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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary ideas and debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_ideas_and_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary ideas and debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_ideas_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cultural diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>African colonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoliberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoliberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Neoliberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoliberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Development studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_effects_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_effects_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Media effects studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_effects_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_of_"cultural_imperialism_theory"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_of_"cultural_imperialism_theory""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Criticisms of "cultural imperialism theory"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_of_"cultural_imperialism_theory"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_cultural_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_cultural_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Dealing with cultural dominance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_cultural_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pre-Second_World_War_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pre-Second_World_War_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other pre-Second World War examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pre-Second_World_War_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North American colonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Nazi colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Western imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Americanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cultural imperialism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="استعمار ثقافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمار ثقافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99t_imperializmi" title="Mədəniyyət imperializmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəniyyət imperializmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সাংস্কৃতিক সাম্রাজ্যবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংস্কৃতিক সাম্রাজ্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme_cultural" title="Imperialisme cultural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperialisme cultural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialaeth_ddiwylliannol" title="Imperialaeth ddiwylliannol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Imperialaeth ddiwylliannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturimperialismus" title="Kulturimperialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kulturimperialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuuriimperialism" title="Kultuuriimperialism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuuriimperialism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo_cultural" title="Imperialismo cultural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperialismo cultural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_imperiismo" title="Kultura imperiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kultura imperiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="امپریالیسم فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپریالیسم فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rialisme_culturel" title="Impérialisme culturel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impérialisme culturel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="문화제국주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화제국주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सांस्कृतिक साम्राज्यवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांस्कृतिक साम्राज्यवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturni_imperijalizam" title="Kulturni imperijalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kulturni imperijalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme_budaya" title="Imperialisme budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperialisme budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menningarleg_heimsvaldastefna" title="Menningarleg heimsvaldastefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menningarleg heimsvaldastefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo_culturale" title="Imperialismo culturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperialismo culturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialisme_budaya" title="Imperialisme budaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Imperialisme budaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuurimperialisme" title="Cultuurimperialisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuurimperialisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文化帝国主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化帝国主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturimperialisme" title="Kulturimperialisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulturimperialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_(%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%93%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87)" title="کلتوري امپرياليزم (انحصارطلبي/ټولواکمني/لوړتیا غوښتنه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلتوري امپرياليزم (انحصارطلبي/ټولواکمني/لوړتیا غوښتنه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperializm_kulturowy" title="Imperializm kulturowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperializm kulturowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismo_cultural" title="Imperialismo cultural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperialismo cultural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism_cultural" title="Imperialism cultural – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperialism cultural" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Культурный империализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культурный империализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturni_imperijalizam" title="Kulturni imperijalizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kulturni imperijalizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturni_imperijalizam" title="Kulturni imperijalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kulturni imperijalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuuri-imperialismi" title="Kulttuuri-imperialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuuri-imperialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturimperialism" title="Kulturimperialism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kulturimperialism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்பாட்டுப் பேரரசுவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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href="/wiki/File:Le_chasseur_de_jaguars_et_son_fils_Novis_Manioc.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Le_chasseur_de_jaguars_et_son_fils_Novis_Manioc.jpeg/220px-Le_chasseur_de_jaguars_et_son_fils_Novis_Manioc.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Le_chasseur_de_jaguars_et_son_fils_Novis_Manioc.jpeg/330px-Le_chasseur_de_jaguars_et_son_fils_Novis_Manioc.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Le_chasseur_de_jaguars_et_son_fils_Novis_Manioc.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A jaguar hunter and his son, natives of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Chaco Boreal</a>. The father continues to wear the traditional clothing of his region while the son has already adopted Western clothing.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cultural imperialism</b> (also <b>cultural colonialism</b>) comprises the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. The word "imperialism" describes practices in which a country engages culture (<a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>) to create and maintain unequal social and economic relationships among social groups. Cultural imperialism often uses <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, media power and violence to implement the system of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> that legitimizes imperialism. </p><p>Cultural imperialism may take various forms, such as an attitude, a formal policy, or military action—insofar as each of these reinforces the empire's cultural hegemony. Research on the topic occurs in scholarly disciplines, and is especially prevalent in communication and media studies,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mirrlees_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirrlees_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> education,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> foreign policy,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> history,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> linguistics,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literature,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> post-colonialism,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> science,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sociology,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social theory,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">environmentalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sports.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural imperialism may be distinguished from the natural process of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a>. The spread of culture around the world is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">cultural globalization</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_definitions">Background and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School,_Fort_Resolution,_NWT_(14112957392).