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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electrode line</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apollo_Converter_Station_-_001.JPG/330px-Apollo_Converter_Station_-_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apollo_Converter_Station_-_001.JPG/440px-Apollo_Converter_Station_-_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Electrode line of HVDC Cahora Bassa near Apollo, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electrode line</b> is used in some <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct-current</a> (HVDC) power transmission systems, to connect the converter stations to distant <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">ground</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>. Many long-distance HVDC systems use sea or <a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return#In_HVDC_systems" title="Single-wire earth return">ground return</a> for the DC neutral current since this is considerably cheaper than providing a dedicated <i>metallic return</i> conductor on an overhead wire or cable. The ground electrode is separated from the converter station so that current returning through the ground electrode does not cause corrosion of parts of the station in contact with the earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ground_connection">Ground connection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ground connection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The connection to ground requires a specially designed <i>ground electrode</i> (or <i>earth electrode</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electrode is usually located several tens of kilometres from the <a href="/wiki/HVDC_converter_station" title="HVDC converter station">converter station</a> in order to avoid possible problems or <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> in the converter station grounding system. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>electrode line</b> connects the converter station to the grounding electrode. The electrode line can be implemented, depending upon the location of the electrode (onshore or in the sea), as ground cables, as overhead line, or as a combination of ground cable and overhead line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bipolar_systems">Bipolar systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bipolar systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg/220px-Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg/330px-Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg/440px-Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Block diagram of a bipolar system that also has an earth return</figcaption></figure> <p>HVDC electrodes are used in most <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current#Bipolar" title="High-voltage direct current">bipolar</a> thyristor-based line-commutated converter (LCC) HVDC transmission systems as a means to improve the reliability of the entire system while also reducing the DC voltage and current ripples. In the event that one of the poles in the bipolar system is faulted, the current path will switch to ground return, thus allowing the system to continue operating at reduced capacity and reducing the possibility that a pole fault will cause a bipolar outage. Usually these ground return paths are only used for very short durations until the faulted pole can be returned to service. The ground current in such schemes can flow in either direction, so the electrodes have to be designed to be reversible, operating either as an <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>. Concerning voltage-source-converter (VSC) HVDC systems, the main reason to use bipolar configurations, especially when the pole-to-pole DC voltages approach 1 MV, is because when one line is faulted in a <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current#Monopole" title="High-voltage direct current">monopolar</a> HVDC system, the AC phase-to-ground voltages experience peak voltages twice that of normal operation, calling for double the galvanic isolation that is need for normal operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monopolar_systems">Monopolar systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monopolar systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hvdc_monopolar_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hvdc_monopolar_schematic.svg/220px-Hvdc_monopolar_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hvdc_monopolar_schematic.svg/330px-Hvdc_monopolar_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hvdc_monopolar_schematic.svg/440px-Hvdc_monopolar_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption> Block diagram of a monopole system with earth return</figcaption></figure> <p>HVDC electrodes are also used in some <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current#Monopole" title="High-voltage direct current">monopolar</a> HVDC systems, for example the <a href="/wiki/HVDC_Italy%E2%80%93Corsica%E2%80%93Sardinia" title="HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia">Italy–Corsica–Sardinia</a> scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such systems the electrode line permanently carries the same current as the high-voltage conductor; however since the ground current is then only unidirectional, one of the electrodes (the cathode) can be of simpler design since corrosion is not a problem for cathode electrodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_voltages">Typical voltages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Typical voltages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The operating voltage of the electrode line usually is in the range of approx. 10-20kV (medium voltage range).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_converter_station" title="HVDC converter station">HVDC converter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HVDC_projects" title="List of HVDC projects">List of HVDC projects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrillaga, Jos; High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, second edition, Institution of Electrical Engineers, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B85296%2B941%2B4" title="Special:BookSources/0+85296+941+4">0 85296 941 4</a>, 1998, pp190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimbark, E.W., Direct current transmission, volume 1, Wiley Interscience, 1971, chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> M.V.Bakshi U.A.Bakshi, <i>Elements Of Power Systems</i>, Technical Publications, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8184312679" title="Special:BookSources/8184312679">8184312679</a> page 12-26 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compendium of HVDC schemes, <a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_Large_Electric_Systems" title="International Council on Large Electric Systems">CIGRÉ</a> Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadiyar1990" class="citation book cs1">Padiyar, K. R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSoDaumDrjoC&q=electrode+line&pg=PA127"><i>HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and System Interactions</i></a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122401028" title="Special:BookSources/9788122401028"><bdi>9788122401028</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HVDC+Power+Transmission+Systems%3A+Technology+and+System+Interactions&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788122401028&rft.aulast=Padiyar&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSoDaumDrjoC%26q%3Delectrode%2Bline%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrode+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cory, B.J., Adamson, C., Ainsworth, J.D., Freris, L.L., Funke, B., Harris, L.A., Sykes, J.H.M., High voltage direct current converters and systems, Macdonald & Co. (publishers) Ltd, 1965.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&oldid=1196258526">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrode_line&oldid=1196258526</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power" title="Category:Electric power">Electric power</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2024, at 23:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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