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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kropp-sjel-problemet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kropp-sjel-problemet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kropp-sjel-problemet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kropp-sjel-problemet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noter_og_referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter_og_referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Noter og referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter_og_referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinnsfilosofi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 60 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevidsthedsfilosofi" title="Bevidsthedsfilosofi – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bevidsthedsfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvetandefilosofi" title="Medvetandefilosofi – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medvetandefilosofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugspeki" title="Hugspeki – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="فلسفة العقل – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة العقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_de_la_mente" title="Filosofía de la mente – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía de la mente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0drak_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99si" title="İdrak fəlsəfəsi – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdrak fəlsəfəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="মনের দর্শন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনের দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A3_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Аң фәлсәфәһе – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аң фәлсәфәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Философия на съзнанието – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философия на съзнанието" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_de_la_ment" title="Filosofia de la ment – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia de la ment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofie_mysli" title="Filozofie mysli – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filozofie mysli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athroniaeth_y_meddwl" title="Athroniaeth y meddwl – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athroniaeth y meddwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_des_Geistes" title="Philosophie des Geistes – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophie des Geistes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaimufilosoofia" title="Vaimufilosoofia – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaimufilosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Φιλοσοφία του νου – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλοσοφία του νου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Philosophy of mind" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_de_la_mente" title="Filosofía de la mente – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía de la mente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio_de_menso" title="Filozofio de menso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filozofio de menso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adimenaren_filosofia" title="Adimenaren filosofia – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adimenaren filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="فلسفه ذهن – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه ذهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_de_l%27esprit" title="Philosophie de l'esprit – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie de l'esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="심리철학 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심리철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գիտակցության փիլիսոփայություն – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտակցության փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_uma" title="Filozofija uma – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filozofija uma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_budi" title="Filsafat budi – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat budi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_della_mente" title="Filosofia della mente – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia della mente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9" title="פילוסופיה של הנפש – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה של הנפש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сана философиясы – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сана философиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_mentis" title="Philosophia mentis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia mentis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ta_filozofija" title="Prāta filozofija – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prāta filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85mon%C4%97s_filosofija" title="Sąmonės filosofija – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąmonės filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmefiloz%C3%B3fia" title="Elmefilozófia – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elmefilozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Филозофија на умот – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филозофија на умот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B4z%C3%B4fian%27_ny_saina" title="Filôzôfian' ny saina – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filôzôfian' ny saina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie_van_de_geest" title="Filosofie van de geest – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filosofie van de geest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AE%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心の哲学 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心の哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_falsafasi" title="Ong falsafasi – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ong falsafasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਨ ਦਾ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨ ਦਾ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="ذہن دا فلسفہ – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ذہن دا فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د ذهن فلسفه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ذهن فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_umys%C5%82u" title="Filozofia umysłu – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia umysłu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_da_mente" title="Filosofia da mente – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia da mente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_min%C8%9Bii" title="Filozofia minții – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filozofia minții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия сознания – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философия сознания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_e_mendjes" title="Filozofia e mendjes – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia e mendjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philosophy of mind" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_mysle" title="Filozofia mysle – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filozofia mysle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فەلسەفەی زەین – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفەی زەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Филозофија духа – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филозофија духа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_uma" title="Filozofija uma – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filozofija uma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielenfilosofia" title="Mielenfilosofia – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mielenfilosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya_ng_isipan" title="Pilosopiya ng isipan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilosopiya ng isipan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/300px-Phrenology1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/400px-Phrenology1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Et <a href="/wiki/Frenologi" title="Frenologi">frenologisk</a> kart av <a href="/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne">hjernen</a>. Frenologi var blant de første forsøk med å korrelere mentale funksjoner med spesifikke deler av hjernen.