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg/230px-Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg/345px-Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg/460px-Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous children who have been taken from their parents and placed in a Western-style <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">residential school</a>, which aimed to eliminate Indigenous language and culture and replace it with English language and Christian beliefs</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> has a 1921 reference to the "cultural imperialism of the Russians",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Tomlinson, in his book on the subject, writes that the term emerged in the 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been a focus of research since at least the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media imperialism</a>", "structural imperialism", "cultural dependency and domination", "cultural synchronization", "<a href="/wiki/Electronic_colonialism" title="Electronic colonialism">electronic colonialism</a>", "ideological imperialism", and "<a href="/wiki/Economic_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic imperialism">economic imperialism</a>" have all been used to describe the same basic notion of cultural imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-White_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term refers largely to the exercise of power in a cultural relationship in which the <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>, practices, and values of a powerful, invading society are imposed upon indigenous cultures in the occupied areas. The process is often used to describe examples of when the compulsory practices of the cultural traditions of the imperial social group are implemented upon a conquered social group. The process is also present when powerful nations are able to flood the information and media space with their ideas, limiting countries and communities ability to compete and expose people to locally created content. </p><p>Cultural imperialism has been called a process that intends to transition the "cultural symbols of the invading communities from 'foreign' to 'natural,''domestic,<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" comments Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the process as being carried out in three phases by merchants, then the military, then politicians. While the third phase continues "in perpetuity", cultural imperialism tends to be "gradual, contested (and continues to be contested), and is by nature incomplete. The partial and imperfect configuration of this ontology takes an implicit conceptualization of reality and attempts—and often fails—to elide other forms of collective existence."<sup id="cite_ref-Herlihy-Mera_2018_24_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herlihy-Mera_2018_24-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to achieve that end, cultural engineering projects strive to "isolate residents within constructed spheres of symbols" such that they (eventually, in some cases after several generations) abandon other cultures and identify with the new symbols. "The broader intended outcome of these interventions might be described as a common recognition of <i>possession</i> of the land itself (on behalf of the organizations publishing and financing the images)."<sup id="cite_ref-Herlihy-Mera_2018_24_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herlihy-Mera_2018_24-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> For <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Schiller" title="Herbert Schiller">Herbert Schiller</a>, cultural imperialism refers to the American Empire's "coercive and persuasive agencies, and their capacity to promote and universalize an American 'way of life' in other countries without any reciprocation of influence."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schiller, cultural imperialism "pressured, forced and bribed" societies to integrate with the U.S.'s expansive capitalist model but also incorporated them with attraction and persuasion by winning "the mutual consent, even solicitation of the indigenous rulers." He continues remarks that it is:</p><blockquote><p>the sum processes by which a society is brought into the modern [U.S.-centered] world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to, or even promote, the values and structures of the dominating centres of the system. The public media are the foremost example of operating enterprises that are used in the penetrative process. For penetration on a significant scale the media themselves must be captured by the dominating/penetrating power. This occurs largely through the commercialization of broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The historical contexts, iterations, complexities, and politics of Schiller's foundational and substantive theorization of cultural imperialism in international communication and media studies are discussed in detail by <a href="/wiki/Political_economy_of_communications" title="Political economy of communications">political economy of communication</a> researchers Richard Maxwell,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vincent Mosco,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham Murdock,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tanner Mirrlees.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Downing and Sreberny-Mohammadi state: "Cultural imperialism signifies the dimensions of the process that go beyond economic exploitation or military force. In the history of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, (i.e., the form of imperialism in which the government of the colony is run directly by foreigners), the educational and media systems of many Third World countries have been set up as replicas of those in Britain, France, or the United States and carry their values. Western advertising has made further inroads, as have architectural and fashion styles. Subtly but powerfully, the message has often been insinuated that Western cultures are superior to the cultures of the Third World." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poststructuralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In poststructuralist and postcolonial theory, <i>cultural imperialism</i> is often understood as the cultural legacy of Western colonialism, or forms of social action contributing to the continuation of Western <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>. To some outside of the realm of this discourse, the term is critiqued as being unclear, unfocused, and/or contradictory in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-White_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of French philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Social_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social theorist">social theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> has heavily influenced use of the term <i>cultural imperialism,</i> particularly his philosophical interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a> and his concept of <a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">governmentality</a>. Following an interpretation of power similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, Foucault defines power as immaterial, as a "certain type of relation between individuals" that has to do with complex strategic social positions that relate to the subject's ability to control its environment and influence those around itself.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Foucault, power is intimately tied with his conception of <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>. "Truth", as he defines it, is a "system of ordered procedures for the production, regulation, distribution, circulation, and operation of statements" which has a "circular relation" with systems of power.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, inherent in systems of power, is always "truth", which is culturally specific, inseparable from <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> which often coincides with various forms of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>. <i>Cultural imperialism</i> may be an example of this. </p><p>Foucault's interpretation of governance is also very important in constructing theories of transnational power structure. In his lectures at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></span></span>, Foucault often defines governmentality as the broad art of "governing", which goes beyond the traditional conception of governance in terms of state mandates, and into other realms such as governing "a household, souls, children, a province, a convent, a religious order, a family".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relates directly back to Machiavelli's treatise on how to retain political power at any cost, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i>, and Foucault's aforementioned conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a>. (i.e. various <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivities</a> are created through power relations that are culturally specific, which lead to various forms of culturally specific governmentality such as <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> governmentality.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sa%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Saïd">Edward Saïd</a> is a founding figure of postcolonialism, established with the book <i><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a></i> (1978), a <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> critique of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">The Enlightenment</a>, which criticises Western knowledge of "The East"—specifically the English and the French <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">constructions</a> of what is and what is not "Oriental".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereby said "knowledge" then led to cultural tendencies towards a <a href="/wiki/Binary_opposition" title="Binary opposition">binary opposition</a> of the Orient vs. the Occident, wherein one concept is defined in opposition to the other concept, and from which they emerge as of unequal value.<sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Imperialism" title="Culture and Imperialism">Culture and Imperialism</a></i> (1993), the sequel to <i>Orientalism</i>, Saïd proposes that, despite the formal end of the "age of empire" after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> (1939–1945), colonial imperialism left a cultural legacy to the (previously) colonised peoples, which remains in their contemporary civilisations; and that said American <i>cultural imperialism</i> is very influential in the international systems of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "Can the Subaltern Speak?" <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a> critiques common representations in the West of the <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a>, as being controlled by authors other than the participants (specifically English colonizers and Hindu leaders). Because of this, Spivak argues that the <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">subaltern</a>, referring to the communities that participate in the Sati, are not able to represent themselves through their own voice. Spivak says that cultural imperialism has the power to disqualify or erase the knowledge and mode of education of certain populations that are low on the social and economic hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-speak_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speak-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>A Critique of Postcolonial Reason</i>, Spivak argues that Western philosophy has a history of not only exclusion of the subaltern from discourse, but also does not allow them to occupy the space of a fully human subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_ideas_and_debate">Contemporary ideas and debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contemporary ideas and debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cultural imperialism</i> can refer to either the forced acculturation of a subject population, or to the voluntary embracing of a foreign culture by individuals who do so of their own free will. Since these are two very different referents, the validity of the term has been called into question. </p><p>Cultural influence can be seen by the "receiving" culture as either a threat to or an enrichment of its <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>. It seems therefore useful to distinguish between cultural imperialism as an (active or passive) attitude of superiority, and the position of a culture or group that seeks to complement its own cultural production, considered partly deficient, with imported products. </p><p>The imported products or services can themselves represent, or be associated with, certain values (such as <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>). According to one argument, the "receiving" <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> does not necessarily perceive this link, but instead absorbs the foreign culture passively through the use of the foreign goods and services. Due to its somewhat concealed, but very potent nature, this hypothetical idea is described by some experts as "<i>banal imperialism</i>". For example, it is argued that while "American companies are accused of wanting to control 95 percent of the world's consumers", "cultural imperialism involves much more than simple consumer goods; it involved the dissemination of American principles such as freedom and democracy", a process which "may sound appealing" but which "masks a frightening truth: many cultures around the world are disappearing due to the overwhelming influence of corporate and cultural America".