénart-26"><a href="#cite_ref-S%C3%A9nart_26-0">^</a> Quoted by Philippe Sénart in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDaH4ll41oC&pg=PA646">"Maistre et Tocqueville"</a>, Joseph de Maistre. Les Dossiers H, (Lausanne: Editions L'Age d'Homme, 2005), p. 646. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2825118710" title="Special:BookSources/2825118710">2825118710</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Barth, Hans (1956). "Auguste Comte et Joseph de Maistre". In: Etudes Suisses de l'Histoire Générale, XIV, pp. 103–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy-Bruhl-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy-Bruhl_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy-Bruhl_28-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucien_L%C3%A9vy-Bruhl" title="Lucien Lévy-Bruhl">Lucien Lévy-Bruhl</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophyaugus00harrgoog#page/n7/mode/2up">The Philosophy of Auguste Comte</a>. New York: Putnam and Sons, pp. 297-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pickering-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pickering_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickering_29-1">b</a> Pickering, Mary (1993). Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261–8 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052143405X" title="Special:BookSources/052143405X">052143405X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1949" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, John C (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1404500.">"The Political Thought of Joseph De Maistre"</a>. The Review of Politics. 11 (1): 75, 78-79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500044685">10.1017/S0034670500044685</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404500">1404500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Joseph+De+Maistre&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75%2C+78-79&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500044685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404500.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Murray, John C. (1949). "The Political Thought of Joseph de Maistre," The Review of Politics, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 63–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Bradley, Owen (1999). A Modern Maistre: The Social and Political Thought of Joseph de Maistre. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Lebrun, Richard A. (1969). "Joseph de Maistre, Cassandra of Science," French Historical Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 214–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Kochin, Michael S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/~kochin/maislawsfinal.pdf">"How Joseph De Maistre Read Plato's Laws,"</a> Polis, Vol. 19, Nos. 1–2, pp. 29–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Huet, François (1837). "Le Chancelier Bacon et le Comte Joseph de Maistre." In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015073711635">Nouvelles Archives Historiques, Philosophiques et Littéraires.</a> Gand: C. Annoot-Braekman, vol. I, pp. 65–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Gourmont, Rémy de (1905). "François Bacon et Joseph de Maistre." In: Promenades Philosophiques. Paris: Mercure de France, pp. 7–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberalism_and_Tradition_worldcat.org-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liberalism_and_Tradition_worldcat.org_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberalism_and_Tradition_worldcat.org_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2010" class="citation book cs1">Reardon, Bernard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/502414345">Liberalism and Tradition</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14305-9"><bdi>978-0-521-14305-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/502414345">502414345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+Tradition&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F502414345&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14305-9&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F502414345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2020" class="citation book cs1">Fawcett, Edmund (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691207773">Conservatism : The Fight for a Tradition</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691207773">10.1515/9780691207773</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20777-3"><bdi>978-0-691-20777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+%3A+The+Fight+for+a+Tradition&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691207773&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20777-3&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9780691207773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Fuchs, Michel (1984). "Edmund Burke et Joseph de Maistre", Revue de l'Université d'Ottawa, Vol. 54, pp. 49–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Tarrago, Rafael E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicsocialscientists.org/cssr/Archival/1999/1999_167.pdf">"Two Catholic Conservatives: The Ideas of Joseph de Maistre and Juan Donoso Cortes,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141013164745/http://www.catholicsocialscientists.org/cssr/Archival/1999/1999_167.pdf">Archived</a> 13 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Catholic Social Science Review, Vol. 4, pp. 167–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Spektorowski, Alberto (2002). "Maistre, Donoso Cortes, and the Legacy of Catholic Authoritarianism," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 283–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Gerin-Ricard, Lazare de (1929). Les Idées Politiques de Joseph de Maistre et la Doctrine de Maurras. La Rochelle: Editions Rupella. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordin2016" class="citation book cs1">Nordin, Svante (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/985104734">Filosoferna : den moderna världens födelse och det västerlandska tänkandet</a>. Natur & Kultur. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-14699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-14699-0"><bdi>978-91-27-14699-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/985104734">985104734</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filosoferna+%3A+den+moderna+v%C3%A4rldens+f%C3%B6delse+och+det+v%C3%A4sterlandska+t%C3%A4nkandet&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F985104734&rft.isbn=978-91-27-14699-0&rft.aulast=Nordin&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F985104734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armenteros-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Armenteros_44-0">^</a> Armenteros, Carolina (2011). The French Idea of History: Joseph de Maistre and his Heirs, 1794-1854. