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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consonantal alphabets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consonantal_alphabets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consonantal alphabets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consonantal_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semitic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semitic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Semitic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semitic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_the_Aramaic_abjad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_the_Aramaic_abjad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Descendants of the Aramaic abjad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_the_Aramaic_abjad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabets_with_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabets_with_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alphabets with vowels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabets_with_vowels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabets with vowels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabets_with_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Greek alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_names_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_names_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Letter names and order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_names_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphically_independent_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphically_independent_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Graphically independent alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphically_independent_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabets_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabets_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alphabets in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabets_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_die_alfabet" title="Geskiedenis van die alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis van die alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الأبجدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الأبجدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A8" title="Գիրերու Ծնունդը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիրերու Ծնունդը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27alfabet" title="Història de l'alfabet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de l'alfabet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetets_historie" title="Alfabetets historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfabetets historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_des_Alphabets" title="Geschichte des Alphabets – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte des Alphabets" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_alfabeto" title="Historia del alfabeto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_la_alfabeto" title="Historio de la alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de la alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27alphabet" title="Histoire de l'alphabet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'alphabet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_do_alfabeto" title="Historia do alfabeto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia do alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%86%8C%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="음소문자의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음소문자의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_huruf" title="Sejarah huruf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah huruf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27alfabeto" title="Storia dell'alfabeto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Историја на азбуката – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на азбуката" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_huruf" title="Sejarah huruf – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah huruf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Цагаан толгойн түүх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаан толгойн түүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="音素文字の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音素文字の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="ابجد دی تاریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابجد دی تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_alfabeto" title="História do alfabeto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_alfabetului" title="Istoria alfabetului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria alfabetului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="История алфавита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История алфавита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_%27e_sos_alfabetos" title="Istoria 'e sos alfabetos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istoria 'e sos alfabetos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of the alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_-_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="الف - بي جي تاريخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الف - بي جي تاريخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_abecedy" title="História abecedy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="História abecedy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Историја алфабета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја алфабета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakkosten_historia" title="Aakkosten historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aakkosten historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetets_historia" title="Alfabetets historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfabetets historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3" title="ประวัติศาสตร์อักษร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์อักษร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E4%B8%AA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="字母个历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字母个历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the alphabet</b> goes back to the consonantal writing system used to write <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> during the 2nd millennium BCE. Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> scripts used throughout the world today ultimately go back to this Semitic script.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first origins can be traced back to a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a> developed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> to represent the language of Semitic-speaking workers and slaves in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unskilled in the complex hieroglyphic system used to write the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, which required a large number of pictograms, they selected a small number of those commonly seen in their surroundings to <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">describe the sounds</a>, as opposed to the semantic values, of their own <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite language">Canaanite language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This script was partly influenced by the older Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a>, a cursive script related to <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Himelfarb,_Elizabeth_J_2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himelfarb,_Elizabeth_J_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Semitic alphabet became the ancestor of multiple writing systems across the Middle East, Europe, northern Africa, and South Asia, mainly through <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a> (derived from the Phoenician alphabet) and the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabatean</a>—derived from the Aramaic alphabet and developed into the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>—five closely related members of the Semitic family of scripts that were in use during the early first millennium BCE. </p><p>Some modern authors distinguish between consonantal alphabets, with the term <i><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a></i> coined for them in 1996, and "true alphabets" with letters for both consonants and vowels. In this narrower sense, the first true alphabet would be the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, which was adapted from the Phoenician alphabet. Many linguists are skeptical of the value of wholly separating the two categories. <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>, the most widely used alphabet today,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn derives from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> and Greek alphabets, themselves derived from Phoenician. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two scripts are well attested from before the end of the fourth millennium BCE: <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">Mesopotamian cuneiform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>. Hieroglyphs were employed in three ways in Ancient Egyptian texts: as logograms (ideograms) that represent a word denoting an object visually depicted by the hieroglyph, as phonographs denoting sounds, or as determinatives which provide clues to meaning without directly writing sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since vowels were mostly unwritten, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph#Uniliteral_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">hieroglyphs which indicated a single consonant</a> could have been used as a consonantal alphabet, or <i>abjad</i>. This was not done when writing the Egyptian language, but seems to have been an influence on the creation of the first alphabet (used to write a Semitic language).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All subsequent alphabets around the world have either descended from this first Semitic alphabet, or have been inspired by one of its descendants by <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulus diffusion">stimulus diffusion</a>, with the possible exception of the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic alphabet">Meroitic alphabet</a>, a 3rd-century BCE adaptation of hieroglyphs in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> to the south of Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">Rongorongo</a> script of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> may also be an independently invented alphabet, but too little is known of it to be certain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonantal_alphabets">Consonantal alphabets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonantal alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semitic_alphabet">Semitic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Semitic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a> of Egypt has yet to be fully deciphered. However, it may be alphabetic and probably records the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite language">Canaanite language</a>. The oldest examples are found as <a href="/wiki/Graffito_(archaeology)" title="Graffito (archaeology)">graffiti</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_el-Hol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi el-Hol">Wadi el-Hol</a> and date to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows hypothetical prototypes of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Several correspondences have been proposed with Proto-Sinaitic letters. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Egyptian prototype </th> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F1.png?8f0ee" height="18" title="F1" alt="F1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1" alt="O1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T14.png?183d0" height="38" title="T14" alt="T14" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O31.png?dbc7d" height="9" title="O31" alt="O31" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A28.png?bbed7" height="38" title="A28" alt="A28" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T3.png?1f391" height="38" title="T3" alt="T3" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O6.png?36172" height="38" title="O6" alt="O6" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D42.png?b40a1" height="12" title="D42" alt="D42" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PhoenicianA-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianB-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PhoenicianB-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianB-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PhoenicianB-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianB-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PhoenicianB-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianB-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianG-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PhoenicianG-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianG-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PhoenicianG-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianG-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PhoenicianG-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianG-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianD-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PhoenicianD-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianD-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PhoenicianD-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianD-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PhoenicianD-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianD-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PhoenicianE-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PhoenicianE-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PhoenicianE-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianW-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PhoenicianW-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianW-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PhoenicianW-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianW-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PhoenicianW-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianW-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhoenicianZ-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhoenicianZ-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PhoenicianZ-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianZ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PhoenicianH-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PhoenicianH-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PhoenicianH-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/20px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/30px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/40px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianI-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PhoenicianI-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianI-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PhoenicianI-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianI-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PhoenicianI-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianI-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianK-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PhoenicianK-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianK-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PhoenicianK-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianK-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PhoenicianK-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianK-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Acrophony </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEalp" class="mw-redirect" title="ʾalp">ʾalp</a> 'ox' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">bet</a> 'house' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaml" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaml">gaml</a> '<a href="/wiki/Boomerang#Hunting" title="Boomerang">thrown hunting club</a>' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daleth" class="mw-redirect" title="Daleth">digg</a> 'fish' or 'door' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">haw, hillul</a> 'jubilation' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a> 'hook' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zen, ziqq</a> 'handcuff' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4et" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥet">ḥet</a> 'courtyard' or 'fence' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%C4%93t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭēt">ṭēt</a> 'wheel' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yad</a> 'arm' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kap</a> 'hand' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Egyptian prototype </th> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S39.png?fc40e" height="38" title="S39" alt="S39" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I10.png?9f0b0" height="38" title="I10" alt="I10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R11.png?a426b" height="37" title="R11" alt="R11" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D4.png?e1f5d" height="12" title="D4" alt="D4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M22.png?375a3" height="38" title="M22" alt="M22" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V24.png?8a1d7" height="38" title="V24" alt="V24" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D1.png?aa707" height="19" title="D1" alt="D1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T9A.png?ae2f6" height="8" title="T9A" alt="T9A" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z9.png?d2054" height="16" title="Z9" alt="Z9" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianL-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PhoenicianL-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianL-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PhoenicianL-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianL-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PhoenicianL-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianL-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianM-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PhoenicianM-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianM-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PhoenicianM-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianM-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PhoenicianM-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianM-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianN-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PhoenicianN-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianN-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PhoenicianN-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianN-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PhoenicianN-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianN-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PhoenicianX-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PhoenicianX-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianX-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PhoenicianX-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianX-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianO-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PhoenicianO-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianO-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PhoenicianO-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianO-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PhoenicianO-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianO-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PhoenicianP-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PhoenicianP-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PhoenicianP-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianTsade-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PhoenicianTsade-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianTsade-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PhoenicianTsade-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianTsade-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PhoenicianTsade-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianTsade-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianQ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PhoenicianQ-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianQ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PhoenicianQ-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianQ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PhoenicianQ-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianQ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianR-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PhoenicianR-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianR-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PhoenicianR-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianR-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PhoenicianR-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianR-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenicianS-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PhoenicianS-01.svg/20px-PhoenicianS-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PhoenicianS-01.svg/30px-PhoenicianS-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PhoenicianS-01.svg/40px-PhoenicianS-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticT-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Acrophony </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lamd</a> 'goad' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">mem</a> 'water' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a> 'large fish' or 'snake' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samek" class="mw-redirect" title="Samek">samek</a> 'support' or 'pillar' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFen" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿen">ʿen</a> 'eye' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi%CA%BEt" class="mw-redirect" title="Piʾt">piʾt</a> 'bend' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣad">ṣad</a> 'plant' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qup</a> 'monkey' or 'cord of wool' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ra%CA%BEs" class="mw-redirect" title="Raʾs">raʾs</a> 'head' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0im%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Šimš">šananuma</a> 'bow' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">taw</a> 'signature' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This Semitic script adapted Egyptian hieroglyphs to write consonantal values based on the first sound of the Semitic name for the object depicted by the hieroglyph, the "acrophonic principle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1998211–213_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1998211–213-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the hieroglyph <i><a href="/wiki/Per_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Per (hieroglyph)">per</a></i> 'house' was used to write the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> in Semitic, because <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> was the first sound in the Semitic word <i>bayt</i> 'house'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454–68_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454–68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little of this proto-Canaanite script has survived, but existing evidence suggests it retained its pictographic nature for half a millennium until it was adopted for governmental use in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Canaanite states to make extensive use of the alphabet were the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> and so later stages of the Canaanite script are called <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>. The Phoenician cities were maritime states at the center of a vast trade network and soon the Phoenician alphabet spread throughout the Mediterranean. Two variants of the Phoenician alphabet had major impacts on the history of writing: the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_of_the_Aramaic_abjad">Descendants of the Aramaic abjad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Descendants of the Aramaic abjad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png/400px-Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of the Arabic alphabet. The dark green areas shows the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script. The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other scripts.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Phoenician and Aramaic alphabets, like their Egyptian prototype, represented only consonants, a system called an <i><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a></i>. The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenician in the 7th century BCE, to become the official script of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persian Empire</a>, appears to be the ancestor of nearly all the modern alphabets of Asia: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> descended from Aramaic via the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean alphabet</a> of what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. It is the second-most widely used <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> writing system in the world (after the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>) and the most used abjad system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The modern <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> started out as a local variant of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a>. The original Hebrew alphabet has been retained by the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1998222Robinson2007172_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1998222Robinson2007172-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a> used after the third century CE evolved, through the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian alphabet</a>, into the alphabets of <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic alphabet">Old Turkic alphabet</a> (probably), the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian writing systems</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian scripts</a> are of uncertain provenance, but appear to be part of either the Persian-Aramaic or Greek family.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabets_with_vowels">Alphabets with vowels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabets with vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_alphabet">Greek alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greek alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption">Adoption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/250px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/375px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/500px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Greek alphabet on an ancient <a href="/wiki/Black_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black figure">black figure</a> vessel. There is a <i><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a></i> but no <i>ksi</i> or <i>omega</i>. The letter <i>phi</i> upright in the photograph is missing a stroke and looks like the <i>omicron</i> Ο, but on the other side of the bottom it is a full Φ.