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some believe that the newly globalised economy of the late 20th and early 21st century has facilitated this process through the use of new information technology. This kind of cultural imperialism is derived from what is called "<a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>". The theory of electronic colonialism extends the issue to global cultural issues and the impact of major multi-media conglomerates, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount</a>, <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">WarnerMedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> with the focus on the hegemonic power of these mainly United States–based communication giants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_diversity">Cultural diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the reasons often given for opposing any form of cultural imperialism, voluntary or otherwise, is the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">cultural diversity</a>, a goal seen by some as analogous to the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">ecological diversity</a>. Proponents of this idea argue either that such diversity is valuable in itself, to preserve human historical heritage and knowledge, or instrumentally valuable because it makes available more ways of solving problems and responding to catastrophes, natural or otherwise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_colonisation">African colonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: African colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all the areas of the world that scholars have claimed to be adversely affected by imperialism, Africa is probably the most notable. In the expansive "age of imperialism" of the nineteenth century, scholars have argued that European colonisation in Africa has led to the elimination of many various cultures, worldviews, and <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologies</a>, particularly through <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonisation</a> of public education.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabrin2013_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabrin2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wa_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wa-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, arguably has led to uneven development, and further informal forms of social control having to do with culture and imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of factors, scholars argue, lead to the elimination of cultures, worldviews, and epistemologies, such as "de-linguicization" (replacing native African languages with European ones), devaluing <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontologies</a> that are not explicitly individualistic,<sup id="cite_ref-Abdi_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at times going as far as to not only define Western culture itself as science, but that non-Western approaches to science, the Arts, indigenous culture, etc. are not even knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabrin2013_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabrin2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scholar, <a href="/wiki/Ali_A._Abdi" title="Ali A. Abdi">Ali A. Abdi</a>, claims that imperialism inherently "involve[s] extensively interactive regimes and heavy contexts of identity deformation, misrecognition, loss of self-esteem, and individual and social doubt in <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Abdi_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, all imperialism would always, already be cultural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neoliberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a> is often critiqued by sociologists, anthropologists, and cultural studies scholars as being culturally imperialistic. Critics of neoliberalism, at times, claim that it is the newly predominant form of imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdi_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, such as Elizabeth Dunn and Julia Elyachar have claimed that neoliberalism requires and creates its own form of <a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">governmentality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elyachar_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elyachar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Dunn's work, <i>Privatizing Poland</i>, she argues that the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a>, Gerber, into Poland in the 1990s imposed Western, neoliberal governmentality, <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologies</a> upon the post-soviet persons hired.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural conflicts occurred most notably the company's inherent <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualistic</a> policies, such as promoting competition among workers rather than cooperation, and in its strong opposition to what the company owners claimed was <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Elyachar's work, <i>Markets of Dispossession</i>, she focuses on ways in which, in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> along with <a href="/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International nongovernmental organization">INGOs</a> and the state promoted neoliberal governmentality through schemas of economic development that relied upon "youth microentrepreneurs".<sup id="cite_ref-Elyachar_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elyachar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Youth microentrepreneurs would receive small loans to build their own businesses, similar to the way that <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">microfinance</a> supposedly operates.<sup id="cite_ref-Elyachar_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elyachar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elyachar argues though, that these programs not only were a failure, but that they shifted cultural opinions of <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">value (personal and cultural)</a> in a way that favoured Western ways of thinking and being.<sup id="cite_ref-Elyachar_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elyachar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_studies">Development studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often, methods of promoting development and social justice are critiqued as being imperialistic in a cultural sense. For example, Chandra Mohanty has critiqued Western <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, claiming that it has created a misrepresentation of the "third world woman" as being completely powerless, unable to resist male dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohanty_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanty-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, this leads to the often critiqued narrative of the "white man" saving the "brown woman" from the "brown man". Other, more radical critiques of <a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">development studies</a>, have to do with the field of study itself. Some scholars even question the intentions of those developing the field of study, claiming that efforts to "develop" the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> were never about the South itself. Instead, these efforts, it is argued, were made in order to advance Western development and reinforce Western hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_effects_studies">Media effects studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media effects studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core of cultural imperialism thesis is integrated with the political-economy traditional approach in media effects research. Critics of cultural imperialism commonly claim that non-Western cultures, particularly from the Third World, will forsake their traditional values and lose their cultural identities when they are solely exposed to Western media. Nonetheless, Michael B. Salwen, in his book <i>Critical Studies in Mass Communication</i> (1991),<sup id="cite_ref-Salwen_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salwen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims that cross-consideration and integration of empirical findings on cultural imperialist influences is very critical in terms of understanding mass media in the international sphere. He recognises both of contradictory contexts on cultural imperialist impacts. The first context is where cultural imperialism imposes socio-political disruptions on developing nations. Western media can distort images of foreign cultures and provoke personal and social conflicts to developing nations in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another context is that peoples in developing nations resist to foreign media and preserve their cultural attitudes. Although he admits that outward manifestations of Western culture may be adopted, but the fundamental values and behaviours remain still. Furthermore, positive effects might occur when male-dominated cultures adopt the "liberation" of women with exposure to Western media<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it stimulates ample exchange of cultural exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms_of_"cultural_imperialism_theory""><span id="Criticisms_of_.22cultural_imperialism_theory.22"></span>Criticisms of "cultural imperialism theory"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticisms of "cultural imperialism theory""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of scholars who discuss cultural imperialism have a number of critiques. <i>Cultural imperialism</i> is a term that is only used in discussions where <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">constructivism</a> are generally taken as true. (One cannot critique promoting Western values if one believes that said values are good. Similarly, one cannot argue that Western epistemology is unjustly promoted in non-Western societies if one believes that those epistemologies are good.