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<li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Later history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Installation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Installation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Installation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Converters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Converters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grounding_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grounding_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Grounding system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grounding_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electrical transmission line in Southwestern United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Path_26" title="Path 26">Path 26</a>, a set of AC electrical transmission lines in California.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background:lavender;">Path 27</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IntermountainHVDCline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Path 27 as seen on U.S. Route 50 in Utah. An AC transmission line has since been built alongside this segment of the HVDC line."><img alt="Path 27 as seen on U.S. Route 50 in Utah. An AC transmission line has since been built alongside this segment of the HVDC line." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/IntermountainHVDCline.jpg/220px-IntermountainHVDCline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/IntermountainHVDCline.jpg/330px-IntermountainHVDCline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/IntermountainHVDCline.jpg/440px-IntermountainHVDCline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Path 27 as seen on U.S. Route 50 in Utah. An AC transmission line has since been built alongside this segment of the HVDC line.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">General direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Southwest</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">From</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Plant" title="Intermountain Power Plant">Intermountain Power Plant</a> near <a href="/wiki/Delta,_UT" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta, UT">Delta, UT</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Path_27&params=39_30_27_N_112_34_49_W_type:landmark">39°30′27″N 112°34′49″W / 39.50750°N 112.58028°W / 39.50750; -112.58028</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Passes through</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nevada" title="Southern Nevada">Southern Nevada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">To</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adelanto_Converter_Station" title="Adelanto Converter Station">Adelanto Converter Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adelanto,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelanto, CA">Adelanto, CA</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Path_27&params=34_33_4_N_117_26_14_W_type:landmark">34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W / 34.55111°N 117.43722°W / 34.55111; -117.43722</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Ownership information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Agency" title="Intermountain Power Agency">Intermountain Power Agency</a> (IPA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">IPA</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Construction information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer of substations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ASEA" title="ASEA">Asea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Asea-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/ABB_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="ABB Group">ABB Group</a> (2011 upgrade)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1, 1984</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction cost</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.1 billion<a href="#cite_note-UPI-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned</th><td class="infobox-data">September 16, 1985<a href="#cite_note-UPI-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Technical information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Overhead_transmission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead transmission line">overhead transmission line</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of current</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct current</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total length</th><td class="infobox-data">488 mi (785 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power rating</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitachi-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">DC voltage</th><td class="infobox-data">±500 <a href="/wiki/Kilovolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilovolt">kV</a><a href="#cite_note-Dual_voltage-4">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of poles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipole">2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of circuits</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ipautah.com/">https://www.ipautah.com/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Path 27, also called the Intermountain<a href="#cite_note-Intermountain-6">[c]</a> or the Southern Transmission System (STS),<a href="#cite_note-:6-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-STS-9">[6]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct current</a> (HVDC) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical transmission">electrical transmission</a> line running from the <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired</a> <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Plant" title="Intermountain Power Plant">Intermountain Power Plant</a> near <a href="/wiki/Delta,_Utah" title="Delta, Utah">Delta, Utah</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Adelanto_Converter_Station" title="Adelanto Converter Station">Adelanto Converter Station</a> at <a href="/wiki/Adelanto,_California" title="Adelanto, California">Adelanto, California</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>. It was installed by <a href="/wiki/ASEA" title="ASEA">Asea</a>, a company based in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and commercialized in July 1986. The system is designed to carry power generated at the <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plant</a> in Utah to areas throughout <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. It is owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Agency" title="Intermountain Power Agency">Intermountain Power Agency</a>, a cooperative consisting of six <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>-area cities, the largest member being the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Water_and_Power" title="Los Angeles Department of Water and Power">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power</a> (LADWP), and 29 smaller Utah municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_IM-1-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[8]</a> Path 27 consists of an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead power line</a> 488 miles (785 km) long,<a href="#cite_note-Circuit_length-12">[d]</a> and is capable of transferring up to 2,400 <a href="/wiki/Megawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatts">megawatts</a> (MW) of power at ±500 <a href="/wiki/Kilovolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilovolts">kilovolts</a> (kV),<a href="#cite_note-Dual_voltage-4">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANSI-14">[e]</a> higher than the power plant's operational output of 1,900 MW. The resulting maximum current is 4,800 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Max._current-15">[f]</a> Given its length, a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) is preferred to the more common <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) as it allows the electrical energy to <a href="/wiki/Direct-current_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-current transmission">travel farther</a> with minimal loss to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">resistance</a> and requires no intermediate stations. It is <a href="/wiki/Bipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipole">bipolar</a>, meaning that it has two conductors of opposite <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Polarity">polarity</a> (in place of three conductors for AC lines). Both conductors for the entire length are three cables <a href="/wiki/Bundle_conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundle conductor">bundled together</a>; this is done to reduce the effects of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">EM interference</a> and enhance the power line's performance. At each end of the line is a <a href="/wiki/HVDC_converter_station" title="HVDC converter station">converter station</a> that changes <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">AC to DC</a> on one side and <a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">back again</a> on the other. Each terminus also features a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">ground</a> which is connected by an <a href="/wiki/Electrode_line" title="Electrode line">electrode line</a> to a grounding site away from the converters to provide ample <a href="/wiki/Earthing_system" title="Earthing system">earth return</a>; this helps protect the main line and equipment from <a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">faults</a>, and allows the system to operate at partial capacity. Sections of Path 27 are paralleled by other AC transmission lines, including some of 500 kV. The powerline is also visible from the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15" title="Interstate 15">Interstate 15</a> which it passes over multiple times.<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 14, ch. 9  The HVDC line's converter stations will be replaced as part of a project to <a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">repurpose</a> the Intermountain Power Plant as a <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant#Hydrogen" title="Gas-fired power plant">hydrogen-burning facility</a>. The stations are expected to go online by June 2026. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_US_electrical_power_transmission_map_Path_27_annotated2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of WECC's transmission grid. Path 27 can be seen as a diagonal line labeled "27" between central Utah and southern California." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Western_US_electrical_power_transmission_map_Path_27_annotated2.png/400px-Western_US_electrical_power_transmission_map_Path_27_annotated2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="572" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Western_US_electrical_power_transmission_map_Path_27_annotated2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Rough chart of WECC's transmission grid, with Path 27 highlighted in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DcOver247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DcOver247.jpg/260px-DcOver247.