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edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Venezia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Venezia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venezia (disambiguation)">Venezia (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venice (disambiguation)">Venice (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Venice (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɛnɪs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VEN-iss</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Venezia <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[veˈnɛttsja]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/It-Venezia.ogg\/It-Venezia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Venezia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/It-Venezia.ogg/It-Venezia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-Venezia.ogg" title="File:It-Venezia.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>: Venesia <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[veˈnɛsja]</a>, formerly Venexia <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[veˈnɛzja]</a>) is a city in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">region</a>. It is built on a group of 126 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are linked by 472 bridges.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The islands are in the shallow <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a>, an enclosed bay lying between the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Piave_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Piave River">Piave</a> rivers (more exactly between the <a href="/wiki/Brenta_(river)" title="Brenta (river)">Brenta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sile_(river)" title="Sile (river)">Sile</a>). In 2020, around 258,685 people resided in greater Venice or the <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a> di Venezia, of whom around 51,000 live in the historical island city of Venice (centro storico) and the rest on the mainland (terraferma). Together with the cities of <a href="/wiki/Padua,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Padua, Italy">Padua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treviso,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Treviso, Italy">Treviso</a>, Venice is included in the <a href="/wiki/Padua-Treviso-Venice_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area">Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area</a> (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Venice</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="it">Venezia (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) Venesia (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Comune di Venezia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_della_Salute_(50428075772).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_%2850428075772%29.jpg/278px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_%2850428075772%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_%2850428075772%29.jpg/417px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_%2850428075772%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_%2850428075772%29.jpg/556px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_%2850428075772%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_Sighs_sea_facade_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bridge_of_Sighs_sea_facade_Venice.jpg/101px-Bridge_of_Sighs_sea_facade_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bridge_of_Sighs_sea_facade_Venice.jpg/152px-Bridge_of_Sighs_sea_facade_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bridge_of_Sighs_sea_facade_Venice.jpg/202px-Bridge_of_Sighs_sea_facade_Venice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Sighs" title="Bridge of Sighs">Bridge of Sighs</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%27_Giustinian_%2B_Ca%27_Foscari_Venedig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ca%27_Giustinian_%2B_Ca%27_Foscari_Venedig.jpg/114px-Ca%27_Giustinian_%2B_Ca%27_Foscari_Venedig.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ca%27_Giustinian_%2B_Ca%27_Foscari_Venedig.jpg/171px-Ca%27_Giustinian_%2B_Ca%27_Foscari_Venedig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ca%27_Giustinian_%2B_Ca%27_Foscari_Venedig.jpg/228px-Ca%27_Giustinian_%2B_Ca%27_Foscari_Venedig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="2740"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Foscari" title="Ca' Foscari">Ca' Foscari</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:57px;max-width:57px"><div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Venezia_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_3.jpg/55px-Venezia_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Venezia_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_3.jpg/83px-Venezia_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Venezia_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_3.jpg/110px-Venezia_Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="4201"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Salute" title="Santa Maria della Salute">Salute</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Campanile_of_St_Mark%27s_Basilica_Aug_2020_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Campanile_of_St_Mark%27s_Basilica_Aug_2020_8.jpg/137px-Campanile_of_St_Mark%27s_Basilica_Aug_2020_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Campanile_of_St_Mark%27s_Basilica_Aug_2020_8.jpg/206px-Campanile_of_St_Mark%27s_Basilica_Aug_2020_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Campanile_of_St_Mark%27s_Basilica_Aug_2020_8.jpg/274px-Campanile_of_St_Mark%27s_Basilica_Aug_2020_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Campanile" title="St Mark's Campanile">St Mark's Campanile</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Doge%27s_Palace_(Venice)_at_night_2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Doge%27s_Palace_%28Venice%29_at_night_2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg/137px-Doge%27s_Palace_%28Venice%29_at_night_2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Doge%27s_Palace_%28Venice%29_at_night_2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg/206px-Doge%27s_Palace_%28Venice%29_at_night_2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Doge%27s_Palace_%28Venice%29_at_night_2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg/274px-Doge%27s_Palace_%28Venice%29_at_night_2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5275" data-file-height="3517"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace" title="Doge's Palace">Doge's Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Venice"><img alt="Flag of Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Venice.svg/100px-Flag_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Venice.svg/150px-Flag_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Venice.svg/200px-Flag_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Venice">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Venice"><img alt="Coat of arms of Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Venezia-Stemma.svg/65px-Venezia-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Venezia-Stemma.svg/97px-Venezia-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Venezia-Stemma.svg/129px-Venezia-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="1120"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Venice</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays='["_4f4e579e40f9c610e7895d337e60cc356632434f"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Venice&revid=1259082577&groups=_4f4e579e40f9c610e7895d337e60cc356632434f" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Venice&revid=1259082577&groups=_4f4e579e40f9c610e7895d337e60cc356632434f 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venice is located in Italy"><img alt="Venice is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.219%;left:47.936%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Venice</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Venice in Veneto</div>Show map of Italy</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Veneto_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venice is located in Veneto"><img alt="Venice is located in Veneto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Italy_Veneto_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Veneto_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Italy_Veneto_location_map.svg/375px-Italy_Veneto_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Italy_Veneto_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Veneto_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="710"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.93%;left:68.851%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Venice</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Venice (Veneto)</div>Show map of Veneto</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venice&params=45_26_15_N_12_20_9_E_region:IT-34_type:city(260000)">45°26′15″N 12°20′9″E / 45.43750°N 12.33583°E / 45.43750; 12.33583</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Venice" title="Metropolitan City of Venice">Venice</a> (VE)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazioni</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chirignago, <a href="/wiki/Favaro_Veneto" title="Favaro Veneto">Favaro Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestre" title="Mestre">Mestre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marghera" title="Marghera">Marghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burano" title="Burano">Burano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giudecca" title="Giudecca">Giudecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido</a>, Zelarino</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Brugnaro" title="Luigi Brugnaro">Luigi Brugnaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Courage_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Courage Italy">CI</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">414.57 km2 (160.07 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 m (3 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">258,685</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Veneziano Venetian (English)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">30100</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Italy" title="List of dialling codes in Italy">Dialing code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">041</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/027/027042">027042 </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">St. Mark the Evangelist</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Saint day</th><td class="infobox-data">25 April</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.venezia.it/">Official website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Venice and its Lagoon</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Canal_Grande_and_Ponte_di_Rialto,_Venice_-_September_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Panorama_of_Canal_Grande_and_Ponte_di_Rialto%2C_Venice_-_September_2017.jpg/275px-Panorama_of_Canal_Grande_and_Ponte_di_Rialto%2C_Venice_-_September_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Panorama_of_Canal_Grande_and_Ponte_di_Rialto%2C_Venice_-_September_2017.jpg/413px-Panorama_of_Canal_Grande_and_Ponte_di_Rialto%2C_Venice_-_September_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Panorama_of_Canal_Grande_and_Ponte_di_Rialto%2C_Venice_-_September_2017.jpg/550px-Panorama_of_Canal_Grande_and_Ponte_di_Rialto%2C_Venice_-_September_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5387" data-file-height="2394"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Venice in autumn, with the <a href="/wiki/Rialto_Bridge" title="Rialto Bridge">Rialto Bridge</a> in the background</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394">394</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 310px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold">Venice</div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 210px; width: 310px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="310" data-height="210" data-zoom="13" data-lat="45.438" data-lon="12.3285" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/45.438/12.3285/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,13,45.438,12.3285,310x210.png?lang=en" width="310" height="210" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,13,45.438,12.3285,310x210@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map"></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -50px; left: 0px; width: 310px; height: 310px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 98px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 192px; left: 297px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 192px; left: 200px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 166px; left: 248.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 165.875px; left: 294px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> 1km 0.6miles</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 77.693341588553px; left: 12.047694382656px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 76.693341588553px; left: 26.547694382656px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Tronchetto</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 76.193341588553px; left: 17.547694382656px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">12</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 78.193341588553px; left: 12.047694382656px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tronchetto" title="Tronchetto"><img alt="Tronchetto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 75.38422869748px; left: 104.65545416305px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 73.88422869748px; left: 110.15545416305px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Santa Lucia railway station</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 73.88422869748px; left: 110.15545416305px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">11</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 75.88422869748px; left: 104.65545416305px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_railway_station" title="Venezia Santa Lucia railway station"><img alt="Venezia Santa Lucia railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 101.82581060582px; left: 95.15077345547px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 100.82581060582px; left: 91.65077345547px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Santa Croce</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 100.32581060582px; left: 100.65077345547px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">10</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 102.32581060582px; left: 95.15077345547px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_(Venice)" title="Santa Croce (Venice)"><img alt="Santa Croce (Venice)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 157.34662790018px; left: 134.87741429603px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 156.34662790018px; left: 131.37741429603px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Dorsoduro</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 155.84662790018px; left: 140.37741429603px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">9</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 157.84662790018px; left: 134.87741429603px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsoduro" title="Dorsoduro"><img alt="Dorsoduro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 118.1718332201px; left: 266.48068563177px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 116.6718332201px; left: 271.98068563177px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Castello</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 116.6718332201px; left: 271.98068563177px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">8</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 118.6718332201px; left: 266.48068563177px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Castello,_Venice" title="Castello, Venice"><img alt="Castello, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 23.972270209732px; left: 257.70713420938px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 15.472270209732px; left: 254.20713420938px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Isola di San Michele</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 22.472270209732px; left: 263.20713420938px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">7</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 24.472270209732px; left: 257.70713420938px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Isola_di_San_Michele" title="Isola di San Michele"><img alt="Isola di San Michele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 32.309275718457px; left: 140.72644857761px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 31.309275718457px; left: 137.22644857761px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Cannaregio</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 30.809275718457px; left: 146.22644857761px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">6</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 32.809275718457px; left: 140.72644857761px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cannaregio" title="Cannaregio"><img alt="Cannaregio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 158.73852335228px; left: 184.26665976976px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 172.23852335228px; left: 175.76665976976px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Santa Maria della Salute</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 157.23852335228px; left: 189.76665976976px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">5</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 159.23852335228px; left: 184.26665976976px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Salute" title="Santa Maria della Salute"><img alt="Santa Maria della Salute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; left:212.37241952396px; top: 118.3750473061px; width: 36.854986461495px; height: 1px; background-color: transparent; outline-width: 0; border-bottom: 2px solid #008000; transform: rotate(-77.799531272619deg);"></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 131.8750473061px; left: 221.79991275471px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 99.8750473061px; left: 235.29991275471px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Bridge of Sighs</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 130.3750473061px; left: 227.29991275471px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">4</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 132.3750473061px; left: 221.79991275471px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Sighs" title="Bridge of Sighs"><img alt="Bridge of Sighs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 153.17925162248px; left: 193.36775711191px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 152.17925162248px; left: 207.86775711191px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Grand Canal</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 151.67925162248px; left: 198.86775711191px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">3</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 153.67925162248px; left: 193.36775711191px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)"><img alt="Grand Canal (Venice)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 133.26701812936px; left: 205.39337159485px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 121.76701812936px; left: 201.89337159485px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Piazza San Marco</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 131.76701812936px; left: 210.89337159485px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">2</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 133.76701812936px; left: 205.39337159485px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco" title="Piazza San Marco"><img alt="Piazza San Marco St Mark's Basilica St Mark's Campanile Horses of Saint Mark Doge's Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 99px; left: 193.36775711191px; width: 12px; height: 12px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #008000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 92px; left: 189.86775711191px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Rialto Bridge</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 97.5px; left: 198.86775711191px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">1</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 99.5px; left: 193.36775711191px; width: 12px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Rialto_Bridge" title="Rialto Bridge"><img alt="Rialto Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 274px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/14/45.438/12.3285/en" data-zoom="14" data-lat="45.438" data-lon="12.3285" data-overlays='["_1a91a604b61e36dbd8d1200f88007c39f93d0a6e"]'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </a></div></div></div></div></div> The name is derived from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a> people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The city was historically the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> for almost a millennium, from 810 to 1797. It was a major financial and maritime power during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">staging area</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a>, as well as an important centre of commerce—especially silk, grain, and <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice</a>, and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th. The <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial centre, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> For centuries Venice possessed numerous territories along the Adriatic Sea and within the Italian <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>, leaving a significant impact on the architecture and culture that can still be seen today.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Arsenal" title="Venetian Arsenal">Venetian Arsenal</a> is considered by several historians to be the first factory in history, and was the base of Venice's naval power.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797, at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. Subsequently, in 1866, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Venice has been known as "La Dominante", "La Serenissima", "Queen of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". The lagoon and the historic parts of the city within the lagoon were inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1987, covering an area of 70,176.4 hectares (173,410 acres).<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Venice-13">[13]</a> Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and artwork.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Venice-13">[13]</a> Venice is known for several important artistic movements – especially during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> – and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music; it is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> composers <a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the 21st century, Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has often been ranked one of the most beautiful cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> It has been described by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> as one of Europe's most romantic cities<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> However, the city faces challenges including an excessive number of tourists, pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings.<a href="#cite_note-NatgeoWorrall201610-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianBuckley201611-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In light of the fact that Venice and its lagoon are under constant threat in terms of their ecology and cultural heritage, Venice's UNESCO listing has been under constant examination.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins">1.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Expansion">1.2 Expansion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Decline">1.3 Decline</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_age">1.4 Modern age</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Subsidence">2.1 Subsidence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Building_foundations">2.1.1 Building foundations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Flooding">2.1.2 Flooding</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">2.