<sup id="cite_ref-White_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Therefore, those who disagree with cultural relativism and/or constructivism may critique the employment of the term, <i>cultural imperialism</i> on those terms. </p><p>John Tomlinson provides a critique of cultural imperialism theory and reveals major problems in the way in which the idea of cultural, as opposed to economic or political, imperialism is formulated. In his book <i>Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction</i>, he delves into the much debated "<a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media imperialism</a>" theory. Summarizing research on the Third World's reception of American television shows, he challenges the cultural imperialism argument, conveying his doubts about the degree to which US shows in developing nations actually carry US values and improve the profits of US companies. Tomlinson suggests that cultural imperialism is growing in some respects, but local transformation and interpretations of imported media products propose that cultural diversification is not at an end in global society.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explains that one of the fundamental conceptual mistakes of cultural imperialism is to take for granted that the distribution of cultural goods can be considered as cultural dominance. He thus supports his argument highly criticising the concept that <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> is occurring through global overflow of American television products. He points to a myriad of examples of television networks who have managed to dominate their domestic markets and that domestic programs generally top the ratings. He also doubts the concept that cultural agents are passive receivers of information. He states that movement between cultural/geographical areas always involves translation, mutation, adaptation, and the creation of hybridity. </p><p>Other key critiques are that the term is not defined well, and employs further terms that are not defined well, and therefore lacks explanatory power, that <i>cultural imperialism</i> is hard to measure, and that the theory of a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> is not always true.<sup id="cite_ref-White_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dealing_with_cultural_dominance">Dealing with cultural dominance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dealing with cultural dominance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Rothkopf" title="David Rothkopf">David Rothkopf</a>, managing director of <a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Associates" title="Kissinger Associates">Kissinger Associates</a> and an adjunct professor of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international affairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (who also served as a senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">U.S. Commerce Department</a> official in the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Administration">Clinton Administration</a>), wrote about cultural imperialism in his provocatively titled <i>In Praise of Cultural Imperialism?</i> in the summer 1997 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> magazine. Rothkopf says that the United States should embrace "cultural imperialism" as in its self-interest. But his definition of cultural imperialism stresses spreading the values of <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a> and openness to cultural change in order to avoid war and conflict between cultures as well as expanding accepted technological and legal standards to provide free traders with enough security to do business with more countries. Rothkopf's definition almost exclusively involves allowing individuals in other nations to accept or reject foreign cultural influences. He also mentions, but only in passing, the use of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> and consumption of news and popular music and film as cultural dominance that he supports. Rothkopf additionally makes the point that <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> are accelerating the process of cultural influence.<sup id="cite_ref-rothkopf_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothkopf-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culture is sometimes used by the organisers of society—politicians, theologians, academics, and families—to impose and ensure order, the rudiments of which change over time as need dictates. One need only look at the 20th century's <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a>. In each one, leaders used culture as a political front to fuel the passions of their armies and other minions and to justify their actions among their people. </p><p>Rothkopf then cites genocide and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:massacre">massacres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Russia, the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> as examples of culture (in some cases expressed in the ideology of "political culture" or religion) being misused to justify violence. He also acknowledges that cultural imperialism in the past has been guilty of forcefully eliminating the cultures of natives in the Americas and in Africa, or through use of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, "and during the expansion of virtually every <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>." The most important way to deal with cultural influence in any nation, according to Rothkopf, is to promote tolerance and allow, or even promote, cultural diversities that are compatible with tolerance and to eliminate those cultural differences that cause violent conflict: </p> <dl><dd>Successful multicultural societies, be they nations, federations, or other conglomerations of closely interrelated states, discern those aspects of culture that do not threaten union, stability, or prosperity (such as food, holidays, rituals, and music) and allow them to flourish. But they counteract or eradicate the more subversive elements of culture (exclusionary aspects of religion, language, and political/ideological beliefs). History shows that bridging cultural gaps successfully and serving as a home to diverse peoples requires certain social structures, laws, and institutions that transcend culture. Furthermore, the history of a number of ongoing experiments in <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, such as in the European Union, India, South Africa, Canada and the United States, suggests that workable, if not perfected, integrative models exist. Each is built on the idea that tolerance is crucial to social well-being, and each at times has been threatened by both intolerance and a heightened emphasis on cultural distinctions. The greater public good warrants eliminating those cultural characteristics that promote conflict or prevent harmony, even as less-divisive, more personally observed cultural distinctions are celebrated and preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Cultural dominance can also be seen in the 1930s in Australia where the Aboriginal Assimilation Policy acted as an attempt to wipe out the Native Australian people. The British settlers tried to biologically alter the skin colour of the Australian Aboriginal people through mixed breeding with white people. The policy also made attempts to forcefully conform the Aborigines to western ideas of dress and education.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_history">In history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. The specific issue is: <b>missing information on non-Western examples, e.g. Tibet, Ottomans, Imperial Japan.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cultural_imperialism" title="Talk:Cultural imperialism">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the term was popularised in the 1960s, and was used by its original proponents to refer to cultural hegemonies in a post-colonial world, cultural imperialism has also been used to refer to times further in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> are known for spreading their culture around the Mediterranean and Near East through trade and conquest. During the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Period</a>, the burgeoning Greek city-states established settlements and colonies across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, influencing the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> peoples of the region. In the late fourth century BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Persian and Indian territories all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus River Valley">Indus River Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, spreading <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek religion</a>, art, and science along the way. This resulted in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Hellenistic</a> kingdoms and cities across Egypt, the Near East, Central Asia, and Northwest India where Greek culture fused with the cultures of the indigenous peoples. The Greek influence prevailed even longer in science and literature, where medieval Muslim scholars in the Middle East studied the writings of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> for scientific learning. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was also an early example of cultural imperialism. Early Rome, in its conquest of Italy, assimilated the people of <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> by replacing the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a> with Latin, which led to the demise of that language and many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan civilisation">Etruscan civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> was imposed on many parts of Rome's empire by "many regions receiving Roman culture unwillingly, as a form of cultural imperialism."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when Greece was conquered by the Roman armies, Rome set about altering the culture of Greece to conform with Roman ideals. For instance, the Greek habit of stripping naked, in public, for exercise, was looked on askance by Roman writers, who considered the practice to be a cause of the Greeks' effeminacy and enslavement.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman example has been linked to modern instances of European imperialism in African countries, bridging the two instances with Slavoj Zizek's discussions of 'empty signifiers'.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabrin2013_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabrin2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> was secured in the empire, in part, by the "forced acculturation of the culturally diverse populations that Rome had conquered."