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DcOver247.jpg/390px-DcOver247.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DcOver247.jpg/520px-DcOver247.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Path 27 may be identified by its uniquely-designed steel lattice <a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">pylons</a> and two conductors. The tower's height, <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulation</a>, and separation of conductors and their thickness meet the specifics for a 500-kV circuit. Compare to a lower-voltage, conventional three-phase power line on the right.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">High voltages</a> are typically needed to convey large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> over a vast distance, while also minimizing the amount of energy lost to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">resistance</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductive cables</a> as a byproduct from a high <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a>; that is, raising the <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> lowers the amperage for the circuit, according to <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Transmission-17">[11]</a> Whereas <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">high-voltage transmission</a> routes commonly employ a <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">three-phase</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) to move electricity in a to-and-fro fashion, <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct current</a> (HVDC) lines, such as Path 27, carry power in only one direction. A <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) also incurs less loss of energy than AC over the same distance;<a href="#cite_note-Kim-3-18">[12]</a> in other words, DC can sustain power much further than AC, which may require intermediate stations, or "taps," along the route.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[13]</a> Another disadvantage for AC is that power tends to flow on the outer layer of the conductor, a phenomenon called the "<a href="/wiki/Skin_effect" title="Skin effect">skin effect</a>." DC eschews this problem; it allows power to penetrate the entire thickness of the conductor for optimal capacity.<a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[14]</a> Finally, DC circuitry has been chosen for Path 27 because the cost of transmitting power over its distance is lower than with AC,<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[13]</a> which is best economically suited for shorter stretches.<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[g]</a> HVDC is also cheaper because it utilizes fewer than three conductors, translating to less materials and subsequently allaying the cost of infrastructure and equipment used.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-3-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allumiax-24">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/ASEA" title="ASEA">Asea</a>, a multinational electrical supplier based in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, managed the framework and supplies for Path 27, and was a chief contributor for the power line's installment.<a href="#cite_note-ABB-25">[18]</a> The number in "Path 27" is assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electricity_Coordinating_Council" title="Western Electricity Coordinating Council">Western Electricity Coordinating Council</a> (WECC), which oversees the electrical transmission grid across the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">American West</a>, to distinguish this line from the other <a href="/wiki/WECC_Intertie_Paths" title="WECC Intertie Paths">critical transmission routes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WECC_path-5">[3]</a>: 4–5  A 2010 report indicated that Path 27 was also the most <a href="/wiki/Transmission_congestion" title="Transmission congestion">congested electrical pathway</a> within WECC's territory,<a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> though the system is able to handle such heavy usage.<a href="#cite_note-WECC_path-5">[3]</a>: 145  Path 27 is owned and operated by an inter-municipal syndicate known as the <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Agency" title="Intermountain Power Agency">Intermountain Power Agency</a> (IPA), thus lending it the alternative name Intermountain.<a href="#cite_note-Intermountain-6">[c]</a> The IPA's roster includes 29 Utah municipalities (amidst them two suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Logan,_Utah" title="Logan, Utah">Logan</a> as the northernmost participant) and six <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> cities.<a href="#cite_note-fiscal-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[8]</a> The cooperative was founded around this mission:<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width:70%;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">[Intermountain Power Agency’s mission] is to utilize its assets to provide reliable, economic and legally compliant energy products and services for the benefit of its Purchasers, members, and other stakeholders, which includes supplying a ready energy resource reserve and supporting direct and multiplier economic contributions to rural communities and the State. <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — IPA</cite></div></blockquote>Among its objectives is funneling excess energy to communities in Southern California; Path 27 was built to fulfill that purpose. The topmost SoCal client by population on the list is the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Water_and_Power" title="Los Angeles Department of Water and Power">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power</a> (LADWP), the preeminent utility provider for <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, which also receives the greatest share of power through the <a href="/wiki/Power_purchase_agreement" title="Power purchase agreement">plan</a> ahead of <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_California" title="Burbank, California">Burbank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale</a> (as shown in the table below). Altogether, these members acquire the biggest proportion of energy under the IPA.<a href="#cite_note-Delta's_future-29">[22]</a> <div style="clear:left; float:left"></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: center; font-size: 100%; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB;"> <caption><big>End-Users of Path 27</big> (based on net rating of 1,800 MW) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>LADWP </td> <td>48.617% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anaheim </td> <td>13.225% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Riverside </td> <td>7.617% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pasadena </td> <td>4.409% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burbank </td> <td>3.371% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glendale </td> <td>1.704% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>78.943% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipautah.com/participants-services-area/">Participants & Services</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The earliest concept of Path 27 likely originated in 1973, coinciding with an <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">energy crisis of that decade</a> plaguing the U.S. During that year, after the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Reclamation">U.S. Bureau of Reclamation</a> warned of a forthcoming energy shortage, representatives for the Utah-based Intermountain Consumer Power Association (ICPA) convened with Southern California localities in a quest for newer power sources and for investors.<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 1, ch. 1  The IPA established in June 1977.<a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[23]</a> A crucial step for Path 27 came with the Intermountain Power Project (IPP), which emerged in 1974 as a program for financing the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired generator</a>, though it was not until 1977 that Utah's legislatures formally endorsed IPA's implementation of the project.<a href="#cite_note-boomtown-31">[24]</a>: 23 <a href="#cite_note-32">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caineville,_Utah" title="Caineville, Utah">Caineville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Utah" title="Wayne County, Utah">Wayne County</a>, UT, was one of several locations suggested for the power plant,<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 55, ch. 1  prior to settling upon the site north of <a href="/wiki/Delta,_Utah" title="Delta, Utah">Delta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Millard_County,_Utah" title="Millard County, Utah">Millard County</a>, or west of <a href="/wiki/Lynndyl,_Utah" title="Lynndyl, Utah">Lynndyl</a> as stated in the sanction.<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 77, ch. 8  After clearing environmental checks, the generator broke ground on October 9, 1981, with <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>300 million in initial funds.<a href="#cite_note-33">[i]</a> The original plan called for four <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal units</a>, 750 MW aside,<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 6, ch. 1  but it had decreased to two due to concerns over precipitous power demand.<a href="#cite_note-fiscal-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[25]</a> The generator's first unit was erected in 1983. The first batch of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> was delivered by train on July 2, 1985, and the first unit came online later that year. The second unit was actuated on June 13, 1987, bringing the plant to its fullest capacity of 1,500 MW.<a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[23]</a> It would be bolstered to its present-day 1,900-MW productivity in 1989,<a href="#cite_note-:6-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-industcards-35">[26]</a> hence rendering the electrical generator the <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Utah" title="List of power stations in Utah">largest in Utah by yield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25%; border-width: 2 px; color: #202122;background-color: #FEFADE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #FEFADE;">Transmission Line Completed On Time</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Completing this large and complex project on schedule is a tribute to a productive work force and excellent contractors. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Mike Pontius, <a href="/wiki/Davis_County_Clipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis County Clipper">Davis County Clipper</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[23]</a></cite></div> </div> However, Path 27 fully materialized when the transmission line's construction commenced on May 1, 1984, and took slightly more than sixteen months to complete.