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Government">4 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Local_and_regional_government">4.1 Local and regional government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sestieri">4.2 Sestieri</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Tourism">5.1 Tourism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Diverting_cruise_ships">5.1.1 Diverting cruise ships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Other_tourism_mitigation_efforts">5.1.2 Other tourism mitigation efforts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Transport">6 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#In_the_historic_centre">6.1 In the historic centre</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Waterways">6.1.1 Waterways</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Public_transport">6.2 Public transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Lagoon_area">6.2.1 Lagoon area</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Lido_and_Pellestrina_islands">6.2.2 Lido and Pellestrina islands</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Mainland">6.2.3 Mainland</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Rail">6.3 Rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Ports">6.4 Ports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Aviation">6.5 Aviation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sport">7 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Education">8 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Culture">9 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Literature">9.1 Literature</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#In_literature_and_adapted_works">9.1.1 In literature and adapted works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Foreign_words_of_Venetian_origin">9.1.2 Foreign words of Venetian origin</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Printing">9.2 Printing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Painting">9.3 Painting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Venetian_architecture">9.4 Venetian architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Rococo_style">9.5 Rococo style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Glass">9.6 Glass</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Festivals">9.7 Festivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Music">9.8 Music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Orchestras">9.8.1 Orchestras</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Cinema,_media,_and_popular_culture">9.9 Cinema, media, and popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Photography">9.10 Photography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Cuisine">9.11 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Fashion_and_shopping">9.12 Fashion and shopping</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#International_relations">10 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">10.1 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Cooperation_agreements">10.2 Cooperation agreements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Places_named_after_Venice">10.3 Places named after Venice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#People">11 People</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Music_2">11.1 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Painting_2">11.2 Painting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Writing">11.3 Writing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Doges_&_public_servants">11.4 Doges & public servants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Explorers">11.5 Explorers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Architects">11.6 Architects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Entertainers">11.7 Entertainers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Sport_2">11.8 Sport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#References">14 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Bibliography">14.1 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-64"><a href="#Academic">14.1.1 Academic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-65"><a href="#Popular">14.1.2 Popular</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="History of the Republic of Venice">History of the Republic of Venice</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Venice" title="Timeline of Venice">Timeline of Venice</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible {{{class}}}" style="width:22em; font-size: 88%"> <caption>Timeline of Venice: historical affiliations</caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 421–476</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 476–493</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Kingdom of Odoacer</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 493–553</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 553–584</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 584–697</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 697–1797</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="863"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1797–1805</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1805–1814</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1815–1848</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1848–1849</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_San_Marco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1849–1866</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1866–1943</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1943–1945</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> 1946–present</th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding or building of Venice,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees – from nearby <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman cities</a> such as Patavium (<a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, Tarvisium (<a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>), <a href="/wiki/Altinum" title="Altinum">Altinum</a>, and Concordia (modern <a href="/wiki/Portogruaro" title="Portogruaro">Portogruaro</a>), as well as from the undefended countryside – who were fleeing successive waves of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hun</a> invasions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called "apostolic families", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first <a href="/wiki/Doge_(title)" title="Doge (title)">doge</a>, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen, on the islands in the original marshy lagoons, who were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of <a href="/wiki/San_Giacomo_di_Rialto" title="San Giacomo di Rialto">San Giacomo</a> on the islet of <a href="/wiki/Rialto" title="Rialto">Rialto</a> (Rivoalto, "High Shore")—said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Feast of the Annunciation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Chronicon Pictum, Italians, Aquileia, Venice, city, refugees, boat, sea, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg/220px-K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg/220px-K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg" data-alt="Chronicon Pictum, Italians, Aquileia, Venice, city, refugees, boat, sea, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg/330px-K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg/440px-K%C3%A9pes_kr%C3%B3nika_-_15.oldal_-_Velence_megalap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The foundation of Venice as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Chronicon Pictum</a> in 1358. According to the Hungarian chronicle, King <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> besieged <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, the inhabitants of the city first fled to a sea island and then founded Venice on the island of Rialto.</figcaption></figure> Beginning as early as AD 166–168, the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> destroyed the main Roman town in the area, present-day <a href="/wiki/Oderzo" title="Oderzo">Oderzo</a>. This part of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a> was again overrun in the early 5th century by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> in 568, left the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">Exarch</a>) appointed by the Emperor in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Ravenna and Venice were connected by just sea routes, and with the Venetians' isolation came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at <a href="/wiki/Malamocco" title="Malamocco">Malamocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torcello" title="Torcello">Torcello</a> in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores formed the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the lagoon, dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 568.<a href="#cite_note-30">[note 1]</a> The traditional first <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">doge of Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Lucio_Anafesto" title="Paolo Lucio Anafesto">Paolo Lucio Anafesto</a> (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Venetum_et_Gradense" title="Chronicon Venetum et Gradense">oldest chronicle</a> by <a href="/wiki/John,_deacon_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="John, deacon of Venice">John, deacon of Venice</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1008. Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the <a href="/wiki/Paul_(exarch)" title="Paul (exarch)">Exarch Paul</a>, and Paul's successor, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Tegalliano" title="Marcello Tegalliano">Marcello Tegalliano</a>, was Paul's <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a> (or "general"), literally "master of soldiers". In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic controversy">iconoclastic controversy</a>, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Pope Gregory II</a>. The exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, was murdered, and many officials were put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear. <a href="/wiki/Orso_Ipato" title="Orso Ipato">Ursus</a> was the first of 117 "doges" (doge is the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian dialectal</a> equivalent of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a> ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>, in standard Italian duca (see also "<a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">duce</a>".) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> and given the added title of <a href="/wiki/Hypatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypatus">hypatus</a> (from the Greek for "<a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a>").<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In 751, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> King <a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a> conquered most of the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was at Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum in the area. In 775/6, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">episcopal</a> seat of Olivolo (<a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_di_Castello" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pietro di Castello">San Pietro di Castello</a>) was created. During the reign of duke <a href="/wiki/Agnello_Particiaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnello Particiaco">Agnello Particiaco</a> (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more protected Rialto, within present-day Venice. The monastery of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">St Zachary</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's Palace, Venice">ducal palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. Mark">basilica of St. Mark</a>, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here. <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> sought to subdue the city to his rule. He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the <a href="/wiki/Pentapolis" title="Pentapolis">Pentapolis</a> along the Adriatic coast;<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Charlemagne's own son <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin of Italy</a>, king of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw in 810. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_Logothetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros I Logothetes">Nicephorus</a> in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory, and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast. In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition, from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, of relics claimed to be of <a href="/wiki/St_Mark_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mark the Evangelist">St Mark the Evangelist</a>; these were placed in the new basilica. Winged lions – visible throughout Venice – are the <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Evangelists" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Evangelists">emblem of St Mark</a>. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop, and as Byzantine power waned, its own autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png/220px-Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3862" data-file-height="2426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png/220px-Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png/330px-Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png/440px-Republic_of_Venice_%E2%80%93_Blank_map_of_the_main_territories.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Terraferma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></figcaption></figure> From the 9th to the 12th centuries, Venice developed into a powerful maritime empire (an Italian <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> known also as <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">repubblica marinara</a>). In addition to Venice there were seven others: the most important ones were <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>; and the lesser known were <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Noli</a>. Its own strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> With the elimination of pirates along the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian coast</a>, the city became a flourishing trade centre between Western Europe and the rest of the world, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, where its navy protected sea routes against piracy.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> based there were a menace to trade. The doge already possessed the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>. Later mainland possessions, which extended across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a> as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Adda_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Adda River">Adda River</a>, were known as the Terraferma; they were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat (on which the city depended). In building its maritime commercial empire, Venice dominated the trade in salt,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> acquired control of most of the islands in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in the Mediterranean, and became a major power-broker in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verona,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Verona, Italy">Verona</a> rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg/220px-Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4468" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg/220px-Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg/330px-Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg/440px-Bartolomeo_Colleoni_by_Andrea_del_Verrocchio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Colleoni" title="Bartolomeo Colleoni">Bartolomeo Colleoni</a> (1400–1475), captain-general of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> from 1455 to 1475</figcaption></figure> Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called <a href="/wiki/Golden_bull" title="Golden bull">golden bulls</a> or "chrysobulls", in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and the rise of Venice's power.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Venice became an imperial power following the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">gilt bronze horses</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a>, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> (The originals have been replaced with replicas, and are now stored within the basilica.) After the fall of Constantinople, the former Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a>, and captured Crete.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_administrative_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (Byzantine administrative unit)">themes</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Manzikert</a>. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self, until <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmet_The_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror">Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror</a> took the city <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">in 1453</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venedig,_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam,_Mainz_1486.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg/500px-Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9921" data-file-height="1946"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg/500px-Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg" data-width="500" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg/750px-Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg/1000px-Venedig%2C_Vedute_Erhard_Reuwichs_in_Peregrinationes_in_terram_sanctam%2C_Mainz_1486.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Venice veduta by <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Reuwich" title="Erhard Reuwich">Erhard Reuwich</a> for the Peregrinationes in terram sanctam, Mainz 1486</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice,_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-San_Giorgio_Maggiore_-_Venice%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_Maggiore" title="San Giorgio Maggiore">San Giorgio Maggiore</a> from <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mark's Campanile">St. Mark's Campanile</a></figcaption></figure> Situated on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, Venice had always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and to support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Venice" title="Great Council of Venice">Great Council</a>, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials, and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ten" title="Council of Ten">Council of Ten</a> (also called the Ducal Council, or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "<a href="/wiki/Doges_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doges of Venice">doge</a>", or duke, to be the chief executive; he would usually hold the title until his death, although several Doges were forced, by pressure from their <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchical</a> peers, to resign and retire into <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> seclusion, when they were felt to have been discredited by political failure. The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the doge), a senator-like assembly of nobles, and the general citizenry with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected doge. Church and various private property was tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> by other means. Therefore, the city's early employment of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce. Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism, and executed nobody for religious heresy during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>. In this context, the writings of the Anglican divine <a href="/wiki/William_Bedell" title="William Bedell">William Bedell</a> are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the <a href="/wiki/Interdict_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdict (Catholic canon law)">interdict</a> on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most noted, occasion was in 1606, by order of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The newly invented German <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world; the leading printer was <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>, who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Venice's long decline started in the 15th century. Venice confronted the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)</a> and sent ships to help defend <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> against the besieging Turks in 1453. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmed_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmed II">Sultan Mehmed II</a> declared the first of a series of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Venetian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Venetian wars">Ottoman-Venetian wars</a> that cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s 1497–1499 voyage opened a sea route to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and destroyed Venice's monopoly. Venice's <a href="/wiki/Oared_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Oared vessels">oared vessels</a> were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing oceans, therefore Venice was left behind in the race for <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.studenti.it-43">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG/220px-Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG/220px-Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG/330px-Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG/440px-Gaspar_van_Wittel_-_View_of_the_San_Marco_Basin.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_basin" title="San Marco basin">San Marco basin</a> in 1697</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> devastated Venice in 1348 and struck again between 1575 and 1577.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In three years, the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> killed some 50,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In 1630, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_plague_of_1629%E2%80%9331" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian plague of 1629–31">Italian plague of 1629–31</a> killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Venice began to lose the position as a centre of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> during the later part of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth. France and Spain fought for <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, marginalising its political influence. However, Venice remained a major exporter of agricultural products and until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing centre.<a href="#cite_note-www.studenti.it-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_age">Modern age</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern age" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:3008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1870s panoramic view of Venice"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg/3000px-Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="3000" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="17952" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3000px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg/3000px-Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="3000" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg/4500px-Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg/6000px-Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Venice_1870s.jpg" title="File:Panorama of Venice 1870s.jpg"> </a></div>1870s panoramic view of Venice</div></div></div> The Republic of Venice lost its independence when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population. He removed the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Ghetto</a> and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city. Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. Venice was taken from Austria by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pressburg_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of Pressburg</a> in 1805 and became part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy</a>. It was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>. In 1848 a revolt briefly re-established the <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_di_San_Marco" class="mw-redirect" title="Repubblica di San Marco">Venetian republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a>, but this was crushed in 1849. In 1866, after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. From the middle of the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and papal <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, both of which became free ports, competed with Venice more and more economically. Habsburg Trieste in particular boomed and increasingly served trade via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, which opened in 1869, between Asia and Central Europe, while Venice very quickly lost its competitive edge and commercial strength.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4026"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg/440px-View_of_the_Grand_Canal_from_Rialto_to_Ca%27Foscari.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a> from Rialto to Ca' Foscari (2016)</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowler" title="Operation Bowler">Operation Bowler</a>, a successful <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> However, the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste, and Trento were <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_chronology_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign chronology of World War II">repeatedly bombed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> On 29 April 1945, a force of <a href="/wiki/British_military" class="mw-redirect" title="British military">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division" title="2nd New Zealand Division">New Zealand</a> troops of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British Eighth Army</a>, under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Freyberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Freyberg">Freyberg</a>, liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Venice was listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1987, inscribing it as "Venice and its Lagoon". </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg/220px-Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="3292"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg/220px-Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg/330px-Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg/440px-Space_Station_Flight_Over_Venice.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Venice viewed from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> Venice is located in northeastern Italy, in the Veneto region. The city is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by 438 bridges. The historic center of Venice is divided into six districts, or sestieri, which are named <a href="/wiki/Cannaregio" title="Cannaregio">Cannaregio</a>, Castello, <a href="/wiki/Dorsoduro" title="Dorsoduro">Dorsoduro</a>, San Marco, San Polo, and Santa Croce. Venice sits atop alluvial silt washed into the sea by the rivers flowing eastward from the Alps across the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> plain, with the silt being stretched into long banks, or lidi, by the action of the current flowing around the head of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> from east to west.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidence">Subsidence</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsidence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">Subsidence</a>, the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has contributed – along with other factors – to the seasonal <a href="/wiki/Acqua_alta" title="Acqua alta">Acqua alta</a> ("high water") when the city's lowest lying surfaces may be covered at high tide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Building_foundations">Building foundations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Building foundations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Those fleeing barbarian invasions who found refuge on the sandy islands of Torcello, Iesolo, and Malamocco, in this coastal lagoon, learned to build by driving closely spaced <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">piles</a> consisting of the trunks of <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a> trees, a wood noted for its water resistance, into the mud and sand,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> until they reached a much harder layer of compressed <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. Building foundations rested on plates of <a href="/wiki/Istrian_stone" title="Istrian stone">Istrian limestone</a> placed on top of the piles.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flooding">Flooding</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flooding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: <a href="/wiki/MOSE" title="MOSE">MOSE</a> information does not cover anything after 2020, such as the 2023 completion date moved to 2025. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG/220px-AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG/220px-AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG/330px-AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG/440px-AcquaAlta1_12_2008_3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acqua_alta" title="Acqua alta">Acqua alta</a> ("high water") in Venice, 2008</figcaption></figure> Between autumn and early spring, the city is often threatened by flood <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> pushing in from the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. Additionally, the lowest part of Venice, <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>, is only 64 centimetres (25 in) above sea level, and one of the most flood-prone parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a stamp tax.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced <a href="/wiki/Postal_stationery" title="Postal stationery">paper</a>, with the superscription "AQ" and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for "letters to officials". At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries. During the 20th century, when many <a href="/wiki/Artesian_well" title="Artesian well">artesian wells</a> were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subside</a>. It was realized that extraction of water from the <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods – the <a href="/wiki/Acqua_alta" title="Acqua alta">Acqua alta</a>, that rise to a height of several centimetres over its <a href="/wiki/Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="Quay">quays</a> – regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, staircases once used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Studies indicate that the city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1–2 mm per year;<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> therefore, the state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/MOSE_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSE Project">MOSE Project</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates, expected to be completed in late 2023;<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoons</a> to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres (43 in), the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float on lagoon side while hinged at sea floor on seaside, thus blocking the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> This engineering work was due to be completed by 2018.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> report stated that the MOSE Project attributed the delay to "corruption scandals".<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The project is not guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, with as much as approximately €2 billion of the cost lost to corruption.<a href="#cite_note-NatgeoWorrall201610-19">[19]</a> According to a spokesman for the National Trust of Italy (<a href="/wiki/Fondo_Ambiente_Italiano" title="Fondo Ambiente Italiano">Fondo Ambiente Italiano</a>):<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <blockquote> Mose is a pharaonic project that should have cost €800m [£675m] but will cost at least €7bn [£6bn]. If the barriers are closed at only 90 cm of high water, most of St Mark's will be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn't solve the problem. And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates open. </blockquote> On 13 November 2019, Venice was flooded when waters peaked at 1.87 m (6 ft), the highest tide since 1966 (1.94 m).<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> More than 80% of the city was covered by water, which damaged cultural heritage sites, including more than 50 churches, leading to tourists cancelling their visits.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Flood-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The planned <a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">flood barrier</a> would have prevented this incident according to various sources, including Marco Piana, the head of conservation at St Mark's Basilica.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianGiuffrida201911-69">[68]</a> The mayor promised that work on the flood barrier would continue,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianGiuffrida201911-69">[68]</a> and the Prime Minister announced that the government would be accelerating the project.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Flood-67">[66]</a> The city's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Brugnaro" title="Luigi Brugnaro">Luigi Brugnaro</a>, blamed the floods on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ferro_Fini" title="Palazzo Ferro Fini">chambers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Veneto" title="Regional Council of Veneto">Regional Council of Veneto</a> began to be flooded around 10 pm, two minutes after the council rejected a plan to combat global warming.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> One of the effects of climate change is <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> which causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> report provided a more thorough analysis:<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><blockquote>"The sea level has been rising even more rapidly in Venice than in other parts of the world. At the same time, the city is sinking, the result of tectonic plates shifting below the Italian coast. Those factors together, along with the more frequent extreme weather events associated with climate change, contribute to floods."</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Henk_Ovink" title="Henk Ovink">Henk Ovink</a>, an expert on flooding, told <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> that, while environmental factors are part of the problem, "historic floods in Venice are not only a result of the climate crisis but poor infrastructure and mismanagement".<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The government of Italy committed to providing 20 million euros in funding to help the city repair the most urgent aspects although Brugnaro's estimate of the total damage was "hundreds of millions"<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> to at least 1 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> On 3 October 2020, the MOSE was activated for the first time in response to a predicted high tide event, preventing some of the low-lying parts of the city (in particular the Piazza San Marco) from being flooded.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Venice has a mid-latitude, four season <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cfa), with cool, damp winters and warm, humid summers. The 24-hour average temperature in January is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F), and for July this figure is 23.0 °C (73.4 °F). Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 748 millimetres (29.4 in); snow isn't a rarity between late November and early March. During the most severe winters, the canals and parts of the lagoon can freeze, but with the warming trend of the past 30–40 years, the occurrence has become rarer.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Venice, elevation: 2 m or 6 ft 7 in, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.6 (9.3) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4 (18.7) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.5 (9.5) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2 (1.58) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5 (2.22) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5 (2.38) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.5 (2.78) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.2 (3.16) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.2 (2.53) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8 (2.59) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3 (2.89) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5 (2.81) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.8 (1.96) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">762.4 (30.01) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #939393; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.6 </td> <td style="background: #B5B565; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.4 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.6 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.0 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,037 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #959595; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8F8F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #F8F823; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-80">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: MeteoAM (sun and humidity 1961–1990),<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Weather Atlas (daylight, UV)<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-83">[82]</a> Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Venice (sea temperatures) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.3 (63.0) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-83">[82]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">164,965</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">165,802</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">189,368</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">208,463</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">223,373</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">250,327</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">264,027</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">310,034</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">339,671</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">354,475</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">336,081</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">298,532</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">271,073</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">261,362</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">251,944</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table>The city was one of the largest in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, with a population of 60,000 in AD 1000; 80,000 in 1200; and rising up to 110,000–180,000 in 1300. In the mid-1500s the city's population was 170,000, and by 1600 it approached 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In 2021, there were 254,850 people residing in the Comune of Venice (the population figure includes 50,434 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico), 177,621 in Terraferma (the mainland); and 26,795 on other islands in the lagoon).<a href="#cite_note-population_2021-90">[89]</a> 47.8% of the population in 2021 were male and 52.2% were female; minors (ages 18 and younger) were 14.7% of the population compared to elderly people (ages 65 and older) who numbered 27.9%. This compared with the Italian average of 16.7% and 23.5%, respectively. The average age of Venice residents was 48.6 compared to the Italian average of 45.9. In the five years between 2016 and 2021, the population of Venice declined by 2.7%, while Italy as a whole declined by 2.2%.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The population in the historic old city declined much faster: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about 60,000 in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> and to 50,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-population_2021-90">[89]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit">[update]</a>, 84.2% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant groups include: 7,814 (3.1%) <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a>, 6,258 (2.5%) <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, 4,054 (1.6%) <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>, 4,014 (1.6%) <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, and 2,514 (1%) <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Venice is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> (85.0% of the resident population in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Patriarchate of Venice</a> in 2022<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a>), but because of the long-standing relationship with <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, there is also a noticeable <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> presence; and as a result of immigration, there is now a large <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> community (about 25,000 or 9.5% of city population in 2018<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>) and some <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> inhabitants. Since 1991, the Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_dei_Greci" title="San Giorgio dei Greci">San Giorgio dei Greci</a> in Venice has become the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Italy_and_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta and Exarchate of Southern Europe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine-rite</a> diocese under the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> There is also a historic <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venice" title="History of the Jews in Venice">Jewish community</a> in Venice. The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Venetian Ghetto</a> was the area in which Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic. The word ghetto (ghèto), originally <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, is now found in many languages. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a>, written in the late 16th century, features <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a>, a Venetian Jew. The first complete and uncensored printed edition of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> was printed in Venice by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bomberg" title="Daniel Bomberg">Daniel Bomberg</a> in 1523. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Jews were rounded up in Venice and deported to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>. Since the end of the war, the Jewish population of Venice has declined from 1500 to about 500.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Only around 30 Jews live in the former ghetto, which houses the city's major Jewish institutions.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In modern times, Venice has an <a href="/wiki/Eruv" title="Eruv">eruv</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> used by the Jewish community. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_and_regional_government">Local and regional government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Local and regional government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Venice" title="Mayor of Venice">Mayor of Venice</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/300px-Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/400px-Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Granda_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corner_della_Ca%27_Grande" title="Palazzo Corner della Ca' Grande">Palazzo Corner</a> is the seat of the Metropolitan City of Venice.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/300px-Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/400px-Palazzo_Ferro_Fini_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ferro_Fini" title="Palazzo Ferro Fini">Palazzo Ferro Fini</a> is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Veneto" title="Regional Council of Veneto">Regional Council of Veneto</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> The legislative body of the Comune is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale), which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Administration (Giunta Comunale), composed of 12 <a href="/wiki/Assessor_(Italy)" title="Assessor (Italy)">assessors</a> nominated and presided over by a directly elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Venice" title="Mayor of Venice">Mayor</a>. Venice was governed by <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">centre-left</a> parties from the early 1990s until the 2010s, when the Mayor started to be elected directly. Its region, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, has long been a conservative stronghold, with the coalition between the regionalist <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a> winning absolute majorities of the electorate in many elections at local, national, and regional levels. The current mayor of Venice is <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Brugnaro" title="Luigi Brugnaro">Luigi Brugnaro</a>, a centre-right independent businessman who is currently serving his second term in office. The municipality of Venice is also subdivided into six administrative boroughs (municipalità). Each borough is governed by a council (Consiglio) and a president, elected every five years. The urban organization is dictated by Article 114 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italian Constitution</a>. The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition, they are supplied with autonomous funding to finance local activities. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png/220px-Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png/220px-Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png" data-width="220" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png/330px-Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Venezia_-_mappa_municipalit%C3%A0.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Boroughs: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Venezia (Historic city)–Murano–Burano</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Lido–Pellestrina</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Favaro Veneto</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Mestre–Carpenedo</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Chirignago–Zelarino</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Marghera</div> </figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Boroughs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Borough </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Population </th> <th>President </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>Venezia (Historic city)–<a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a>–<a href="/wiki/Burano" title="Burano">Burano</a> </td> <td>Lagoon area </td> <td>69,136 </td> <td>Marco Borghi </td> <td style="background-color: #EF1C27;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a> </td> <td>2020–2025 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pellestrina" title="Pellestrina">Pellestrina</a> </td> <td>Lagoon area </td> <td>21,664 </td> <td>Emilio Guberti </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Ind</a> </td> <td>2020–2025 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Favaro_Veneto" title="Favaro Veneto">Favaro Veneto</a> </td> <td>Mainland (terraferma)<a href="#cite_note-100">[a]</a> </td> <td>23,615 </td> <td>Marco Bellato </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Ind</a> </td> <td>2020–2025 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mestre" title="Mestre">Mestre</a>–Carpenedo </td> <td>Mainland (terraferma) </td> <td>88,592 </td> <td>Raffaele Pasqualetto </td> <td style="background-color: #008000;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">LN</a> </td> <td>2020–2025 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>Chirignago–Zelarino </td> <td>Mainland (terraferma) </td> <td>38,179 </td> <td>Francesco Tagliapietra </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Ind</a> </td> <td>2020–2025 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Marghera" title="Marghera">Marghera</a> </td> <td>Mainland (terraferma) </td> <td>28,466 </td> <td>Teodoro Marolo </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Ind</a> </td> <td>2020–2025 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Annexed with a Royal Decree to the municipality of Venice in 1926. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sestieri">Sestieri</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sestieri" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The historic city of Venice has historically been divided into six <a href="/wiki/Sestiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestiere">sestieri</a>, and is made up of a total of 127 individual islands, most of which are separated from their neighbors by narrow channels only.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg/220px-Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="273"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg/220px-Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg/330px-Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg/440px-Sestieri_di_Venezia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sestieri: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Cannaregio</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Castello</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> San Marco</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Dorsoduro</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> San Polo</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Santa Croce</div> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226773818">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left 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td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable col2center col3right col4right col5right col6right"> <caption>Sestiere </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sestiere</th> <th><abbr title="Abbreviation">Abbr.</abbr></th> <th>Area (<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare"><abbr title="Hectare">ha</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Hectare)</th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> (2011-10-09)</th> <th>Density</th> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of islands </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cannaregio" title="Cannaregio">Cannaregio</a></td> <td>CN</td> <td>121.36</td> <td>16.950</td> <td>13.967</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castello,_Venice" title="Castello, Venice">Castello</a></td> <td>CS</td> <td>173.97</td> <td>14.813</td> <td>8.514</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_(sestiere_of_Venice)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marco (sestiere of Venice)">San Marco</a></td> <td>SM</td> <td>54.48</td> <td>4.145</td> <td>7.552</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorsoduro" title="Dorsoduro">Dorsoduro</a></td> <td>DD</td> <td>161.32</td> <td>13.398</td> <td>8.305</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Polo" title="San Polo">San Polo</a></td> <td>SP</td> <td>46.70</td> <td>9.183</td> <td>19.665</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_(Venice)" title="Santa Croce (Venice)">Santa Croce</a></td> <td>SC</td> <td>88.57</td> <td>2.257</td> <td>2.548</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background-color: #ddd;"> <td>Historic centre</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>646.80[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>60.746</td> <td>9.392</td> <td>127 </td></tr></tbody></table> Each sestiere is now a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-imagesofvenice.com-102">[100]</a> The six fingers or phalanges of the ferro on the bow of a <a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">gondola</a> represent the six sestieri.<a href="#cite_note-imagesofvenice.com-102">[100]</a> The sestieri are divided into <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a>—initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and now numbering just 38. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network. Each community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market centre, constructed its own bell towers, and developed its own customs.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Other islands of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a> do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-www.scoprivenezia.com-104">[102]</a> Each sestiere has its own <a href="/wiki/House_numbering" title="House numbering">house numbering</a> system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.<a href="#cite_note-www.scoprivenezia.com-104">[102]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg/220px-Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="12912" data-file-height="5564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 95px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg/220px-Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="95" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg/330px-Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg/440px-Piazzetta_San_Marco_Venice_BLS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco" title="Piazza San Marco">St. Mark Square</a> with <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace" title="Doge's Palace">Doge's Palace</a> on the left and the <a href="/wiki/Columns_of_San_Marco_and_San_Todaro" title="Columns of San Marco and San Todaro">columns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Venice" title="Lion of Venice">Lion of Venice</a> and St. Theodore in the center.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg/220px-Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg/220px-Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg/330px-Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg/440px-Arsenal_-_panoramio_-_nikola_pu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Arsenal" title="Venetian Arsenal">Venetian Arsenal</a> is a complex of former shipyards, and now houses the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Navale" title="Museo Storico Navale">Naval Historical Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Venice" title="Economic history of Venice">Venice's economy</a> has changed throughout history. Although there is little specific information about the earliest years, it is likely that an important source of the city's prosperity was the trade in slaves, captured in central Europe and sold to North Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Venice's location at the head of the Adriatic, and directly south of the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a> over the Alps, would have given it a distinct advantage as a middleman in this important trade. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city and a leader in political and economic affairs.<a href="#cite_note-aboutvenice.org-105">[103]</a> From the 11th century until the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> were offered in Venice. Other ports such as <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> were hardly able to compete with the well organized transportation of pilgrims from Venice.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> merchants from <a href="/wiki/New_Julfa" title="New Julfa">Julfa</a> were the leading traders in Venice, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sceriman_family" title="Sceriman family">Sceriman family</a> in the 17th century. They were specialized in the gems and diamonds business.