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cippo_perugino,_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna,_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg/220px-Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg/330px-Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg/440px-Cippo_perugino%2C_con_iscrizione_in_lingua_etrusca_su_un_atto_giuridico_tra_le_famiglie_dei_velthina_e_degli_afuna%2C_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> writing, the beginning of the writing with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By at least the 8th century BCE the Greeks borrowed the Phoenician alphabet and adapted it to their own language,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197462_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197462-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating in the process the first "true" alphabet, in which vowels were accorded equal status with consonants. According to Greek legends transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the alphabet was brought from Phoenicia to Greece by <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>. The letters of the Greek alphabet are the same as those of the Phoenician alphabet, and both alphabets are arranged in the same order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197462_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197462-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, whereas separate letters for vowels would have actually hindered the legibility of Egyptian, Phoenician, or Hebrew, their absence was problematic for Greek, where <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> played a much more important role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright199627"there_are_languages_for_which_an_alphabet_is_<em_>not</em>_an_ideal_writing_system._The_Semitic_abjads_really_do_fit_the_structure_of_Hebrew,_Aramaic,_and_Arabic_very_well,_[more]_than_an_alphabet_would_[...],_since_the_spelling_ensures_that_each_root_looks_the_same_through_its_plethora_of_inflections_and_derivations."_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright199627"there_are_languages_for_which_an_alphabet_is_<em_>not</em>_an_ideal_writing_system._The_Semitic_abjads_really_do_fit_the_structure_of_Hebrew,_Aramaic,_and_Arabic_very_well,_[more]_than_an_alphabet_would_[...],_since_the_spelling_ensures_that_each_root_looks_the_same_through_its_plethora_of_inflections_and_derivations."-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks used for vowels some of the Phoenician letters representing consonants which weren't used in Greek speech. All of the names of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet started with consonants, and these consonants were what the letters represented; this is called the <a href="/wiki/Acrophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrophonic">acrophonic</a> principle. </p><p>However, several Phoenician consonants were absent in Greek, and thus several letter names came to be pronounced with initial vowels. Since the start of the name of a letter was expected to be the sound of the letter (the acrophonic principle), in Greek these letters came to be used for vowels. For example, the Greeks had no glottal stop or voiced pharyngeal sounds, so the Phoenician letters <i>’alep</i> and <i>`ayin</i> became Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha (letter)">alpha</a></i> and <i>o</i> (later renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Omicron_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omicron (letter)">omicron</a></i>), and stood for the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> rather than the consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span>. As this fortunate development only provided for five or six (depending on dialect) of the twelve Greek vowels, the Greeks eventually created <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and other modifications, such as <i>ei</i>, <i>ou</i>, and <u><i>o</i></u>—which became <a href="/wiki/Omega_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega (letter)">omega</a>—or in some cases simply ignored the deficiency, as in long <i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007170_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007170-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several varieties of the Greek alphabet developed. One, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cumae_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumae alphabet">Cumae alphabet</a>, was used west of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>. The other variation, known as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Eastern Greek</a>, was used in Asia Minor. The Athenians (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BCE</span>) adopted that latter variation and eventually the rest of the Greek-speaking world followed. After first writing right to left, the Greeks eventually chose to write from left to right, unlike the Phoenicians who wrote from right to left. Many Greek letters are similar to Phoenician, except the letter direction is reversed or changed, which can be the result of historical changes from right-to-left writing to <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>, then to left-to-right writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descendants">Descendants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/350px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/525px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/700px-Cyrillic_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet. The dark green areas shows the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script. The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other scripts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greek is in turn the source of all the modern scripts of Europe. The alphabet of the early western Greek dialects, where the letter <a href="/wiki/Eta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta (letter)">eta</a> remained an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a> which in turn developed into the Old <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a>. In the eastern Greek dialects, which did not have an /h/, eta stood for a vowel, and remains a vowel in modern Greek and all other alphabets derived from the eastern variants: <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a>—which used both Greek and Roman letters—and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this description presents the evolution of scripts in a linear fashion, this is a simplification. For example, Georgian scripts derive from the Semitic family, but were also strongly influenced in their conception by Greek. A modified version of the Greek alphabet, using an additional half dozen <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">demotic</a> hieroglyphs, was used to write <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> Egyptian. Then there is <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Cree syllabics</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>), which is a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a> developed by the missionary <a href="/wiki/James_Evans_(linguist)" title="James Evans (linguist)">James Evans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latin alphabet">History of the Latin alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/350px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/525px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/700px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of the Latin alphabet. The dark green areas show the countries where this alphabet is the sole main script. The light green shows the countries where the alphabet co-exists with other scripts.</figcaption></figure> <p>A tribe known as the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, who became the Romans, also lived in the Italian peninsula like the Western Greeks. From the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, a tribe living in the first millennium BCE in central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the Western Greeks, the Latins adopted writing in about the seventh century. In adopting writing from these two groups, the Latins dropped four characters from the Western Greek alphabet. They also adapted the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan letter</a> <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, pronounced 'w,' giving it the 'f' sound, and the Etruscan S, which had three zigzag lines, was curved to make the modern <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>. To represent the <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> sound in Greek and the <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> sound in Etruscan, the <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> was used. These changes produced the modern alphabet without the letters <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, as well as some other differences. </p><p><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> in the Roman alphabet could all be used to write both the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> sounds; the Romans soon modified the letter C to make G, inserted it in seventh place, where <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> had been, to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> (the numerical sequence of the alphabet). Over the few centuries after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the Eastern Mediterranean and other areas in the third century BCE, the Romans began to borrow Greek words, so they had to adapt their alphabet again in order to write these words. From the Eastern Greek alphabet, they borrowed <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, which were added to the end of the alphabet because the only time they were used was to write Greek words. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> began using Roman letters to write <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> as they converted to Christianity, following <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>'s mission to Britain in the sixth century. Because the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a> <i>wen</i>, which was first used to represent the sound 'w' and looked like a p that is narrow and triangular, was easy to confuse with an actual p, the 'w' sound began to be written using a double u. Because the u at the time looked like a v, the double u looked like two v's, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> was placed in the alphabet after <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>. <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> developed when people began to use the rounded <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> when they meant the vowel u and the pointed <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> when the meant the consonant <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>. <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> began as a variation of <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, in which a long tail was added to the final <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> when there were several in a row. People began to use the <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> for the consonant and the <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> for the vowel by the fifteenth century, and it was fully accepted in the mid-seventeenth century. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_minuscule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Evolution_of_minuscule.svg/600px-Evolution_of_minuscule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Evolution_of_minuscule.svg/900px-Evolution_of_minuscule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Evolution_of_minuscule.svg/1200px-Evolution_of_minuscule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Simplified relationship between various scripts leading to the development of modern lower case of standard Latin alphabet and that of the modern variants.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_names_and_order">Letter names and order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Letter names and order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The order of the letters of the alphabet is attested from the 14th century BCE in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> on <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>'s northern coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007162_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tablets found there bear over one thousand cuneiform signs, but these signs are not Babylonian and there are only thirty distinct characters. About twelve of the tablets have the signs set out in alphabetic order. There are two orders found, one of which is nearly identical to the order used for <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>, and a second order very similar to that used for <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez alphabet">Ethiopian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known how many letters the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a> had nor what their alphabetic order was. Among its descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a> had 27 consonants, the <a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="South Arabian alphabet">South Arabian alphabets</a> had 29, and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> 22. These scripts were arranged in two orders, an <i>ABGDE</i> order in Phoenician and an <i>HMĦLQ</i> order in the south; Ugaritic preserved both orders. Both sequences proved remarkably stable among the descendants of these scripts. </p><p>The letter names proved stable among the many descendants of Phoenician, including <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. However, they were largely abandoned in <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>. The letter sequence continued more or less intact into Latin, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, but was abandoned in <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a>, and Arabic, although a traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Abjadi_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjadi order">abjadi order</a></i> remains or was re-introduced as an alternative in the latter. </p><p>The table is a schematic of the Proto-Sinaitic script and its descendants. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.  </th> <th>Reconstruction </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>value </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa_ostracon" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon">Proto-Canaanite</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Old Arabian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCalp" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼalp">ʾalp</a></i></span> 'ox' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteA01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteA01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteA01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteA01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteA01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteA01.svg/30px-Proto-canaaniteA01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="81" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎀 </td> <td>𐪑/𐩱 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʾālep</i></span> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤀</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʾālep</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/9px-Aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/14px-Aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/19px-Aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡀 'ālap̱ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʾālef</i></span> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ﺍ</a></span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʾalif</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">Α</a> alpha </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a> azŭ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansuz rune">ᚨ</a> *ansuz </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">bayt</a></i></span> 'house' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticB-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bet"><img alt="Bet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteB011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proto-canaaniteB011.svg/18px-Proto-canaaniteB011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proto-canaaniteB011.svg/27px-Proto-canaaniteB011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proto-canaaniteB011.svg/36px-Proto-canaaniteB011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="84" data-file-height="71" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎁 </td> <td>𐪈/𐩨 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">bēt</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤁</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">bēt</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/11px-Beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/17px-Beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/23px-Beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡁 bēṯ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">bēṯ</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺏ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">bāʾ</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">Β</a> bēta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В</a> vĕdĕ, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б</a> buky </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛒ">ᛒ</a> *berkanan </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gaml" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaml">gaml</a></i></span> 'throwstick' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticG-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteG01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Proto-canaaniteG01.svg/6px-Proto-canaaniteG01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Proto-canaaniteG01.svg/9px-Proto-canaaniteG01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Proto-canaaniteG01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteG01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎂 </td> <td>𐪔/𐩴 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">gīmel</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤂</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">gīmel</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gimel.svg/14px-Gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gimel.svg/22px-Gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gimel.svg/28px-Gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡂 <p>gāmal </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">gīmel</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺝ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">jīm</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ">Γ</a> gamma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г</a> glagoli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚲ">ᚲ</a> *kaunan, <span style="color:black;background:yellow">(Maybe: <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛃ">ᛃ</a> *jēra-)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">4 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalt</a></i></span> 'door' </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticD-02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dalet"><img alt="Dalet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/20px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/30px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/40px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteD01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/29px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="112" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">𐎄 </td> <td>𐪕/𐩵 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">dālet</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤃</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">dālet</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/14px-Daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/22px-Daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/28px-Daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡃 dālaṯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">dāleṯ</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺩ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">dāl</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḏāl</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">Δ</a> delta </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д</a> dobro </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a> *dagaz, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚦ">ᚦ</a> *Þurisaz) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">dag</i></span> 'fish' </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticD-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dalet"><img alt="Dalet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proto-semiticD-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticD-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proto-semiticD-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticD-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proto-semiticD-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticD-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteD01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/29px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="112" /></a></span>) </td> <td>‎𐪏/𐩯 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">samēk</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">haw</a></i></span> "window" / <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">hillul</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">jubilation</a>" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heh"><img alt="Heh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg/10px-Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg/15px-Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg/19px-Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="63" data-file-height="97" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎅 </td> <td>𐪀/𐩠 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">hē</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤄</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">hē</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/14px-He0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/22px-He0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/28px-He0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡄 hē </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">hē</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ه</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">hāʾ</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">Ε</a> epsilon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е</a> ye, <a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Є">Є</a> estĭ </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81w" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāw">wāw</a></i></span> 'hook' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticW-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waw"><img alt="Waw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteW01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proto-canaaniteW01.svg/8px-Proto-canaaniteW01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proto-canaaniteW01.svg/13px-Proto-canaaniteW01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proto-canaaniteW01.svg/17px-Proto-canaaniteW01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎆 </td> <td>𐪅/𐩥 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">wāw</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤅</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">wāw</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waw.svg/14px-Waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waw.svg/22px-Waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waw.svg/28px-Waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡅 waw </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">vāv</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">wāw</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϝ">Ϝ</a></span></span> digamma, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ">Υ</a> upsilon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Оу">Оу</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%99%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꙋ">Ꙋ</a> ukŭ → <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚠ">ᚠ</a> *fehu, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚢ">ᚢ</a> *ûruz / *ûran, <span style="color:black;background:yellow">(Maybe: <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛉ">ᛉ</a> *algiz?)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">ziq</a></i></span> 'manacle' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticZ-02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ziqq"><img alt="Ziqq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Proto-semiticZ-02.svg/20px-Proto-semiticZ-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Proto-semiticZ-02.svg/30px-Proto-semiticZ-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Proto-semiticZ-02.svg/40px-Proto-semiticZ-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>𐪘/𐩸 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">zayn</i></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">8 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zayn</a></i></span> "weapon"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">dayp</a></i></span> "eyebrow" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">7 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="2">𐎇 </td> <td rowspan="2">𐪙/𐩹 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḏālet</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤆</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">zayin</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zayin.svg/14px-Zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zayin.svg/22px-Zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zayin.svg/28px-Zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡆 zayn </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">zayin</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ز</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">zayn or zāy</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">Ζ</a> zēta </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%EA%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꙁ">Ꙁ</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З</a> zemlya </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛇ">ᛇ</a> *īhaz / *īwaz, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛉ">ᛉ</a> *algiz?