<a href="#cite_note-37">[28]</a> <a href="#cite_note-38">[j]</a> Various American contractors were commissioned for certain aspects and segments of the line; for instance, one entity from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> built 239 miles (385 km) worth from <a href="/wiki/Adelanto,_California" title="Adelanto, California">Adelanto, California</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moapa,_Nevada" title="Moapa, Nevada">Moapa, Nevada</a>, and another from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> took on the remaining 250 miles (400 km) till Delta;<a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[23]</a> but perhaps the most notable obligation for this turnkey project rested upon <a href="/wiki/ASEA" title="ASEA">Asea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ABB-39">[k]</a> who imported the conductive <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_cable" title="High-voltage cable">cables</a> and pieces for the <a href="/wiki/Galvanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized">galvanized</a> steel-lattice support pylons<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 44, ch. 1  to be assembled on the spot. One phase entailed the emplacement of the pylons' cement <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 48, ch. 1  which are twenty feet (6.1 m) in average depth per pylon and vary in shape based on the tower's height and weight.<a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[23]</a> Newspapers reported that rocky, jagged terrain often posed challenges for accessibility and had likely necessitated copious excavation and even <a href="/wiki/Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock blasting">dynamiting</a>. In all, six hundred workers were deployed for the labor.<a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[23]</a> The line achieved revenue service in July 1986<a href="#cite_note-STS-9">[6]</a> after the ignition of the power plant's first coal-burning unit, even though a document by LADWP attests that it might have been energized as early as December 1985.<a href="#cite_note-40">[29]</a> Depending on official tallies and news accounts, the total cost was $1.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-2">[1]</a> Finally yet equally integral for Path 27 are two converter stations (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Converters">see below</a>), which were inaugurated along with the transmission main, and are vital for its functionality. IPP's converter was installed in conjunction with the power generator, while the second converter in Adelanto and a tangent <a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">switchyard</a> began rising on May 26, 1985, and finished in June 1986<a href="#cite_note-LADWP2011-41">[30]</a> in time to receive freshly-borne energy from borders over. LADWP supervised the construction of the combined facility and tasked Asea with the responsibility of the accouterments.<a href="#cite_note-ABB-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABB-39">[k]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_history">Later history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</div> Since its inception, Path 27 saw upgrades and refinements around the latter turn of the century—the IPP's latest proliferation included. At the behest of LADWP and <a href="/wiki/Southern_California_Edison" title="Southern California Edison">Southern California Edison</a>, ABB Group and <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi Energy</a> modernized the transmission line in 2008 and 2011, respectively, with improved control and protection technology<a href="#cite_note-MACH2-42">[l]</a> alongside supplemental <a href="/wiki/Filter_(circuits)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (circuits)">filters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">cooling systems</a> at each terminal.<a href="#cite_note-:6-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitachi-3">[2]</a> This helped raise the power line's capacity to its modern-day level of 2,400 MW.<a href="#cite_note-converter_upgrade-43">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Installation">Installation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Installation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg/520px-Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="520" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg/780px-Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg/1040px-Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Path 27 is best illustrated in this simplified block diagram of a bipolar HVDC system.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transmission">edit</a>]</div> The primary component of Path 27 is the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_transmission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical transmission line">transmission line</a> itself, which travels a length of 488 miles (785 km)<a href="#cite_note-Circuit_length-12">[d]</a> entirely <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">aboveground</a> through southwestern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nevada" title="Southern Nevada">southern Nevada</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. As opposed to three phases, Path 27 has two <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Polarity">poles</a>; one positive (<a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>) and another negative (<a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Allumiax-24">[17]</a> making this a <a href="/wiki/Bipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipole">bipolar</a> configuration.<a href="#cite_note-44">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[33]</a> It exerts 1,000 kV total,<a href="#cite_note-:11-46">[34]</a> or 500 kV per pole, and is rated for 2,400 MW,<a href="#cite_note-47">[35]</a> giving it a maximum current rating of 4,800 amperes;<a href="#cite_note-Max._current-15">[f]</a> by comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Plant" title="Intermountain Power Plant">Intermountain Power Plant</a> (IPP) generates up to 1,900 MW, thus adding to the line's <a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault tolerance</a>. On most HVDC systems, power can be sent in either direction;<a href="#cite_note-48">[36]</a> Path 27 transports electricity from Utah to California under normal circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-boomtown-31">[24]</a>: 2  Any conductive material engenders <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> whenever electricity flows through it. A single cable carrying such high voltage would produce particularly strong <a href="/wiki/Electric_discharge" title="Electric discharge">radiation</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Corona_discharge" title="Corona discharge">corona discharge</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[14]</a> that can deprive electrical energy and cause <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">EM interference</a> on radio and communication devices.<a href="#cite_note-49">[37]</a> For this reason, Path 27's conductors comprise three cables fastened together, or are <a href="/wiki/Bundle_conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundle conductor">triple-bundled</a>. This not only reduces the detrimental effects of discharge,<a href="#cite_note-50">[38]</a> it also provides more surface area for power to flow, thereby improving transmission efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-51">[39]</a> Each cable is made of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-conductor_steel-reinforced_cable" title="Aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced cable">aluminium strands enveloping a steel core</a> for strength and durability,<a href="#cite_note-Hackaday-52">[40]</a> and the composite measures 1.8 inches (46 mm) in <a href="/wiki/American_wire_gauge" title="American wire gauge">breadth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 44, ch. 1  Two <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line#Ground_wires" title="Overhead power line">shield wires</a> are mounted above the main conductors and shared by the same support pylons. These wires guard the power line against lightning strikes.<a href="#cite_note-53">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[m]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Converters">Converters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Converters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/HVDC_converter" title="HVDC converter">HVDC converter</a></div> Both sides of Path 27 feature a <a href="/wiki/HVDC_converter_station" title="HVDC converter station">converter station</a>, which bridges electrical power between AC and DC circuitry and is ubiquitous to HVDC projects worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-55">[42]</a> The converters are located at the IPP station north of <a href="/wiki/Delta,_Utah" title="Delta, Utah">Delta, UT</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Adelanto_Converter_Station" title="Adelanto Converter Station">Adelanto Converter Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adelanto,_California" title="Adelanto, California">Adelanto</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, CA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fiscal-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPP_Renewal-56">[43]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Path 27's terminals (Power moves from left to right of gallery)</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 270px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelanto_Converter_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Adelanto Converter Station is the end point of the HVDC line."><img alt="HVDC converter station with valve hall close to center of image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Adelanto_Converter_Station.jpg/240px-Adelanto_Converter_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Adelanto_Converter_Station.jpg/360px-Adelanto_Converter_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Adelanto_Converter_Station.jpg/480px-Adelanto_Converter_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="680" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Adelanto Converter Station is the end point of the HVDC line.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pole_2_Thyristor_Valve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pole_2_Thyristor_Valve.jpg/220px-Pole_2_Thyristor_Valve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pole_2_Thyristor_Valve.jpg/330px-Pole_2_Thyristor_Valve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pole_2_Thyristor_Valve.jpg/440px-Pole_2_Thyristor_Valve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Path 27 uses stacks of thyristor valves similar to these on the <a href="/wiki/HVDC_Inter-Island" title="HVDC Inter-Island">HVDC Inter-Island</a> in New Zealand. Note the person for scale.