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The trade volume reached millions of tons, which was exceptional for 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by countries such as Portugal, and its importance as a naval power was reduced. In the 18th century, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Arsenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice Arsenal">Venice Arsenal</a>, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and as spaces for art).<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-110">[108]</a> Since World War II, many Venetians have moved to the neighboring cities of <a href="/wiki/Mestre" title="Mestre">Mestre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porto_Marghera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Marghera">Porto Marghera</a>, seeking employment as well as affordable housing.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly in Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade, and industrial exports.<a href="#cite_note-aboutvenice.org-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murano_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Murano glass">Murano glass</a> production in <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a> and lace production in <a href="/wiki/Burano" title="Burano">Burano</a> are also highly important to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-aboutvenice.org-105">[103]</a> The city is facing financial challenges. In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and debts in excess of €400 million. "In effect, the place is bankrupt", according to a report by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianBuckley201611-20">[20]</a> Many locals are leaving the historic centre due to rapidly increasing rents. The declining native population affects the character of the city, as an October 2016 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a> article pointed out in its subtitle: "Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of becoming an overpriced theme park".<a href="#cite_note-NatgeoWorrall201610-19">[19]</a> The city is also facing other challenges, including erosion, pollution, subsidence, an excessive number of tourists in peak periods, and problems caused by oversized cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city.<a href="#cite_note-NatgeoWorrall201610-19">[19]</a> In June 2017, Italy was required to bail out two Venetian banks – the <a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_di_Vicenza" title="Banca Popolare di Vicenza">Banca Popolare di Vicenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto_Banca" title="Veneto Banca">Veneto Banca</a> – to prevent their bankruptcies.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Both banks would be wound down and their assets that have value taken over by another Italian bank, <a href="/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo" title="Intesa Sanpaolo">Intesa Sanpaolo</a>, which would receive €5.2 billion as compensation. The Italian government would be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the closed banks. The cost would be €5.2 billion, with further guarantees to cover bad loans totaling €12 billion.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourism_Venice_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tourism_Venice_3.svg/450px-Tourism_Venice_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="380" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 380px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tourism_Venice_3.svg/450px-Tourism_Venice_3.svg.png" data-width="450" data-height="380" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tourism_Venice_3.svg/675px-Tourism_Venice_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tourism_Venice_3.svg/900px-Tourism_Venice_3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The annual trend of tourism sector in Venice from 2013 to 2023 is divided by the number of presences per type of hotel establishments. The total number of presences indicates the number of nights spent by tourists in hotel establishments.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praia_de_Veneza_(483008092).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg/220px-Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg/220px-Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg/330px-Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg/440px-Praia_de_Veneza_%28483008092%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The beach of <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido di Venezia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_(Venice).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg/220px-Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1802"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg/220px-Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg/330px-Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg/440px-Tourism_on_the_Canal_in_Burano_%28Venice%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Burano, tourist destination usually reached via vaporetto</figcaption></figure> Venice is an important destination for tourists who want to see its celebrated art and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-110">[108]</a> The city hosts up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates of the annual number of tourists vary from 22 million to 30 million.<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphHaines201706-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndependentBuckley201706-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianUsborne201609-116">[114]</a> This "<a href="/wiki/Overtourism" title="Overtourism">overtourism</a>" creates overcrowding and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of tourism">environmental problems</a> for Venice's ecosystem. By 2017, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> was considering the addition of Venice to its "In-Danger" list, which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of visitors, who are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> as well as implementing a strategy for more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Tourism has been a major part of the Venetian economy since the 18th century, when Venice – with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage – was a stop on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>. In the 19th century, Venice became a fashionable centre for the "rich and famous", who often stayed and dined at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Florian" title="Caffè Florian">Caffè Florian</a>, and continued to be a fashionable city into the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-110">[108]</a> In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a> was revived; and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>, which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-110">[108]</a> Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace" title="Doge's Palace">Doge's Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco" title="Piazza San Marco">Piazza San Marco</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido di Venezia</a> is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and others in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-110">[108]</a> The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150 million euros (US$193 million) annually in the city, according to a 2015 report.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Other reports, however, point out that such day-trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianBuckley201611-20">[20]</a> Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a "living museum".<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diverting_cruise_ships">Diverting cruise ships</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diverting cruise ships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg/220px-Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6504" data-file-height="4344"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg/220px-Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg/330px-Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg/440px-Cruiseship_passing_bacino_San_Marco_Venise.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cruise ship and gondolas in the <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_basin" title="San Marco basin">San Marco basin</a></figcaption></figure> The need to protect the city's historic environment and fragile canals, in the face of a possible loss of jobs produced by cruise tourism, has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city. A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the <a href="/wiki/Giudecca_Canal" title="Giudecca Canal">Giudecca Canal</a> and St Mark's basin.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In January 2015, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule; Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska; and Cunard reduced (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the Italian inter-ministerial Comitatone overseeing Venice's lagoon released an official directive in November 2017 to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specific route through the Vittorio Emmanuele III Canal to reach <a href="/wiki/Marghera" title="Marghera">Marghera</a>, an industrial area of the mainland, where a passenger terminal would be built.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO's <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> According to the officials, the plan to create an alternative route for ships would require extensive dredging of the canal and the building of a new port, which would take four years, in total, to complete. However, the activist group No Grandi Navi (No big Ships), argued that the effects of pollution caused by the ships would not be diminished by the re-routing plan.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianGiuffrida201906-129">[127]</a> Some locals continued to aggressively lobby for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods,<a href="#cite_note-GuardianUsborne201609-116">[114]</a> while others concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> An unofficial referendum to ban large cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists, and 17,874 favored banning large ships from the lagoon. The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-express.co.uk-131">[129]</a> The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a>. Passengers would be transferred to the historic area in smaller boats.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> On 2 June 2019, the cruise ship <a href="/wiki/MSC_Opera" title="MSC Opera">MSC Opera</a> rammed a tourist riverboat, the <a href="/wiki/Uniworld" title="Uniworld">River Countess</a>, which was docked on the Giudecca Canal, injuring five people, in addition to causing property damage. The incident immediately led to renewed demands to ban large cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal,<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> including a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> message to that effect posted by the environment minister. The city's mayor urged authorities to accelerate the steps required for cruise ships to begin using the alternate Vittorio Emanuele canal.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Italy's transport minister spoke of a "solution to protect both the lagoon and tourism ... after many years of inertia" but specifics were not reported.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> As of June 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit">[update]</a>, the 2017 plan to establish an alternative route for large ships, preventing them from coming near the historic area of the city, has not yet been approved.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianGiuffrida201906-129">[127]</a> Nonetheless, the Italian government released an announcement on 7 August 2019 that it would begin rerouting cruise ships larger than 1000 tonnes away from the historic city's Giudecca Canal. For the last four months of 2019, all heavy vessels will dock at the Fusina and Lombardia terminals which are still on the lagoon but away from the central islands. By 2020, one-third of all cruise ships will be rerouted, according to Danilo Toninelli, the minister for Venice. Preparation work for the Vittorio Emanuele Canal needed to begin soon for a long-term solution, according to the Cruise Lines International Association.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In the long-term, space for ships would be provided at new terminals, perhaps at Chioggia or Lido San Nicolo. That plan was not imminent however, since public consultations had not yet begun. Over 1.5 million people per year arrive in Venice on cruise ships.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The Italian government decided to divert large cruise ships beginning August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_tourism_mitigation_efforts">Other tourism mitigation efforts</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other tourism mitigation efforts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals,_late_90%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg/140px-Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="2016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg/140px-Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg/210px-Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg/280px-Cleaning_of_Venetian_canals%2C_late_90%27s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cleaning of canals in the late 1990s</figcaption></figure> Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid-2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels. Currently, there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. The ban does not affect short-term rentals in the historic centre which are causing an increase in the cost of living for the native residents of Venice.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianBuckley201611-20">[20]</a> The city had already banned any additional fast food "take-away" outlets, to retain the historic character of the city, which was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Fewer than half of the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphHaines201706-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndependentBuckley201706-115">[113]</a> The city also considered a ban on wheeled suitcases, but settled for banning hard plastic wheels for transporting cargo from May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_(Venice).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg/220px-Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg/220px-Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg/330px-Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg/440px-Rio_Priuli_o_de_Santa_Sofia_%28Venice%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View from the Bridge Priuli a Santa Sofia, to the Bridge de le Vele</figcaption></figure> In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon,<a href="#cite_note-NatgeoWorrall201610-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season. Government officials see little value to the economy from the "eat and flee" tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships.<a href="#cite_note-express.co.uk-131">[129]</a> On 28 February 2019, the Venice City Council voted in favour of a new municipal regulation requiring day-trippers visiting the historic centre, and the islands in the lagoon, to pay a new access fee. The extra revenue from the fee would be used for cleaning, maintaining security, reducing the financial burden on residents of Venice, and to "allow Venetians to live with more decorum". The new tax would be between €3 and €10 per person, depending on the expected tourist flow into the old city. The fee could be waived for certain types of travelers: including students, children under the age of 6, voluntary workers, residents of the Veneto region, and participants in sporting events.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Overnight visitors, who already pay a "stay" tax and account for around 40% of Venice's yearly total of 28 million visitors,<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> would also be exempted. The access fee was expected to come into effect in September 2019; but it was postponed, firstly, until 1 January 2020, and then, again, due to the coronavirus pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> The new charge of €5 started to be imposed on those tourists who are not staying overnight and came into force on 25 April 2024.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> It is only charged on peak visitor days, and several classes of people are exempt, including <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> residents, hotel guests (including mainland boroughs of Venice), local workers, and students.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Cell phone data showed more tourists came on fee-charged days in 2024, generating more money than expected, and leaving the city to decide whether to raise the fee for the next tourist season or try other approaches.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> A regulation taking effect on June 1, 2024, limits tour groups to 25 people and bans loudspeakers.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_historic_centre">In the historic centre</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In the historic centre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondola_convoy,_Grand_Canal,_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg/220px-Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="1577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg/220px-Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg/330px-Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg/440px-Gondola_convoy%2C_Grand_Canal%2C_Venice.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gondoliers on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_(Venezia,_1965)_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1165"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_%28Venezia%2C_1965%29_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sandolo in a picture of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a> of 1965. Fondo Paolo Monti, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_europea_di_informazione_e_cultura" title="Biblioteca europea di informazione e cultura">BEIC</a>.</figcaption></figure> Venice is built on an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of 118 islands<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Venice-13">[13]</a> in a shallow, 550 km2 (212 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Venetian_lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian lagoon">lagoon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> connected by 400 bridges<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> over 177 canals. In the 19th century, a causeway to the mainland brought the railroad to <a href="/wiki/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_railway_station" title="Venezia Santa Lucia railway station">Venice</a>. The adjoining <a href="/wiki/Ponte_della_Libert%C3%A0" title="Ponte della Libertà">Ponte della Libertà</a> road causeway and terminal parking facilities in Tronchetto island and Piazzale Roma were built during the 20th century. Beyond these rail and road terminals on the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city's historic centre remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest urban <a href="/wiki/Auto-free_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-free zones">car-free area</a> and is unique in Europe in having remained a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks. The classic Venetian boat is the <a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">gondola</a>, (plural: gondole) although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies, or as traghetti[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] (sing.: traghetto) to cross the Grand Canal in lieu of a nearby bridge. The traghetti are operated by two oarsmen.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice, in their distinctive <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a>, and a similar number of boats, down from 10,000 two centuries ago.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-ricksteves.com-157">[155]</a> Many gondolas are lushly appointed with <a href="/wiki/Crushed_velvet" class="mw-redirect" title="Crushed velvet">crushed velvet</a> seats and <a href="/wiki/Persian_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian rug">Persian rugs</a>. At the front of each gondola that works in the city, there is a large piece of metal called the fèro (iron). Its shape has evolved through the centuries, as documented in many well-known paintings. Its form, topped by a likeness of the Doge's hat, became gradually standardized, and was then fixed by local law. It consists of six bars pointing forward representing the <a href="#Sestieri">sestieri</a> of the city, and one that points backwards representing the <a href="/wiki/Giudecca" title="Giudecca">Giudecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ricksteves.com-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> A lesser-known boat is the smaller, simpler, but similar, <a href="/wiki/Sandolo" title="Sandolo">sandolo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waterways">Waterways</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Waterways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Venice's small islands were enhanced during the Middle Ages by the <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> of soil to raise the marshy ground above the tides. The resulting canals encouraged the flourishing of a nautical culture which proved central to the economy of the city. Today those canals still provide the means for transport of goods and people within the city. The maze of canals threading through the city requires more than 400 bridges to permit the flow of foot traffic. In 2011, the city opened the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_della_Costituzione" title="Ponte della Costituzione">Ponte della Costituzione</a>, the fourth bridge across the Grand Canal, which connects the <a href="/wiki/Piazzale_Roma" title="Piazzale Roma">Piazzale Roma</a> bus-terminal area with the Venezia Santa Lucia railway station. The other bridges are the original <a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Rialto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte di Rialto">Ponte di Rialto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_dell%27Accademia" title="Ponte dell'Accademia">Ponte dell'Accademia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_degli_Scalzi" title="Ponte degli Scalzi">Ponte degli Scalzi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Public transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Azienda_del_Consorzio_Trasporti_Veneziano" class="mw-redirect" title="Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano">Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano</a> (ACTV) is a public company responsible for public transportation in Venice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lagoon_area">Lagoon area</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lagoon area" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg/220px-Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1671"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg/220px-Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg/330px-Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg/440px-Vaporetti_Venice_Lagoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vaporetti on the Grand Canal</figcaption></figure> The main means of public transportation consists of motorised <a href="/wiki/Waterbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterbus">waterbuses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">vaporetti</a>) which ply regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands. Private motorised water taxis are also active. The only gondole still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferries</a> crossing the Grand Canal at certain points where there are no convenient bridges. Other gondole are rented by tourists on an hourly basis.<a href="#cite_note-ricksteves.com-157">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Venice_People_Mover" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice People Mover">Venice People Mover</a> is an elevated shuttle train <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a> system connecting <a href="/wiki/Tronchetto_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Tronchetto island">Tronchetto island</a> with its car parking facility with Piazzale Roma where visitors arrive in the city by bus, taxi, or automobile. The train makes a stop at the Marittima cruise terminal at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Venice" title="Port of Venice">Port of Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lido_and_Pellestrina_islands">Lido and Pellestrina islands</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lido and Pellestrina islands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pellestrina" title="Pellestrina">Pellestrina</a> are two islands forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. On those islands, road traffic, including bus service, is allowed. Vaporetti link them with other islands (Venice, <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burano" title="Burano">Burano</a>) and with the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Cavallino-Treporti" title="Cavallino-Treporti">Cavallino-Treporti</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mainland">Mainland</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mainland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg/220px-Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg/220px-Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg/330px-Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg/440px-Actv_tram_Venezia_leaving_Piazzale_Roma_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Mestre" title="Trams in Mestre">Tram in Venice</a> leaving <a href="/wiki/Piazzale_Roma" title="Piazzale Roma">Piazzale Roma</a></figcaption></figure> The mainland of Venice is composed of 4 boroughs: <a href="/wiki/Mestre" title="Mestre">Mestre</a>-Carpenedo, <a href="/wiki/Marghera" title="Marghera">Marghera</a>, Chirignago-Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the centre and the most populous urban area of the mainland. There are several bus routes and two <a href="/wiki/Translohr" title="Translohr">Translohr</a> <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Mestre" title="Trams in Mestre">tramway lines</a>. Several bus routes and one of the tramway lines link the mainland with <a href="/wiki/Piazzale_Roma" title="Piazzale Roma">Piazzale Roma</a>, the main bus station in Venice, via <a href="/wiki/Ponte_della_Libert%C3%A0" title="Ponte della Libertà">Ponte della Libertà</a>, the road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic centre of Venice. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min. Only 12.2% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi), while 12% travel for over 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) in a single direction.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg/220px-Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4860" data-file-height="2920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg/220px-Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg/330px-Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg/440px-Venezia_Santa_Lucia_Train_Station_R02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_railway_station" title="Venezia Santa Lucia railway station">Venice Santa Lucia station</a></figcaption></figure> Venice is served by regional and national trains, including trains to Florence (1h53), Milan (2h13), Turin (3h10), Rome (3h33), and Naples (4h50). In addition there are international day trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, Munich, and Vienna, plus overnight sleeper services, to Paris and Dijon on <a href="/wiki/Thello" class="mw-redirect" title="Thello">Thello</a> trains, and to Munich and Vienna via <a href="/wiki/%C3%96BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ÖBB">Austrian Federal Railways</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Venezia_Santa_Lucia_railway_station" title="Venezia Santa Lucia railway station">Venezia Santa Lucia railway station</a> is a few steps away from a vaporetti stop, Ferovia, in the historic city next to the Piazzale Roma. This station is the terminus of local trains and of the luxury <a href="/wiki/Venice_Simplon_Orient_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice Simplon Orient Express">Venice Simplon Orient Express</a> from London via Paris and other cities.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Venezia_Mestre_railway_station" title="Venezia Mestre railway station">Venezia Mestre railway station</a> is on the mainland, on the border between the boroughs of Mestre and Marghera.</li></ul> Both stations are managed by <a href="/wiki/Grandi_Stazioni" title="Grandi Stazioni">Grandi Stazioni</a>; they are linked by the Ponte della Libertà (Liberty Bridge) between the mainland and the city centre. Other stations in the municipality are Venezia Porto Marghera, Venezia Carpenedo, Venezia Mestre Ospedale, and Venezia Mestre Porta Ovest. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports">Ports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg/220px-2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg/220px-2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg/330px-2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg/440px-2017_06_Venezia_Terminal_Passeggeri_Terminal_Passeggeri_2860.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ships</a> at the passenger terminal in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Venice" title="Port of Venice">Port of Venice</a> (Venezia Terminal Passeggeri)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg/220px-Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg/220px-Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg/330px-Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg/440px-Aeroporto_di_Venezia_-_vue_aerienne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo International Airport">Marco Polo International Airport</a> (Aeroporto di Venezia <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Venice" title="Port of Venice">Port of Venice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Porto di Venezia) is the eighth-busiest commercial port in Italy and was a major hub for the cruise sector in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, as since August 2021 ships of more 25,000 tons are forbidden to pass the <a href="/wiki/Giudecca_Canal" title="Giudecca Canal">Giudecca Canal</a>. It is one of the major Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks. In 2002, the port handled 262,337 containers. In 2006, 30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was commercial traffic, and saw 1,453,513 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aviation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo International Airport">Marco Polo International Airport</a> (Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo) is named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast. Public transport from the airport takes one to: <ul><li>Venice <a href="/wiki/Piazzale_Roma" title="Piazzale Roma">Piazzale Roma</a> by ATVO (provincial company) buses<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 aerobus);<a href="#cite_note-actv.it-163">[161]</a></li> <li>Venice, Lido, and Murano by Allilaguna (private company) motor boats;</li> <li>Mestre, the mainland, where Venice Mestre railway station is convenient for connections to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> and the rest of Italy, and for <a href="/wiki/Actv" title="Actv">ACTV</a> (routes 15 and 45)<a href="#cite_note-actv.it-163">[161]</a> and ATVO buses and other transport;</li> <li>Regional destinations, such as <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, by ATVO and <a href="/wiki/Busitalia_Sita_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Busitalia Sita Nord">Busitalia Sita Nord</a> buses.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Treviso_Airport" title="Treviso Airport">Venice-Treviso Airport</a>, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Venice, is used mainly by low-cost airlines. There are public buses from this airport to Venice.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Venezia-Lido "Giovanni Nicelli",<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the northeast end of <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido di Venezia</a>. It has a 994-metre (3,261 ft) grass runway. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The most famous Venetian sport is probably <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voga_alla_Veneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voga alla Veneta (page does not exist)">Voga alla Veneta</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voga_veneta" class="extiw" title="it:Voga veneta">it</a>] ("Venetian-style rowing"), also commonly called voga veneta. A technique invented in the Venetian Lagoon, Venetian rowing is unusual in that the rower(s), one or more, row standing, looking forward. Today, Voga alla Veneta is not only the way the gondoliers row tourists around Venice but also the way Venetians row for pleasure and sport. Many races called regata(e) happen throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The culminating event of the rowing season is the day of the "Regata Storica", which occurs on the first Sunday of September each year.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The main football club in the city is <a href="/wiki/Venezia_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Venezia F.C.">Venezia F.C.</a>, founded in 1907, which currently plays in the <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>. Their ground, the <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Pier_Luigi_Penzo" title="Stadio Pier Luigi Penzo">Stadio Pier Luigi Penzo</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Elena_(island)" title="Sant'Elena (island)">Sant'Elena</a>, is the second-oldest continually used stadium in Italy. The local basketball club is <a href="/wiki/Reyer_Venezia" title="Reyer Venezia">Reyer Venezia</a>, founded in 1872 as the gymnastics club Società Sportiva Costantino Reyer, and in 1907 as the basketball club. Reyer currently plays in the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A" title="Lega Basket Serie A">Lega Basket Serie A</a>. The men's team were the Italian champions in 1942, 1943, and 2017. Their arena is the <a href="/wiki/Palasport_Giuseppe_Taliercio" title="Palasport Giuseppe Taliercio">Palasport Giuseppe Taliercio</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/Mestre" title="Mestre">Mestre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Brugnaro" title="Luigi Brugnaro">Luigi Brugnaro</a> is both the president of the club and the mayor of the city. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9824" data-file-height="9696"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg/330px-%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg/440px-%28Venice%29_Ca%27_Foscari.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Foscari_University_of_Venice" title="Ca' Foscari University of Venice">Ca' Foscari University of Venice</a></figcaption></figure> Venice is a major international centre for higher education. The city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Foscari_University_of_Venice" title="Ca' Foscari University of Venice">Ca' Foscari University of Venice</a>, founded in 1868; the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Iuav_di_Venezia" title="Università Iuav di Venezia">Università Iuav di Venezia</a>, founded in 1926; the <a href="/wiki/Venice_International_University" title="Venice International University">Venice International University</a>, founded in 1995 and located on the island of <a href="/wiki/San_Servolo" title="San Servolo">San Servolo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Inter-University_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democratisation" title="European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation">EIUC-European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation</a>, located on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido di Venezia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Other Venetian institutions of higher education are: the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Venezia" title="Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia">Accademia di Belle Arti</a> (Academy of Fine Arts), established in 1750, whose first chairman was <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piazzetta" title="Giovanni Battista Piazzetta">Giovanni Battista Piazzetta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Conservatorio_di_Musica_Benedetto_Marcello_di_Venezia" title="Conservatorio di Musica Benedetto Marcello di Venezia">Benedetto Marcello Conservatory of Music</a>, which was first established in 1876 as a high school and musical society, later (1915) became Liceo Musicale, and then, when its director was <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero" title="Gian Francesco Malipiero">Gian Francesco Malipiero</a>, the State Conservatory of Music (1940).<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venetian_literature" title="Venetian literature">Venetian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo,_Il_Milione,_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg/170px-Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1419"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg/170px-Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg/255px-Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg/340px-Marco_Polo%2C_Il_Milione%2C_Chapter_CXXIII_and_CXXIV.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></figcaption></figure> Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing. Two of the most noted Venetian writers were <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in the Middle Ages and, later, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a>. Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to <a href="/wiki/The_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orient">the Orient</a>. His series of books, co-written with <a href="/wiki/Rustichello_da_Pisa" title="Rustichello da Pisa">Rustichello da Pisa</a> and titled <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">Il Milione</a> provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Russia. <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a> (1725–1798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, Histoire De Ma Vie (Story of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice. Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Beolco" title="Angelo Beolco">Ruzante</a> (1502–1542), <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> (1707–1793), and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gozzi" title="Carlo Gozzi">Carlo Gozzi</a> (1720–1806) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies. Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a> in the city, as did <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> his novel, <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice" title="Death in Venice">Death in Venice</a> (1912). The French writer <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sollers" title="Philippe Sollers">Philippe Sollers</a> spent most of his life in Venice and published A Dictionary For Lovers of Venice in 2004. The city features prominently in <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Aspern_Papers" title="The Aspern Papers">The Aspern Papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wings_of_the_Dove" title="The Wings of the Dove">The Wings of the Dove</a>. It is also visited in <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited" title="Brideshead Revisited">Brideshead Revisited</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a>. Perhaps the best-known children's book set in Venice is The Thief Lord, written by the German author <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Funke" title="Cornelia Funke">Cornelia Funke</a>. Venice is described in <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_Journey" title="Italian Journey">Italian Journey</a>, 1786–1788. He describes the architecture, including a church by <a href="/wiki/Palladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladio">Palladio</a> and also attends the opera. He visits the shipbuilding yards at the <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a>. He is fascinated by the street life of Venice, which he describes as a kind of performance. The poet <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a> (1778–1827), born in <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zante</a>, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. Venice also inspired the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cimitero_di_San_Michele_(Venice)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cimitero di San Michele (Venice)">cemetery island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isola_di_San_Michele" title="Isola di San Michele">San Michele</a>. Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing. The city was the location of one of Italy's earliest printing presses called <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> in 1494.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic centre. Around fifteen percent of all printing of the fifteenth century came from Venice,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_literature_and_adapted_works">In literature and adapted works</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In literature and adapted works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city is a particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature. Examples of these include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretino" class="mw-redirect" title="Aretino">Aretino</a>'s works (1492–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Merchant_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant of Venice">Merchant of Venice</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1596–1598) and <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> (1603).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Volpone" title="Volpone">Volpone</a> (1605–6).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Casanova">Casanova</a>'s autobiographical <a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_ma_vie" title="Histoire de ma vie">History of My Life</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1789–1797.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a> (1759).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> wrote poetry for two pictures of Venice; one for The Embarkation, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Stanfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarkson Stanfield">Clarkson Stanfield</a> for The Amulet, 1833, the other for Santa Salute, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bentley_(painter)" title="Charles Bentley (painter)">Charles Bentley</a> for the Literary Souvenir, 1835.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees" title="Across the River and into the Trees">Across the River and into the Trees</a> (1950).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Invisible_Cities" title="Invisible Cities">Invisible Cities</a> (1972).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Rice" title="Anne Rice">Anne Rice</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cry_to_Heaven" title="Cry to Heaven">Cry to Heaven</a> (1982).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Leon" title="Donna Leon">Donna Leon</a>'s Commissario Guido Brunetti <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a> series and cookbook, and the German television series based on the novels (1992–2019).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sollers" title="Philippe Sollers">Philippe Sollers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Watteau_in_Venice" title="Watteau in Venice">Watteau in Venice</a> (1994).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dibdin" title="Michael Dibdin">Michael Dibdin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dead_Lagoon" title="Dead Lagoon">Dead Lagoon</a> (1994), one in a series of novels featuring Venice-born policeman Aurelio Zen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Carey" title="Jacqueline Carey">Jacqueline Carey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kushiel%27s_Chosen" title="Kushiel's Chosen">Kushiel's Chosen</a> (2002), an <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> of Venice – complete with masquerades, canals, and a doge – taking place in a city known as La Serenissima.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berendt" title="John Berendt">John Berendt</a>'s The City of Falling Angels (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic opera</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Gondoliers" title="The Gondoliers">The Gondoliers</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s novella, <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice" title="Death in Venice">Death in Venice</a> (1912), was the basis for Benjamin Britten's <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(opera)" title="Death in Venice (opera)">eponymous opera</a> (1973).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_words_of_Venetian_origin">Foreign words of Venetian origin</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Foreign words of Venetian origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some English words with a Venetian etymology include <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arsenal" class="extiw" title="wikt:arsenal">arsenal</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ciao" class="extiw" title="wikt:ciao">ciao</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghetto" class="extiw" title="wikt:ghetto">ghetto</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gondola" class="extiw" title="wikt:gondola">gondola</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imbroglio" class="extiw" title="wikt:imbroglio">imbroglio</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lagoon" class="extiw" title="wikt:lagoon">lagoon</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lazaret" class="extiw" title="wikt:lazaret">lazaret</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lido" class="extiw" title="wikt:lido">lido</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Montenegro" class="extiw" title="wikt:Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regatta" class="extiw" title="wikt:regatta">regatta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing">Printing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Printing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, having 417 printers by 1500, and being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press, after those established in Germany. The most important printing office was the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>; which in 1497 issued the first printed work of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>; in 1499 printed the <a href="/wiki/Hypnerotomachia_Poliphili" title="Hypnerotomachia Poliphili">Hypnerotomachia Poliphili</a>, considered the most beautiful book of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>; and established modern <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, page format, and <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Painting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_and_architects_of_Venice" title="List of painters and architects of Venice">List of painters and architects of Venice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="20857"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Canaletto_-_Bucentaur%27s_return_to_the_pier_by_the_Palazzo_Ducale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An 18th-century view of Venice by Venetian artist <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a></figcaption></figure> Venice, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> periods, was a major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian painting</a>. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts. Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Republics">Maritime Republic</a>, which controlled a vast sea and trade empire.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In the 16th century, Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and <a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Messina" title="Antonello da Messina">Antonello da Messina</a>, who introduced the oil painting technique of the <a href="/wiki/Van_Eyck" title="Van Eyck">Van Eyck</a> brothers. It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by <a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a>. In the early 16th century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the disegno and colorito techniques.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvases</a> (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. In the 18th century, Venetian painting had a revival with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Tiepolo</a>'s decorative painting and <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Guardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardi">Guardi</a>'s panoramic views. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venetian_architecture">Venetian architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Venetian architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian Gothic architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian Renaissance architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2820"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti_WB.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Cavalli-Franchetti" title="Palazzo Cavalli-Franchetti">Palazzo Cavalli-Franchetti</a> is an example of Venetian Gothic architecture alongside the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg/220px-Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="3750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg/220px-Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg/330px-Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg/440px-Ca%27_d%27Oro_facciata.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_d%27Oro" title="Ca' d'Oro">Ca' d'Oro</a></figcaption></figure> Venice is built on unstable mud-banks, and had a very crowded city centre by the Middle Ages. On the other hand, the city was largely safe from riot, civil feuds, and invasion much earlier than most European cities. These factors, with the canals and the great wealth of the city, made for unique building styles. Venice has a rich and diverse <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a>, the most prominent of which is the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> style. <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian Gothic architecture</a> is a term given to a Venetian building style combining the use of the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet arch</a> with the curved <a href="/wiki/Ogee_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogee arch">ogee arch</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a> influences. The style originated in 14th-century Venice, with a confluence of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> style from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, Islamic influences from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Spain">Spain</a> and Venice's eastern trading partners, and early Gothic forms from mainland Italy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chief examples of the style are the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's Palace, Venice">Doge's Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_d%27Oro" title="Ca' d'Oro">Ca' d'Oro</a> in the city. The city also has several <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Pesaro" title="Ca' Pesaro">Ca' Pesaro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Rezzonico" title="Ca' Rezzonico">Ca' Rezzonico</a>. Venetian taste was conservative and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> only really became popular in buildings from about the 1470s. More than in the rest of Italy, it kept much of the typical form of the Gothic palazzi, which had evolved to suit Venetian conditions. In turn the transition to <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> was also fairly gentle. This gives the crowded buildings on the Grand Canal and elsewhere an essential harmony, even where buildings from very different periods sit together. For example, round-topped arches are far more common in Renaissance buildings than elsewhere. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%27_Rezzonico_(Venice).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg/220px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg/220px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg/330px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg/440px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_%28Venice%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Rezzonico" title="Ca' Rezzonico">Ca' Rezzonico</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rococo_style">Rococo style</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Rococo style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> designs. At the time, the Venetian economy was in decline. It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and its society had become decadent, with tourism increasingly the mainstay of the economy. But Venice remained a centre of fashion.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2005_p.82-176">[174]</a> Venetian rococo was well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture types included the divani da portego, and long rococo couches and pozzetti, objects meant to be placed against the wall. Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo beds with statues of <a href="/wiki/Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Putti">putti</a>, flowers, and angels.