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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Epic of Manas</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="مناص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas" title="Manas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ماناس دستانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماناس دستانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="মানাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81)" title="Манас (эпос) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Манас (эпос)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Манас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Епопея на Манас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епопея на Манас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poema_%C3%A8pic_de_Manas" title="Poema èpic de Manas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poema èpic de Manas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(epos)" title="Manas (epos) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manas (epos)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas" title="Manas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Manas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(Epos)" title="Manas (Epos) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manas (Epos)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas" title="Manas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(%C3%A9pica)" title="Manas (épica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manas (épica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epopeo_de_Manas" title="Epopeo de Manas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epopeo de Manas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_poema" title="Manas poema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manas poema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pop%C3%A9e_de_Manas" title="Épopée de Manas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épopée de Manas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%82%98%EC%8A%A4" title="마나스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마나스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD_(%D5%A7%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD)" title="Մանաս (էպոս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանաս (էպոս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनास की दास्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनास की दास्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(ep)" title="Manas (ep) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manas (ep)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epos_Manas" title="Epos Manas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Epos Manas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(poema)" title="Manas (poema) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manas (poema)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1" title="מאנאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאנאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მანასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Манас дастаны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манас дастаны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Манас эпосу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манас эпосу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas" title="Manas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas" title="Manas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Manas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasz_(eposz)" title="Manasz (eposz) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manasz (eposz)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Манас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(epos)" title="Manas (epos) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manas (epos)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9" title="マナス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マナス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(eposi)" title="Manas (eposi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manas (eposi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مناس داستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مناس داستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_(epos)" title="Manas (epos) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manas (epos)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pico_de_Manas" title="Épico de Manas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Épico de Manas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Манас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Манаас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Манаас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF_%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Еп о Манасу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еп о Манасу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas" title="Manas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaseposet" title="Manaseposet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manaseposet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Манас – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Манас" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Манас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Манас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_Destan%C4%B1" title="Manas Destanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manas Destanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style: background: #ededed;"><span class="summary"><i>Epic of Manas</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Epic+of+Manas%27%27"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manas_Heykeli_(yandan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Manas_Heykeli_%28yandan%29.jpg/260px-Manas_Heykeli_%28yandan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Manas_Heykeli_%28yandan%29.jpg/390px-Manas_Heykeli_%28yandan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Manas_Heykeli_%28yandan%29.jpg/520px-Manas_Heykeli_%28yandan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Manas in <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span lang="ky">Манас дастаны</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written</th><td class="infobox-data">18th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">The interactions of a Kyrgyz warrior and his progeny with neighboring Turkic, Mongolic, and Chinese people</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Epic poem</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lines</th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 