</figcaption></figure> The heart of the conversion process transpires in clusters of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical valve">electronic valves</a> that procedurally modify the flow of electricity in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical switch">switches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-valves-57">[44]</a> The type of valves on Path 27 is <a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">thyristor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[45]</a> technology popular in HVDC since the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-:7-59">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[47]</a> The valve configuration is identical for both converters: 24 stacks about 50 feet (15 m) in height of 24 valves apiece (or three "<a href="/wiki/Thyristor#HVDC_electricity_transmission" title="Thyristor">quadruple-valves</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-:7-59">[46]</a> organized into twelve modules<a href="#cite_note-LADWP2011-41">[30]</a>—a single valve contains 144 thyristors.<a href="#cite_note-61">[n]</a> As a matter of redundancy, the valves at both terminals are grouped two by six; should one be disabled, the other can pick up the slack above its designated capacity for a limited duration.<a href="#cite_note-LADWP2011-41">[30]</a> The entire assemblage is housed in a hangar-like enclosure called a <a href="/wiki/Valve_hall" title="Valve hall">valve hall</a> that protects it from the weather and airborne dust.<a href="#cite_note-62">[48]</a> The valves are affixed on tall insulators that separate them from the interior walls, floor, and ceiling; done to hinder <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">induction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault#Ground_fault_(earth_fault)" title="Electrical fault">premature grounding</a>, as well as aid <a href="/wiki/Cooling" title="Cooling">cooling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[49]</a> Path 27's valve halls are also fortified against earthquakes. As the IPP converter is adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plant</a>, electricity is generally fed into the HVDC line from this terminus. Ingress for power to the system is preceded by a row of <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-64">[50]</a> that step up the voltage level to 500 <abbr title="×1,000">k</abbr>. Next, it infiltrates the valve hall through enormous <a href="/wiki/Bushing_(electrical)" title="Bushing (electrical)">bushings</a> that protect the building from damage caused by <a href="/wiki/Arcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcing">arcing</a>. Inside the hall, the valves pipe the electrical flow from AC to DC in a complex process called <a href="/wiki/Rectification_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectification (electricity)">rectification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[o]</a> On the DC circuitry back outside sits a <a href="/wiki/HVDC_converter_station#DC_equipment" title="HVDC converter station">sequence of filters and reactors</a> that reciprocally smooth out the DC supply<a href="#cite_note-:10-64">[50]</a> and serve to cushion the facility from disturbances as a result of <a href="/wiki/Power_surge_(spike)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power surge (spike)">power surges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[51]</a> The electricity is then sent on its way down Path 27. The Adelanto Converter Station demarks the receiving end of the HVDC line and has relatively the same layout, but the conversion mechanism is reversed. Beyond another set of reactors and filters, the inpouring power enters the valve hall to be carried over to AC circuitry anew—this is <a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">inversion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[p]</a> and it blocks any power backflow on the AC conduit from reaching the valves to enforce unidirectional movement.<a href="#cite_note-valves-57">[44]</a> The electricity advances through a second tier of transformers before disemboguing onto diverging AC lines to be dispersed across the vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-68">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[q]</a> Ideally, Path 27 can work in the opposite direction, with the Adelanto terminal becoming a rectifier, and the IPP an inverter,<a href="#cite_note-71">[54]</a> although this seldom happens out of practicality.<a href="#cite_note-WECC_path-5">[3]</a>: 147  <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grounding_system">Grounding system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grounding system">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Grounding node locations:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Path_27&params=39_18_58.309_N_112_55_19.066_W_type:landmark">39°18′58.309″N 112°55′19.066″W / 39.31619694°N 112.92196278°W / 39.31619694; -112.92196278</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Path_27&params=35_2_50.427_N_116_42_13.495_W_type:landmark">35°2′50.427″N 116°42′13.495″W / 35.04734083°N 116.70374861°W / 35.04734083; -116.70374861</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="#cite_note-73">[r]</a></td> </tr></tbody></table> Like any HVDC scheme, Path 27 needs to be <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounded</a> at both ends in order to operate with respect to the earth.<a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 3  Grounding provides the electric current a common <a href="/wiki/Earthing_system" title="Earthing system">path back into the earth</a>, which serves as a neutral point for the circuit.<a href="#cite_note-76">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[59]</a> Even with safeguards and a substantive fault tolerance, failures on the line can and do occur, thence grounding becomes a workaround for continued reliability of the system.<a href="#cite_note-78">[60]</a> If one pole develops a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">fault</a>, its current is diverted via the ground return to complete the circuit.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 3  This de-energizes the problem conductor, while the second pole remains active;<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 18  in technical terms, grounding allows the power line to function as a <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current#Monopole" title="High-voltage direct current">monopole</a> instead of a bipole.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 1  However, it halves the line's overall capacity.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 3  A pole may also be taken offline by the same means for maintenance, ensuring the safety of work crews. This contingency precludes the need to shut down the whole HVDC system and interrupt the power source, yet it is temporary, as the earth return on a bipolar system is not intended for prolonged use.<a href="#cite_note-80">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 1–3  HVDC exhibits significant <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">potential</a> such that the converter's onsite grounding devices are not enough to withstand alone, and a return current would otherwise cause issues at the electrical facility including rapid <a href="/wiki/Metal_corrosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal corrosion">metal corrosion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 47–50  so the grounding nodes are set at remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[56]</a> On Path 27, the IPP converter's grounding point is situated about 22.2 miles (35.7 km) southwest of the valves (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B018'58.3%22N+112%C2%B055'19.1%22W/@39.316196,-112.9229407,421m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x990030ca0bf3a7ba!7e2!8m2!3d39.3161964!4d-112.9219768?hl={language}">here</a>), while the Adelanto converter's lies about 53.85 miles (86.66 km) to the northeast (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/35%C2%B002'51.1%22N+116%C2%B042'13.5%22W/@35.055308,-116.7166441,7125m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xcda7226c8bf8d8ef!8m2!3d35.0475318!4d-116.7037504?hl={language}">here</a>) on the edge of a <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">playa</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Coyote_Lake_(San_Bernardino_County,_California)" title="Coyote Lake (San Bernardino County, California)">Coyote Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-map-72">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[s]</a> These spots were chosen in part for high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">conductivity</a> within the earthen minerals.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 10–38  Each node covers an area of approximately 0.25 square miles (0.65 km2). At each grounding point is an array of buried conductive rods that form an <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a>, marking the actual transition into the earth for the current. Within the electrodes for Path 27 are sixty rods<a href="#cite_note-83">[t]</a> arranged in a circular rim about 3,000 feet (910 metres) in diameter<a href="#cite_note-map-72">[55]</a> and spaced evenly for the best result.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 21  Each rod is placed vertically to reach subterranean layers with the least <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">resistivity</a> possible:<a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 21, 74  IPP's electrode rods are 285 feet (87 metres) deep, and Adelanto's extend 200 feet (60 metres) downward.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 45  The rods are individually encased in a <a href="/wiki/Perforated_metal" title="Perforated metal">perforated-metal</a> tube, or a "well," to retard corrosion.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 23  The wells are filled with <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke">petroleum coke</a> to enhance the current's connectivity into the soil.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 82  Additionally, the coke regulates heat that the rod naturally emits when a current is induced;<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 89  this is to mitigate the electrode's impact on the surrounding environment.<a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 79  A series of <a href="/wiki/Jumper_cable" title="Jumper cable">jumper cables</a> radiating from the center of the circle feed the return current into the rods. At the center on the surface perches a small structure called a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_enclosure" title="Electrical enclosure">terminal house</a>,<a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 42  which is also equipped with a transmitter that helps technicians monitor the electrode's performance.<a href="#cite_note-:1-84">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 133–136  The "deep-well" setup of Path 27's electrodes is a variation of the "ring-style" electrode found on other HVDC projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_River_DC_Transmission_System" title="Nelson River DC Transmission System">Nelson River Transmission System</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 20  The converters are linked to the electrodes by a pair of conductive cables, each measuring 1.407 square inches (908 mm2) in thickness, to enable physical contact with the earth. These are the <a href="/wiki/Electrode_line" title="Electrode line">electrode lines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[56]</a> arteries for the return current—more precisely, the electrode line carries the current to the terminal house which then injects it through the electrode.