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4943-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4943-X">0-8014-4943-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Émile Faguet, Politiques et Moralistes du Dix-neuvieme Siècle, 1st series, Paris: Société Française d'Imprimerie et de Librairie, 1899. Cited in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaistreIsaiah_Berlin1994" class="citation book cs1">Maistre, Joseph de; Isaiah Berlin (1994). "Introduction". Considerations on France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46628-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46628-8"><bdi>0-521-46628-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Considerations+on+France&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-46628-8&rft.aulast=Maistre&rft.aufirst=Joseph+de&rft.au=Isaiah+Berlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaiah1965" class="citation speech cs1">Isaiah, Berlin (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/lists/nachlass/maistre.pdf">The Second Onslaught: Joseph de Maistre and Open Obscurantism</a> (PDF) (Speech). Harkness Theater, Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Onslaught%3A+Joseph+de+Maistre+and+Open+Obscurantism&rft.place=Harkness+Theater%2C+Columbia+University&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Isaiah&rft.aufirst=Berlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk%2Flists%2Fnachlass%2Fmaistre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Stanley G.Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. p. 214. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299148742" title="Special:BookSources/0299148742">0299148742</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Arnold, Matthew (1973). "Joseph de Maistre on Russia." In: English Literature and Irish Politics. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Saintsbury, George (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433043675325;view=1up;seq=5">A Short History of French Literature.</a> Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1949" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, John C (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1404500.">"The Political Thought of Joseph De Maistre"</a>. The Review of Politics. 11 (1): 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500044685">10.1017/S0034670500044685</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404500">1404500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Joseph+De+Maistre&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500044685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404500.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lamartine1874" class="citation book cs1">de Lamartine, Alphonse (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/souvenirsetportr01lama#page/n5/mode/2up">"Les De Maistre"</a>. Souvenirs et Portraits. Vol. 1. Paris: Hachette et Cie. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+De+Maistre&rft.btitle=Souvenirs+et+Portraits&rft.place=Paris%3A+Hachette+et+Cie.&rft.pages=189&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=de+Lamartine&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsouvenirsetportr01lama%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmenteros2010" class="citation book cs1">Armenteros, Carolina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/845004043">The New Enfant du Siècle : Joseph de Maistre as a Writer</a>. Centre for French History and Culture of the University of St. Andrews. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907548-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907548-00-0"><bdi>978-1-907548-00-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/845004043">845004043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Enfant+du+Si%C3%A8cle+%3A+Joseph+de+Maistre+as+a+Writer&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Centre+for+French+History+and+Culture+of+the+University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F845004043&rft.isbn=978-1-907548-00-0&rft.aulast=Armenteros&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F845004043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun1974" class="citation book cs1">Lebrun, Richard A. (1974). "Introduction". In de Maistre, Joseph (ed.). Considerations on France. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Considerations+on+France&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Lebrun&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943" class="citation book cs1">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/733805752">The Menace of the Herd; or, Procrustes at Large</a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733805752">733805752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Menace+of+the+Herd%3B+or%2C+Procrustes+at+Large&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733805752&rft.aulast=von+Kuehnelt-Leddihn&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F733805752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A.1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard A., Lebrun (1998). "Introduction". In de Maistre, Joseph (ed.). An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon. McGill's Queen's University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1727-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1727-8"><bdi>0-7735-1727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=An+Examination+of+the+Philosophy+of+Bacon&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=McGill%27s+Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7735-1727-8&rft.aulast=Richard+A.&rft.aufirst=Lebrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2009" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Isaiah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139170758.006">"Considerations on France"</a>. In de Maistre, Joseph (ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xxxiii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139170758.006">10.1017/cbo9781139170758.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139170758" title="Special:BookSources/9781139170758"><bdi>9781139170758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Considerations+on+France&rft.pages=xxxiii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139170758.006&rft.isbn=9781139170758&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139170758.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1996" class="citation book cs1">Day, Aidan (1996). Romanticism. Routledge. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08378-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08378-8"><bdi>0-415-08378-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanticism&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-08378-8&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Alphonsus, Mère Mary (1942). The Influence of Joseph de Maistre on Baudelaire. "De Maistre et Edgar Poe m'ont appris à Raisonner" (journaux intimes). Bryn Mawr: Bryn Mawr College doctoral thesis. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Eygun, Francois-Xavier (1990). "Influence de Joseph de Maistre sur les "Fleurs du Mal" de Baudelaire", Revue des Etudes Maistriennes, Vol. 11, pp. 139–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> "De Maistre and Edgar Poe taught me to reason." – Baudelaire, Charles (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/baudelairehispro00baud">Intimate Papers from the Unpublished Works of Baudelaire. Baudelaire – His Prose and Poetry.</a> New York: The Modern Library, p. 245. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Armenteros, Carolina (2007). "From Human Nature to Normal Humanity: Joseph de Maistre, Rousseau, and the Origins of Moral Statistics," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 107–30.</li> <li>Armenteros, Carolina (2007). "Parabolas and the Fate of Nations: Early Conservative Historicism in Joseph de Maistre's De la Souveraineté du Peuple," History of Political Thought, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 230–52.</li> <li>Armenteros, Carolina et al.. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/847/1/The%20New%20Enfant%20du%20Siecle%20%28ed%20Armenteros%20and%20Lebrun%29.pdf">The New Enfant du Siècle: Joseph de Maistre as a Writer</a>, St. Andrews Studies in French History and Culture.</li> <li>Armenteros, Carolina (2011). The French Idea of History: Joseph de Maistre and his Heirs, 1794–1854. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4943-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4943-X">0-8014-4943-X</a></li> <li>Armenteros, Carolina and Richard Lebrun (2011). Joseph de Maistre and his European Readers: From Friedrich von Gentz to Isaiah Berlin. Leiden and Boston: Brill.</li> <li>Armenteros, Carolina and Richard Lebrun (2011). Joseph de Maistre and the Legacy of Enlightenment. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation.</li> <li>Austern, Donald M. (1974). The Political Theories of Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre as Representative of the Schools of Conservative Libertarianism and Conservative Authoritarianism. Amherst: Boston College Doctoral Thesis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey D'Aurevilly, Jules</a> (1889). "Joseph de Maistre". In: Les Prophètes du Passé. Paris: Calmann Lévy, pp. 50–69.</li> <li>Barthelet, Philippe (2005). Joseph de Maistre: Les Dossiers H. Geneva: L'Age d'Homme.</li> <li>Blamires, Cyprian P. (1985). Three Critiques of the French Revolution: Maistre, Bonald and Saint-Simon. Oxford: Oxford University Doctoral Thesis.</li> <li>Bradley, Owen (1999). A Modern Maistre: The Social and Political Thought of Joseph de Maistre. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Brandes, Georg</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.49015002169929;view=1up;seq=99">"Joseph de Maistre."</a> In: Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. 3. The Reaction in France. New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 87–112</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2007" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Patrick (2007). State of Emergency. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37436-5"><bdi>978-0-312-37436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Emergency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37436-5&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Camcastle, Cara (2005). The More Moderate Side of Joseph de Maistre. Ottawa: McGill-Queen's University Press.</li> <li>Caponigri, A.R. (1942). Some Aspects of the Philosophy of Joseph de Maistre. PhD Thesis, University of Chicago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce, Benedetto</a> (1922). "Il Duca di Serra-Capriola e Giuseppe de Maistre". In: Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, Vol. XLVII, pp. 313–335.</li> <li>Edwards, David W. (1977). "Count Joseph de Maistre and Russian Educational Policy, 1803-1828", Slavic Review, Vol. 36, pp. 54–75.</li> <li>Eichrodt, Joan B. (1968). Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality, and Joseph de Maistre. New York: Columbia University Master's Thesis.</li> <li>Faust, A.J. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74886772;seq=33;view=1up;num=17">"Count Joseph de Maistre,"</a> The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. VII, pp. 17–41.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fisichella" title="Domenico Fisichella">Fisichella, Domenico</a> (1963). Giusnaturalismo e Teoria della Sovranità in Joseph de Maistre. Messina: Firenze (Rep. in Politica e Mutamento Sociale. Lungro di Cosenza: Costantino Marco Editore, 2002, pp. 191–243 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85350-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-85350-97-6">88-85350-97-6</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fisichella" title="Domenico Fisichella">Fisichella, Domenico</a> (1993). Il Pensiero Politico di Joseph de Maistre. Roma-Bari: Laterza <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-4157-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-4157-2">88-420-4157-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fisichella" title="Domenico Fisichella">Fisichella, Domenico</a> (2005). Joseph de Maistre, Pensatore Europeo. Roma-Bari: Laterza <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-7598-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-7598-1">88-420-7598-1</a>.</li> <li>Garrard, Graeme (1995). Maistre, Judge of Jean-Jacques. An Examination of the Relationship between Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Joseph de Maistre, and the French Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford University Doctoral Thesis.</li> <li>Garrard, Graeme (1996). "Joseph de Maistre's Civilization and Its Discontents," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 429–46.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhervas2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghervas, Stella (2008). Réinventer la Tradition: Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance. Paris: Honoré Champion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1669-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1669-1"><bdi>978-2-7453-1669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9inventer+la+Tradition%3A+Alexandre+Stourdza+et+l%27Europe+de+la+Sainte-Alliance&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7453-1669-1&rft.aulast=Ghervas&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gianturco, Elio (1937). Joseph de Maistre and Giambattista Vico (Italian Roots of the Maistre's Political Culture). New York: Columbia University.</li> <li>Gianturco, Elio (1936). "Juridical Culture and Politico-historical Judgement in Joseph de Maistre", Roman Revue, Vol. 27, pp. 254–262.