553,500</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Epic of Manas</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a lengthy and traditional <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz people</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Versions of the poem which date to the 19th century contain historical events of the 18th century, though Kyrgyz tradition holds it to be much older. Manas is said to be based on <a href="/wiki/Bars_Bek" title="Bars Bek">Bars Bek</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a>. The plot of Manas revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> peoples. </p><p>The government of Kyrgyzstan celebrated the 1,000th anniversary from the moment it was documented in 1995. The mythic poem has evolved over many centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being kept alive by bards called <i>manaschy</i> or <i>manaschi</i>. The first written reference to the <a href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</a> hero of Manas and his <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> enemy Joloy is to be found in a Persian manuscript dated to 1792–93.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of its dozens of iterations, the epic poem consists of approximately 500,000 lines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrative">Narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrgyz_Manaschi,_Karakol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg/170px-Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg/255px-Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg/340px-Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Kyrgyz <i>manaschi</i> performing part of the epic poem at a yurt camp in <a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">Karakol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The epic tells the story of Manas, his descendants, and their exploits against various foes. The Epic of Manas is divided into three books. The first is entitled "Manas", the second episode describes the deeds of his son Semetei, and the third of his grandson Seitek. The epic begins with the destruction and difficulties caused by the invasion of the Oirats. Jakyp reaches maturity in this time as the owner of many herds without a single heir. His prayers are eventually answered, and on the day of his son's birth, he dedicates a colt, Toruchaar, born the same day to his son's service. The son is unique among his peers for his strength, mischief, and generosity. The Oirat learn of this young warrior and warn their leader. A plan is hatched to capture the young Manas. They fail in this task, and Manas is able to rally his people and is eventually elected and proclaimed as <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a>. </p><p>Manas expands his reach to include that of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Raviganjn</a> on the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Jungaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungaria">Jungaria</a>. One of the defeated Uyghur rulers gives his daughter to Manas in marriage. At this point, the Kyrgyz people chose, with Manas' help, to return from the Altai mountains to their "ancestral lands" in the mountains of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Manas begins his successful campaigns against his neighbors accompanied by his forty companions. Manas turns eventually to face the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan people">Afghan people</a> to the south in battle, where after defeat the Afghans enter into an alliance with Manas. Manas then comes into a relationship with the people of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Mā Warāʾ an-Nahr</a> through marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Bukhara. </p><p>The epic continues in various forms, depending on the publication and whim of the manaschi, or reciter of the epic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Scholars have long debated the exact age of the epic, as it was transmitted orally without being recorded. However, historians have doubted the age claimed for it since the turn of the 20th century. The primary reason is that the events portrayed occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">Hatto</a> remarks that Manas was </p><blockquote><p>"compiled to glorify the Sufi sheikhs of Shirkent and Kasan ... [and] circumstances make it highly probable that... [Manas] is a late eighteenth-century interpolation."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Changes were made in the delivery and textual representation<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the replacement of the tribal background of Manas. In the 19th century versions, Manas is the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogay</a> people, while in versions dating after 1920, Manas is a Kyrgyz and a leader of the Kyrgyz.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the Manas for nation-building purposes, and the availability of printed historical variants, has similarly had an impact on the performance, content, and appreciation on the epic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts have been made to connect modern Kyrgyz with the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a>, today claimed by Kyrgyzstan to be the ancestors of modern Kyrgyz. Kazakh ethnographer and historian <a href="/wiki/Shokan_Walikhanuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Shokan Walikhanuli">Shokan Shinghisuly Walikhanuli</a> was unable to find evidence of <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">folk-memory</a> during his extended research in 19th-century Kyrgyzstan (then part of the expanding Russian empire) nor has any been found since.