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sinnsfilosofi</b> eller <b>bevissthetsfilosofi</b>, som er det vanlige navnet på denne grenen innenfor analytisk filosofi, er grenen av <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a> som studerer <a href="/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn">sinnets</a> natur, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_hendelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mental hendelse (ikke skrevet ennå)">mental hendelse</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_funksjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mental funksjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">mental funksjon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_egenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mental egenskap (ikke skrevet ennå)">mental egenskap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bevissthet" title="Bevissthet">bevissthet</a> og deres relasjon til den fysiske kroppen. <i>Sinn-kropproblemet</i>, i.e. relasjonen mellom sinn og kropp, er hovedproblemet i sinnets filosofi, selv om det også er andre problemstillinger omkring sinnets natur som ikke involverer dets relasjon til den fysiske kroppen.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">Dualisme</a></i> og <i><a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monisme</a></i> er de to hovedskolene for tenkning som forsøker å løse sinn-kropproblemet. Dualisme er posisjonen at sinn og kropp er kategorisk adskilte fra hverandre. Dualisme kan spores tilbake til <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Plato_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plato-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rob_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rob-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankhya (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sankhya</a> og <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> skolene i <a href="/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a> filosofi,<sup id="cite_ref-Sa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, men ble mer presist formulert av <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> på 1600-tallet.<sup id="cite_ref-De_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">Substansdualister</a></i> hevder at sinnet er en uavhengig eksisterende substans, mens <i><a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">Eiendomsdualister</a></i> hevder at sinnet er en gruppe uavhengige egenskaper som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergentisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emergentisme (ikke skrevet ennå)">har sin kilde</a> fra noe som ikke kan reduseres til hjernen, men at det ikke er en distinkt substans.<sup id="cite_ref-Du_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">Monisme</a></i> er posisjonen at sinn og kropp ikke er <a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">ontologisk</a> distinkte typeenheter. Dette synet ble først fremsatt i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestens_filosofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestens filosofi (ikke skrevet ennå)">Vestens filosofi</a> av <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> i det 5. århundre f. Kr. og ble senere utgreiet av det <a href="/wiki/17._%C3%A5rhundre" title="17. århundre">17. århundrets</a> <a href="/wiki/Rasjonalisme" title="Rasjonalisme">rasjonalisten</a> <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fysikalisme" title="Fysikalisme">Fysikalister</a></i> hevder at bare kunnskap postulert ved fysisk teori eksisterer, og at sinnet eventuelt vil bli forklart i fysiske termer ettersom fysisk teori utvikles. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Idealisme" title="Idealisme">Idealister</a></i> hevder at sinnet er alt som eksisterer og at den ytre verden enten er mental i seg selv eller en illusjon skapt av sinnet. <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8ytral_monisme" title="Nøytral monisme">Nøytralmonister</a></i> fester seg til posisjonen at det finnes en annen form for nøytral substans og at både materie og sinn er egenskaper ved denne ukjente substansen. De vanligste monismer i det 20. og <a href="/wiki/21._%C3%A5rhundre" title="21. århundre">21. århundre</a> har alle vært varianter av fysikalisme; disse posisjonene omfatter <a href="/wiki/Behaviorisme" title="Behaviorisme">behaviorisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typefysikalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Typefysikalisme">typeidentitetsteori</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomalmonisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomalmonisme (ikke skrevet ennå)">anomalmonisme</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funksjonalisme_(sinnets_filosofi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funksjonalisme (sinnets filosofi) (ikke skrevet ennå)">funksjonalisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mange moderne bevissthetsfilosofer adopterer enten en <i>reduktiv</i> eller <i>non-reduktiv fysikalistisk</i> posisjon, som hevder på ulike måter at sinnet ikke er adskilt fra kropp.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse tilnærmingene har vært spesielt innflytelsesrike i vitenskapene, spesielt i feltene <a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">sosiobiologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datateknologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Datateknologi">datateknologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utviklingspsykologi" title="Utviklingspsykologi">utviklingspsykologi</a> og de ulike <a href="/wiki/Neurovitenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurovitenskap">neurovitenskapene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PsyBio_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PsyBio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeDoux_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeDoux-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RussNor_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussNor-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DawkRich_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DawkRich-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andre filosofer inntar derimot en ikke-medisinsk stilling som utfordrer utsagnet at sinnet kun har fysikalsk natur. <i>Reduktive medisinere</i> hevder at alle mentale tilstander snart kan forklares ved vitenskapelig dokumenterte fysiologiske prosesser og tilstander.