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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Le_shale_noir_(schiste_carbonifère)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_shale_noir_(schiste_carbonifère)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Le shale noir (schiste carbonifère)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_shale_noir_(schiste_carbonifère)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_shale_«_papier_»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_shale_«_papier_»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Le shale « papier »</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_shale_«_papier_»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_shale_gazeux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_shale_gazeux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Le shale gazeux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_shale_gazeux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Shale</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 47 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalie" title="Skalie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skalie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="طفل صفحي – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طفل صفحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Гліністы сланец – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гліністы сланец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Глинести шисти – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глинести шисти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADlovit%C3%A1_b%C5%99idlice" title="Jílovitá břidlice – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jílovitá břidlice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreg_glai" title="Carreg glai – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carreg glai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerskifer" title="Lerskifer – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lerskifer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σχιστόλιθος – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχιστόλιθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savikilt" title="Savikilt – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Savikilt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="شیل (سنگ) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیل (سنگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savikivi" title="Savikivi – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Savikivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceall" title="Sceall – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sceall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פצלים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פצלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kriljevac" title="Škriljevac – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Škriljevac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_serpih" title="Batu serpih – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu serpih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skist-argilo" title="Skist-argilo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skist-argilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirsteinn" title="Leirsteinn – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leirsteinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_(roccia)" title="Shale (roccia) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shale (roccia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9" title="頁岩 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="頁岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თიხაფიქალი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თიხაფიქალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%B0%EC%9D%BC" title="셰일 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셰일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyllasen" title="Kyllasen – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kyllasen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalie_(gesteente)" title="Schalie (gesteente) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schalie (gesteente)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirskifer" title="Leirskifer – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leirskifer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirskifer" title="Leirskifer – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leirskifer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81upek_ilasty" title="Łupek ilasty – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łupek ilasty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پرت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folhelho" title="Folhelho – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Folhelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Глинистый сланец – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глинистый сланец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kriljavac" title="Škriljavac – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škriljavac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlica_(sediment)" title="Bridlica (sediment) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bridlica (sediment)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerskiffer" title="Lerskiffer – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lerskiffer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwambatope" title="Mwambatope – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwambatope" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="களிப்பாறை – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="களிப்பாறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Варақсангҳои гилӣ – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Варақсангҳои гилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="หินดินดาน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินดินดาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeyl" title="Şeyl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şeyl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Глинистий сланець – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глинистий сланець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanets" title="Slanets – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Slanets" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_phi%E1%BA%BFn_s%C3%A9t" title="Đá phiến sét – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đá phiến sét" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%A9" title="页岩 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="页岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" 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</div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #D39C9C; color: #000;"> <div>Shale</div> </div><div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:ShaleUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de l'image ShaleUSGOV.jpg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ShaleUSGOV.jpg/220px-ShaleUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ShaleUSGOV.jpg/330px-ShaleUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/ShaleUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="294" /></a></span> </div> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#E3BCBC; height:1px;"></div><table><caption class="hidden" style="">Données clés</caption><tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Roche" title="Roche">Catégorie</a></th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Roche_s%C3%A9dimentaire" title="Roche sédimentaire">roche sédimentaire</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7.5em;">Structure</th> <td> <div> schisteuse</div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral#Minéral_essentiel_et_accessoire" title="Minéral">Minéraux accessoires</a></th> <td> <div> <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8res_organiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Matières organiques">matières organiques</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Couleur" title="Couleur">Couleur</a></th> <td> gris à noir</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7.5em;">Utilisation</th> <td> <div> poches d'<a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbures">hydrocarbures</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:7.