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Kyrgyz historians consider it to be the longest epic poem in history,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a> are both longer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction is in number of verses. Manas has more verses, though they are shorter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recitation">Recitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manas is the classic centerpiece of Kyrgyz literature, and parts of it are often recited at Kyrgyz festivities by specialists in the epic, called <i>Manasçı</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: <span lang="ky">Манасчы</span>). Manasçıs tell the tale in a melodic chant unaccompanied by musical instruments. </p><p>Kyrgyzstan has many Manasçıs. Narrators who know all three episodes of the epic (the tales of Manas, of his son Semetey and of his grandson Seytek) can acquire the status of Great Manasçı. Great Manasçıs of the 20th century are <a href="/wiki/Sagymbai_Orozbak_uulu" title="Sagymbai Orozbak uulu">Sagımbay Orozbakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayakbay_Karalaev" title="Sayakbay Karalaev">Sayakbay Karalaev</a>, Şaabay Azizov (pictured), Kaba Atabekov, Seydene Moldokova and Yusup Mamay. Contemporary Manasçıs include <a href="/wiki/Rysbek_Jumabayev" title="Rysbek Jumabayev">Rysbek Jumabayev</a>, who has performed at the British Library,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urkaş Mambetaliev, the Manasçı of the Bishkek Philharmonic (also travels through Europe), <a href="/wiki/Talantaaly_Bakchiev" title="Talantaaly Bakchiev">Talantaaly Bakchiev</a>, who combines recitation with critical study,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Doolot_Sydykov" title="Doolot Sydykov">Doolot Sydykov</a>, noted for lengthy performances (including a 111 hour recitation over five days).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adil Jumaturdu has provided "A comparative study of performers of the <i>Manas</i> epic."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are more than 65 written versions of parts of the epic. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">Arthur Thomas Hatto</a> made scholarly editions with facing English translations of the Manas tales recorded in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Shokan_Valikhanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Shokan Valikhanov">Shokan Valikhanov</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Radlov" title="Vasily Radlov">Vasily Radlov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English translation of the version of Sagımbay Orozbakov by Walter May was published in 1995 as part of the commemoration of the presumed 1000th anniversary of Manas' birth (and re-issued in two volumes in 2004), and a substantial episode of this variant translated by Daniel Prior was published in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manas_Mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manas_Mausoleum.jpg/220px-Manas_Mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manas_Mausoleum.jpg/330px-Manas_Mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manas_Mausoleum.jpg/440px-Manas_Mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>The alleged burial site of the eponymous hero of Manas</figcaption></figure> <p>Manas is said to have been buried in the <a href="/wiki/Talas_Ala-Too_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Talas Ala-Too Range">Ala-Too mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Talas_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Talas Province">Talas Province</a>, in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> some 40 km east of the town of Talas is believed to house his remains and is a popular destination for Kyrgyz travellers. Traditional Kyrgyz horsemanship games are held there every summer since 1995. An inscription on the mausoleum states, however, that it is dedicated to "...the most famous of women, Kenizek-Khatun, the daughter of the emir Abuka". Legend has it that Kanikey, Manas' widow, ordered this inscription in an effort to confuse her husband's enemies and prevent a defiling of his grave. The name of the building is "Manastin Khumbuzu" or "The Dome of Manas", and the date of its erection is unknown. There is a museum dedicated to Manas and his legend nearby the tomb. </p><p>The reception of the poem in the USSR was problematic. Politician and government official <a href="/wiki/Kasym_Tynystanov" title="Kasym Tynystanov">Kasym Tynystanov</a> tried to get the poem published in 1925, but this was prevented by the growing influence of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. The first extract of the poem to be published in the USSR appeared in Moscow in 1946, and efforts to nominate the poem for the <a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">Stalin Prize</a> in 1946 were unsuccessful. Ideologist <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a>, Stalin's "propagandist in chief", prevented this, calling the poem an example of "bourgeois cosmopolitanism". The struggle continued inside Kyrgyzstan, with different newspapers and authors taking different sides; one of its supporters was <a href="/wiki/Tugolbay_Sydykbekov" title="Tugolbay Sydykbekov">Tugolbay Sydykbekov</a>. By 1952 the poem was called anti-Soviet and anti-Chinese and condemned as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinghiz_Aitmatov" title="Chinghiz Aitmatov">Chinghiz Aitmatov</a>, in the 1980s, picked up the cause for the poem again, and in 1985 finally a statue for the hero was erected.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the manuscript version of the epic was included by international organization <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Williams" title="Liz Williams">Liz Williams</a>' <i>Nine Layers of Sky</i> (2003) writes a modern day account of Manas as a nemesis of the <a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Bogatyr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Muromets" title="Ilya Muromets">Ilya Muromets</a>.</li> <li>University of Manas - the name of university in the city of Bishkek.</li> <li>The main international airport of Kyrgyzstan, <a href="/wiki/Manas_International_Airport" title="Manas International Airport">Manas International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, was named after the epic.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/3349_Manas" class="mw-redirect" title="3349 Manas">3349 Manas</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Stepanovich_Chernykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh">Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The highest award in Kyrgyzstan is the Order of Manas.