<sup id="cite_ref-Pat_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smart_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Non-reduktive fysikalister</i> hevder at selv om hjernen er alt som <i>er</i> i sinnet, er predikat og vokabular brukt i mental beskrivelse og forklaring uerstattelige, og kan ikke reduseres til språk og forklaringer på lavere nivå av fysisk vitenskap.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortsatt <a href="/wiki/Neurovitenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurovitenskap">neurovitenskapelig</a> fremskritt har hjulpet til å klargjøre noe, men moderne bevissthetsfilosofer fortsetter å spørre hvordan de subjektive kvalitetene og de intensjonelle (aboutness) av mentale tilstander og egenskaper kan forklares i naturalistiske termer.<sup id="cite_ref-Int_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Int-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Searleint_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searleint-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kropp-sjel-problemet">Kropp-sjel-problemet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kropp-sjel-problemet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kropp-sjel-problemet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="utdypende-artikkel" style="padding-left:2em; font-style: italic;"> <p>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Kropp-sjel-problemet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kropp-sjel-problemet">Kropp-sjel-problemet</a> </p> </div> <p>Kropp-sjel-problemet omhandler forklaringen av forholdet mellom bevisstheten, eller mentale prosesser, og kroppslige tilstander eller prosesser.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett av filosofenes mål er å forklare hvordan en påstått ikke-materiell bevissthet kan påvirke en materiell kropp og vice versa. </p><p>Våre bevissthetserfaringer beror på <a href="/wiki/Stimuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimuli">stimuli</a> som "treffer" våre ulike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsorgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinnsorgan (ikke skrevet ennå)">sinnsorgan</a> fra den ytre verden og disse stimuli forårsaker forandringer i vår mentale tilstand, hvilket får oss til å oppleve en såkalt "sensasjon" eller sanseerfaring, som kan være behagelig eller ubehagelig. En persons vilje til å spise pizza tenderer eksempelvis til å få den personen til å røre sin kropp på et spesielt vis og i en spesiell retning for å få tilgang til det ønskede objektet. Spørsmålet er da hvordan det kan være mulig for bevisste erfaringer å oppstå fra en klump grå materie bestående kun av elektrokjemiske egenskaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et lignende problem er hvordan man skal forklare hvordan noens "proposisjonelle attityder" kan få den personens <a href="/wiki/Nevron" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevron">nevroner</a> til å sette igang og muskler til å tekke seg sammen på eksakt riktig måte. Disse er en del av spørsmålene som kunnskapsteoretikere og bevissthetsfilosofer har syslet med siden <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> og kanskje før ham.<sup id="cite_ref-De_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter_og_referanser">Noter og referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Noter og referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Noter og referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kim1-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim1_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim1_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kim, J. (1995). Honderich, Ted, red. <i>Problems in the Philosophy of Mind. Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.btitle=Problems+in+the+Philosophy+of+Mind.+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plato-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plato_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Plato (1995). E.A. Duke, W.F. Hicken, W.S.M. Nicoll, D.B. Robinson, J.C.G. Strachan, red. <i>Phaedo</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.au=Plato&rft.btitle=Phaedo&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_redakt%C3%B8rliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rob-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rob_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, H. (1983): ‘Aristotelian dualism’, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1, 123–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, M. C. (1984): ‘Aristotelian dualism’, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 2, 197–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, M. C. and Rorty, A. O. (1992): Essays on Aristotle's De Anima, Clarendon Press, Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sa-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sa_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sri Swami Sivananda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515215340/http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Sankhya/id/23117">«Sankhya:Hindu philosophy: The Sankhya»</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Sankhya/id/23117">originalen</a> 15. mai 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.au=Sri+Swami+Sivananda&rft.btitle=Sankhya%3AHindu+philosophy%3A+The+Sankhya&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.experiencefestival.com%2Fa%2FSankhya%2Fid%2F23117&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De-7"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-De_7-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_7-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Descartes, René. <i>Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy</i>. Hacket Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0872204219" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87220-421-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.au=Descartes%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Discourse+on+Method+and+Meditations+on+First+Philosophy&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Hacket+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Du-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Du_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hart, W.D. (1996) "Dualism", in Samuel Guttenplan (org) <i>A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind</i>, Blackwell, Oxford, 265-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spin-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spin_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Spinoza, Baruch (1670) <i>Tractatus Theologico-Politicus</i> (A Theologico-Political Treatise).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-10"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_10-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_10-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_10-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Kim, J., "Mind-Body Problem", <i>Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Ted Honderich (ed.). Oxford:Oxford University Press. 