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2005_p.82-176">[174]</a> Venice was especially known for its <a href="/wiki/Girandole" title="Girandole">girandole mirrors</a>, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using <a href="/wiki/Murano_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Murano glass">Murano glass</a> to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others; and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire. Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most noted being lacca povera (poor lacquer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a> were particularly common in bureau cabinets.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass">Glass</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Glass" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venetian_glass" title="Venetian glass">Venetian glass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg/170px-Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg/170px-Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg/255px-Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Venetian_glass_goblet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Venetian_glass" title="Venetian glass">Venetian glass</a> <a href="/wiki/Goblet" class="mw-redirect" title="Goblet">goblet</a></figcaption></figure> Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as <a href="/wiki/Venetian_glass" title="Venetian glass">Venetian glass</a>, which is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made. Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century. Toward the end of that century, the centre of the Venetian glass industry moved to <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a>, an offshore island in Venice. The glass made there is known as <a href="/wiki/Murano_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Murano glass">Murano glass</a>. Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass. When <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was sacked in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice; when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> took Constantinople in 1453, still more glassworkers arrived. By the 16th century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the colour and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques. Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe. Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso, <a href="/wiki/Pauly_%26_C._-_Compagnia_Venezia_Murano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano">Pauly</a>, Millevetri, and Seguso.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_companies" title="List of oldest companies">oldest companies</a> in the world, formed in 1295. In February 2021, the world learned that Venetian glass <a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">trade beads</a> had been found at three prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> sites in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, including Punyik Point. Uninhabited today, and located 1 mile (1.6 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a>, the area was on ancient trade routes from the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. From their creation in Venice, researchers believe the likely route these artifacts traveled was across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and finally over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, making this discovery "the first documented instance of the presence of indubitable European materials in prehistoric sites in the western hemisphere as the result of overland transport across the Eurasian continent." After <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> materials found near the beads, archaeologists estimated their arrival on the continent to sometime between 1440 and 1480, predating <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The dating and provenance has been challenged by other researchers who point out that such beads were not made in Venice until the mid-16th century and that an early 17th century French origin is possible.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg/190px-Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="1769"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg/190px-Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg/285px-Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg/380px-Carnevale_di_Venezia_Masks_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:VeniceShopWindow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/VeniceShopWindow.jpg/214px-VeniceShopWindow.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4347" data-file-height="2880"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/VeniceShopWindow.jpg/214px-VeniceShopWindow.jpg" data-alt="Map" data-width="214" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/VeniceShopWindow.jpg/321px-VeniceShopWindow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/VeniceShopWindow.jpg/428px-VeniceShopWindow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Typical <a href="/wiki/Venetian_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian mask">masks</a> worn during the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a> is held annually in the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends on <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venetian_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian mask">Venetian masks</a> are worn. The <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. In 1895 an Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In September 1942, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war, but resumed in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Festa_del_Redentore" title="Festa del Redentore">Festa del Redentore</a> is held in mid-July. It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576. A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role. The <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia) is the oldest film festival in the world.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Founded by Count <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi_di_Misurata" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata">Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata</a> in 1932 as the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica, the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the <a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Venezia">Lido</a>. Screenings take place in the historic <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo del Cinema">Palazzo del Cinema</a> on the Lungomare Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venice" title="Music of Venice">Music of Venice</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Venice_in_media" title="Venice in media">Venice in media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">Venetian polychoral style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Veneto" title="Music of Veneto">Music of Veneto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian School (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg/220px-La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg/220px-La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg/330px-La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg/440px-La_Fenice_Opera_House_from_the_stage.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a> opera house in the city</figcaption></figure> The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">music of Italy</a>. The Venetian state (the medieval <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>) was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere."<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centres of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian school</a>) and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">Venetian polychoral style</a> under composers such as <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a>, who worked at <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>. Venice was the early centre of music printing; <a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a> began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque period</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Ciera" title="Ippolito Ciera">Ippolito Ciera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Picchi" title="Giovanni Picchi">Giovanni Picchi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Dalla_Casa" title="Girolamo Dalla Casa">Girolamo Dalla Casa</a>, to name but a few. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orchestras">Orchestras</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Orchestras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Venice is the home of numerous orchestras such as, the <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">Orchestra della Fenice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2_Veneziano" title="Rondò Veneziano">Rondò Veneziano</a>, Interpreti Veneziani, and <a href="/wiki/Venice_Baroque_Orchestra" title="Venice Baroque Orchestra">Venice Baroque Orchestra</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema,_media,_and_popular_culture">Cinema, media, and popular culture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cinema, media, and popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg/220px-2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg/220px-2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg/330px-2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg/440px-2019_Venice_Film_Festival.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the most prestigious and publicized.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></figcaption></figure> The city has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Photography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Roiter" title="Fulvio Roiter">Fulvio Roiter</a> was the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice,<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> followed by a number of photographers whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Luca_Zordan" title="Luca Zordan">Luca Zordan</a>, a New York City based photographer was born in Venice.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneto wine">Veneto wine</a></div> Venetian cuisine is characterized by seafood, but also includes garden products from the islands of the lagoon, rice from the mainland, game, and <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>. Venice is not known for a particular cuisine of its own: it combines local traditions with influences stemming from age-old contacts with distant countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] These include <a href="/wiki/Sarde_in_saor" title="Sarde in saor">sarde in saór</a> (sardines marinated to preserve them for long voyages); bacalà mantecato (a recipe based on Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">stockfish</a> and extra-virgin olive oil); bisàto (marinated eel); risi e bisi – rice, peas and (unsmoked) bacon;<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> fegato alla veneziana, Venetian-style veal liver; risòto col néro de sépe (risotto with cuttlefish, blackened by their own ink); cichéti, refined and delicious tidbits (akin to tapas); antipasti (appetizers); and <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">prosecco</a>, an effervescent, mildly sweet wine. In addition, Venice is known for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called <a href="/wiki/Baicoli" title="Baicoli">baìcoli</a>, and for other types of sweets, such as: pan del pescaór (bread of the fisherman); cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream, or the bussolài (<a href="/wiki/Butter_biscuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Butter biscuit">butter biscuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortbread" title="Shortbread">shortbread</a> made in the shape of a ring or an "S") from the island of Burano; the galàni or cróstoli (<a href="/wiki/Angel_wings" title="Angel wings">angel wings</a>);<a href="#cite_note-193">[note 2]</a> the frìtole (fried spherical doughnuts); the fregolòtta (a crumbly cake with almonds); a milk pudding called rosàda; and cookies called zaléti, whose ingredients include yellow maize flour.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The dessert <a href="/wiki/Tiramisu" title="Tiramisu">tiramisù</a> is generally thought to have been invented in <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a> in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> and is popular in the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_shopping">Fashion and shopping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Fashion and shopping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg/170px-Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg/170px-Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg/255px-Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg/340px-Luxury_shops_and_boutiques_along_the_Rialto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Luxury shops and boutiques along the <a href="/wiki/Rialto_Bridge" title="Rialto Bridge">Rialto Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate passed <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary laws</a>, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre; not as important as <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and Rome, but on a par with <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roberta_di_Camerino" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberta di Camerino">Roberta di Camerino</a> is the only major <a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a> brand to be based in Venice. Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags made by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a></div> Venice is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-twins-197">[194]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><noscript><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="Croatia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, Croatia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><noscript><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="Indonesia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><noscript><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><noscript><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" data-alt="Estonia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><noscript><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" data-alt="Armenia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Aksaray" title="Aksaray">Aksaray</a>, Turkey</li></ul> </div> In 2013, Venice announced that it wants to end the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_agreements">Cooperation agreements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Cooperation agreements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In January 2000, the City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in pursuance to <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">EC Regulation</a> No. 2137/85, the Marco Polo System <a href="/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping" title="European economic interest grouping">European Economic Interest Grouping</a> (E.E.I.G.), to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist fields, particularly in reference to the preservation and safeguarding of artistic and architectural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-twins-197">[194]</a> In April 2001, the city signed an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>'s office of cultural promotion and cooperation, to coordinate efforts at promoting Italian culture abroad.<a href="#cite_note-twins-197">[194]</a> Venice also has cooperation agreements with:<a href="#cite_note-twins-197">[194]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, Germany (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, China (2001, Science and Technology Partnership)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, United States (2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_named_after_Venice">Places named after Venice</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Places named after Venice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The name "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="wikt:Venezuela">Venezuela</a>" is a Spanish diminutive of Venice (Veneziola).<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Many additional places around the world are named after Venice, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles" title="Venice, Los Angeles">Venice, Los Angeles</a>, home of Venice Beach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Alberta" title="Venice, Alberta">Venice, Alberta</a>, in Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Florida" title="Venice, Florida">Venice, Florida</a>, city in Sarasota County</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice,_New_York" title="Venice, New York">Venice, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Venice,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Venice, London">Little Venice, London</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="People">People</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: People" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> Others closely associated with the city include: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_(c.1630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg/140px-Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2060"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg/140px-Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg/210px-Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg/280px-Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Claudio_Monteverdi_%28c.1630%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1630</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albinoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Albinoni.jpg/140px-Albinoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="342"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Albinoni.jpg/140px-Albinoni.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Albinoni.jpg/210px-Albinoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Albinoni.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_2">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1510–1586), Italian composer and organist at <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> (1554/1557–1612), composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> (1567–1643), composer, string player, choirmaster and Catholic priest<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Francesco Cavalli</a> (1602–1676), a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a> composer<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a> (1671–1751), a baroque composer<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> (1678–1741), composer and violinist of the Baroque Era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Montagnana" title="Domenico Montagnana">Domenico Montagnana</a> (1686–1750), an Italian master <a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthier</a>. He made the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Guarneri" title="Pietro Guarneri">Pietro Guarneri</a> (1695–1762), luthier, settled in Venice 1717, Peter of Venice<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a> (1749–1838), opera librettist and poet. He wrote the librettos for 28 operas by 11 composers, including <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Dragonetti" title="Domenico Dragonetti">Domenico Dragonetti</a> (1763–1846), a double bass virtuoso and composer<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Wolf-Ferrari" title="Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari">Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari</a> (1876–1948), Italian composer, mostly of comic opera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Ranzato" title="Virgilio Ranzato">Virgilio Ranzato</a> (1883–1937), Italian composer and violinist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a> (1920–1973), Italian-German orchestra director and music composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Nono (composer)">Luigi Nono</a> (1924–1990), a leading composer of instrumental and electronic music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sinopoli" title="Giuseppe Sinopoli">Giuseppe Sinopoli</a> (1946–2001), conductor and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Ambrosini" title="Claudio Ambrosini">Claudio Ambrosini</a> (born 1948), composer and conductor<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gallo_(choreographer)" title="Giovanni Gallo (choreographer)">Giovanni Gallo</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1726 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1749), Italian choreographer of ballets within operas<a href="#cite_note-Grove-209">[206]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tintoretto-selfport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tintoretto-selfport.jpg/140px-Tintoretto-selfport.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tintoretto-selfport.jpg/140px-Tintoretto-selfport.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tintoretto-selfport.jpg/210px-Tintoretto-selfport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tintoretto-selfport.jpg/280px-Tintoretto-selfport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, self portrait, 1588</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_2">Painting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Painting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430 – 1516), Renaissance painter from the Bellini family of painters<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Vittore Carpaccio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1465 – 1525/1526), Italian painter of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto" title="Lorenzo Lotto">Lorenzo Lotto</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480 – 1556), painter, draughtsman and illustrator, in the Venetian school<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1485 – 1547), <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> painter and early <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1488/90 – 1576), leader of the Venetian school of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> (1518–1594), the last great painter of Italian Renaissance<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_d%27Anna" title="Baldassare d'Anna">Baldassare d'Anna</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1560 – after 1639), painter of the late-<a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Cassana" title="Niccolò Cassana">Niccolò Cassana</a> (1659–1714), late-Baroque painter<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera" title="Rosalba Carriera">Rosalba Carriera</a> (1675–1757), Rococo painter, known for her pastel works<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a> (1696–1770), painter and printmaker. He painted in the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style, Venetian school.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a> (1697–1768), painter, known for his landscapes or <a href="/wiki/Veduta" title="Veduta">vedute</a> of Venice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Longhi" title="Pietro Longhi">Pietro Longhi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1702 – 1785) painter of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre</a> scenes of life<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Santomaso" title="Giuseppe Santomaso">Giuseppe Santomaso</a> (1907–1990), Italian painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Vedova" title="Emilio Vedova">Emilio Vedova</a> (1919–2006), an important modern painter of Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovico_de_Luigi" title="Ludovico de Luigi">Ludovico de Luigi</a> (born 1933), Venetian Surrealistic artist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Writing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_(Venice).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg/140px-Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4987" data-file-height="7541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg/140px-Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg/210px-Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg/280px-Monument_to_Carlo_Goldoni_%28Venice%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>, notable name in Italian theatre</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> (1364 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430), poet and court writer for King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> (1449–1515), an important printer. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_de_Ba%C3%AFf" title="Jean-Antoine de Baïf">Jean-Antoine de Baïf</a> (1532–1589), French poet and member of <a href="/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Franco" title="Veronica Franco">Veronica Franco</a> (1546–1591), poet and courtesan during the Renaissance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Sarpi" title="Paolo Sarpi">Paolo Sarpi</a> (1552–1623), historian, scientist, canon lawyer, statesman, defender of the liberties of Republican Venice. His writings inspired <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, and the founding fathers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Modena">Leon Modena</a> (1571–1648), author, poet and preacher, active in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Venetian Ghetto</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> (1707–1793), playwright and librettist, notable name in Italian theatre<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gozzi" title="Carlo Gozzi">Carlo Gozzi</a> (1720–1806), playwright and champion of <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_Camin%C3%A8r_Turra" title="Elisabetta Caminèr Turra">Elisabetta Caminèr Turra</a> (1751–1796), writer and translator of foreign plays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rolfe" title="Frederick Rolfe">Frederick Rolfe</a> (1860–1913), English author of the Venetian novel The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doges_&_public_servants">Doges & public servants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Doges & public servants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg/140px-Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8453" data-file-height="10934"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg/140px-Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg/210px-Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg/280px-Ritratto_del_Doge_Andrea_Gritti_-_Tiziano_059.