</li> <li><i>Manas</i> - opera, composed by <a href="/wiki/Abdylas_Maldybaev" title="Abdylas Maldybaev">Abdylas Maldybaev</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Manas</i> has been translated into 20 languages. The <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Mirtemir" title="Mirtemir">Mirtemir</a> translated the poem into <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Language">Uzbek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Music of Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: <span lang="ky">Манас дастаны</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kyrgyz-language romanization"><i lang="ky-Latn">Manas dastany</i></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets#Arabic" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">arabized</a>:</span> <span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky-Arab" dir="rtl">ماناس داستانی</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ky-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">[mɑnɑ́s<span class="wrap"> </span>tɑstʰɑnɤ́]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">瑪納斯</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTerbish2021" class="citation journal cs1">Terbish, Baanjarav (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634937.2021.1884045">"The Sart Kalmaks in Kyrgyzstan: people in transition"</a>. <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>40</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634937.2021.1884045">10.1080/02634937.2021.1884045</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Sart+Kalmaks+in+Kyrgyzstan%3A+people+in+transition&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634937.2021.1884045&rft.aulast=Terbish&rft.aufirst=Baanjarav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F02634937.2021.1884045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tagirdzhanov, A. T. 1960. "Sobranie istorij". Majmu at-tavarikh, Leningrad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Notes on the Cultural History of the Kirghiz Epic Tradition</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Cultural+History+of+the+Kirghiz+Epic+Tradition&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumtree2021" class="citation book cs1">Plumtree, James (2021). "A Telling Tradition: Preliminary Comments on the Epic of Manas, 1856–2018". In Thomson, S. C. (ed.). <i>Medieval Stories and Storytelling: Multimedia and Multi-temporal Perspectives</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 239-301 (pp. 273-278). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-59050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-59050-9"><bdi>978-2-503-59050-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Telling+Tradition%3A+Preliminary+Comments+on+the+Epic+of+Manas%2C+1856%E2%80%932018&rft.btitle=Medieval+Stories+and+Storytelling%3A+Multimedia+and+Multi-temporal+Perspectives&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=239-301+%28pp.+273-278%29&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-2-503-59050-9&rft.aulast=Plumtree&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1980. 'Kirghiz. Mid-nineteenth century' in [Traditions of heroic and epic poetry I], edited by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">A. T. Hatto</a>, London, 300-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Урстанбеков Б.У., Чороев Т.К. Кыргыз тарыхы: Кыскача энциклопедиялык сөздүк: Мектеп окуучулары үчүн. – Ф.:Кыргы. Совет Энциклопедиясыныны Башкы Ред., 1990. 113 б. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89750-028-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-89750-028-2">5-89750-028-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity, London: Penguin Books, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullette2010" class="citation book cs1">Gullette, David (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogicalcons00gull"><i>The Genealogical Construction of the Kyrgyz Republic: Kinship, State and 'Tribalism'<span></span></i></a></span>. Folkestone: Global Oriental. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogicalcons00gull/page/n164">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906876104" title="Special:BookSources/9781906876104"><bdi>9781906876104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genealogical+Construction+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic%3A+Kinship%2C+State+and+%27Tribalism%27&rft.place=Folkestone&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Global+Oriental&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781906876104&rft.aulast=Gullette&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenealogicalcons00gull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumtree2019" class="citation journal cs1">Plumtree, James (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41232534">"A Kyrgyz <i>Singer Of Tales</i>: Formulas in Three Performances of the <i>Birth of Manas</i> by Talantaaly Bakchiev"</a>. <i>Доклады Национальной академии наук Кыргызской Республики</i>: <span class="nowrap">125–</span>133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=A+Kyrgyz+Singer+Of+Tales%3A+Formulas+in+Three+Performances+of+the+Birth+of+Manas+by+Talantaaly+Bakchiev&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Plumtree&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41232534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКалыков2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Калыков, Мундузбек (6 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kloop.kg/blog/2021/09/06/manaschy-doolot-sydykov-ustanovil-rekord-on-chital-epos-manas-pyat-sutok/">"Манасчы Доолот Сыдыков установил рекорд — он читал эпос «Манас» пять суток"</a>. <i>kloop.kg</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kloop.kg&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D1%8B+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4+%E2%80%94+%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81+%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%C2%BB+%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA&rft.date=2021-09-06&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkloop.kg%2Fblog%2F2021%2F09%2F06%2Fmanaschy-doolot-sydykov-ustanovil-rekord-on-chital-epos-manas-pyat-sutok%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJumaturdu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jumaturdu, Adil (2016). "A Comparative Study of Performers of the <i>Manas</i> Epic". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>129</b> (513): <span class="nowrap">288–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjamerfolk.129.513.0288">10.5406/jamerfolk.129.513.0288</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163241388">163241388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Performers+of+the+Manas+Epic&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=513&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E288-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjamerfolk.129.513.0288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163241388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jumaturdu&rft.aufirst=Adil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatto1977" class="citation book cs1">Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1977). <i>The memorial feast for Kökötöy-khan (Kökötöydün ašı) : a Kirghiz epic poem</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197135938" title="Special:BookSources/9780197135938"><bdi>9780197135938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memorial+feast+for+K%C3%B6k%C3%B6t%C3%B6y-khan+%28K%C3%B6k%C3%B6t%C3%B6yd%C3%BCn+a%C5%A1%C4%B1%29+%3A+a+Kirghiz+epic+poem&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780197135938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatto1990" class="citation book cs1">Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1990). <i>The manas of Wilhelm Radloff</i>. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447030106" title="Special:BookSources/9783447030106"><bdi>9783447030106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+manas+of+Wilhelm+Radloff&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9783447030106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrozbak_uulu2022" class="citation book cs1">Orozbak uulu, Sagymbaĭ (2022). Prior, Daniel (ed.). <i>The memorial feast for Kokötöy Khan : a Kirghiz epic poem in the Manas tradition</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241544211" title="Special:BookSources/9780241544211"><bdi>9780241544211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memorial+feast+for+Kok%C3%B6t%C3%B6y+Khan+%3A+a+Kirghiz+epic+poem+in+the+Manas+tradition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780241544211&rft.aulast=Orozbak+uulu&rft.aufirst=Sagymba%C4%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaruelle2015" class="citation book cs1">Laruelle, Marlene (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4pCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171">"Kyrgyzstan's Nationhood: From a Monopoly of Production to a Plural Market"</a>. In Laruelle, Marlene; Engvall, Johan (eds.). <i>Kyrgyzstan beyond "Democracy Island" and "Failing State": Social and Political Changes in a Post-Soviet Society</i>. Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498515177" title="Special:BookSources/9781498515177"><bdi>9781498515177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan%27s+Nationhood%3A+From+a+Monopoly+of+Production+to+a+Plural+Market&rft.btitle=Kyrgyzstan+beyond+%22Democracy+Island%22+and+%22Failing+State%22%3A+Social+and+Political+Changes+in+a+Post-Soviet+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781498515177&rft.aulast=Laruelle&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4pCCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/manas-epic-manuscripts-are-included-memory-world">"The Manas epic manuscripts are included in the Memory of the World"</a>. UNESCO. June 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Manas+epic+manuscripts+are+included+in+the+Memory+of+the+World&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fmanas-epic-manuscripts-are-included-memory-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel2013" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eHv1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA439"><i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i></a> (3 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662066157" title="Special:BookSources/9783662066157"><bdi>9783662066157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.pages=439&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783662066157&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeHv1CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziyouz.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=477&Itemid=49">"Mirtemir (In Uzbek)"</a>. <i>Ziyouz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ziyouz&rft.atitle=Mirtemir+%28In+Uzbek%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziyouz.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D477%26Itemid%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpic+of+Manas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_literature">External literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Manas</i>. Translated by Walter May. Rarity, <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9967-424-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/9967-424-17-6">9967-424-17-6</a></li> <li>Levin, Theodore. <i>Where the Rivers and Mountains Sing: sound, music, and nomadism in Tuva and beyond</i>. Section "The Spirit of Manas", pp. 188–198. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006</li> <li><i>Manas 1000. Theses of the international scientific symposium devoted to the 'Manas' epos Millenial [sic] Anniversary</i>. Bishkek, 1995.</li> <li>S. Mussayev. <i>The Epos Manas</i>. Bishkek, 1994</li> <li><i>Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry</i> (2 vols.), under the general editorship of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">A. T. Hatto</a>, The Modern Humanities Research Association, London, 1980.</li> <li><i>The Memorial Feast for Kokotoy-Khan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">A. T. Hatto</a>, 1977, Oxford University Press</li> <li><i>The Manas of Wilhelm Radloff</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">A. T. Hatto</a>, 1990, Otto Harrassowitz</li> <li><i>Spirited Performance. The Manas Epic and Society in Kyrgyzstan.</i> N. van der Heide, Amsterdam, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Manas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manas_epic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manas epic">Manas epic</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.manas.edu.kg">[1]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Manas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manas University">Manas University</a>, Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aton.ttu.edu/turkishlist.asp">Manas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105194245/http://aton.ttu.edu/turkishlist.asp">Archived</a> 2012-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Uysal-Walker_Archive_of_Turkish_Oral_Narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative">Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</a>, Texas Tech University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207062235/http://www.silk-road.com/folklore/manas/manasintro.html">In-depth site on Manas with translated sections of the epic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/27142.htm">Manas</a> at China.org.cn</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221182107/http://www.sras.org/manas_kyrgyz_hero">"Manas: The Kyrgyz Odysseys, Moses, and Washington"</a>, article examining the place of Manas in Kyrgyz mythology and national identity</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eposmanas.ru">Epos "Manas"</a> Text of epic poems "Manas", "Semetey" and "Seytek", others kyrgyz epic poems.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMDklwoLf34#t=1m29s">Video of Manas Epic recitations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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