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PsyBio-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PsyBio_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pinel, J. <i>Psychobiology</i>, (1990) Prentice Hall, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8815071741" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-15-07174-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeDoux-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeDoux_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">LeDoux, J. (2002) <i>The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are</i>, New York:Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8870787958" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-7078-795-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussNor-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RussNor_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Russell, S. and Norvig, P. <i>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</i>, New Jersey:Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0131038052" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-103805-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DawkRich-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DawkRich_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dawkins, R. <i>The Selfish Gene</i> (1976) Oxford:Oxford University Press. ISBN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pat-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pat_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Churchland, Patricia (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neurophilosophyt0000chur_z0h0"><i>Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain.</i></a> MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0262031167" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-262-03116-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.au=Churchland%2C+Patricia&rft.btitle=Neurophilosophy%3A+Toward+a+Unified+Science+of+the+Mind-Brain.&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneurophilosophyt0000chur_z0h0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Churchland, Paul (1981). «Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes». <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>: 67–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.atitle=Eliminative+Materialism+and+the+Propositional+Attitudes&rft.au=Churchland%2C+Paul&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=67-90&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smart-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smart_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Smart, J.J.C. (1956). «Sensations and Brain Processes». <i>Philosophical Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.atitle=Sensations+and+Brain+Processes&rft.au=Smart%2C+J.J.C.&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Donald Davidson (1980). <i>Essays on Actions and Events</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0199246270" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-924627-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.au=Donald+Davidson&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Actions+and+Events&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pu-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pu_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Putnam, Hilary (1967). "Psychological Predicates", in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill, eds., <i>Art, Mind and Religion</i> (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Int-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Int_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dennett, Daniel (1998). <i>The intentional stance</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0262540533" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-262-54053-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.au=Dennett%2C+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+intentional+stance&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Searleint-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Searleint_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Searle, John (2001). <i>Intentionality. A Paper on the Philosophy of Mind</i>. Frankfurt a. M.: Nachdr. Suhrkamp. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/3518285564" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-28556-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASinnsfilosofi&rft.au=Searle%2C+John&rft.btitle=Intentionality.+A+Paper+on+the+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Frankfurt+a.+M.&rft.pub=Nachdr.+Suhrkamp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://no.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_studies" class="extiw" title="b:Consciousness studies">Wikibooks: Consciousness Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/">London Philosophy Study Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923081848/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/">Arkivert</a> 23. september 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Mind.htm">Philosophy of Mind</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615172950/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Mind.htm">Arkivert</a> 15. juni 2020 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_and_the_Mirror_of_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (ikke skrevet ennå)">Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature</a></i> (Princeton, 1980), p. 120, 125.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> <i>Science and the Modern World</i> (1925; reprinted London, 1985), pp. 68–70.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Burtt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Burtt (ikke skrevet ennå)">Edwin Burtt</a> <i>The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science</i>, 2nd ed. (London, 1932), pp. 318-19.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Deutsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Deutsch (ikke skrevet ennå)">Felix Deutsch</a> (ed.) <i>On the Mysterious Leap from the Mind to the Body</i> (New York, 1959).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feigl" title="Herbert Feigl">Herbert Feigl</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ditext.com/feigl/mp/mp.html">The "Mental" and the "Physical": The Essay and a Postscript (1967)</a></i>, in H. Feigl et al., (eds.), <i>Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science</i> (Minneapolis, 1958), Vol. 2, pp. 370–497, at p. 373.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celia_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celia Green (ikke skrevet ennå)">Celia Green</a> <i>The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem</i>. (Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003). Applies a sceptical view on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Causality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causality (ikke skrevet ennå)">causality</a> to the problems of interactionism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinnsfilosofi&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/guide.html">Guide to Philosophy of Mind</a>, compiled by David Chalmers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/biblio.html">Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: An Annotated Bibliography</a>, compiled by David Chalmers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/">Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind</a>, edited by Chris Eliasmith.