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British worldwide expansion in the 18th and 19th centuries was an economic and political phenomenon. However, "there was also a strong social and cultural dimension to it, which <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> termed the '<a href="/wiki/White_man%27s_burden" class="mw-redirect" title="White man's burden">white man's burden</a>'." One of the ways this was carried out was by religious proselytising, by, amongst others, the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>, which was "an agent of British cultural imperialism."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way, was by the imposition of educational material on the colonies for an "imperial curriculum". Robin A. Butlin writes, "The promotion of empire through books, illustrative materials, and educational syllabuses was widespread, part of an education policy geared to cultural imperialism".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also true of science and technology in the empire. Douglas M. Peers and Nandini Gooptu note that "Most scholars of colonial science in India now prefer to stress the ways in which science and technology worked in the service of colonialism, as both a 'tool of empire' in the practical sense and as a vehicle for cultural imperialism. In other words, science developed in India in ways that reflected colonial priorities, tending to benefit Europeans at the expense of Indians, while remaining dependent on and subservient to scientific authorities in the colonial metropolis."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British sports were spread across the Empire partially as a way of encouraging British values and cultural uniformity, though this was tempered by the fact that colonised peoples gained a sense of nationalistic pride by defeating the British in their own sports.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The analysis of cultural imperialism carried out by Edward Said drew principally from a study of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Danilo Raponi, the cultural imperialism of the British in the 19th century had a much wider effect than only in the British Empire. He writes, "To paraphrase Said, I see cultural imperialism as a complex cultural hegemony of a country, Great Britain, that in the 19th century had no rivals in terms of its ability to project its power across the world and to influence the cultural, political and commercial affairs of most countries. It is the 'cultural hegemony' of a country whose power to export the most fundamental ideas and concepts at the basis of its understanding of 'civilisation' knew practically no bounds." In this, for example, Raponi includes Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_pre-Second_World_War_examples">Other pre-Second World War examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other pre-Second World War examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Cambridge_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cambridge Modern History">New Cambridge Modern History</a> writes about the cultural imperialism of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a>. Napoleon used the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a> "as an instrument for transmuting French universalism into cultural imperialism." Members of the institute (who included Napoleon), descended upon Egypt in 1798. "Upon arrival they organised themselves into an Institute of Cairo. The Rosetta Stone is their most famous find. The science of Egyptology is their legacy."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Germans were worried about the extent of French influence in the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">occupied Rhineland</a>, which under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> was under <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> control from 1918 to 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early use of the term appeared in an essay by Paul Ruhlmann (as "Peter Hartmann") at that date, entitled <i>French Cultural Imperialism on the Rhine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_colonisation">North American colonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North American colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keeping in line with the trends of international imperialistic endeavours, the expansion of Canadian and American territory in the 19th century saw cultural imperialism employed as a means of control over <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous</a> populations. This, when used in conjunction of more traditional forms of ethnic cleansing and genocide in the United States, saw devastating, lasting effects on indigenous communities. </p><p>In 2017 Canada celebrated its 150-year anniversary of the confederating of three British colonies. As Catherine Murton Stoehr points out in <i>Origins</i>, a publication organised by the history departments of <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a>, the occasion came with remembrance of Canada's treatment of First Nations people. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A mere 9 years after the 1867 signing of confederation Canada passed "The Indian Act", a separate and not equal form of government especially for First Nations. The Indian Act remains in place today, confining and constraining Indigenous jurisdiction in every area of life, in direct contravention of the nation's founding treaties with indigenous nations.</p></blockquote> <p>Numerous policies focused on indigenous persons came into effect shortly thereafter. Most notable is the use of residential schools across Canada as a means to remove indigenous persons from their culture and instill in them the beliefs and values of the majorised colonial hegemony. The policies of these schools, as described by <a href="/wiki/Ward_Churchill" title="Ward Churchill">Ward Churchill</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_the_Indian,_Save_the_Man" title="Kill the Indian, Save the Man">Kill the Indian, Save the Man</a></i>, were to forcefully assimilate students who were often removed with force from their families. These schools forbid students from using their native languages and participating in their own cultural practices. Residential schools were largely run by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches, operating in conjunction with Christian missions with minimal government oversight. The book, <i>Stolen Lives: The Indigenous peoples of Canada and the Indian Residentials Schools</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes this form of operation: "The government provided little leadership, and the clergy in charge were left to decide what to teach and how to teach it. Their priority was to impart the teachings of their church or order—not to provide a good education that could help students in their post-graduation lives." In a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> op-ed, Gabrielle Scrimshaw describes her grandparents being forced to send her mother to one of these schools or risk imprisonment. After hiding her mother on "school pick up day" so as to avoid sending their daughter to institutions whose abuse was well known at the time (mid-20th century). Scrimshaw's mother was left with limited options for further education she says and is today illiterate as a result. Scrimshaw explains, "Seven generations of my ancestors went through these schools. Each new family member enrolled meant a compounding of abuse and a steady loss of identity, culture and hope. My mother was the last generation. the experience left her broken, and like so many, she turned to substances to numb these pains."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report, republished by <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimates nearly 6,000 children died in the care of these schools. </p><p>The colonisation of native peoples in North America remains active today despite the closing of the majority of residential schools. This form of cultural imperialism continues in the use of Native Americans as <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascots</a> for schools and athletic teams. Jason Edward Black, a professor and chair in the Department of Communication Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte" title="University of North Carolina at Charlotte">University of North Carolina at Charlotte</a>, describes how the use of Native Americans as mascots furthers the colonial attitudes of the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indigenous groups, along with cultural studies scholars, view the Native mascots as hegemonic devices–commodification tools–that advance a contemporary manifest destiny by marketing Native culture as Euromerican identity.</p></blockquote> <p>In <i>Deciphering Pocahontas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kent Ono and Derek Buescher wrote: "Euro-American culture has made a habit of appropriating, and redefining what is 'distinctive' and constitutive of Native Americans." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_colonialism">Nazi colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nazi colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cultural imperialism</i> has also been used in connection with the expansion of German influence under the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> in the middle of the twentieth century. Alan Steinweis and Daniel Rogers note that even before the Nazis came to power, "Already in the Weimar Republic, German academic specialists on eastern Europe had contributed through their publications and teaching to the legitimization of German territorial <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a> and cultural imperialism. These scholars operated primarily in the disciplines of history, economics, geography, and literature."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the area of music, Michael Kater writes that during the WWII German occupation of France, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosbaud" title="Hans Rosbaud">Hans Rosbaud</a>, a German conductor based by the Nazi regime in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, became "at least nominally, a servant of Nazi cultural imperialism directed against the French."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy during the war, Germany pursued "a European cultural front that gravitates around German culture". The Nazi propaganda minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> set up the European Union of Writers, "one of Goebbels's most ambitious projects for Nazi cultural hegemony. Presumably a means of gathering authors from Germany, Italy, and the occupied countries to plan the literary life of the new Europe, the union soon emerged as a vehicle of German cultural imperialism."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For other parts of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth" title="Robert Gerwarth">Robert Gerwarth</a>, writing about cultural imperialism and <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, states that the "Nazis' Germanization project was based on a historically unprecedented programme of racial stock-taking, theft, expulsion and murder." Also, "The full integration of the [Czech] <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate</a> into this New Order required the complete Germanization of the Protectorate's cultural life and the eradication of indigenous Czech and Jewish culture."