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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9" title="Robert Strausz-Hupé – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Strausz-Hupé" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9" title="Robert Strausz-Hupé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Strausz-Hupé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B2_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%BE" title="روبيرت ستراوسز هوپ – Egyptian Arabic" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Robert Strausz-Hupé</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Turkey">United States Ambassador to <span class="nowrap">Turkey</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 27, 1981 – May 18, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Spain" title="James W. Spain">James W. Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morton_I._Abramowitz" title="Morton I. Abramowitz">Morton I. Abramowitz</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to NATO">United States Ambassador to <span class="nowrap">NATO</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 3, 1976 – April 20, 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">David K. E. Bruce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Tapley_Bennett_Jr." title="William Tapley Bennett Jr.">William Tapley Bennett Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Sweden">United States Ambassador to <span class="nowrap">Sweden</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 25, 1974 – March 3, 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_J._Olsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur J. Olsen (page does not exist)">Arthur J. Olsen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Smith" title="David S. Smith">David S. Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Belgium">United States Ambassador to <span class="nowrap">Belgium</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 15, 1972 – May 22, 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_S._D._Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. D. Eisenhower">John S. D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Firestone" title="Leonard Firestone">Leonard Firestone</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Sri_Lanka_and_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Sri Lanka and Maldives">United States Ambassador to <span class="nowrap">Sri Lanka and Maldives</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 3, 1970 – December 12, 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_V._Corry" title="Andrew V. Corry">Andrew V. Corry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Van_Hollen_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Van Hollen (diplomat)">Christopher Van Hollen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-03-25</span>)</span>March 25, 1903<br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 24, 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-02-24)</span> (aged 98)<br /><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Square,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtown Square, Pennsylvania">Newtown Square, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Eleanor Cuyler</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939; died 1976)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mayrose Ferreira Nugara</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1979)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Diplomat, geopolitical theorist</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Strausz-Hupé</b> (March 25, 1903 – February 24, 2002) was an Austrian-born American diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> theorist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in 1903 in Austria, Strausz-Hupé immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1923. Serving as an advisor on foreign investment to American financial institutions, he watched the Depression spread political misery across <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of Austria in 1938, Strausz-Hupé began writing and lecturing to American audiences on "the coming war." After one such lecture in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, he was invited to give a talk at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, an event which led to his taking a position on the faculty there in 1940. He became an Associate Professor in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strausz-Hupé founded the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Foreign Policy Research Institute">Foreign Policy Research Institute</a> at the University of Pennsylvania in 1955, which later became independent in 1970. In 1957, the Institute published the first issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Orbis_(journal)" title="Orbis (journal)">Orbis</a></i>, the quarterly journal that remains to this day the institute's flagship publication. Strausz-Hupé authored or co-authored several important books on international affairs. </p><p>Strausz-Hupé was a foreign policy advisor to <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> when Goldwater was the Republican Party's candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in 1964, and also advised <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in his successful 1968 campaign. As president, Nixon appointed Strausz-Hupé to be <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in 1969, but the appointment was blocked by Arkansas Senator <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Foreign Relations Committee</a>, on the grounds that Strausz-Hupé was too strongly against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the following year he was appointed U.S. <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maldive_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldive Islands">Maldive Islands</a>, and subsequently served as ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (1972–1974), <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (1974–1976), <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (1976–77), and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (1981–1989).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, upon retirement after eight years as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Turkey">Ambassador to Turkey</a>, Strausz-Hupé rejoined the Foreign Policy Research Institute as Distinguished Diplomat-in-Residence and president emeritus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 26, 1938, in New York City, he married Eleanor DeGraff Cuyler Walker (1898–1976), daughter of railroad director <a href="/wiki/Thomas_DeWitt_Cuyler" title="Thomas DeWitt Cuyler">Thomas DeWitt Cuyler</a> (1854–1922) and his wife, Frances Lewis Cuyler (1860–1941). She was a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Hasbrouck_family" title="Hasbrouck family">Hasbrouck family</a> and a second cousin, once removed of New York Governor <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a>. She was the youngest of four daughters, and was divorced from Joseph Walker with three children of her own: Eleanor Cuyler Walker Seyffert (1917–1992), Joseph Walker IV (1920–2007) and Peter Cuyler Walker (1925–2000). They did not have any children together, and Eleanor died on March 8, 1976, while in Sweden. </p><p>Strausz-Hupé married secondly Mayrose (nee Ferreira) Nugara (b. 1936) on August 22, 1979. She had three children of her own: Ingrid, Cynthia and Ricky. He died at home in <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Square,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtown Square, Pennsylvania">Newtown Square, Pennsylvania</a>, on February 24, 2002, at the age of 98.