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/int14.html">An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307021811/http://www.galilean-library.org/int14.html">Arkivert</a> 7. mars 2010 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/online.html">A list of online papers on consciousness and philosophy of mind</a>, compiled by David Chalmers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/">Field guide to the Philosophy of Mind</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817132042/http://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/">Arkivert</a> 17. august 2020 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Sortering efter: <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_etter_epoke" title="Kategori:Filosofer etter epoke">epok</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_etter_nasjonalitet" title="Kategori:Filosofer etter nasjonalitet">nasjonalitet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Filosofer_etter_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Filosofer etter religion (ikke skrevet ennå)">religion</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_etter_tradisjon" title="Kategori:Filosofer etter tradisjon">tradisjon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_etter_disiplin" title="Kategori:Filosofer etter disiplin">disiplin</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Grener</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Traditionella</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axiologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axiologi (ikke skrevet ennå)">Axiologi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estetikk" title="Estetikk">Estetikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etik (ikke skrevet ennå)">Etik</a>)  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Erkjennelsesteori" title="Erkjennelsesteori">Erkjennelsesteori</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Logikk" title="Logikk">Logikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metafysikk" title="Metafysikk">Metafysikk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">Ontologi</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Filosofi om…</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence (ikke skrevet ennå)">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioethics (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bioethics</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feministisk filosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_theory_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action theory (philosophy) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Action theory (philosophy)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of history (ikke skrevet ennå)">Philosophy of history</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of war (ikke skrevet ennå)">Philosophy of war</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matematisk_filosofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematisk filosofi (ikke skrevet ennå)">Matematik</a>[[:nn:Matematisk filosofi|[[[nn]]]] <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of medicine (ikke skrevet ennå)">Philosophy of medicine</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinnsfilosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphilosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphilosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Metaphilosophy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Naturfilosofi" title="Naturfilosofi">Naturfilosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogisk_filosofi" title="Pedagogisk filosofi">Pedagogisk filosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rettsfilosofi" title="Rettsfilosofi">Rettsfilosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sosialfilosofi" title="Sosialfilosofi">Sosialfilosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfilosofi" title="Språkfilosofi">Språkfilosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politisk filosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Religionsfilosofi" title="Religionsfilosofi">Religionsfilosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vitenskapsteori" title="Vitenskapsteori">Vitenskapsteori</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Skolor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filosofiens_historie#Antikkens_filosofi" title="Filosofiens historie">Antiken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese philosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Chinese philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme">Konfusianisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Legalisme" title="Legalisme">Legalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mohismen" title="Mohismen">Mohismen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Navneskolen" title="Navneskolen">Navneskolen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme">Taoisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Naturalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Naturalists (ikke skrevet ennå)">School of Naturalists</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Grekisk-romersk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelisme" title="Aristotelisme">Aristotelisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomisme" title="Atomisme">Atomisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eleatene" title="Eleatene">Eleatene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epikurisme" title="Epikurisme">Epikurisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rsokratikerne" title="Førsokratikerne">Førsokratikerne</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_joniska_naturfilosoferna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De joniska naturfilosoferna (ikke skrevet ennå)">De joniska naturfilosoferna</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Efesiska_skolan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efesiska skolan (ikke skrevet ennå)">Efesiska skolan</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kynisme" title="Kynisme">Kynisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kyreneikere" title="Kyreneikere">Kyreneikere</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mithras-kulten" title="Mithras-kulten">Mithras-kulten</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peripatos" title="Peripatos">Peripatos</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Platonisme" title="Platonisme">Platonisme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nyplatonisme" title="Nyplatonisme">Ny</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pytagoreer" title="Pytagoreer">Pytagoreer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopythagoreanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopythagoreanism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Neopythagoreanism</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sofistene" title="Sofistene">Sofistene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stoisisme" title="Stoisisme">Stoisisme</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian philosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Indian philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80j%C4%ABvika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ājīvika (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ājīvika</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middelalderens_filosofi" title="Middelalderens filosofi">Middelalderens filosofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestlig_filosofi" title="Vestlig filosofi">Vestlig filosofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian philosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Christian philosophy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skolastikk" title="Skolastikk">Skolastikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomisme" title="Thomisme">Thomisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Renessansehumanisme" title="Renessansehumanisme">Renessansehumanisme</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic philosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Islamic philosophy</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stlig_filosofi" title="Østlig filosofi">Østlig filosofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Advaita_vedanta" title="Advaita