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Doge <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gritti" title="Andrea Gritti">Andrea Gritti</a>, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo" title="Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1107 – 1205), <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge of Venice</a> from 1192 to his death. He played a direct role in the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> (1383–1447), pope, 1431–1447, nephew of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Pope Gregory XII</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a> (1417–1471), pope, 1464–1471. He succeeded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gritti" title="Andrea Gritti">Andrea Gritti</a> (1455–1538), Doge of the Venetian Republic from 1523 to 1538</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> (1470–1547), scholar, poet, literary theorist and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Cardinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Cardinal">cardinal</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier" title="Sebastiano Venier">Sebastiano Venier</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1496 – 1578), Doge of Venice from 11 June 1577 to 1578</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Bragadin" title="Marco Antonio Bragadin">Marco Antonio Bragadin</a> (died 1571), general, flayed alive by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> after a fierce resistance during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Lucrezia_Cornaro_Piscopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia">Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia</a> (1646–1684), the first woman in the world to receive a doctorate degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Riccati" title="Jacopo Riccati">Jacopo Riccati</a> (1676–1754), a Venetian mathematician. He wrote the <a href="/wiki/Riccati_equation" title="Riccati equation">Riccati equation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a> (1693–1769), pope, 1758 to his death in 1769<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Dandolo" title="Vincenzo Dandolo">Count Vincenzo Dandolo</a> (1758–1819), chemist, agronomist and politician of the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Era">Enlightenment Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a> (1804–1857), Italian patriot, statesman and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> in Venice<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein,_1824.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg/140px-Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg/140px-Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg" data-width="140" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg/210px-Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg/280px-Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein%2C_1824.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Engraving of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a> by Hans Holbein, 1824</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explorers">Explorers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Explorers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1254 – 1324), trader and <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explorer</a>, one of the first Westerners to travel the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> to China<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1484 – 1557), <a href="/wiki/List_of_explorers" title="List of explorers">explorer</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cesare_Alberti" title="Pietro Cesare Alberti">Pietro Cesare Alberti</a> (1608–1655), the first Italian-American in New Amsterdam in 1635<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a> (1725–1798 in <a href="/wiki/Duchcov" title="Duchcov">Dux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>), a Venetian adventurer, writer and <a href="/wiki/Womanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Womanizing">womanizer</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architects">Architects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Architects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> (1404–1472), architect, humanist author, artist, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Longhena" title="Baldassare Longhena">Baldassare Longhena</a> (1598–1682), exponent of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Tirali" title="Andrea Tirali">Andrea Tirali</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660 – 1737), architect. He designed the pavement in the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco" title="Piazza San Marco">Piazza San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Meduna" title="Giovanni Battista Meduna">Giovanni Battista Meduna</a> (1800–1886), architect, led reconstruction and restoration works of the <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_La_Fenice" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro La Fenice">Gran Teatro La Fenice</a>, among others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Scarpa" title="Carlo Scarpa">Carlo Scarpa</a> (1906–1978), an architect with a profound understanding of materials</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainers">Entertainers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Entertainers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marietta_Zanfretta" title="Marietta Zanfretta">Marietta Zanfretta</a> (1837–1898), high-wire dancer who found success in Europe and the USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Scarpa" title="Romano Scarpa">Romano Scarpa</a> (1927–2005), a noted Italian creator of Disney comics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borgato" title="Francesco Borgato">Francesco Borgato</a> (born 1990), Italian recording artist and dancer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg/140px-Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg/140px-Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg/210px-Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg/280px-Dorina_Vaccaroni.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dorina Vaccaroni, 1986</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Olgeni" title="Ercole Olgeni">Ercole Olgeni</a> (1883–1947), rower, team gold and silver medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a> & <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erminio_Dones" title="Erminio Dones">Erminio Dones</a> (1887–1945), rower, team silver medallist at the 1920 Summer Olympics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_DeNucci" title="Dominic DeNucci">Dominic DeNucci</a> (1932–2021), Italian-American professional wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Spanio" title="Angelo Spanio">Angelo Spanio</a> (1939–1999), Italian footballer with over 280 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano_Bordon" title="Ivano Bordon">Ivano Bordon</a> (born 1951), former football goalkeeper with 449 club caps and 21 <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">for Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ravaglia" title="Roberto Ravaglia">Roberto Ravaglia</a> (born 1957), racing driver and founder of <a href="/wiki/ROAL_Motorsport" title="ROAL Motorsport">ROAL Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Santin" title="Alessandro Santin">Alessandro Santin</a> (born 1958), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Numa" title="Mauro Numa">Mauro Numa</a> (born 1961), fencer and gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Borella" title="Andrea Borella">Andrea Borella</a> (born 1961), fencer, team gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cipressa" title="Andrea Cipressa">Andrea Cipressa</a> (born 1963), fencer, team gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorina_Vaccaroni" title="Dorina Vaccaroni">Dorina Vaccaroni</a> (born 1963), former foil fencer, three time medallist at the 1984, <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a> & <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Scarpa" title="Daniele Scarpa">Daniele Scarpa</a> (born 1964), sprint canoer, gold and silver medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Morace" title="Carolina Morace">Carolina Morace</a> (born 1964), former footballer with over 220 club caps and 150 <a href="/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Italy women's national football team">for Italy women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Cipriani_(racing_driver)" title="Giuseppe Cipriani (racing driver)">Giuseppe Cipriani</a> (born 1965), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Rocchi" title="Tommaso Rocchi">Tommaso Rocchi</a> (born 1977), former footballer with 664 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paramithiotti" title="Giovanni Paramithiotti">Giovanni Paramithiotti</a>. He was the founding chairmen and owner of <a href="/wiki/Inter_Milan" title="Inter Milan">Inter Milan</a> football club.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">List of islands of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Venice" title="List of buildings and structures in Venice">List of buildings and structures in Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Venice" title="List of bridges in Venice">List of bridges in Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Venice" title="List of churches in Venice">List of churches in Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car-free_places" class="mw-redirect" title="List of car-free places">List of car-free places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_and_architects_of_Venice" title="List of painters and architects of Venice">List of painters and architects of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">Outline of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_e_zo_per_i_ponti" title="Su e zo per i ponti">Su e zo per i ponti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_blind#Venetian" title="Window blind">Venetian blinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic language</a> – the ancient spoken language of the region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezia_Mestre_Rugby_FC" title="Venezia Mestre Rugby FC">Venezia Mestre Rugby FC</a> – a rugby team</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_East" title="Venice of the East">Venice of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_North" title="Venice of the North">Venice of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice of the South">Venice of the South</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Traditional date as given in William J. Langer, ed. An Encyclopedia of World History. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> In other areas of Italy similar sweets are known by many other names, e.g. cénci (rags) (Florence), frappe (flounces) (Rome), bugìe (lies) (Turin, Genoa, etc.), chiàcchiere (chatter) (Milan and many other places in northern, central and southern Italy). Vid.: Pellegrino Artusi, La Scienza in cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene, 93ª ristampa, Firenze, Giunti, 1960, p. 387, #595; Ranieri da Mosto, Il Veneto in cucina, Firenze, Aldo Martello-Giunti, 1974, p. 364; Luigi Veronelli (edited by), Il Carnacina, 10th ed., Milano, Garzanti, 1975, p. 656, #2013; to name but a few. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224">"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011"</a>. 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The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2019. <q>Work began in 2003 but has been dogged by delays and myriad issues, including a corruption scandal that emerged in 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clima.meteoam.it/viewClino.php?type=File&station=105&name_station=Venezia%20Tessera">the original</a> on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabella+CLINO&rft.pub=MeteoAM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclima.meteoam.it%2FviewClino.php%3Ftype%3DFile%26station%3D105%26name_station%3DVenezia%2520Tessera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weather_Atlas-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/italy/venice-climate">"Venice, Italy – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"</a>. Weather Atlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228053329/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/italy/venice-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venice%2C+Italy+%E2%80%93+Monthly+weather+forecast+and+Climate+data&rft.pub=Weather+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fitaly%2Fvenice-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831032528/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/venezia-tessera/">"Venezia Tessera"</a> (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Toscana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/venezia-tessera/">the original</a> on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezia+Tessera&rft.pub=Temperature+estreme+in+Toscana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimaintoscana.altervista.org%2Fitalia%2Fstazioni-wmo%2Fvenezia-tessera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellier2009" class="citation book cs1">Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA266">Urban World History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782760522091" title="Special:BookSources/9782760522091"><bdi>9782760522091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+World+History&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9782760522091&rft.aulast=Tellier&rft.aufirst=Luc-Normand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXuCjDbxC1YC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDursteler2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Dursteler" title="Eric R. Dursteler">Dursteler, Eric</a>, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ascAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257">"The Venetian Economy"</a>. A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill's Companions to European History. Vol. 4. BRILL. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25252-3"><bdi>978-90-04-25252-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Venetian+Economy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Venetian+History%2C+1400%E2%80%931797&rft.series=Brill%27s+Companions+to+European+History&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25252-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ascAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChantGoodman2005" class="citation book cs1">Chant, Colin; Goodman, David (8 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA141">Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134636204" title="Special:BookSources/9781134636204"><bdi>9781134636204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Industrial+Cities+and+Technology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft.isbn=9781134636204&rft.aulast=Chant&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Goodman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhK-EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, Janet L.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/125">Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony%3A+The+World+System+A.D.+1250%E2%80%931350&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeeuropeanhe00abul_1%2Fpage%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpruyt1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Spruyt" title="Hendrik Spruyt">Spruyt, Hendrik</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx2Q4hxT5HAC&pg=PA132">The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691029108" title="Special:BookSources/9780691029108"><bdi>9780691029108</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/lc94010759">lc94010759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sovereign+State+and+Its+Competitors%3A+An+Analysis+of+Systems+Change&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Flc94010759&rft.isbn=9780691029108&rft.aulast=Spruyt&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJx2Q4hxT5HAC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-population_2021-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_2021_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_2021_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806163829/https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/node/40751">"Serie Storica Popolazione – Anni dal 1871 al 2021"</a>. City of Venice (in Italian). 17 February 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/node/40751">the original</a> on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Venice&rft.atitle=Serie+Storica+Popolazione+%E2%80%93+Anni+dal+1871+al+2021&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.venezia.it%2Fit%2Fnode%2F40751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/veneto/40-venezia/statistiche/">"Statistiche demografiche Venezia"</a> [Demographic statistics Venice]. Tuttitalia (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuttitalia&rft.atitle=Statistiche+demografiche+Venezia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Fveneto%2F40-venezia%2Fstatistiche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Newman, Cathy (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/venice">"Vanishing Venice"</a>. National Geographic. <q>Gherardo Ortalli, a professor of medieval history [...] says [...] 'When I arrived 30 years ago, the population was 120,000. Now it is less than 60,000.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Vanishing+Venice&rft.date=2009-08&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fvenice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/veneto/40-venezia/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2018/">"Cittadini stranieri Venezia 2021"</a> (in Italian). Tuttitalia. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cittadini+stranieri+Venezia+2021&rft.pub=Tuttitalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Fveneto%2F40-venezia%2Fstatistiche%2Fcittadini-stranieri-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney" class="citation web cs1">Cheney, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvene.html">"Patriarchate of Venezia (Venice)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240302071925/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvene.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic-Hierarchy&rft.atitle=Patriarchate+of+Venezia+%28Venice%29&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdvene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperandio2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sperandio, Alvise (24 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/venezia_moschea-4060778.html">"La Comunità islamica: "Vogliamo la moschea" (Venezia)"</a> [The Islamic Community: "We want the mosque" (Venice)]. <a href="/wiki/Il_Gazzettino" title="Il Gazzettino">Il Gazzettino</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 15 November 2019. <q>25 mila persone di fede mussulmana che risiedono in città</q> [25 thousand people of Muslim faith who reside in the city]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Gazzettino&rft.atitle=La+Comunit%C3%A0+islamica%3A+%22Vogliamo+la+moschea%22+%28Venezia%29&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.aulast=Sperandio&rft.aufirst=Alvise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilgazzettino.it%2Fnordest%2Fvenezia%2Fvenezia_moschea-4060778.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215174526/http://www.ortodossia.it/Home.it.htm">"Italian Orthodox Bishops concelebrating in Venice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esarcato.it/concelebrazione-dei-vescovi-ortodossi-ditalia-a-venezia/?lang=en">the original</a> on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Orthodox+Bishops+concelebrating+in+Venice.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esarcato.it%2Fconcelebrazione-dei-vescovi-ortodossi-ditalia-a-venezia%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810073724/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/venice">"Venice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/venice">the original</a> on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Fvenice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Venice.html">"Venice, Italy Jewish History Tour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <q>Today Venice has a Jewish population of about 500 peoples, only 30 of them live in the former ghetto. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Venice+access+fee%3A+what+is+it+and+how+much+does+it+cost%3F&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Giuffrida&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F24%2Fvenice-access-fee-what-is-it-and-how-much-does-it-cost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/npr/1247162570/venice-entry-fee-day-trippers-tourists">Venice tests a 5-euro fee for day-trippers as the city grapples with overtourism</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisabetta_Povoledo2024" class="citation news cs1">Elisabetta Povoledo (20 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/20/world/europe/venice-italy-entrance-fee.html">"To Deter Day-Trippers, Venice Tested a €5 Entrance Fee. 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Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 381; see line 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gabrieli%2C+Giovanni&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=381%3B+see+line+2&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gabrieli,_Giovanni">"Gabrieli, Giovanni" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gabrieli%2C+Giovanni&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=381&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Monteverde,_Claudio">"Monteverde, Claudio" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 778.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monteverde%2C+Claudio&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=778&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cavalli,_Francesco">"Cavalli, Francesco" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 563.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cavalli%2C+Francesco&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenico2002" class="citation book cs1">Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ-PMNC5XOkC&pg=PA379">The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313307331" title="Special:BookSources/9780313307331"><bdi>9780313307331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Regions+of+Italy%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313307331&rft.aulast=Domenico&rft.aufirst=Roy+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZ-PMNC5XOkC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Albinoni,_Tomasso">"Albinoni, Tomasso" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 510.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albinoni%2C+Tomasso&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=510&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Guarnieri">"Guarnieri" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 660.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guarnieri&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=660&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dragonetti,_Domenico">"Dragonetti, Domenico" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 468.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dragonetti%2C+Domenico&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=468&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmer2013" class="citation book cs1">Elmer, Michele (4 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IjFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Imagine Math 2: Between Culture and Mathematics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788847028890" title="Special:BookSources/9788847028890"><bdi>9788847028890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagine+Math+2%3A+Between+Culture+and+Mathematics&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft.isbn=9788847028890&rft.aulast=Elmer&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IjFBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Grove_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrene_Alm2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Irene Alm (2002). "Gallo [Galli, Galletto], Giovanni". Grove Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O006334">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gallo+%5BGalli%2C+Galletto%5D%2C+Giovanni&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O006334&rft.au=Irene+Alm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2017" class="citation news cs1">Knight, Christopher (13 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216094816/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-bellini-getty-review-20171013-htmlstory.html">"Bellini masterpieces at the Getty make for one of the year's best museum shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-bellini-getty-review-20171013-htmlstory.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Bellini+masterpieces+at+the+Getty+make+for+one+of+the+year%27s+best+museum+shows&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Farts%2Fla-et-cm-bellini-getty-review-20171013-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" title="Sidney Colvin">Colvin, Sidney</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bellini">"Bellini" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 700–703, see page 702. <q>III. Giovanni Bellini (1430–1431–1516)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bellini&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=700-703%2C+see+page+702&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carpaccio,_Vittorio">"Carpaccio, Vittorio" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carpaccio%2C+Vittorio&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=382&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lotto,_Lorenzo">"Lotto, Lorenzo" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 581.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manin%2C+Daniele&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=581&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Raymond_Beazley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Polo,_Marco">"Polo, Marco" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 7–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polo%2C+Marco&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=7-11&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Beazley%2C+Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Biddle" title="Richard Biddle">Biddle, Richard</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amemoirsebastia01biddgoog">A Memoir of Sebastian Cabot: With a Review of the History of Maritime Discovery</a>. Carey and Lea. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amemoirsebastia01biddgoog/page/n80">68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Memoir+of+Sebastian+Cabot%3A+With+a+Review+of+the+History+of+Maritime+Discovery&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Carey+and+Lea&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famemoirsebastia01biddgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggar1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percival_Biggar" title="Henry Percival Biggar">Biggar, Henry Percival</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cabot,_John">"Cabot, John" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 921–923, see page 922. <q>His son, Sebastian Cabot (1476–1557)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cabot%2C+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=921-923%2C+see+page+922&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Biggar&rft.aufirst=Henry+Percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlett1996" class="citation book cs1">Klett, Joseph R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4zStKaPmsEC&pg=PA941">Genealogies of New Jersey Families: Families A-Z, pre-American notes on old New Netherland families</a>. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 941. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806314914" title="Special:BookSources/9780806314914"><bdi>9780806314914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+New+Jersey+Families%3A+Families+A-Z%2C+pre-American+notes+on+old+New+Netherland+families&rft.pages=941&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780806314914&rft.aulast=Klett&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4zStKaPmsEC%26pg%3DPA941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Casanova_de_Seingalt,_Giovanni_Jacopo">"Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 440–441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Casanova+de+Seingalt%2C+Giovanni+Jacopo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=440-441&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alberti,_Leone_Battista">"Alberti, Leone Battista" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 502.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alberti%2C+Leone+Battista&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=502&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Venice#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Venice">Bibliography of the history of Venice</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic">Academic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Academic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosio" class="citation book cs1">Bosio, Luciano. Le origini di Venezia. Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+origini+di+Venezia&rft.place=Novara&rft.pub=Istituto+Geografico+De+Agostini&rft.aulast=Bosio&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Brown" title="Horatio Brown">Brown, Horatio</a>, Venice, chapter 8 of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Modern History">Cambridge Modern History</a> vol. I The Renaissance (1902)</li> <li>Brown, Horatio, Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1581–1591, 1895; 1592–1603, 1897; 1603–1607, 1900; 1607–1610, 1904; 1610–1613, 1905</li> <li>Brown, Horatio, Studies in the history of Venice (London, 1907)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Brown" title="Horatio Brown">Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Venice">"Venice" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 995–1007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venice&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=995-1007&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Horatio+Robert+Forbes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chambers, D.S. (1970). The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580. London: Thames & Hudson.</li> <li>Contarini, Gasparo (1599). The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes."</li> <li>Da Canal, Martin, "Les estoires de Venise" (13th-century chronicle), translated by Laura Morreale. Padua, Unipress 2009.</li> <li>Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." Trames 6(2), pp. 192–201.</li> <li>Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).</li> <li>Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." Journal of Modern History 58, pp. 43–94.</li> <li>Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice: Maritime Republic (1973) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1445-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1445-7">978-0-8018-1445-7</a>)</li> <li>Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002).</li> <li>Madden, Thomas F. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li>Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2002) <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>.</li> <li>Muir, Edward (1981). Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice. Princeton UP.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_J._Oppenheimer" title="Gerald J. Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, Gerald J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034334/http://faculty.washington.edu/gerryo/venice.html">"Venetian Palazzi and Case: A Guide to the Literature"</a>. University of Washington, Seattle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/gerryo/venice.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venetian+Palazzi+and+Case%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Literature.&rft.pub=University+of+Washington%2C+Seattle&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fgerryo%2Fvenice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rösch, Gerhard (2000). Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik. Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Judith (2005). Furniture: world styles from classical to contemporary. DK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1340-2"><bdi>978-0-7566-1340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furniture%3A+world+styles+from+classical+to+contemporary&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-1340-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenice" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular">Popular</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Popular" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackroyd,_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ackroyd, Peter">Ackroyd, Peter</a>, Venice: Pure City. London, Chatto & Windus, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8478-0">978-0-7011-8478-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Brown" title="Horatio Brown">Brown, Horatio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_on_the_Lagoons" title="Life on the Lagoons">Life on the Lagoons</a>, 1884; revised ed. 1894; further eds. 1900, 1904, 1909.</li> <li>Cole, Toby. Venice: A Portable Reader, Lawrence Hill, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88208-097-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88208-097-0">978-0-88208-097-0</a> (hardcover); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88208-107-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88208-107-6">978-0-88208-107-6</a> (softcover).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Keates" title="Jonathan Keates">Keates, Jonathan</a>, The Siege of Venice. London: Chatto & Windus, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-70116-637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-70116-637-3">978-0-70116-637-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Madden, Thomas</a>, Venice: A New History. New York: Viking, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02542-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02542-8">978-0-670-02542-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCarthy_(author)" title="Mary McCarthy (author)">McCarthy, Mary</a>, Venice Observed (1956), Harvest/HBJ, 1963 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-693521-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-693521-X">0-15-693521-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Morris" title="Jan Morris">Morris, Jan</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Venice_(Morris_book)" title="Venice (Morris book)">Venice</a>. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16897-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16897-2">978-0-571-16897-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin, John (1853)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a>. Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), Penguin Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139065-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139065-9">978-0-14-139065-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_di_Robilant" title="Andrea di Robilant">di Robilant, Andrea</a> (2004). A Venetian Affair. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-542-5">978-1-84115-542-5</a></li> <li>Sethre, Janet, The Souls of Venice McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1573-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1573-1">978-0-7864-1573-1</a> (softcover).</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Venice at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venice" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Venice">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Venezia" class="extiw" title="c:Venezia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venice" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Venice">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Venice" class="extiw" title="q:Venice">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venice" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Venice">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venice" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Venice">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venice" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Venice">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Venice" class="extiw" title="voy:Venice">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.venezia.it/">Official Site of the City of Venice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museiciviciveneziani.it/">Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia</a> (Italian/English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veneziaautentica.com/">Venezia Autentica, a website about Life and travel in Venice</a> (English)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venice&oldid=1259082577">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venice&oldid=1259082577</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Venice&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 07:15 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesi%C3%AB" title="Venesië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venesië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Venedig" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5" title="ቬኒስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቬኒስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetsia" title="Venetsia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Venetsia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetia" title="Venetia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Venetia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BF%D0%B0" title="Уанаҿа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Уанаҿа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="البندقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البندقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecia" title="Venecia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Venecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Վենետիկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վենետիկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nisa" title="Vènisa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vènisa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecia" title="Venecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Venecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A9sia" title="Venésia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Venésia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesiya" title="Venesiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Venesiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ونیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ونیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nesia" title="Vénesia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vénesia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="ভেনিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভেনিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Венецыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венецыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вэнэцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэнэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Venice" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Venedig" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝེ་ནེ་ཟི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝེ་ནེ་ཟི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecija" title="Venecija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Venecija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A8cia" title="Venècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Венеци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Венеци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia_(munisipyo_sa_Italya)" title="Venezia (munisipyo sa Italya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Venezia (munisipyo sa Italya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%A1tky" title="Benátky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benátky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenis" title="Fenis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fenis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venedig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venedig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneetsia" title="Veneetsia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veneetsia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βενετία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βενετία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%AAzia" title="Venêzia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Venêzia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Венеция ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Венеция ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecia" title="Venecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecio" title="Venecio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venecio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecia" title="Venecia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Venecia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ونیز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ونیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesia" title="Venesia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Venesia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venise" title="Venise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Venise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feneesje_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Feneesje (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feneesje (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignesie" title="Vignesie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vignesie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Vein%C3%A9is" title="An Veinéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Veinéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecia" title="Venecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Venecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%B9%98%EC%95%84" title="베네치아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네치아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Վենետիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վենետիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="वेनिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेनिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecija" title="Venecija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venecija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesia" title="Venesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetia" title="Venetia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Venetia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Венеци – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Венеци" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVenice" title="IVenice – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IVenice" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feneyjar" title="Feneyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Feneyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="ונציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesia" title="Venesia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Venesia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeniizi" title="Feeniizi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Feeniizi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ವೆನಿಸ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೆನಿಸ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვენეცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენეცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenecj%C3%B4" title="Wenecjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wenecjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venis" title="Venis – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Venis" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vened%C3%AEk" title="Venedîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Venedîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unieja" title="Unieja – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Unieja" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA" title="ເວນີສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເວນີສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetiae" title="Venetiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Venetiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C4%93cija" title="Venēcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Venēcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedeg" title="Venedeg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Venedeg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecija" title="Venecija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Venecija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venessia" title="Venessia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Venessia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneti%C3%AB" title="Venetië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Venetië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A8zia" title="Venèzia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Venèzia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velence_(Olaszorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Velence (Olaszország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Velence (Olaszország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="भेनिस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भेनिस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Венеција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Венеција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വെനീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെനീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezja" title="Venezja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Venezja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="व्हेनिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हेनिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვენეცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვენეცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڤينيسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤينيسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ونیز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ونیز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Venice" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81" title="ꯚꯦꯅꯤꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯦꯅꯤꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Венец – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Венец" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဗင်းနစ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗင်းနစ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneti%C3%AB_(stad)" title="Venetië (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venetië (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venies" title="Venies – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Venies" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="भेनिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भेनिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="भेनिस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भेनिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ヴェネツィア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェネツィア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Венеци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Венеци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Venedig" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%27nise" title="V'nise – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="V'nise" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A8cia" title="Venècia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Venècia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Венеций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Венеций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetsiya" title="Venetsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venetsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਵੈਨਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਨਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="وینس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="وېنيس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وېنيس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venise" title="Venise – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Venise" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venessia" title="Venessia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Venessia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenecja" title="Wenecja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wenecja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneza" title="Veneza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veneza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneciya" title="Veneciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Veneciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedik" title="Venedik – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Venedik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene%C8%9Bia" title="Veneția – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Veneția" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Венеція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Венеція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-nis_%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="Wi-nis 威尼斯 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Wi-nis 威尼斯" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="वेनिस – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वेनिस" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetzia" title="Venetzia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Venetzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Venice" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venediku" title="Venediku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Venediku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinezzia" title="Vinezzia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vinezzia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Venice" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%A1tky" title="Benátky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benátky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benetke" title="Benetke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Benetke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynecyjo" title="Wynecyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wynecyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Venice" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ڤێنیز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێنیز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Венеција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Венеција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecija" title="Venecija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venecija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9sia" title="Vénésia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vénésia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetsia" title="Venetsia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venetsia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venedig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecia" title="Venecia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Venecia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="வெனிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெனிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinisya" title="Vinisya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Vinisya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezie" title="Venezie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Venezie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="వెనిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెనిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="เวนิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวนิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венетсия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Венетсия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedik" title="Venedik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venedik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венеция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Венеция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Венеція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венеція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="وینس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وینس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9nitsiye" title="Wénitsiye – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Wénitsiye" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesia" title="Venesia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Venesia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecii" title="Venecii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venecii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Venezia" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="威尼斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneti%C3%AB" title="Venetië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Venetië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesya" title="Venesya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Venesya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威尼斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ווענעציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווענעציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威尼斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedik" title="Venedik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Venedik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneti%C3%AB" title="Venetië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Venetië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威尼斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesia" title="Venesia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Venesia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesij%C9%99" title="Venesijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Venesijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" 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