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 135  Starting at both termini, the electrode line runs atop Path 27's main pylons in lieu of shield wires before branching off along a standalone set of steel <a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">utility poles</a>. Steel poles have been selected for their resiliency in the hot, arid locales.<a href="#cite_note-85">[65]</a> The electrode line for the IPP converter has a total length of 30 miles (48 km), and the Adelanto's extends 59 miles (95 km).<a href="#cite_note-86">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-electrode_siting-79">[61]</a>: 45  Uniquely, Adelanto's electrode line <a href="/wiki/Undergrounding" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrounding">travels underground</a> for its final two miles (3.2 km) approximately till the grounding site.<a href="#cite_note-map-72">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-84">[64]</a> The electrodes and electrode lines are distinct from the "<a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current#Monopole" title="High-voltage direct current">metallic return</a>," which would involve an extra third conductor along the span of Path 27—the former <a href="/wiki/HVDC_Vancouver_Island" title="HVDC Vancouver Island">HVDC Vancouver Island</a> being an example. Such method would likely be infeasible for its scope and magnitude.<a href="#cite_note-87">[67]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Route">Route</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Route">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Spanish_Trail,_Utah_Iron_Springs_-_panoramio_-_brsolutions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Old_Spanish_Trail%2C_Utah_Iron_Springs_-_panoramio_-_brsolutions.jpg/200px-Old_Spanish_Trail%2C_Utah_Iron_Springs_-_panoramio_-_brsolutions.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Old_Spanish_Trail%2C_Utah_Iron_Springs_-_panoramio_-_brsolutions.jpg/300px-Old_Spanish_Trail%2C_Utah_Iron_Springs_-_panoramio_-_brsolutions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Old_Spanish_Trail%2C_Utah_Iron_Springs_-_panoramio_-_brsolutions.jpg/400px-Old_Spanish_Trail%2C_Utah_Iron_Springs_-_panoramio_-_brsolutions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Spanish Trail</a> meanders beneath Path 27 in Utah.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Path_27_Power_Lines_in_California_0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Path_27_Power_Lines_in_California_0.JPG/200px-Path_27_Power_Lines_in_California_0.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Path_27_Power_Lines_in_California_0.JPG/300px-Path_27_Power_Lines_in_California_0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Path_27_Power_Lines_in_California_0.JPG/400px-Path_27_Power_Lines_in_California_0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Path 27 crossing Interstate 15 outside <a href="/wiki/Yermo,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Yermo, CA">Yermo, CA</a>. Three electrical lines of various voltages parallel this leg of the HVDC line.</div></div></div></div></div> Following the regular power flow, Path 27 begins at the <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Plant" title="Intermountain Power Plant">Intermountain Power Plant</a> in Utah and heads briefly west before curving southward, passing over the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Utah" title="U.S. Route 50 in Utah">U.S. 50</a>/<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Utah" title="U.S. Route 6 in Utah">U.S. 6</a> <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">duplex</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Hinckley,_Utah" title="Hinckley, Utah">Hinkley</a>. The DC line ventures though legions of dry basins and high mountains in the state due southwest; all the while crossing <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Route_21" title="Utah State Route 21">Utah Routes 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Route_56" title="Utah State Route 56">56</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Route_18" title="Utah State Route 18">18</a>; before reaching Nevada about 5.5 miles (8.9 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>'s northwestern corner, simultaneously entering the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>. Inside Nevada, Path 27 traverses the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Mesa" title="Mormon Mesa">Mormon Mesa</a>, bypassing <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Nevada" title="Glendale, Nevada">Glendale</a> and crossing the <a href="/wiki/Muddy_River_(Nevada)" title="Muddy River (Nevada)">Muddy River</a>. It bisects the <a href="/wiki/Moapa_Band_of_Paiute_Indians" title="Moapa Band of Paiute Indians">Moapa River Indigenous Reservation</a> lands<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 50, ch. 2  before crossing <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15_in_Nevada" title="Interstate 15 in Nevada">Interstate 15</a> near <a href="/wiki/Crystal,_Clark_County,_Nevada" title="Crystal, Clark County, Nevada">Crystal</a>. Across <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas Valley</a>, the line meets with <a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Route_564" title="Nevada State Route 564">NV 564</a> while riding through the <a href="/wiki/Frenchman_Mountain" title="Frenchman Mountain">Frenchman Mountain</a>, straddles the <a href="/wiki/River_Mountains" title="River Mountains">River Mountains</a> bypassing <a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson</a>, and crosses <a href="/wiki/Interstate_11" title="Interstate 11">Interstate 11</a> at <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Pass_(Nevada)" title="Railroad Pass (Nevada)">Railroad Pass</a> before heading into <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Valley" title="Eldorado Valley">Eldorado Valley</a>. Upon traversing the <a href="/wiki/McCullough_Range" title="McCullough Range">McCullough Range</a>, it descends into <a href="/wiki/Ivanpah_Valley" title="Ivanpah Valley">Ivanpah Valley</a>, missing <a href="/wiki/Primm,_Nevada" title="Primm, Nevada">Primm</a> in its north and crossing Interstate 15 again; shortly thereafter, it enters California. Path 27 cuts across isolated, oft-rugged tracts of the <a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">High Desert</a><a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 4, ch. 5  while also encountering <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_127" title="California State Route 127">CA 127</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Baker,_California" title="Baker, California">Baker</a>. Now in the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a>, the line proceeds through <a href="/wiki/Victor_Valley" title="Victor Valley">Victor Valley</a> where it crosses <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California" title="Interstate 15 in California">Interstate 15</a> once more near <a href="/wiki/Yermo,_California" title="Yermo, California">Yermo</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_66" title="U.S. Route 66">old U.S. 66</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_in_California" title="Interstate 40 in California">Interstate 40</a> between <a href="/wiki/Daggett,_California" title="Daggett, California">Daggett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Newberry Springs">Newberry Springs</a>. It then encounters <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_247" title="California State Route 247">CA 247</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Barstow,_California" title="Barstow, California">Barstow</a>. Around <a href="/wiki/Bell_Mountain,_California" title="Bell Mountain, California">Bell Mountain</a>, Path 27 meets with Interstate 15 one last time, and then old U.S. 66 a second instance and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_395_in_California" title="U.S. Route 395 in California">U.S. 395</a> near <a href="/wiki/Oro_Grande,_California" title="Oro Grande, California">Oro Grande</a><a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 7, ch. 5  before reaching <a href="/wiki/Adelanto,_California" title="Adelanto, California">Adelanto</a>, where the line arrives at its final destination of the <a href="/wiki/Adelanto_Converter_Station" title="Adelanto Converter Station">Adelanto Converter Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-map-72">[55]</a> Numerous AC transmission lines parallel Path 27 throughout its course.<a href="#cite_note-88">[68]</a> A 345-kV circuit runs beside the DC line interlinking the IPP and a <a href="/wiki/Milford_Wind" title="Milford Wind">wind farm near Milford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-7">[4]</a> A second 345-kV circuit leading to the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Allen_Generating_Station" title="Harry Allen Generating Station">Harry Allen Generating Station</a> joins Path 27 near <a href="/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah" title="Cedar City, Utah">Cedar City</a>. North of <a href="/wiki/Mesquite,_Nevada" title="Mesquite, Nevada">Mesquite</a>, both are joined by a 500-kV line connecting the decommissioned <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Generating_Station" title="Navajo Generating Station">Navajo Generating Station</a>; the three travel somewhat within eyeshot of Interstate 15 until a <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Solar_Power_Plant" title="Nellis Solar Power Plant">solar park</a> near Crystal. An assortment of 500-kV transmission corridors then follow Path 27 through Las Vegas Valley toward <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Valley#Solar_power" title="Eldorado Valley">another collection of solar farms</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevada" title="Boulder City, Nevada">Boulder City</a>. From Ivanpah Valley onward, two more 500-kV circuits and a third of 287 kV accompany Path 27 across the desert—these three constitute WECC <a href="/wiki/Path_46" title="Path 46">Path 46</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WECC_path-5">[3]</a>: 197  By <a href="/wiki/Victorville,_California" title="Victorville, California">Victorville</a>, Path 27 splits from the three AC routes but is once again shadowed by others of various voltages before culminating in Adelanto. Stringing multiple circuits on the same right-of-way is often favored, as it consumes less land per mile.<a href="#cite_note-89">[69]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Future">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_Power_Plant#Natural_gas_and_green_hydrogen_plant_plans" title="Intermountain Power Plant">Intermountain Power Plant § Natural gas and green hydrogen plant plans</a></div> The coal-firing powerhouses at the <abbr title="Intermountain Power Plant">IPP</abbr> site are to be retired by 2027;<a href="#cite_note-Delta's_future-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-LADWP_newsletter-90">[70]</a> this adheres to LADWP's wishes for reducing its dependence on fossil fuels in favor of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">greener energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_IM-1-10">[7]</a> The plant will be replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">gas-powered facility</a> specially tailored for <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant#Hydrogen" title="Gas-fired power plant">harvesting hydrogen</a> by 2025,<a href="#cite_note-LAT_2019-11-91">[71]</a> and paired with at least two <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">solar farms</a> on nearby parcels.