vedanta">Advaita vedanta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dvaita Vedanta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neokonfucianisme" title="Neokonfucianisme">Neokonfucianisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme">Sufisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Moderne tid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Allmänt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme">Anarkisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianisme (ikke skrevet ennå)">Cartesianisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Determinisme" title="Determinisme">Determinisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Empirisme" title="Empirisme">Empirisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eksistensialisme" title="Eksistensialisme">Eksistensialisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalisme (ikke skrevet ennå)">Foundationalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Historisisme" title="Historisisme">Historisisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Holisme" title="Holisme">Holisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme">Humanisme</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihumanisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihumanisme (ikke skrevet ennå)">Antihumanisme</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idealisme" title="Idealisme">Idealisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Individualisme" title="Individualisme">Individualisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kollektivisme" title="Kollektivisme">Kollektivisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme">Konservatisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontraktualisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontraktualisme (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kontraktualisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">Liberalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">Marxisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Materialisme" title="Materialisme">Materialisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">Monisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Naturalisme_(filosofi)" title="Naturalisme (filosofi)">Naturalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme">Nihilisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantianisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantianisme (ikke skrevet ennå)">Neo-Kantianisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-scholasticism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Neo-scholasticism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Positivisme" title="Positivisme">Positivisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme">Pragmatisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rasjonalisme" title="Rasjonalisme">Rasjonalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">Sosialisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalisme" title="Transcendentalisme">Transcendentalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme">Utilitarisme</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contemporary philosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Contemporary philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi">Analytisk filosofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Marxism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Analytical Marxism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental philosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Experimental philosophy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quietism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quietism (philosophy) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Quietism (philosophy)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Internalisme_og_eksternalisme" title="Internalisme og eksternalisme">Internalisme og eksternalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coherentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coherentism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Coherentism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarisme" title="Kommunitarisme">Kommunitarisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teleologisk_etikk" title="Teleologisk etikk">Teleologisk etikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Logisk_positivisme" title="Logisk positivisme">Logisk positivisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaethics (ikke skrevet ennå)">Metaethics</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Normativ_etikk" title="Normativ etikk">Normativ etikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal positivism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Legal positivism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scientisme" title="Scientisme">Scientisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied ethics (ikke skrevet ennå)">Applied ethics</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinary_language_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinary language philosophy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ordinary language philosophy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vitenskapelig_skeptisisme" title="Vitenskapelig skeptisisme">Vitenskapelig skeptisisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral realism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Moral realism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wienerkretsen" title="Wienerkretsen">Wienerkretsen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_filosofi" title="Kontinental filosofi">Kontinental filosofi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dekonstruksjon_(filosofi)" title="Dekonstruksjon (filosofi)">Dekonstruksjon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eksistensialisme" title="Eksistensialisme">Eksistensialisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feministisk filosofi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurtskolen" title="Frankfurtskolen">Frankfurtskolen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">Kritisk teori</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutikk" title="Hermeneutikk">Hermeneutikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">Marxisme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nymarxisme" title="Nymarxisme">Ny</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Marxism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Western Marxism</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sosialkonstruksjonisme" title="Sosialkonstruksjonisme">Sosialkonstruksjonisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Strukturalisme" title="Strukturalisme">Strukturalisme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poststrukturalisme" title="Poststrukturalisme">Poststrukturalisme</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f9dc7d;;width:1%">Diverse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dialektikk" title="Dialektikk">Dialektikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Formalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalisme">Formalisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nythomisme" title="Nythomisme">Nythomisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Objektivisme" title="Objektivisme">Objektivisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Relativisme" title="Relativisme">Relativisme</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical skepticism (ikke skrevet ennå)">Philosophical skepticism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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