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actions by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> reflect on the notion of race and culture playing a significant role in imperialism. The idea that there is a distinction between the Germans and the Jews has created the illusion of Germans believing they were superior to the Jewish inferiors, the notion of us/them and self/others.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (July 2015)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_imperialism">Western imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Western imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural imperialism manifests in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> in the form legal system to include commodification and marketing of indigenous resources (example medicinal, spiritual or artistic) and genetic resources (example human <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americanization">Americanization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Americanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></div> <p>The terms "<a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Disneyization" class="mw-redirect" title="Disneyization">Disneyization</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Cocacolonization" title="Cocacolonization">Cocacolonization</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been coined to describe the spread of Western cultural influence, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">end of the Cold War</a>. </p><p>There are many countries affected by the US and their pop-culture. For example, the film industry in Nigeria referred to as "Nollywood" being the second largest as it produces more films annually than the United States, their films are shown across Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another term that describes the spread of Western cultural influence is "Hollywoodization" it is when American culture is promoted through Hollywood films which can culturally affect the viewers of Hollywood films.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a> – Concept developed by Joseph Nye</li> <li>Related negative concepts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a> – Purported rationale or justification for colonialism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a> – Internalized attitude of ethnic or very cultural inferiority</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> – Adoption of culture and cultural identity perceived as inappropriate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a> – Adoption of features of another culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a> – Type of genocide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a> – Extermination of a culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green imperialism</a> – Political phenomenon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a> – Transfer of a dominant language to other people as a demonstration of power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">Scientific imperialism</a> – Philosophical concept</li></ul></li> <li>Impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-culturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-culturalism">Cross-culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a> – Feeling of inferiority of one's culture to another</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural revolution">Cultural revolution</a> – Period of sociopolitical turmoil in China (1966–1976)<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> – Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a> – Will to recapture a lost territory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_exist" title="Right to exist">Right to exist</a> – Conceptual right of nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a> – Phenomenon of merging and converging cultures</li></ul></li> <li>Cultural examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanisation</a> – Spread of Albanian culture, people and language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> – Global influence of US culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a> – Form of cultural assimilation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> – Process of growing Arab influence on non-Arab populations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarization">Bulgarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenization</a> – Chilean transculturation process in Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a> – Spread of the Dutch language, people or the culture of the Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a> – Adoption/spread of European styles and norms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> – Expansion of the French language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a> – neologism for the Hawaiian cultural populism<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> – Spread of Greek people, language and culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a> – Process by which a place or person becomes influenced by Hispanic culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> – Cultural assimilation of Persian traits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> – Cultural assimilation of peripheral populations by the Roman Republic/Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> – Measures to increase the influence of Russian culture and language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a> – Spread of Serbian culture, people, or politics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> – Assimilation into Han Chinese culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> – Adoption of Soviet political system and mentality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a> – Assimilation to Thai culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> – Global adoption of western culture and values</li></ul></li> <li>Theocultural <ul><li>Processes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a> – Attempt to convert others to a religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a> – Adoption of religious beliefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a> – Adoption of a different religion or irreligion under duress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_conversion" title="Secondary conversion">Secondary conversion</a> – religious conversion of an individual that results from a relationship with another convert<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> – Process by which Christianity spreads in a society or culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian mission</a> – Organized effort to spread Christianity</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1992" class="citation book cs1">Schiller, Herbert I. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25874095"><i>Mass communications and American empire</i></a> (2nd ed., updated ed.). Boulder: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1439-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1439-9"><bdi>0-8133-1439-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25874095">25874095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+communications+and+American+empire&rft.place=Boulder&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+updated&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25874095&rft.isbn=0-8133-1439-9&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Herbert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F25874095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112788649"><i>Media imperialism : continuity and change</i></a>. Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Tanner Mirrlees. Lanham, Maryland. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2154-2"><bdi>978-1-5381-2154-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112788649">1112788649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+imperialism+%3A+continuity+and+change&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112788649&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2154-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1112788649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mirrlees_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mirrlees_2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirrlees2016" class="citation book cs1">Mirrlees, Tanner (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907657359"><i>Hearts and mines : the US empire's culture industry</i></a>. Vancouver. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3014-0"><bdi>978-0-7748-3014-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907657359">907657359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearts+and+mines+%3A+the+US+empire%27s+culture+industry&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907657359&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3014-0&rft.aulast=Mirrlees&rft.aufirst=Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F907657359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnoy1974" class="citation book cs1">Carnoy, Martin (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/934515"><i>Education as cultural imperialism</i></a>. New York: D. McKay Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-30246-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-30246-8"><bdi>0-679-30246-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934515">934515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+as+cultural+imperialism.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+McKay+Co&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934515&rft.isbn=0-679-30246-8&rft.aulast=Carnoy&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F934515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnleitner1994" class="citation book cs1">Wagnleitner, Reinhold (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42329416"><i>Coca-colonization and the Cold War : the cultural mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-02898-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-02898-2"><bdi>0-585-02898-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42329416">42329416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coca-colonization+and+the+Cold+War+%3A+the+cultural+mission+of+the+United+States+in+Austria+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42329416&rft.isbn=0-585-02898-2&rft.aulast=Wagnleitner&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42329416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydell2013" class="citation book cs1">Rydell, Robert W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806198432"><i>Buffalo Bill in Bologna : the Americanization of the world, 1869-1922</i></a>. Rob Kroes (Pbk. ed.). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00712-0"><bdi>978-0-226-00712-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806198432">806198432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Bill+in+Bologna+%3A+the+Americanization+of+the+world%2C+1869-1922&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.edition=Pbk.