<a href="#cite_note-92">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[74]</a> The sources will beget 840 MW and 300 MW at peak, respectively, or 1,140 MW when combined, still lower than Path 27's maximal capacity. This "renewal project" also calls for both converter stations to be replaced and activated by June 2026,<a href="#cite_note-converter_upgrade-43">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPP_Renewal-56">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[75]</a> as well as improvements to Path 27 to lengthen the power line's <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_DC_Intertie" title="Pacific DC Intertie">Pacific DC Intertie</a> - a similar HVDC system running through the Western U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HVDC_projects" title="List of HVDC projects">List of HVDC projects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UPI-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/09/17/Construction-of-the-Intermountain-Power-Projects-490-mile-transmission-line/3477495777600/">"Construction of the Intermountain Power Project's 490-mile transmission line..."</a> UPI. 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Retrieved 2022-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=energyeducation.ca&rft.atitle=Grounding+-+Energy+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergyeducation.ca%2Fencyclopedia%2FGrounding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#Wiley">Wiley, HVDC Transmission</a>, pp. 6-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-electrode_siting-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrode_siting_79-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1997" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Richard J (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc697480/m2/1/high_res_d/580585.pdf">"HVDC Power Transmission Electrode Siting and Design"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>. Retrieved November 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HVDC+Power+Transmission+Electrode+Siting+and+Design&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1997-04&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Richard+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc697480%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2F580585.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#Padiyar">Padiyar, HVDC Power Transmission Systems</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/an-electrical-pilgrimage-to-the-buried-battery-outside-1498692476">"A Pilgrimage to the Buried Electrical Network Outside Los Angeles"</a>. Gizmodo. 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2022-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=A+Pilgrimage+to+the+Buried+Electrical+Network+Outside+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fan-electrical-pilgrimage-to-the-buried-battery-outside-1498692476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clui.org/ludb/site/coyote-dry-lake-return-electrode">"Coyote Dry Lake Return Electrode | The Center for Land Use Interpretation"</a>. clui.org. Retrieved 2022-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clui.org&rft.atitle=Coyote+Dry+Lake+Return+Electrode+%7C+The+Center+for+Land+Use+Interpretation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclui.org%2Fludb%2Fsite%2Fcoyote-dry-lake-return-electrode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2019" class="citation web cs1">Sims, John (November 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.critterguard.org/blogs/articles/pros-and-cons-of-steel-utility-poles">"Pros And Cons Of Steel Utility Poles"</a>. Critter Guard. Retrieved 2022-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Critter+Guard&rft.atitle=Pros+And+Cons+Of+Steel+Utility+Poles&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.critterguard.org%2Fblogs%2Farticles%2Fpros-and-cons-of-steel-utility-poles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibilant2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sibilant, G. (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epri.com/research/products/1020116">"HVDC Ground Electrode Overview"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">Electric Power Research Institute</a> (Updated ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electric+Power+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=HVDC+Ground+Electrode+Overview&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Sibilant&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epri.com%2Fresearch%2Fproducts%2F1020116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#Wiley">Wiley, HVDC Transmission</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#Wiley">Wiley, HVDC Transmission</a>, p. 384 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKryukov2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kryukov, Andrey (4 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/8249/pdf">"Power Flow Modeling of Multi-Circuit Transmission Lines"</a> (PDF). Energies. 15 (21). <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a>: 8249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen15218249">10.3390/en15218249</a>. Retrieved 26 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energies&rft.atitle=Power+Flow+Modeling+of+Multi-Circuit+Transmission+Lines&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=8249&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fen15218249&rft.aulast=Kryukov&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1996-1073%2F15%2F21%2F8249%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LADWP_newsletter-90"><a href="#cite_ref-LADWP_newsletter_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2020" class="citation web cs1">Tucker, Carol (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ladwpintake.com/the-future-of-ipp-is-green/">"The Future of IPP Is Green - Transforming L.A.'s Last Coal Plant to Help Reach 100% Renewable Energy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LADWP" class="mw-redirect" title="LADWP">LADWP</a>. Retrieved 2020-10-14. <q>Engineering studies had determined that 840 MW was the minimum generation capacity needed to maintain sufficient voltage for the critical transmission systems to operate reliably.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LADWP&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+IPP+Is+Green+-+Transforming+L.A.%27s+Last+Coal+Plant+to+Help+Reach+100%25+Renewable+Energy&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladwpintake.com%2Fthe-future-of-ipp-is-green%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT_2019-11-91"><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_2019-11_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2019" class="citation news cs1">Roth, Sammy (2019-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2019-11-19/climate-change-activists-urge-los-angeles-not-to-build-new-gas-plant-in-utah">"Climate change activists urge Los Angeles not to build a gas plant in Utah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 2020-10-14. <q>The utility plans to replace Intermountain in part with an $865-million plant that runs on natural gas. ... LADWP officials claim that without a traditional power plant at Intermountain, they won't have the physical ability to transport solar and wind energy through the transmission line to Los Angeles. They also say they hope to eventually fuel the gas plant with clean-burning hydrogen, although the technology is still being developed and could be prohibitively expensive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Climate+change+activists+urge+Los+Angeles+not+to+build+a+gas+plant+in+Utah&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fenvironment%2Fstory%2F2019-11-19%2Fclimate-change-activists-urge-los-angeles-not-to-build-new-gas-plant-in-utah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#IPP_overview_and_history">IPP Station Overview and History</a>, slides 39-40 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcet.org/news/redefine/rewire/solar/photovoltaic-pv/ladwp-may-be-buying-utah-sun.html">"LADWP May be Buying Utah Sun"</a>. 18 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LADWP+May+be+Buying+Utah+Sun&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fnews%2Fredefine%2Frewire%2Fsolar%2Fphotovoltaic-pv%2Fladwp-may-be-buying-utah-sun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#Greg">Greg, Intermountain Power Plant & Green Hydrogen</a>, slide 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#IPP_overview_and_history">IPP Station Overview and History</a>, slide 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-us/news/88ab2164/public-finance-team-advises-the-southern-california-public-power-authority-on-bond-deal">"Public Finance Team Advises the Southern California Public Power Authority on Bond Deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norton_Rose_Fulbright" title="Norton Rose Fulbright">Norton Rose Fulbright</a>. April 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norton+Rose+Fulbright&rft.atitle=Public+Finance+Team+Advises+the+Southern+California+Public+Power+Authority+on+Bond+Deal&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortonrosefulbright.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2F88ab2164%2Fpublic-finance-team-advises-the-southern-california-public-power-authority-on-bond-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Asea-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Asea_1-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/ASEA" title="ASEA">Asea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown, Boveri & Cie</a> were merged to <a href="/wiki/ABB_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="ABB Group">ABB</a> on January 1, 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dual_voltage-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dual_voltage_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dual_voltage_4-1">b</a> The symbol ± denotes a dual voltage power supply for a bipolar system of 500,000 V and -500,000 V. </li> <li id="cite_note-Intermountain-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intermountain_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intermountain_6-1">b</a> More formally the Intermountain Power Project Direct Current (IPP DC) Line.<a href="#cite_note-WECC_path-5">[3]</a>: 144  </li> <li id="cite_note-Circuit_length-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Circuit_length_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circuit_length_12-1">b</a> The circuit length is twice the value at 976 miles (1,571 km). </li> <li id="cite_note-ANSI-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_14-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) classifies 500 kV as "<a href="/wiki/High_voltage#Definition" title="High voltage">extra-high voltage</a>" along with 345 kV and 765 kV.