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Affleurement" title="Affleurement">Affleurement</a></th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Formation_de_Bakken" title="Formation de Bakken">Formation de Bakken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schistes_de_Burgess" title="Schistes de Burgess">schistes de Burgess</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#E3BCBC;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Roche" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>Le <i><b>shale</b></i> (terme <a href="/wiki/Anglais" title="Anglais">anglais</a>) est une <a href="/wiki/Roche_s%C3%A9dimentaire" title="Roche sédimentaire">roche sédimentaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Roche_d%C3%A9tritique" title="Roche détritique">détritique</a> <a href="/wiki/Lit_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Lit (géologie)">litée</a>, à grain très fin. Ce terme s'applique aux roches argileuses ou marneuses, voire aux schistes sédimentaires qui peuvent contenir du gaz naturel, contrairement aux schistes de type métamorphique qui ont subi des conditions de température situées entre <span title="482 °F ou 523,2 K">250 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et <span title="572 °F ou 573,2 K">300 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, laissant s'échapper le <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thane" title="Méthane">méthane</a>, principale composante du <a href="/wiki/Gaz_naturel" title="Gaz naturel">gaz naturel</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En anglais, le terme <i>shale</i> réfère au schiste argileux selon cette référence<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, alors que le Dictionnaire des Sciences de la Terre des <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Presses de l'Université d'Oxford</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> décrit le shale comme étant une roche sédimentaire fossilisée, à grains fins (composée d'<a href="/wiki/Argile" title="Argile">argile</a> ou de <a href="/wiki/Limon_(roche)" title="Limon (roche)">limon</a> de compositions minérales non spécifiées). Il peut être allié à un adjectif tel que : shale noir, shale « papier », shale gazeux. </p><p>Ce faisant, toujours selon cette source, on définit ces trois formes de shale comme suit : </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_shale_noir_(schiste_carbonifère)"><span id="Le_shale_noir_.28schiste_carbonif.C3.A8re.29"></span>Le shale noir (schiste carbonifère)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Le shale noir (schiste carbonifère)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le shale noir (schiste carbonifère)"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C'est un <i><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a></i> à taux élevé de <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_organique" title="Matière organique">matière organique</a>, qui s'est déposé dans de nombreuses parties du monde, à des profondeurs variées, en couches relativement fines, dans les environnements <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euxinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euxinique (page inexistante)">euxiniques</a>, en conditions <a href="/wiki/Ana%C3%A9robie" title="Anaérobie">anaérobie</a>. Ces sédiments forment d'importants gisements d'<a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbure" title="Hydrocarbure">hydrocarbures</a>. </p><p>Selon l'<i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>, il contient souvent de la <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> et parfois des nodules ou des couches de carbonate et localement, des concentrations de cuivre, de nickel, d'uranium et de vanadium<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>On n'y trouve que très peu de fossiles (remplacés par de la pyrite, ou parfois conservés sous forme de film de graphite)<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leur mode de formation est encore discuté (nés en profondeur d'une stratification stable d'eau plus légère et plus fraîche recouvrant et isolant de l'atmosphère une couche stagnante plus saline ? stagnation de sédiment en zone peu profonde, éventuellement dans des lagons ?)<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les plus vieux schistes noirs connus sont des schistes carbonifères de la série de figuiers (d'Afrique du Sud), datés d'environ 3,2 milliards d'années<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En Allemagne de l'Est et en Pologne, une formation dite <i>Kupferschiefer</i> de schiste bitumineux, est exploitée pour le cuivre, le plomb et le zinc qu'elle contient, mais outre Atlantique, la formation de Green River (schiste bitumineux du Colorado, de l'Utah et du Wyoming), en tant que sources d'hydrocarbures fossiles intéresse plutôt l'industrie pétrolière, mais dans les deux cas, l'exploitation de ces schistes est polluante et dégrade le climat dans le cas des <a href="/wiki/Gaz_de_schiste" title="Gaz de schiste">gaz de schiste</a> ou d'autres hydrocarbures)<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2022-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_shale_«_papier_»"><span id="Le_shale_.C2.AB_papier_.C2.BB"></span>Le shale « papier »</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Le shale « papier »" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le shale « papier »"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gris à noir, il est composé de couches minces et parallèles tendant à se dégrader par érosion en de minces couches solides, légèrement malléables, rappelant des feuilles de papier superposées. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_shale_gazeux">Le shale gazeux</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Le shale gazeux" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le shale gazeux"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gris ou noir, il contient des substances organiques qui produisent des hydrocarbures par <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, mais ne contenant pas de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9trole" title="Pétrole">pétrole</a> libre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogues.lapresse.ca/sciences/2010/09/08/schiste-ou-shale/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">schiste ou shale?</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-09-08" data-sort-value="2010-09-08">8 septembre 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-19" data-sort-value="2014-10-19">19 octobre 2014</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2012">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/schiste"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Définition de schiste du centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales.</cite></a> », <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-19" data-sort-value="2014-10-19">19 octobre 2014</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Allaby2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_Allaby2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Michael Allaby, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Dictionary of Earth Sciences (3 ed.)</cite>, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-921194-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-921194-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-921194-4</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199211944.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199211944.001.0001</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azmayeshgah.zanjansadra.ir/ufiles/33462741460528181.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small>, Définition en ligne de « shale, black shale, paper shaler, oil shale ».<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Earth+Sciences+%283+ed.%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=D%C3%A9finition+en+ligne+de+%C2%AB+shale%2C+black+shale%2C+paper+shaler%2C+oil+shale+%C2%BB.&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921194-4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199211944.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AShale"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2022_4-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/black-shale"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">black shale rock</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Encyclopaedia Britannica</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-08-07" data-sort-value="2022-08-07">7 août 2022</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="PotterBarry_MaynardPryor2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_E._PotterJ._Barry_MaynardWayne_A._Pryor2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Paul E. Potter, J. Barry Maynard et Wayne A. Pryor, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Sedimentology of Shale : Study Guide and Reference Source</cite>, Springer Science & Business Media, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-12-06" data-sort-value="2012-12-06">6 décembre 2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=9ZwyBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Sedimentology+of+Shale%3A+Study+Guide+and+Reference+Source">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentology+of+Shale&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.stitle=Study+Guide+and+Reference+Source&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft.au=J.+Barry+Maynard&rft.au=Wayne+A.+Pryor&rft.date=2012-12-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AShale"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="LiYu2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fengyan_LiTao_Yu2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Fengyan <span class="nom_auteur">Li</span> et Tao <span class="nom_auteur">Yu</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969722040190"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Leaching experiments and risk assessment to explore the migration and risk of potentially toxic elements in soil from black shale</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Science of The Total Environment</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-10" data-sort-value="2022-10">octobre 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156922">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156922</a></span>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-08-07" data-sort-value="2022-08-07">7 août 2022</time>)</small></span></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 156922</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossaire_de_g%C3%A9ologie" title="Glossaire de géologie">Glossaire de géologie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shale&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notice dans un dictionnaire ou une encyclopédie généraliste<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751300?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/shale"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751300?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121075">LCCN</a></span></li> </ul></div></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail de la géologie"><img alt="icône décorative" 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