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/14px-Daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/22px-Daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Daleth.svg/28px-Daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡃 dalaṯ) <p><sup id="cite_ref-:132_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ذ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḏāl</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥaṣir</a></i></span> 'mansion'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħ/</span> </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ḥet"><img alt="Ḥet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg/8px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg/12px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg/16px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="107" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎈 </td> <td>𐪂/𐩢 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥēt</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤇</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥēt</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Heth.svg/14px-Heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Heth.svg/22px-Heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Heth.svg/28px-Heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡇 ḥēṯ </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥēṯ</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥāʾ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫāʾ</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">Η</a> ēta </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И</a> iže </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚺ">ᚺ</a> *haglaz </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḫayt</a></i></span> 'thread'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_349_Proto-Sinaitic_Heth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="𓎛"><img alt="𓎛" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Inscription_349_Proto-Sinaitic_Heth.svg/20px-Inscription_349_Proto-Sinaitic_Heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Inscription_349_Proto-Sinaitic_Heth.svg/30px-Inscription_349_Proto-Sinaitic_Heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Inscription_349_Proto-Sinaitic_Heth.svg/40px-Inscription_349_Proto-Sinaitic_Heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎃 </td> <td>𐪍/𐩭 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫēt</i></span> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫāʾ</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭab</a></i></span> 'good'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˤ/</span> </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg/20px-Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg/30px-Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg/40px-Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="50" /></a></span> <sup id="cite_ref-changePho_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changePho-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticTet-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Proto-semiticTet-01.svg/15px-Proto-semiticTet-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Proto-semiticTet-01.svg/23px-Proto-semiticTet-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Proto-semiticTet-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticTet-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="26" /></a></span>) </td> <td>𐎉 </td> <td>(𐪗/𐩷 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭēt</i></span>) </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤈</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭēt</i></span>) </td> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/14px-Teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/22px-Teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/28px-Teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡈 ṭeṯ) </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭēṯ</i></span>) </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ط</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭāʾ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ẓāʾ</i></span>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">Θ</a> thēta) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%D1%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѳ">Ѳ</a> fita) </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚦ">ᚦ</a> *Þurisaz) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yad</a></i></span> 'hand'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticI-02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yad"><img alt="Yad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/20px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/30px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/40px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticI-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yad"><img alt="Yad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg/6px-Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg/10px-Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg/13px-Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎊 </td> <td>𐪚/𐩺 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">yōd</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤉</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">yōd</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yod.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yod.svg/14px-Yod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yod.svg/22px-Yod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yod.svg/28px-Yod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡉 yoḏ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">yōḏ</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">yāʾ</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">Ι</a> iota </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">І</a> ižei </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛁ">ᛁ</a> *isaz </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kap</a></i></span> 'palm'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td>20 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticK-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khof"><img alt="Khof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteK01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Proto-canaaniteK01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteK01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Proto-canaaniteK01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteK01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Proto-canaaniteK01.svg/30px-Proto-canaaniteK01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="63" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎋 </td> <td>𐪋/𐩫 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">kaf</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤊</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">kap</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/14px-Kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/22px-Kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/28px-Kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡊 kāp̱ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ ך</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">kāf</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ك</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">kāf</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">Κ</a> kappa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К</a> kako </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lamd</a></i></span> 'goad'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td>30 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticL-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamed"><img alt="Lamed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteL01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Proto-canaaniteL01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteL01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Proto-canaaniteL01.svg/18px-Proto-canaaniteL01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Proto-canaaniteL01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteL01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="65" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎍 </td> <td>𐪁/𐩡 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">lāmed</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤋</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">lāmed</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lamed.svg/14px-Lamed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lamed.svg/22px-Lamed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lamed.svg/28px-Lamed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡋 lāmaḏ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">lāmeḏ</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">lām</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">Λ</a> lambda </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л</a> lyudiye </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛚ">ᛚ</a> *laguz / *laukaz </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Maym</a> 'waters'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td>40 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticM-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteM01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Proto-canaaniteM01.svg/6px-Proto-canaaniteM01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Proto-canaaniteM01.svg/9px-Proto-canaaniteM01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Proto-canaaniteM01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteM01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎎 </td> <td>𐪃/𐩣 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">mēm</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤌</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">mēm</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/14px-Mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/22px-Mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/28px-Mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡌 mim </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מ ם</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">mēm</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">mīm</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ">Μ</a> mu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М</a> myslite </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛗ">ᛗ</a> *mannaz </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B8%A5%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Naḥš">naḥš</a></i></span> 'snake'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td>50 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticN-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteN01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-canaaniteN01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteN01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-canaaniteN01.svg/17px-Proto-canaaniteN01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-canaaniteN01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteN01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="47" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎐 </td> <td>𐪌/𐩬 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">nun</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤍</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">nun</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/14px-Nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/22px-Nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/28px-Nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡍 nun </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נ ן</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">nun</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">nūn</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a> nu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н</a> našĭ </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚾ">ᚾ</a> *naudiz) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samek" class="mw-redirect" title="Samek">samk</a></i></span> 'support' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td>60 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/15px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/23px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎒 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤎</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">sāmek</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Samekh.svg/14px-Samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Samekh.svg/22px-Samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Samekh.svg/28px-Samekh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡎 semkaṯ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">sāmeḵ</i></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ξ">Ξ</a> ksi, (<a href="/wiki/%CE%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Χ">Χ</a> chi) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D1%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѯ">Ѯ</a> ksi, (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a> xĕrŭ) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚷ">ᚷ</a> *gebô) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBen" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻen">ʿayn</a></i></span> 'eye'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span> </td> <td>70 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticO-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="𐤏"><img alt="𐤏" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/15px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/23px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎓 </td> <td>𐪒/𐩲 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʿayn</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤏</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʿayin</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/14px-Ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/22px-Ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/28px-Ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡏 ʿayn </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʿayin</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʿayn</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">Ο</a> o mikron, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">Ω</a> ō mega </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О</a> onŭ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛟ">ᛟ</a> *ōþalą </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ġayn</a>  ?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>𐎙 </td> <td>𐪖/𐩶 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ġayn</i></span> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ġayn</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pay</a></i></span> 'mouth'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">piʾt</i></span> 'corner' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td>80 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wadi_el-hol-P02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wadi_el-hol-P02.svg/15px-Wadi_el-hol-P02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wadi_el-hol-P02.svg/22px-Wadi_el-hol-P02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wadi_el-hol-P02.svg/30px-Wadi_el-hol-P02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/19px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/29px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/38px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteP01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Proto-canaaniteP01.svg/12px-Proto-canaaniteP01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Proto-canaaniteP01.svg/19px-Proto-canaaniteP01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Proto-canaaniteP01.svg/25px-Proto-canaaniteP01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="37" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎔 </td> <td>𐪐/𐩰 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">fē</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤐</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">pē</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pe0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pe0.svg/14px-Pe0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pe0.svg/22px-Pe0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pe0.svg/28px-Pe0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡐 pē </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ ף</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">pē</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">fāʾ</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a> pi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П</a> pokoi </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚹ">ᚹ</a> *wunjō, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛈ">ᛈ</a> *perþō?