<a href="#cite_note-C84.1-13">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Max._current-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Max._current_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Max._current_15-1">b</a> Calculated by: A = W ÷ V, where A = amperes, W = watts, and V = volts. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> From an investment standpoint, constructing overhead AC lines is cheaper than HVDC lines when the length is below 400 miles (600 km). Up to 500 miles (800 km) and beyond, however, makes HVDC a more attractive option. This range is called a "break-even distance." See also: <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current#AC_network_interconnectors" title="High-voltage direct current">AC network interconnectors</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> In 1977, Governor <a href="/wiki/Scott_M._Matheson" title="Scott M. Matheson">Scott M. Matheson</a> signed into law an amendment to the Utah Interlocal Cooperation Act aimed at streamlining the creation of IPA, which soon asserted control of the IPP in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 1, ch. 1  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The IPA requested an additional $900 million in 1983, one of the largest outlays by an inter-regional collateral in U.S. history. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Two HVDC lines had originally been slated, and the project would have allocated an estimated 24,400 acres of land, not counting access and service roads.<a href="#cite_note-IPP_EIS-16">[10]</a>: 44–45, ch. 1  </li> <li id="cite_note-ABB-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABB_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABB_39-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/ASEA" title="ASEA">Asea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown, Boveri & Cie</a> were merged on January 1, 1988 and ABB was created. </li> <li id="cite_note-MACH2-42"><a href="#cite_ref-MACH2_42-0">^</a> Hardware in place is by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mach2management.be/">MACH2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Lightning storms frequently take place between July and August in parts of the Mojave Desert that Path 27 traverses. This weather pattern is due to moist air migrating from <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_monsoon" title="North American monsoon">monsoon season</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> That amounts to 165,888 thyristors for Path 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> This process is found in most <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a> appliances. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Solar_inverter" title="Solar inverter">inverter</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power system">solar power system</a> uses this process. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Adelanto's converter connects to a 500-kV <a href="/wiki/Busbar" title="Busbar">bank</a>, so the transformers here merely act as a buffer against <a href="/wiki/Overvoltage" title="Overvoltage">overvoltages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[53]</a> They are reputedly the largest ever manufactured to the U.S. by ABB Group.<a href="#cite_note-LADWP2011-41">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> The distance between Path 27's grounding nodes is approximately 361 miles (581 km).<a href="#cite_note-map-72">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> By comparison, that grounding site is about 21 miles (34 km) east-northeast of central <a href="/wiki/Barstow,_California" title="Barstow, California">Barstow</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The rods themselves are elements divided into segments interlaced with smaller cables.<a href="#cite_note-electrode_overview-75">[57]</a>: 22  This allows the elements to expand and contract. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Padiyar">Padiyar, K. R. (2005). HVDC Power Transmission Systems. New Age International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8122401023" title="Special:BookSources/8122401023">8122401023</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Wiley">Kim, Chan-Ki; Sood, Vijay K.; Jang, Gil-Soo; Lim, Seong-Joo; Lee, Seok-Jin (2009). HVDC Transmission : Power Conversion Applications in Power Systems. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470822968" title="Special:BookSources/9780470822968">9780470822968</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="IPP"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/839711.pdf">Intermountain Power Project Station Overview and History</a> </cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Greg"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuynh2020" class="citation web cs1">Huynh, Greg (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/ladwp_cn_fuels_infra_july2020.pdf">"Intermountain Power Project & Green Hydrogen"</a> (PDF). LADWP. Retrieved December 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intermountain+Power+Project+%26+Green+Hydrogen&rft.pub=LADWP&rft.date=2020-07&rft.aulast=Huynh&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2.arb.ca.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-07%2Fladwp_cn_fuels_infra_july2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"></cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamran_Sharifabadi,_Lennart_Harnefors,_Hans-Peter_Nee,_Staffan_Norrga,_Remus_Teodorescu2016" class="citation book cs1">Kamran Sharifabadi, Lennart Harnefors, Hans-Peter Nee, Staffan Norrga, Remus Teodorescu (October 17, 2016). Design, Control, and Application of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122401028" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122401028"><bdi>978-8122401028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design%2C+Control%2C+and+Application+of+Modular+Multilevel+Converters+for+HVDC+Transmission+Systems&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft.isbn=978-8122401028&rft.au=Kamran+Sharifabadi%2C+Lennart+Harnefors%2C+Hans-Peter+Nee%2C+Staffan+Norrga%2C+Remus+Teodorescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li>Debroy, Rupam <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt3CBQAAQBAJ">HVDC: High Voltage Direct Current Transmission line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragan_Jovcic2019" class="citation book cs1">Dragan Jovcic (July 2019). High Voltage Direct Current Transmission; Converters, Systems and DC Grids (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119566618" title="Special:BookSources/9781119566618"><bdi>9781119566618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Voltage+Direct+Current+Transmission%3B+Converters%2C+Systems+and+DC+Grids&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019-07&rft.isbn=9781119566618&rft.au=Dragan+Jovcic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APath+27" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_27&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Path_27_(Western_Interconnection)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Path 27 (Western Interconnection)">Path 27 (Western Interconnection)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1Xwxh0knMGksBni8CxrwcZEYDLgI&usp=sharing">Map of Path 27's course</a>, including overhead electrode lines, locations of converters and grounding points, <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/3ade4e1a0a27ac5ec125774b00282f7b.aspx">Intermountain HVDC transmission system</a>, The ABB Group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wecc.org/epubs/StateOfTheInterconnection/Pages/Transmission-Adequacy.aspx">Transmission Accuracy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Electricity_Coordinating_Council" title="Western Electricity Coordinating Council">Western Electricity Coordinating Council</a>; Path 27's usage value listed</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050526185217/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/cigresc14/Compendium/IPP.htm">The Intermountain Power Project (IPP) HVDC Schema</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050426153127/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/cigresc14/Compendium/Ipp+Pictures.pdf">The Intermountain Power Project (IPP) HVDC Pictures</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Map all coordinates using <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Path_27">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> Download coordinates as: <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Path_27">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Path_27">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Path_27">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Path_27">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_Transmission_Corridors_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Template:Power Transmission Corridors of the Western United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Power_Transmission_Corridors_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Template talk:Power Transmission Corridors of the Western United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Power_Transmission_Corridors_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Power Transmission Corridors of the Western United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_electric_power_transmission_corridors_of_the_Western_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> corridors of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Interconnection" title="Western Interconnection">Western Interconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electricity_Coordinating_Council" title="Western Electricity Coordinating Council">Western Electricity Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transmission_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Power transmission in California">Power transmission in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Independent_System_Operator" title="California Independent System Operator">California Independent System Operator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Nevada_Transmission_Line" title="One Nevada Transmission Line">One Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 3 (page does not exist)">Path 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 4 (page does not exist)">Path 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 5 (page does not exist)">Path 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 6 (page does not exist)">Path 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 8 (page does not exist)">Path 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 9 (page does not exist)">Path 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_10-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 10-11 (page does not exist)">Path 10-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 14 (page does not exist)">Path 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_15" title="Path 15">Path 15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 21 (page does not exist)">Path 21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 