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806198432&rft.isbn=978-0-226-00712-0&rft.aulast=Rydell&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F806198432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2019" class="citation book cs1">Davis, G. Doug (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1050960744"><i>Cultural imperialism and the decline of the liberal order : Russian and Western soft power in Eastern Europe</i></a>. Michael O. Slobodchikoff. Lanham, Maryland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-8586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-8586-6"><bdi>978-1-4985-8586-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1050960744">1050960744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+imperialism+and+the+decline+of+the+liberal+order+%3A+Russian+and+Western+soft+power+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1050960744&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-8586-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=G.+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1050960744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipson1992" class="citation book cs1">Phillipson, Robert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30978070"><i>Linguistic imperialism</i></a>. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-437146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-437146-8"><bdi>0-19-437146-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30978070">30978070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+imperialism&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30978070&rft.isbn=0-19-437146-8&rft.aulast=Phillipson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F30978070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28113815"><i>Cultures of United States imperialism</i></a>. Amy Kaplan, Donald E. Pease. Durham: Duke University Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1413-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1413-4"><bdi>0-8223-1413-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28113815">28113815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+United+States+imperialism&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28113815&rft.isbn=0-8223-1413-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28113815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1994" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29600508"><i>Culture and imperialism</i></a> (1st Vintage books ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75054-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75054-1"><bdi>0-679-75054-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29600508">29600508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+imperialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+books&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29600508&rft.isbn=0-679-75054-1&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F29600508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2003" class="citation book cs1">Young, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51001171"><i>Postcolonialism : a very short introduction</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280182-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280182-1"><bdi>0-19-280182-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51001171">51001171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonialism+%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51001171&rft.isbn=0-19-280182-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51001171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeresa_A._MeadeMark_Walker1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Teresa A. Meade</a>; Mark Walker, eds. (January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1017909068"><i>Science, Medicine and Cultural Imperialism</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12447-3"><bdi>978-1-349-12447-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017909068">1017909068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Medicine+and+Cultural+Imperialism.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1991-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017909068&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12447-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1017909068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180772881"><i>Cultural imperialism : essays on the political economy of cultural domination</i></a>. Bernd Hamm, Russell Smandych. Peterborough, Ontario. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0209-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-0209-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180772881">180772881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+imperialism+%3A+essays+on+the+political+economy+of+cultural+domination&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ontario&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180772881&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0209-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F180772881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24142273"><i>Cultural imperialism : a critical introduction</i></a>. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4249-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4249-2"><bdi>0-8018-4249-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24142273">24142273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+imperialism+%3A+a+critical+introduction&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24142273&rft.isbn=0-8018-4249-2&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24142273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahMaitra2005" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Parth; Maitra, Vidisha (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VI4LBMAATv8C"><i>Terracotta Reader: A Market Approach to the Environment</i></a>. Academic Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-426-1"><bdi>978-81-7188-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terracotta+Reader%3A+A+Market+Approach+to+the+Environment&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7188-426-1&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Parth&rft.au=Maitra%2C+Vidisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVI4LBMAATv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesnierBrownellCarter2017" class="citation book cs1">Besnier, Niko; Brownell, Susan; Carter, Thomas F. (8 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520963818-005/html"><i>Two. Sport, Colonialism, and Imperialism</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520963818-005">10.1525/9780520963818-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96381-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96381-8"><bdi>978-0-520-96381-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226765698">226765698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two.+Sport%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+Imperialism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226765698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520963818-005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96381-8&rft.aulast=Besnier&rft.aufirst=Niko&rft.au=Brownell%2C+Susan&rft.au=Carter%2C+Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520963818-005%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, within "cultural"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CFMS0z5-gcC&q=%221960s+and+has%22">Tomlinson (1991)</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamm, (2005), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Livingston A. "Reconsidering Cultural Imperialism Theory" <i>Transnational Broadcasting Studies</i> no.6 Spring/Summer 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy-Mera2018" class="citation web cs1">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34217614">"After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism |"</a>. Routledge. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+American+Studies%3A+Rethinking+the+Legacies+of+Transnational+Exceptionalism+%26%23124%3B&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Herlihy-Mera&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34217614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herlihy-Mera_2018_24-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herlihy-Mera_2018_24_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herlihy-Mera_2018_24_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy-Mera2018" class="citation web cs1">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34217614">"After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism |"</a>. Routledge. p. 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+American+Studies%3A+Rethinking+the+Legacies+of+Transnational+Exceptionalism+%26%23124%3B&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Herlihy-Mera&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34217614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirrlees2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mirrlees, Tanner (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polecom.org/index.php/polecom/article/view/56">"U.S. Empire and Communications Today: Revisiting Herbert I. Schiller"</a>. <i>The Political Economy of Communication</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Communication&rft.atitle=U.S.+Empire+and+Communications+Today%3A+Revisiting+Herbert+I.+Schiller&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mirrlees&rft.aufirst=Tanner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polecom.org%2Findex.php%2Fpolecom%2Farticle%2Fview%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1976" class="citation book cs1">Schiller, Herbert I. 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-707-2"><bdi>978-1-55111-707-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+imperialism%3A+essays+on+the+political+economy+of+cultural+domination&rft.series=Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-707-2&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Russell+Charles+Smandych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturalimperial0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechnerJohn_Boli2009" class="citation book cs1">Lechner, Frank; John Boli (2009). <i>The Globalization Reader</i>. Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+Reader&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lechner&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=John+Boli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechnerJohn_Boli2012" class="citation book cs1">Lechner, Frank; John Boli (2012). <i>The Globalization Reader</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65563-4"><bdi>978-0-470-65563-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+Reader&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65563-4&rft.aulast=Lechner&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=John+Boli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, John (1991). <i>Cultural imperialism: a critical introduction</i> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5013-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-5013-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+imperialism%3A+a+critical+introduction&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5013-5&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1">White, Livingston A. (Spring–Summer 2001). "Reconsidering cultural imperialism theory". <i>Transnational Broadcasting Studies</i> (6). The Center for Electronic Journalism at the American University in Cairo and the Centre for Middle East Studies, St. Antony’s College, Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transnational+Broadcasting+Studies&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+cultural+imperialism+theory&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Livingston+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+imperialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_imperialism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119145355/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/protected/rothkopf.html">"In Praise of Cultural Imperialism?"