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣad">ṣad</a>)</i></span>/<a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣimaḥ</a> 'plant'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣirar</a></i></span> 'bag'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬˤ/</span>?, <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θˤ/</span> </p> </td> <td>90 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg/16px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg/24px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg/32px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png/8px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png/13px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png/17px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">𐎕 </td> <td>𐪎/𐩮 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣāḏē</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤑</span>‎ ṣādē </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sade_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sade_1.svg/14px-Sade_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sade_1.svg/22px-Sade_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sade_1.svg/28px-Sade_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sade_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sade_2.svg/14px-Sade_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sade_2.svg/22px-Sade_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sade_2.svg/28px-Sade_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡑 ṣāḏē </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ ץ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣāḏi</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ص</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣād</i></span>, </td> <td rowspan="3"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϻ">Ϻ</a> san, (<a href="/wiki/%CF%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϡ">Ϡ</a> sampi)</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц</a> tsi, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">Ч</a> črvĭ </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a> *dagaz) </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ẓeth</a>) ? </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θˤ/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>𐪜/𐩼 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ẓet</i></span> </td> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/14px-Teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/22px-Teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Teth.svg/28px-Teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡈 ṭeṯ) <p><sup id="cite_ref-:134_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:134-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ظ</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ẓāʾ</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>(<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A9%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:𐩳">ḍaḏe</a>) "basket"? </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬˤ/</span> </td> <td>𐪓/𐩳 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḍāḏē</i></span> </td> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/14px-Ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/22px-Ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/28px-Ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡏 ʿayn) <p><sup id="cite_ref-:133_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ض</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḍād</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qup</a></i></span> 'monkey'<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qaw</a></i></span> 'cord', 'line' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kˤ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> </td> <td>100 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticQ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qoph"><img alt="Qoph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg/8px-Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg/12px-Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎖 </td> <td>𐪄/𐩤 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">qōf</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤒</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">qōp</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qoph.svg/14px-Qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qoph.svg/22px-Qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Qoph.svg/28px-Qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡒 qop̱ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">qōf</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">qāf</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/%CF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϙ">Ϙ</a></span></span> koppa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҁ">Ҁ</a> koppa </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛜ">ᛜ</a> *ingwaz) </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ra%CA%BCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Raʼs">raʾš</a></i></span> 'head' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> </td> <td>200 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteR01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Proto-canaaniteR01.svg/13px-Proto-canaaniteR01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Proto-canaaniteR01.svg/20px-Proto-canaaniteR01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Proto-canaaniteR01.svg/26px-Proto-canaaniteR01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="82" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎗 </td> <td>𐪇/𐩧 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">rēš</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤓</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">rēš</i></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Resh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/14px-Resh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/22px-Resh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/28px-Resh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡓 rēš </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">rēš</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">rāʾ</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">Ρ</a> rho </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р</a> rĭtsi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚱ">ᚱ</a> *raidô </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">śamš</a></i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">sun</a>' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semitic%C5%A0-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Proto-semitic%C5%A0-02.svg/16px-Proto-semitic%C5%A0-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Proto-semitic%C5%A0-02.svg/24px-Proto-semitic%C5%A0-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Proto-semitic%C5%A0-02.svg/32px-Proto-semitic%C5%A0-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="109" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semitic%C5%A001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Proto-semitic%C5%A001.svg/20px-Proto-semitic%C5%A001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Proto-semitic%C5%A001.svg/30px-Proto-semitic%C5%A001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Proto-semitic%C5%A001.svg/40px-Proto-semitic%C5%A001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201094fig._2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201094fig._2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/11px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/16px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/21px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="73" /></a></span>) </td> <td rowspan="4">𐎌 </td> <td>(𐪊/𐩪 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">sat</i></span>) </td> <td rowspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤔</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">šin</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/14px-Shin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/22px-Shin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/28px-Shin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡔 šin </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">šin</i></span>) </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">sīn</i></span>) </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Σ</a> sigma, <a href="/wiki/%CF%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϛ">ϛ</a> stigma </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С</a> slovo, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a> ša, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ</a> šta, <a href="/wiki/%EA%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꙃ">Ꙃ</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѕ">Ѕ</a> dzĕlo </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛊ">ᛊ</a> *sowilô </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">27 </td> <td>? </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite-sl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proto-canaanite-sl.svg/13px-Proto-canaanite-sl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proto-canaanite-sl.svg/19px-Proto-canaanite-sl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Proto-canaanite-sl.svg/26px-Proto-canaanite-sl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="283" /></a></span>?<sup id="cite_ref-GlyphSl_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlyphSl-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>(𐪆/𐩦 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">šin</i></span>) </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׂ</span>‎ śin) </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ش</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">šīn</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ṯad</a></i></span> 'breast' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">300 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%AE348.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%AE348.svg/15px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%AE348.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%AE348.svg/23px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%AE348.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%AE348.svg/30px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%AE348.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/11px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/16px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/21px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="73" /></a></span> </td> <td>(𐪆/𐩦 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">šin</i></span>) </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/14px-Taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/22px-Taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/28px-Taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span>𐡕 taw <p><sup id="cite_ref-:135_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:135-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">šin</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">sīn</i></span>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>𐪛/𐩻 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṯāw</i></span> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṯāʾ</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">taw</a></i></span> 'mark' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td>400 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticT-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tof"><img alt="Tof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteT01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaaniteT01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteT01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaaniteT01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteT01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaaniteT01.svg/30px-Proto-canaaniteT01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span> </td> <td>𐎚 </td> <td>𐪉/𐩩 <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">tāw</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤕</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">tāw</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">tāv</i></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">tāʾ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ث</span>‎ <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṯāʾ</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">Τ</a> tau </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т</a> tvrdo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛏ">ᛏ</a> *tîwaz </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>These 26 consonants account for the phonology of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Semitic">Northwest Semitic</a>. Of the 29 consonant phonemes commonly reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a>, the voiceless fricatives ś, ṣ́, and ṯ̣ are missing. The phonemes <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḏ, ṯ, ḫ, ġ</i></span> disappeared in Canaanite, merging with <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">z, š, ḥ, ʿ</i></span> in Canaanite scripts, respectively. The six variant letters added in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> include these (except for <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ś</i></span>, which survives as a separate phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez alphabet">Ge'ez</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aawt" title="Śawt">ሠ</a>): </p> <ul><li><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḏ</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">ḏāl</a></li> <li><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṯ</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">ṯāʾ</a></li> <li><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṱ</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">ẓāʾ</a></li> <li><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ġ</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ġayn">ġayn</a></li> <li><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ́</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">ḍād</a></li> <li><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḫ</i></span> → <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">ḫāʾ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphically_independent_alphabets">Graphically independent alphabets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Graphically independent alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One modern national alphabet that has not been graphically traced back to the Canaanite alphabet is the <a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Maldivian</a> script, which is unique in that, although it is clearly modeled after <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and perhaps other existing alphabets, it derives its letter forms from numerals. Another is the Korean <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, which was created independently in 1443. The <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya alphabet</a> was devised for <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> in the 1920s by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Yusuf_Kenadid" title="Osman Yusuf Kenadid">Osman Yusuf Kenadid</a>, and the forms of its consonants appear to be complete innovations. </p><p>Among alphabets that are not used as national scripts today, a few are clearly independent in their letter forms. The <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> phonetic alphabet is graphically derived from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Santali_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Santali alphabet">Santali alphabet</a> of eastern India appears to be based on traditional symbols such as "danger" and "meeting place", as well as pictographs invented by its creator. (The names of the Santali letters are related to the sound they represent through the acrophonic principle, as in the original alphabet, but it is the <i>final</i> consonant or vowel of the name that the letter represents: <i>le</i> "swelling" represents <i>e</i>, while <i>en</i> 'thresh grain' represents <i>n</i>.) </p><p>In early medieval Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> consisted of tally marks, and the monumental inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> Empire were written in an essentially alphabetic cuneiform script whose letter forms seem to have been created for the occasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabets_in_other_media">Alphabets in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alphabets in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes to a new writing medium sometimes caused a break in graphical form, or make the relationship difficult to trace. It is not immediately obvious that the cuneiform <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a> derives from a prototypical Semitic abjad, for example, although this appears to be the case. And while <a href="/wiki/Manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual alphabet">manual alphabets</a> are a direct continuation of the local written alphabet (both the <a href="/wiki/Two-handed_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-handed manual alphabet">British two-handed</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="American Sign Language alphabet">American one-handed</a> alphabets retain the forms of the Latin alphabet, as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Sign Language">Indian manual alphabet</a> does <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a> does Hangul), <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">semaphore</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">maritime signal flags</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse codes</a> are essentially arbitrary geometric forms. The shapes of the English Braille and semaphore letters are not derived from the graphic forms of the letters themselves. Most modern forms of <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> are also unrelated to the alphabet, generally transcribing sounds instead of letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History of the Arabic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History of the Latin script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History of the Hebrew alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Armenian_alphabet" title="History of the Armenian alphabet">History of the Armenian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">List of creators of writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">List of languages by first written accounts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-changePho-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-changePho_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Canaanites seem to have replaced the 𓄤 glyph with one resembling a spinning wheel (ṭayt) 𓊖.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlyphSl-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlyphSl_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite-sl.svg">| glyph for ś</a> has been found in the Canaanite Lachish Comb inscription, though no such glyph has been found in Proto-Sinaitic, and its origin hasn't been discovered.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSampson1985" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof"><i>Writing systems: A linguistic introduction</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1254-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1254-9"><bdi>0-8047-1254-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+systems%3A+A+linguistic+introduction&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8047-1254-9&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsystems00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sinaitic-inscriptions">"Sinaitic inscriptions"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sinaitic+inscriptions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSinaitic-inscriptions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwasser2012" class="citation journal cs1">Goldwasser, O. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/16085/16030">"The Miners that Invented the Alphabet - a Response to Christopher Rollston"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>4</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v04i3_goldwasser">10.2458/azu_jaei_v04i3_goldwasser</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=The+Miners+that+Invented+the+Alphabet+-+a+Response+to+Christopher+Rollston&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v04i3_goldwasser&rft.aulast=Goldwasser&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjaei%2Farticle%2Fview%2F16085%2F16030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwasser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Goldwasser, O. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6916402">"How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 40–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=How+the+Alphabet+was+Born+from+Hieroglyphs.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-53&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Goldwasser&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6916402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himelfarb,_Elizabeth_J_2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Himelfarb,_Elizabeth_J_2000_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/egypt.html">First Alphabet Found in Egypt</a>", <i>Archaeology</i> 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwasser2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" title="Orly Goldwasser">Goldwasser, Orly</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.bib-arch.org/biblical-archaeology-review/36/2/6">"How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>36</b> (1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-9444">0098-9444</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Nov</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=How+the+Alphabet+Was+Born+from+Hieroglyphs&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0098-9444&rft.aulast=Goldwasser&rft.aufirst=Orly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F36%2F2%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2004">Haarmann 2004</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/hieroglyphics.htm">"hieroglyphics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hieroglyphics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsmt.uchicago.edu%2Fglossary2004%2Fhieroglyphics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2016" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, Peter T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vv3w7p8">"Writing in the World and Linguistics"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i>. <b>36</b> (36): 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Writing+in+the+World+and+Linguistics&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7vv3w7p8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Anderson, Sonja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/research-reveals-the-natives-of-easter-island-invented-a-written-language-from-scratch-180983793/">"Did the People of Easter Island Invent a Writing System From Scratch?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl". <i>The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>59</b>: 63, 65, 67–71, 73–113, 115–124. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768583">3768583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Two+Early+Alphabetic+Inscriptions+from+the+Wadi+el-H%C3%B4l&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=63%2C+65%2C+67-71%2C+73-113%2C+115-124&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3768583%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Darnell&rft.aufirst=John+Coleman&rft.au=Dobbs-Allsopp%2C+F.+W.&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+Marilyn+J.&rft.au=McCarter%2C+P.+Kyle&rft.au=Zuckerman%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1998211–213-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1998211–213_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooker1998">Hooker 1998</a>, pp. 211–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454–68-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454–68_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarter1974">McCarter 1974</a>, pp. 54–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzevedo1994" class="citation web cs1">Azevedo, Joaquim (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=theses">"The Origin and Transmission of the Alphabet"</a>. <i>Digital Commons @ Andrews University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Commons+%40+Andrews+University&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Transmission+of+the+Alphabet&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1027%26context%3Dtheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2022" class="citation book cs1">Van De Mieroop, Marc (2022). "Vernaculars That Changed the World". <i>Before and after Babel</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–C7.P48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-197-63466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-197-63466-0"><bdi>978-0-197-63466-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vernaculars+That+Changed+the+World&rft.btitle=Before+and+after+Babel&rft.pages=149-C7.P48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-197-63466-0&rft.aulast=Van+De+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31666/Arabic-alphabet">"Arabic Alphabet"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic+Alphabet&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31666%2FArabic-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker1998222Robinson2007172-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker1998222Robinson2007172_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooker1998">Hooker 1998</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197462-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197462_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197462_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarter1974">McCarter 1974</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright199627"there_are_languages_for_which_an_alphabet_is_<em_>not</em>_an_ideal_writing_system._The_Semitic_abjads_really_do_fit_the_structure_of_Hebrew,_Aramaic,_and_Arabic_very_well,_[more]_than_an_alphabet_would_[...],_since_the_spelling_ensures_that_each_root_looks_the_same_through_its_plethora_of_inflections_and_derivations."-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright199627"there_are_languages_for_which_an_alphabet_is_<em_>not</em>_an_ideal_writing_system._The_Semitic_abjads_really_do_fit_the_structure_of_Hebrew,_Aramaic,_and_Arabic_very_well,_[more]_than_an_alphabet_would_[...],_since_the_spelling_ensures_that_each_root_looks_the_same_through_its_plethora_of_inflections_and_derivations."_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels & Bright 1996</a>, p. 27, "there are languages for which an alphabet is <em>not</em> an ideal writing system. The Semitic abjads really do fit the structure of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic very well, [more] than an alphabet would [...], since the spelling ensures that each root looks the same through its plethora of inflections and derivations.