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations">Quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"As policy evolves towards several continental systems, and technology accentuates the strategic importance of large, contiguous areas. Thus the era of overseas empires and free world trade closes. If this reasoning is pushed to its absolute conclusion, the national state is also a thing of the past, and the future belongs to the giant state. Many nations will be locked in a few vast compartments. But in each of these one people, controlling a strategic area, will be master of the others." – <i>Geopolitics: The Struggle for Space and Power</i> (1942)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Axis America: Hitler Plans Our Future</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>Geopolitics: The Struggle for Space and Power</i> (1942)</li> <li><i>The Balance of Tomorrow: Power and Foreign Policy in the United States</i> (1945)</li> <li><i>International Relations</i> (1950)</li> <li><i>The Zone of Indifference</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>The Estrangement of Western Man</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>A Forward Strategy for America</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>Power and Community</i> (1956)</li> <li>(co-editor) <i>The Idea of Colonialism</i> (1958)</li> <li>(with others) <i>Protracted Conflict: A Forward Strategy for America</i> (1959)</li> <li>(with others) <i>Building the Atlantic World</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>In My Time: An Eclectic Autobiography</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Strategy and Values: Selected Writings of Robert Strausz-Hupé (1973)</i></li> <li><i>Democracy and American Foreign Policy: Reflections on the Legacy of Alexis de Tocqueville</i> (1995)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Paul (February 26, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/26/world/robert-strausz-hupe-envoy-and-cold-war-stalwart-98.html">"Robert Strausz-Hupé, Envoy And Cold-War Stalwart, 98" (obituary)</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/strausz-hupe-robert">"History: Robert Strausz-Hupé"</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> website</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan" title="Robert D. Kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D.</a> (2012) <i>The Revenge of Geography: What the Maps Tell Us About the Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate</i> New York: Random House. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6983-5">978-1-4000-6983-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/straub-streeb.html#188.75.18">The Political Graveyard</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_V._Corry" title="Andrew V. Corry">Andrew V. Corry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Sri Lanka">U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka</a> </b><br />1970–1971<br />Also accredited to Maldives </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Van_Hollen_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Van Hollen (diplomat)">Christopher Van Hollen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">John S. D. Eisenhower</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Belgium">U.S. Ambassador to Belgium</a> </b><br />1972–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Firestone" title="Leonard Firestone">Leonard Firestone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Holland">Jerome Holland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Sweden">U.S. Ambassador to Sweden</a> </b><br />1974–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Smith" title="David S. Smith">David S. Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">David K. E. Bruce</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Representative_to_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Permanent Representative to NATO">U.S. Ambassador to NATO</a> </b><br />1976–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W._Tapley_Bennett,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="W. Tapley Bennett, Jr.">W. Tapley Bennett, Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Spain" title="James W. Spain">James W. Spain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Turkey">U.S. Ambassador to Turkey</a> </b><br />1981–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Morton_I._Abramowitz" title="Morton I. Abramowitz">Morton I. Abramowitz</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_ambassadors_to_Turkey_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Turkey" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Turkey">United States ambassadors to Turkey</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Chargé d'Affaires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">Porter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Minister Resident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh" title="George Perkins Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Spence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll Spence (page does not exist)">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Williams_(ambassador)" title="James Williams (ambassador)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joy_Morris" title="Edward Joy Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Boker" title="George Henry Boker">Boker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Wallace" title="Lew Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Hirsch" title="Solomon Hirsch">Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Thompson" title="David P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Terrell" title="Alexander W. Terrell">Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Alexander_Leishman" title="John George Alexander Leishman">Leishman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Alexander_Leishman" title="John George Alexander Leishman">Leishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Isaac_Elkus" title="Abram Isaac Elkus">Elkus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grew" title="Joseph Grew">Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Sherrill_(ambassador)" title="Charles H. Sherrill (ambassador)">Sherrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peet_Skinner" title="Robert Peet Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_MacMurray" title="John Van Antwerp MacMurray">MacMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Steinhardt" title="Laurence Steinhardt">Steinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_C._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin C. Wilson (page does not exist)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wadsworth_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Wadsworth (diplomat)">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._McGhee" title="George C. McGhee">McGhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avra_M._Warren" title="Avra M. Warren">A Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fletcher_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fletcher Warren (page does not exist)">F Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Hare" title="Raymond A. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_T._Hart" title="Parker T. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Komer" title="Robert Komer">Komer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Handley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Handley (page does not exist)">Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Macomber,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Macomber, Jr.">Macomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_I._Spiers" title="Ronald I. Spiers">Spiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Spain" title="James W. Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strausz-Hupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_I._Abramowitz" title="Morton I. Abramowitz">Abramowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clark_Barkley" title="Richard Clark Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Grossman" title="Marc Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Robert_Parris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Robert Parris (page does not exist)">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Robert_Pearson" title="W. Robert Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Edelman" title="Eric S. Edelman">Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_L._Wilson" title="Ross L. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_Jeffrey" title="James Franklin Jeffrey">Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Ricciardone,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Francis J. Ricciardone, Jr.">Ricciardone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_L._Baily" title="Jess L. Baily">Baily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Bass" title="John R. Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Satterfield" title="David M. Satterfield">Satterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Flake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=United_States_permanent_representatives_to_NATO_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=474" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USNATOambassadors" title="Template:USNATOambassadors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USNATOambassadors" title="Template talk:USNATOambassadors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USNATOambassadors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USNATOambassadors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=United_States_permanent_representatives_to_NATO_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=474" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_permanent_representatives_to_NATO" title="List of United States permanent representatives to NATO">United States permanent representatives to NATO</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">William H. Draper Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_Hughes" title="John Chambers Hughes">John C. Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walbridge_Perkins_Jr." title="George Walbridge Perkins Jr.">George W. Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Randolph_Burgess" title="Warren Randolph Burgess">Warren R. Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_K._Finletter" title="Thomas K. Finletter">Thomas K. Finletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Cleveland" title="Harlan Cleveland">Harlan Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellsworth" title="Robert Ellsworth">Robert Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">David K. E. Bruce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Strausz-Hupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tapley_Bennett_Jr." title="William Tapley Bennett Jr.">William T. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Manker_Abshire" title="David Manker Abshire">David M. Abshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_G._Keel_Jr." title="Alton G. Keel Jr.">Alton G. Keel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_IV" title="William Howard Taft IV">William Howard Taft IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bartholomew" title="Reginald Bartholomew">Reginald Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hunter" title="Robert E. Hunter">Robert E. Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vershbow" title="Alexander Vershbow">Alexander Vershbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Nicholas_Burns" title="R. Nicholas Burns">R. Nicholas Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Nuland" title="Victoria Nuland">Victoria Nuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Volker" title="Kurt Volker">Kurt Volker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_H._Daalder" title="Ivo H. Daalder">Ivo H. 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Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hughes_(diplomat)" title="Christopher Hughes (diplomat)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Somerville" title="William C. Somerville">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Appleton" title="John James Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hughes_(diplomat)" title="Christopher Hughes (diplomat)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lay" title="George W. Lay">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Ellsworth" title="Henry W. Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Schroeder (page does not exist)">Schroeder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister Resident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Schroeder (page does not exist)">Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Angel" title="Benjamin F. Angel">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_S._Haldeman" title="Jacob S. Haldeman">Haldeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn_Campbell" title="James Hepburn Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Bartlett" title="Joseph J. Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_Andrews" title="Christopher Columbus Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Stevens" title="John L. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Thomas_Jr." title="William W. Thomas Jr.">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rufus_Magee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rufus Magee (page does not exist)">Magee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary<br />and Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rufus_Magee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rufus Magee (page does not exist)">Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Thomas_Jr." title="William W. Thomas Jr.">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_W._Ferguson_(diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas W. Ferguson (diplomat) (page does not exist)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Thomas_Jr." title="William W. Thomas Jr.">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Nelson_Morris" title="Ira Nelson Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woods_Bliss" title="Robert Woods Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_B._Harrison" title="Leland B. Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Motley_Morehead_III" title="John Motley Morehead III">Morehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Steinhardt" title="Laurence Steinhardt">Steinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Morris_Dearing" title="Fred Morris Dearing">Dearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Sterling" title="Frederick A. Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Johnson" title="Herschel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_G._Dreyfus" title="Louis G. Dreyfus">Dreyfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Freeman_Matthews" title="H. Freeman Matthews">Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Freeman_Matthews" title="H. Freeman Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walton_Butterworth" title="William Walton Butterworth">Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moors_Cabot" title="John Moors Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_White_(diplomat)" title="Francis White (diplomat)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._H._Bonbright" title="James C. H. Bonbright">Bonbright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Graham_Parsons" title="J. Graham Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Womack_Heath" title="William Womack Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Holland" title="Jerome H. Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strausz-Hupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Smith" title="David S. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_O%27Gliasain_Kennedy-Minott" title="Rodney O'Gliasain Kennedy-Minott">Kennedy-Minott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_S._Forsberg" title="Franklin S. Forsberg">Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_J._Newell" title="Gregory J. Newell">Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Redman" title="Charles E. Redman">Redman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Siebert" title="Thomas L. Siebert">Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Lowell_Olson_Jr." title="Lyndon Lowell Olson Jr.">Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Heimbold_Jr." title="Charles A. Heimbold Jr.">Heimbold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teel_Bivins" title="Teel Bivins">Bivins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._Wood" title="Michael M. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barzun" title="Matthew Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Brzezinski" title="Mark Brzezinski">Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azita_Raji" title="Azita Raji">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Howery" title="Ken Howery">Howery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ramanathan" title="Erik Ramanathan">Ramanathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_ambassadors_to_Belgium_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Belgium&#124;link=Belgium429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Belgium" title="Template:US ambassadors to Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_ambassadors_to_Belgium" title="Template talk:US ambassadors to Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US ambassadors to Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_ambassadors_to_Belgium_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Belgium&#124;link=Belgium429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Belgium" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Belgium">United States ambassadors to Belgium</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chargé d'Affaires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Legaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Maxcy" title="Virgil Maxcy">Maxcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Washington_Hilliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Washington Hilliard">Hilliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Green_Clemson" title="Thomas Green Clemson">Clemson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Bayard" title="Richard H. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Seibels" title="John Jacob Seibels">Seibels</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the US Department of State"><img alt="Seal of the US Department of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/105px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/140px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister Resident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Seibels" title="John Jacob Seibels">Seibels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Y._Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisha Y. Fair">Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shelton_Sanford" title="Henry Shelton Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Russell_Jones" title="Joseph Russell Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayres_Phillips_Merrill" title="Ayres Phillips Merrill">Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_C._Goodloe_(ambassador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William C. Goodloe (ambassador) (page does not exist)">Goodloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O._Putnam" title="James O. Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Fish_II" title="Nicholas Fish II">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Tree" title="Lambert Tree">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary<br />and Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Tree" title="Lambert Tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_Parkhurst" title="John Gibson Parkhurst">Parkhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Terrell" title="Edwin H. Terrell">Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stevenson_Ewing" title="James Stevenson Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellamy_Storer_(politician,_born_1847)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellamy Storer (politician, born 1847)">Storer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Townsend" title="Lawrence Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lane_Wilson" title="Henry Lane Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Page_Bryan" title="Charles Page Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larz_Anderson" title="Larz Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Marburg" title="Theodore Marburg">Marburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_Whitlock" title="Brand Whitlock">Whitlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand_Whitlock" title="Brand Whitlock">Whitlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Phillips_(diplomat)" title="William Phillips (diplomat)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Gibson" title="Hugh S. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Hennen_Morris" title="Dave Hennen Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Gibson" title="Hugh S. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Davies" title="Joseph E. Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cudahy" title="John Cudahy">Cudahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Goodrich_Kirk" title="Alan Goodrich Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Daniel_Murphy" title="Robert Daniel Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_M._Cowen" title="Myron M. Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Alger_Jr." title="Frederick M. Alger Jr.">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford_Folger" title="John Clifford Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._M._Burden" title="William A. M. Burden">Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur_II" title="Douglas MacArthur II">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgway_B._Knight" title="Ridgway B. Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strausz-Hupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Firestone" title="Leonard Firestone">Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cox_Chambers" title="Anne Cox Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Price_II" title="Charles H. Price II">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Swaebe" title="Geoffrey Swaebe">Swaebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard_W._Glitman" title="Maynard W. Glitman">Glitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gelb" title="Bruce Gelb">Gelb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blinken" title="Alan Blinken">Blinken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Cejas" title="Paul L. Cejas">Cejas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Brauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Brauer">Brauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Korologos" title="Tom C. Korologos">Korologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Fox" title="Sam Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Bush" title="Wayne Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Gutman" title="Howard Gutman">Gutman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Bauer" title="Denise Bauer">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Gidwitz" title="Ronald Gidwitz">Gidwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._Adler" title="Michael M. 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119487268">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50010954">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125167795">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125167795">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1447277">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070868514">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Strausz-Hupé, Robert, 1903-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000003824&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671487005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268536905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000082658">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14833176">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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