</li> <li>Glaudes, Pierre (1997). Joseph de Maistre et Les figures de l'Histoire: Trois Essais sur un Précurseur du Romantisme Français. In: Cahiers Romantiques. Saint Genouph: Librairie Nizet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Godechot" title="Jacques Godechot">Godechot, Jacques</a> (1982). The Counter-Revolution, Princeton University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun1988" class="citation book cs1">Lebrun, Richard A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephdemaistrei0000lebr">Joseph de Maistre: An Intellectual Militant</a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0645-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0645-4"><bdi>0-7735-0645-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+de+Maistre%3A+An+Intellectual+Militant&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7735-0645-4&rft.aulast=Lebrun&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephdemaistrei0000lebr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lebrun, Richard A. (ed., 1988). Maistre Studies, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.</li> <li>Lebrun, Richard A. (2001). Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought and Influence: Selected Studies. Ottawa: McGill-Queen's University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard1976" class="citation book cs1">Lombard, Charles (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephdemaistre0000lomb">Joseph de Maistre</a>. Boston: Twayne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-6247-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-6247-7"><bdi>0-8057-6247-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+de+Maistre&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8057-6247-7&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephdemaistre0000lomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Legittimo, Gianfranco (1963). Sociologi Cattolici Italiani: De Maistre, Taparelli, Toniolo. Roma: Il Quadrato.</li> <li>Maistre, Rodolphe de, Hexis d'un soir ou de la prénotion d'un retour de l'Esprit dans la science, La Compagnie Littéraire, 2016, 154p. [1] (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87683-566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87683-566-5">978-2-87683-566-5</a>)</li> <li>Mandoul, Jean (1900). Un Homme d'État Italien: Joseph de Maistre et la Politique de la Maison de Savoie. Paris: Alcan.</li> <li>Mazlish, Bruce (1955). Burke, Bonald and de Maistre. A Study in Conservatism. New York: Columbia University Doctoral Thesis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrin_McMahon" title="Darrin McMahon">McMahon, Darrin M.</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_Enlightenment" title="Enemies of the Enlightenment">Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity</a>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Menczer, Béla (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/58/mode/2up">"Joseph de Maistre."</a> In: Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848. University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 59–61.</li> <li>Monteton, Charles Philippe Dijon de (2007). Die Entzauberung des Gesellschaftsvertrags. Ein Vergleich der Anti-Sozial-Kontrakts-Theorien von Carl Ludwig von Haller und Joseph Graf de Maistre im Kontext der politischen Ideengeschichte. Frankfurt am Main et al. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-55538-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-55538-5">978-3-631-55538-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn">Morley, John</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/criticalmiscella02morliala#page/256/mode/2up">"Joseph de Maistre."</a> In: Critical Miscellanies. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 257–338.</li> <li>Muret, Charlotte Touzalin (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002441999;view=1up;seq=9">French Royalist Doctrines since the Revolution.</a> New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Pranchère, Jean-Yves (1992). Qu'est-ce que la Royauté? Joseph de Maistre. Paris: Vrin.</li> <li>Pranchère, Jean-Yves (2005). L'Autorité contre les Lumières: la Philosophie de Joseph de Maistre. Geneva: Droz.</li> <li>Sacré-Cœur Mercier, Lucille du (1953). The Historical Thought of the Comte Joseph de Maistre. Washington: Catholic University of America Thesis.</li> <li>Siedentop, Larry Alan (1966). The Limits of Enlightenment. A Study of Conservative Political Thought in Early Nineteenth-Century France with Special Reference to Maine de Biran and Joseph de Maistre. Oxford: Oxford University Doctoral Thesis.</li> <li>Thorup, Mikkel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8283177/A_World_Without_Substance._Carl_Schmitt_and_the_Counter-Enlightenment">"'A World Without Substance': Carl Schmitt and the Counter-Enlightenment,"</a> Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 19–39.</li> <li>Thurston, Benjamin (2001). Joseph de Maistre. Logos and Logomachy. Oxford: Brasenose College-Oxford University Doctoral Thesis.</li> <li>Vermale, François (1921), Notes sur Joseph de Maistre Inconnu. Chambéry: Perrin, M. Dardel Successeur.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Joseph-Marie,_Comte_de_Maistre" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre">Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre</a>". <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph-Marie%2C+Comte+de+Maistre&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Joseph_de_Maistre" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joseph_de_Maistre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPignatelli2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pignatelli, Giuseppe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/joseph-de-maistre_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"MAISTRE, Joseph de"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a>, Volume 67: Macchi–Malaspina (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MAISTRE%2C+Joseph+de&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%2C+Volume+67%3A+Macchi%E2%80%93Malaspina&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rft.aulast=Pignatelli&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fjoseph-de-maistre_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Maistre%2C%20J%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20de%20Maistre%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20Maistre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20de%20Maistre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20de%20Maistre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maistre%2C%20J%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maistre%2C%20J%2E%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20Maistre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20de%20Maistre%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20Maistre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20de%20Maistre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20d%2E%20Maistre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%20de%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20Maistre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Maistre%2C%20Joseph%22%29%20OR%20%28%221753-1821%22%20AND%20Maistre%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Joseph de Maistre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search?q=who%3A%28Joseph+de+Maistre%29">Works by Joseph de Maistre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Maistre,%20Joseph%20Marie,%20comte%20de,%201753-1821.