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007170-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007170_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Dalby (2004:139) <i>Dictionary of Languages</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007162-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007162_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1986" class="citation journal cs1">Millard, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mnamon.sns.it&rft.atitle=Proto-Canaanite+-+List+of+symbols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmnamon.sns.it%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3DSimboli%26id%3D53%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201096fig._5_26-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColless2010">Colless 2010</a>, p. 96, fig. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1966fig._1_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbright1966">Albright 1966</a>, fig. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMykytiuk1998" class="citation web cs1">Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. 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href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf">"Revisiting the Encoding of Proto Sinaitic in Unicode"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Encoding+of+Proto+Sinaitic+in+Unicode&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2019%2F19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson-Wright2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson-Wright, Aren Max (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Sinai+357%3A+A+Northwest+Semitic+Votive+Inscription+to+Te%C5%A1%C5%A1ob&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-263&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.2.247&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft.aulast=Wilson-Wright&rft.aufirst=Aren+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.2.247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColless201094fig._2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColless201094fig._2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColless2010">Colless 2010</a>, p. 94, fig. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVainstubMumcuogluHaselHesler" class="citation web cs1">Vainstub, Daniel; Mumcuoglu, Madeleine; Hasel, Michael G.; Hesler, Katherine M.; Lavi, Miriam; Rabinovich, Rivka; Goren, Yuval; Garfinkel, Yosef. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jjar.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/jjar/files/jjar2_art4_lachish_p76-119_2022-10-12_01.pdf">"A Canaanite's Wish to Eradicate Lice on an Inscribed Ivory Comb from Lachish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Canaanite%27s+Wish+to+Eradicate+Lice+on+an+Inscribed+Ivory+Comb+from+Lachish&rft.aulast=Vainstub&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Mumcuoglu%2C+Madeleine&rft.au=Hasel%2C+Michael+G.&rft.au=Hesler%2C+Katherine+M.&rft.au=Lavi%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Rabinovich%2C+Rivka&rft.au=Goren%2C+Yuval&rft.au=Garfinkel%2C+Yosef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjjar.huji.ac.il%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjjar%2Ffiles%2Fjjar2_art4_lachish_p76-119_2022-10-12_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:135-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:135_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.chat/blog/aramaic-and-hebrew.html#:~:text=One%20pattern%20in%20the%20differences,Aramaic%20and%20%C2%AB%20%D7%96%D6%B8%D7%94%D6%B8%D7%91%20%C2%BB%20in%20Hebrew">"Aramaic and Hebrew: A linguistic comparison"</a>. <i>vocab.chat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vocab.chat&rft.atitle=Aramaic+and+Hebrew%3A+A+linguistic+comparison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvocab.chat%2Fblog%2Faramaic-and-hebrew.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOne%2520pattern%2520in%2520the%2520differences%2CAramaic%2520and%2520%25C2%25AB%2520%25D7%2596%25D6%25B8%25D7%2594%25D6%25B8%25D7%2591%2520%25C2%25BB%2520in%2520Hebrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright, W. F.</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969"><i>The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89130-221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89130-221-6"><bdi>978-0-89130-221-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proto-Sinaitic+Inscriptions+and+Their+Decipherment&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-89130-221-6&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColless2010" class="citation journal cs1">Colless, Brian Edric (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah". <i>Antiguo Oriente</i>. <b>8</b>: 75–96. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59462334">59462334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiguo+Oriente&rft.atitle=Proto-alphabetic+Inscriptions+from+the+Wadi+Arabah&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=75-96&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59462334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Colless&rft.aufirst=Brian+Edric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1996" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1996). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21481-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21481-X"><bdi>0-631-21481-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-21481-X&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; Bright, William, eds. (1996). <i>The world's writing systems</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+writing+systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haarmann, Harald (2004). <i>Geschichte der Schrift</i> [<i>History of Writing</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-47998-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-47998-7"><bdi>3-406-47998-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Schrift&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-406-47998-7&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1998" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, J. T., ed. (1998) [1990]. <i>Reading the past: ancient writing from cuneiform to the alphabet</i>. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-8077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-8077-9"><bdi>978-0-7141-8077-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+past%3A+ancient+writing+from+cuneiform+to+the+alphabet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-8077-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarter1974" class="citation journal cs1">McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet". <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 54–68 [62]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210965">10.2307/3210965</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210965">3210965</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126182369">126182369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=The+Early+Diffusion+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=54-68+62&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126182369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210965&rft.aulast=McCarter&rft.aufirst=P.+Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2007) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/145735363"><i>The story of writing</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28660-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28660-9"><bdi>978-0-500-28660-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/145735363">145735363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+writing&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145735363&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28660-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F145735363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColless2014" class="citation journal cs1">Colless, Brian E. (2014). "The Origin of the Alphabet". <i>Antiguo Oriente</i>. <b>12</b>: 71–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiguo+Oriente&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=71-104&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Colless&rft.aufirst=Brian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Diringer" title="David Diringer">Diringer, David</a>, ed. (1977). <i>A history of the alphabet</i>. London: Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905418-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905418-12-4"><bdi>978-0-905418-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+alphabet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unwin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-905418-12-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2021" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven Roger (2021) [2005]. <i>A history of writing</i> (New ed.). London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-349-2"><bdi>978-1-78914-349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+writing&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-349-2&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Joel M. (2004). <i>In the beginning: a short history of the Hebrew language</i>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-814-73654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-814-73654-8"><bdi>978-0-814-73654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+beginning%3A+a+short+history+of+the+Hebrew+language&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-814-73654-8&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Joel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2004" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Robert K. (2004) [1986]. <i>The alphabet effect: a media ecology understanding of the making of Western civilization</i>. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57273-522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57273-522-4"><bdi>978-1-57273-522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+alphabet+effect%3A+a+media+ecology+understanding+of+the+making+of+Western+civilization&rft.place=Cresskill%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Hampton+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57273-522-4&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1986" class="citation journal cs1">Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 390–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978">10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/124703">124703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Infancy+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-398&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F124703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveh1997" class="citation book cs1">Naveh, Joseph (1997) [1982]. <i>Early history of the alphabet: an introduction to west Semitic epigraphy and palaeography</i> (Reprint ed.). Jerusalem: Magnes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-223-436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-223-436-0"><bdi>978-965-223-436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+history+of+the+alphabet%3A+an+introduction+to+west+Semitic+epigraphy+and+palaeography&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Magnes+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-965-223-436-0&rft.aulast=Naveh&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1991" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Barry B. (1991). <i>Homer and the origin of the Greek alphabet</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37157-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37157-5"><bdi>978-0-521-37157-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+origin+of+the+Greek+alphabet&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37157-5&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman1927" class="citation journal cs1">Ullman, B. L. (1927). "The Origin and Development of the Alphabet". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>31</b> (0 of 3): 311–328. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/497822">497822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Development+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=0+of+3&rft.pages=311-328&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F497822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-9114&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=B.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A216073">The Greek alphabet</a> on <a href="/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2451890">The Development of the Western Alphabet</a> on <a href="/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20031218.shtml">"The Alphabet – its creation and development"</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> featuring Eleanor Robson, Alan Millard, Rosalind Thomas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Home&lang=en">Mnamon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armstronginstitute.org/396-the-origins-of-the-alphabet">The Origins of the Alphabet</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armstronginstitute.org/">Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Grapheme">Graphemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts in Unicode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template talk:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Northwest Semitic abjad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 125%;"> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">b</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">g</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">d</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">h</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">w</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">y</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">k</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">l</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">m</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">n</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">p</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">q</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">r</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">š</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">t</a></i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>30</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90</td> <td>100</td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>400 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Semitic_alphabet">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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