</a>, by David Rothkopf, <i>Foreign Policy</i> no. 107, Summer 1997, pp. 38–53, which argues that cultural imperialism is a positive thing.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004012955/http://tbsjournal.arabmediasociety.com/Archives/Spring01/white.html">"Reconsidering cultural imperialism theory" by Livingston A. White, <i>Transnational Broadcasting Studies</i> no. 6, Spring/Summer 2001, which argues that the idea of media imperialism is outdated.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100517074812/http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/mass/imperialism.htm">Academic Web page</a> from 24 February 2000, discussing the idea of cultural imperialism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548h4">"Cultural Imperialism"</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Linda Colley, Phillip Dodd and Mary Beard (<i>In Our Time</i>, 27 June 2002)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" title="Category:Culture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Culture" title="Wikipedia:Culture">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture">Changes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michel_Foucault" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michel_Foucault" title="Template talk:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michel_Foucault" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Illness_and_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Illness and Psychology">Mental Illness and Psychology</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Clinic" title="The Birth of the Clinic">The Birth of the Clinic</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Death and the Labyrinth</i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Things" title="The Order of Things">The Order of Things</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i>This Is Not a Pipe</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Archaeology_of_Knowledge" title="The Archaeology of Knowledge">The Archaeology of Knowledge</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> (1976–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays, lectures,<br /> dialogues and<br />anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Kant%27s_Anthropology" title="Introduction to Kant's Anthropology">Introduction to Kant's Anthropology</a></i> (1964)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_an_Author%3F" title="What Is an Author?">What Is an Author?</a>" (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_lectures_at_the_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France">Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=I,_Pierre_Riviere,_Having_Slaughtered_My_Mother,_My_Sister_and_My_Brother&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother (page does not exist)">I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language,_Counter-Memory,_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language, Counter-Memory, Practice (page does not exist)">Language, Counter-Memory, Practice</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herculine_Barbin_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herculine Barbin (Foucault) (page does not exist)">Herculine Barbin</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power/Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power/Knowledge (page does not exist)">Power/Knowledge</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remarks_on_Marx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remarks on Marx (page does not exist)">Remarks on Marx</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9sordre_des_familles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Désordre des familles (page does not exist)">Le Désordre des familles</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Foucault_Reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Foucault Reader (page does not exist)">The Foucault Reader</a></i> (1984)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Enlightenment%3F_(Foucault)" title="What Is Enlightenment? (Foucault)">What Is Enlightenment?</a>" (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics,_Philosophy,_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics, Philosophy, Culture (page does not exist)">Politics, Philosophy, Culture</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_Live&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foucault Live (page does not exist)">Foucault Live</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Politics_of_Truth_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Politics of Truth (Foucault) (page does not exist)">The Politics of Truth</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_Must_Be_Defended&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society Must Be Defended (page does not exist)">Society Must Be Defended</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics:_Subjectivity_and_Truth_(Essential_Works_Volume_1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1) (page does not exist)">Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics,_Method,_Epistemology_(Essential_Works_Volume_2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2) (page does not exist)">Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abnormal_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abnormal (Foucault) (page does not exist)">Abnormal</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(Essential_Works_Volume_3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power (Essential Works Volume 3) (page does not exist)">Power (Essential Works Volume 3)</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fearless_Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fearless Speech (page does not exist)">Fearless Speech</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermeneutics_of_the_Subject" title="The Hermeneutics of the Subject">The Hermeneutics of the Subject</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Essential_Foucault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Essential Foucault (page does not exist)">The Essential Foucault</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychiatric Power (page does not exist)">Psychiatric Power</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Security,_Territory,_Population" title="Security, Territory, Population">Security, Territory, Population</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Biopolitics" title="The Birth of Biopolitics">The Birth of Biopolitics</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Government_of_Self_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Government of Self and Others (page does not exist)">The Government of Self and Others</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courage_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courage of Truth">The Courage of Truth</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lectures_on_the_Will_to_Know&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lectures on the Will to Know (page does not exist)">Lectures on the Will to Know</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Government_of_the_Living&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Government of the Living (page does not exist)">On the Government of the Living</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjectivity_and_Truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjectivity and Truth (page does not exist)">Subjectivity and Truth</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wrong-Doing,_Truth-Telling" title="Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling">Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Punitive_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Punitive Society (page does not exist)">On the Punitive Society</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_function" title="Author function">Author function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">Biopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">Biopower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_archipelago" title="Carceral archipelago">Carceral archipelago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_institution" title="Disciplinary institution">Disciplinary institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(Postmodernism)" title="Discontinuity (Postmodernism)">Discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositif" title="Dispositif">Dispositif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">Governmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiscourse" title="Interdiscourse">Interdiscourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit-experience" title="Limit-experience">Limit-experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">Parrhesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power (social and political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsexualism" title="Postsexualism">Postsexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness" title="Cogito and the History of Madness">Cogito and the History of Madness</a>" (Derrida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucauldian_discourse_analysis" title="Foucauldian discourse analysis">Foucauldian discourse analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Deleuze_book)" title="Foucault (Deleuze book)">Foucault</a></i> (Deleuze)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Michel_Foucault" title="The Passion of Michel Foucault">The Passion of Michel Foucault</a></i> (Miller)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gutting" title="Gary Gutting">Gary Gutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemke_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Lemke (sociologist)">Thomas Lemke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(academic)" title="James Miller (academic)">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rabinow" title="Paul Rabinow">Paul Rabinow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Raffestin" title="Claude Raffestin">Claude Raffestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Rose" title="Nikolas Rose">Nikolas Rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_in_Iran" title="Foucault in Iran">Foucault in Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault_bibliography" title="Michel Foucault bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" title="Foucault–Habermas debate">Foucault–Habermas debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">Chomsky–Foucault debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defert" title="Daniel Defert">Daniel Defert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ewald" title="François Ewald">François Ewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sheridan" title="Alan Sheridan">Alan Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority 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