%22&type=author&inst=">Works by Joseph de Maistre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hathi_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathi Trust">Hathi Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110325043936/http://www.maistre.polthought.cam.ac.uk/">The Joseph de Maistre Homepage</a> at the University of Cambridge</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030812162858/http://maistre.ath.cx:8000/">Works of Joseph de Maistre in English Translation</a></li> <li>Britannica Com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358824/Joseph-de-Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintsbury1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maistre,_Joseph_de">"Maistre, Joseph de" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 445–446.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maistre%2C+Joseph+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=445-446&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Saintsbury&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+de+Maistre" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Super-Enlightenment: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612042916/http://collections.stanford.edu/supere/page.action">Joseph de Maistre</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/17px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/17px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="17" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/26px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/34px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books</a></li></ul></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&oldid=1259237102">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&oldid=1259237102</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 03:08 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جوزيف دي مايستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف دي مايستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A8f_de_M%C3%AAtre" title="Josèf de Mêtre – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Josèf de Mêtre" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жозеф дьо Местр – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жозеф дьо Местр" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%86_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81" title="Ζοζέφ ντε Μαιστρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζοζέφ ντε Μαιστρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژوزف دو مستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوزف دو مستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84_%EB%93%9C_%EB%A9%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4" title="조제프 드 메스트르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조제프 드 메스트르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Ժոզեֆ դը Մեստր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժոզեֆ դը Մեստր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="ז'וזף דה מסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'וזף דה מסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჟოზეფ დე მესტრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟოზეფ დე მესტრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Maria_de_Maistre" title="Iosephus Maria de Maistre – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Maria de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="چوزيف دى مايستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوزيف دى مايستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژوزف دو مستر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژوزف دو مستر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="ジョゼフ・ド・メーストル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョゼフ・ド・メーストル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%DA%89%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="جوزف ډي ميسټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوزف ډي ميسټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Местр, Жозеф де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Местр, Жозеф де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Maria_de_Maistre" title="Joseph Maria de Maistre – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joseph Maria de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژۆزێف دو مێستر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژۆزێف دو مێستر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жозеф де Местр – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жозеф де Местр" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph de Maistre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Жозеф де Местр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жозеф де Местр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·德·迈斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约瑟夫·德·迈斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 03:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r5q8s","wgBackendResponseTime":256,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.517","walltime":"1.984","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12799,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":633604,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":146480,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":321117,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1434.592 1 -total"," 19.95% 286.168 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.88% 213.502 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 11.94% 171.334 5 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 11.62% 166.734 1 Template:Efn"," 10.72% 153.825 18 Template:Cite_book"," 10.55% 151.329 2 Template:IPA"," 9.46% 135.725 1 Template:Conservatism_in_France"," 7.42% 106.503 19 Template:ISBN"," 5.66% 81.156 8 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.797","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19184216,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-q4w4f","timestamp":"20241124030848","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Joseph de Maistre","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_de_Maistre","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q309854","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q309854","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-20T01:57:25Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T03:08:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b1\/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg","headline":"Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, and diplomat (1753-1821)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>