22 (page does not exist)">Path 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_26" title="Path 26">Path 26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 45 (page does not exist)">Path 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_46" title="Path 46">Path 46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 49 (page does not exist)">Path 49</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 51 (page does not exist)">Path 51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_54&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 54 (page does not exist)">Path 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_61" title="Path 61">Path 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_62" title="Path 62">Path 62</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_63&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 63 (page does not exist)">Path 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Path 64">Path 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_66" title="Path 66">Path 66</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 71 (page does not exist)">Path 71</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 73 (page does not exist)">Path 73</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Path_75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Path 75 (page does not exist)">Path 75</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">Direct current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Path 27</a> (Intermountain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_DC_Intertie" title="Pacific DC Intertie">Pacific DC Intertie</a> (Path 65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_resource_facilities_in_Nevada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_resource_facilities_in_Nevada" title="Template:Energy resource facilities in Nevada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Energy_resource_facilities_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Energy resource facilities in Nevada (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_resource_facilities_in_Nevada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy resource facilities in Nevada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_resource_facilities_in_Nevada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy resource facilities in Nevada</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal_fired" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal fired">Coal fired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Energy_Center" title="Ely Energy Center">Ely Energy Center</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_Power_Station" title="Mohave Power Station">Mohave</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Valmy_Generating_Station" title="North Valmy Generating Station">North Valmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Gardner_Generating_Station" title="Reid Gardner Generating Station">Reid Gardner</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Pine_Energy_Station" title="White Pine Energy Station">White Pine Energy Station</a> (cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Gas fired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Lenzie_Generating_Station" title="Chuck Lenzie Generating Station">Chuck Lenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Clark_Generating_Station" title="Edward W. Clark Generating Station">Edward W. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Churchill_Generating_Station" title="Fort Churchill Generating Station">Fort Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Tracy_Generating_Station" title="Frank A. Tracy Generating Station">Frank A. Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Allen_Generating_Station" title="Harry Allen Generating Station">Harry Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverhawk_Generating_Station" title="Silverhawk Generating Station">Silverhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquop_Energy_Project" title="Toquop Energy Project">Toquop</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_M._Higgins_Generating_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter M. Higgins Generating Station (page does not exist)">Walter M. Higgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowawe_Geothermal_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowawe Geothermal Power Plant">Beowawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Faulkner_1_Geothermal_Power_Plant" title="Blue Mountain Faulkner 1 Geothermal Power Plant">Blue Mountain Faulkner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brady_Hot_Springs_Geothermal_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brady Hot Springs Geothermal Plant (page does not exist)">Brady Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clayton_Valley_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clayton Valley 1 (page does not exist)">Clayton Valley 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desert_Peak_Geothermal_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desert Peak Geothermal Plant (page does not exist)">Desert Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Valley_Geothermal_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dixie Valley Geothermal Plant (page does not exist)">Dixie Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galena_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galena 2 (page does not exist)">Galena 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galena_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galena 3 (page does not exist)">Galena 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homestretch_Geothermal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homestretch Geothermal (page does not exist)">Homestretch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Valley" title="Jersey Valley">Jersey Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGinnis_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McGinnis Hills (page does not exist)">McGinnis Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Valley_Geothermal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Valley Geothermal (page does not exist)">North Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pumpernickel_Geothermal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pumpernickel Geothermal (page does not exist)">Pumpernickel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Burdette_Geothermal_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Burdette Geothermal Power Plant (page does not exist)">Richard Burdette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Emidio_Geothermal_Plant" title="San Emidio Geothermal Plant">San Emidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_Lake_Geothermal_Plant" title="Soda Lake Geothermal Plant">Soda Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steamboat_Hills_Geothermal_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steamboat Hills Geothermal Plant (page does not exist)">Steamboat Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboat_Springs_Geothermal_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamboat Springs Geothermal Plant">Steamboat Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillwater_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillwater site">Stillwater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscarora_Geothermal_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscarora Geothermal Plant (page does not exist)">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wabuska_Geothermal_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wabuska Geothermal Plant (page does not exist)">Wabuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">Hydroelectric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Dam" title="Davis Dam">Davis Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Apex_Solar" title="RV Apex Solar">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Solar" title="Boulder Solar">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Mountain_Solar_Facility" title="Copper Mountain Solar Facility">Copper Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Dunes_Solar_Energy_Project" title="Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project">Crescent Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Clark_Generating_Station" title="Edward W. Clark Generating Station">Edward W. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_Solar_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="El Dorado Solar Power Plant">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Solar_Energy_Project" title="Mountain View Solar Energy Project">Mountain View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellis_Solar_Power_Plant" title="Nellis Solar Power Plant">Nellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Solar_One" title="Nevada Solar One">Nevada Solar One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_Solar_Energy_Project" title="Sandstone Solar Energy Project">Sandstone</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_State_North_Solar_Project" title="Silver State North Solar Project">Silver State North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_State_South_Solar_Project" title="Silver State South Solar Project">Silver State South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillwater_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillwater site">Stillwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquop_Energy_Project" title="Toquop Energy Project">Toquop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Valley_Wind_Farm" title="Spring Valley Wind Farm">Spring Valley Wind Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas pipeline">Natural gas pipelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kern_River_Pipeline" title="Kern River Pipeline">Kern River Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Pipeline" title="Ruby Pipeline">Ruby Pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum pipeline">Petroleum pipelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calnev_Pipeline" title="Calnev Pipeline">Calnev Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unev_pipeline" title="Unev pipeline">Unev pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Nevada_Transmission_Line" title="One Nevada Transmission Line">One Nevada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Path 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_46" title="Path 46">Path 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_62" title="Path 62">Path 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Path 64">Path 64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Substations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketplace_substation" title="Marketplace substation">Marketplace substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_substation" title="Mead substation">Mead substation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodsprings_Waste_Heat_Recovery_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodsprings Waste Heat Recovery Station">Goodsprings Waste Heat Recovery Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Nevada" title="List of power stations in Nevada">List of power stations in Nevada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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